Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessment Purpose –Determine level of...
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Transcript of Cardiorespiratory Fitness. Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessment Purpose –Determine level of...
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Assessment
• Purpose– Determine level of fitness & set goals– Develop safe & effective exercise
prescription– Document improvements–Motivation– Provide info concerning health status
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
• Health Related– Low levels• ↑d risk of premature death
– ↑s• reduction of death from all causes
– High levels• high levels of PA & better health
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
• Related to the ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate-to-high intensity exercise for prolonged periods.
Performance depends on
Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Skeletal muscles
Measuring Cardiovascular Measuring Cardiovascular Endurance (Aerobic Capacity)Endurance (Aerobic Capacity)
•Best Measure?• VO2max
– O2 uptake – Pulmonary
– O2 transport – Cardiac
– O2 utilization - Muscular
Measuring Cardiovascular Endurance (Aerobic Capacity)
• VO2max
–Measure
–Estimate
–Laboratory Tests
–Field Tests
Measuring Aerobic CapacityMeasuring Aerobic Capacity
Laboratory MethodsMeasures of Maximal Exercise Capacity
• Maximal Oxygen Consumption
Submaximal estimations
• Astrand Rhyming Nomogram
• YMCA Cycle Protocol
Measuring Aerobic CapacityMeasuring Aerobic Capacity
Field MethodsDistance runs
• 1 Mile Run
• 1.5 Mile Run
• 12 Minute Run
• 6 Minute Walk
• Rockport 1-Mile Walk Test
Measuring Aerobic CapacityMeasuring Aerobic Capacity
Field MethodsStep tests
• YMCA 3-Minute Step Test
Predicting VO2max w/o exercise
VO2max = 50.513 + 1.589 * self-reported physical activity – .0289 * age in yrs - .552 & %Fat + 5.836 * gender
(female = 0; male = 1)
Measuring Aerobic CapacityMeasuring Aerobic Capacity
Laboratory Tests
Vs.
Field Methods
Advantages/Disadvantages??
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
• Which test?– Time demands– Expense or costs– Personnel needed (i.e., qualifications)– Equipment & facilities needed– Physician supervision needed– Population tested (safety concerns)– Need for accuracy of data
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
• Field or Submaximal Tests advantages– Less expensive– Does not need same level of clinical supervision– Lower risk– Less sensitive & specific for disease detection– Less equipment– Generally shorter– In lab tests can assess a workload progression– Estimates of VO2
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
• Field or Submaximal Tests disadvantages
–Maximum measures estimated
– VO2max prediction error can be 10-20%
– Limited diagnostic capabilities– Limited for exercise prescription
Standard Procedures(must be followed)
• Standard testing protocol• Same modality & protocol – repeat testing• Constant pedal rate• Seat height• Time of day• Data collection standardized & consistent• Subjects free of infection – normal sinus rhythm• Pre test instructions• Room Temperature (64-68O) – air flow
Assumptions of Submax Tests
• Measurements made in steady state
• Linear relationship b/n HR & VO2
• HRmax similar at same age
• Mechanical efficiency same
Indications for Stopping an Exercise Test in Low-Risk Adults
• Angina-like symptoms• Drop (20 mmHg) in systolic BP or a failure
to rise • Excessive rise in BP– systolic pressure > 260 mmHg– diastolic pressure > 115 mmHg
• Signs of poor perfusion– light-headedness, confusion, ataxia, pallor,
cyanosis, nausea, or cold & clammy skin
Indications for Stopping an Exercise Test in Low-Risk Adults
• Failure of heart rate to ↑
• Noticeable Δ in heart rhythm
• Subject requests to stop
• Physical or verbal manifestations of severe fatigue
• Failure of the testing equipment
Measuring Aerobic CapacityMeasuring Aerobic Capacity
Criterion Based ReferenceMinimal levels of aerobic capacity associated with a reduced risk of disease & death
• Females = VO2max of 31.5 ml/kg/min
• Males = VO2max of 35.0 ml/kg/min
Norm Based Reference
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
• Field Tests– Complete a measured distance– Distance covered in a certain time
• Submaximal Tests– Step test– Single or multiple stage cycle test– HR measure
• Maximal Exertion– Graded or progressive exertion to volitional
fatigue (measure)
Pre-Test Considerations
1. Abstain from eating prior (>4 hrs)
2. Abstain from strenuous exercise (> 24 hrs)
3. Abstain form caffeine (>12-24 hrs)
4. Abstain from nicotine (> 3 hrs)
5. Abstain from alcohol (> 24 hrs)
6. Medications
Step TestsQueens College or McArdle Step Test
• Step: ht = 16.25 in for 3 min
• Men: 24 steps/min; – Women: 22 steps/min
• Radial pulse in 1st-5 sec, for 15 sec
• Men: VO2max = 111.33 – (0.42 * HR)
• Women: VO2max = 65.81 – (0.1847 * HR)
1.5 Mile Run• Record total time to complete 1.5 miles
• VO2max = 3.5 + 483/time
– Time in nearest hundredth of min
Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Advantages
• Non-weight bearing
• Accurate workloads
• Easy to measure HR & BP
• Cost is lower than treadmill
• Requires smaller space
• No electricity needed
Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Disadvantages
• Non-familiar work mode
• Must maintain cadence
• Leg fatigue
Submaximal Prediction of CRF - Assumptions
• B/n HR of 110-150
• HRmax = 220-age
• Steady State
• Constant cadence
Submaximal Prediction of CRF – Sources of Error
• HRmax
• Efficiency
• Calibration
• Accurate measurement of HR
• HR at steady state
Cycle Ergometer Protocols (other)
Astrand-Rhyming Cycle Ergometer Test• Single Stage Test – 6 minutes• Males – unconditioned: 300 or 600 kgm/min (50 or
100 watts)• Males – conditioned: 600 or 900 kgm/min (100 or
150 watts)• Females – unconditioned: 300 or 450 kgm/min (50
or 75 watts)• Females – conditioned: 450 or 600 kgm/min (75 or
100 watts)
Cycle Ergometer Protocols (other)
Astrand-Rhyming Cycle Ergometer Test (cont)
• 50 rpm• Goal – HR b/n 125 to 170 – measured during 5th
& 6th minutes – average the 2 HRs for nomogram
• Nomogram – page 73 (Figure 4-1)• Age adjustment – page 72
Treadmill Testing
• Not usually used for submaximal testing
• Range of efficiencies is so high
• Would not recommend – but can be done
Step Tests• Astrand-Rhyming–Single step height – 33 cm for
women, 40 cm for men
–Rate = 22.5 steps/min for 6 minutes
• YMCA Protocol–12 in – 24 steps/min
–1 min - Recovery heart rate
Field Tests• Rockport 1-mile walk Test– HR at end
– VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 132.9 – 0.17 (body mass in kg) – 0.39 (age in yrs) + 6.3 (gender) - 3.26 (time in min) – 0.16 (HR)
• 1.5-mile run test– VO2max (ml/kg/min) = 3.5 + 483/(time in min)