Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and...

42
Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology

Transcript of Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and...

Page 1: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Cardiopulmonary SystemAnatomy and Physiology

Page 2: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Cardiopulmonary System

• Cardiovascular System

– Heart

– Arteries

– Veins

– Capillaries

– Blood

• Pulmonary System

⁻ Lungs

⁻ Bronchioles

⁻ Trachea

⁻ Larynx

⁻ Nasal and oral cavity

Page 3: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

ANATOMY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Page 4: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

The Heart

• Cardiac muscle which is enclosed in protective tissue called pericardium

• Pumps 55-80mL of blood with every beat.

• A healthy heart weighs 200-425g or 7-15oz, diseased hearts can weigh as much as a 1000g.

Page 5: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

External Anatomy

Ventral Dorsal

Page 6: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Internal Anatomy

Page 7: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Flow of Blood through the heart

Page 8: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Pericardium

• The heart is enclosed in a fibroserous sac termed the pericardium which occupies the middle mediastinum. The pericardium and its fluid lubricate the moving surfaces of the heart.

• The fibrous pericardium is the outermost layer, and it is firmly bound to the central tendon of the diaphragm. Extrapericardial fat, which may be visible, is often found in the angles between the pericardium and diaphragm on each side. The pericardium is attached to the sternum by the sternopericardial ligaments.

• The serous pericardium is a closed sac, the parietal layer of which lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium and is reflected onto the heart as the visceral layer, or epicardium. The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers contains a thin film of fluid and is known as the pericardial cavity.

Page 9: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

The Cardiac Walls

• Three layers of tissue– Epicardium: This serous

membrane of smooth outer surface of heart, contains some fat.

– Myocardium: Middle layer composed of cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart contracting

– Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart chambers

Page 10: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Valves of the HeartAtrioventricular Valves• The atrioventricular valves are thin structures that are composed of endocardium and connective tissue.• They are located between the atria and the ventricles.• Mitral Valve• Tricuspid Valve

Semilunar Valves• The semilunar valves are flaps of endocardium and connective tissue reinforced by fibers which prevent the valves from turning inside out. They are shaped like a half moon, hence the name semilunar (semi- , -lunar).• The semilunar valves are located between the aorta and the left ventricle and between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle.• Aortic Valve• Pulmonary Valve

Page 11: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Circulation Loops• Cardiac/Coronary

Circulation Loop– Coronary Arteries

• Branch from the root of the aorta.

• Supply O2 right blood to the heart.

– Capillaries• Site of gas exchange

in the heart tissue.

– Cardiac veins• Carries O2 poor

blood from the heart tissue.

• Drain into the coronary sinus which drain into the right atrium.

Page 12: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Circulation Loops

• Pulmonary Circulation

– (Right ventricle) → Pulmonary arteries → (Lungs) → Pulmonary vein → (Left atria)

• Systemic Circulation

– (Left ventricle) → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules→ Veins → Vena cava → (Right atrium)

Page 13: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Arteries• Arteries & Arterioles move blood away from the heart• Arteries have thicker walls than veins. – Elastic Tissue– Thick Smooth Muscle

• Elastic Arteries (lots of collagen and elastic fibers– Aorta– Pulmonary artery

• Layers of an artery:– Tunica adventitia- tough outer

covering– Tunica media

• External elastic membrane• Smooth muscle

– Tunica intima• Internal elastic membrane• Lamina propria• endothelium

Page 14: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Arteries of the Body

• The Aorta is the largest artery in the body.

• Major Arteries:

– Aorta- has many branches

– R&L subclavian-> brachial ->radial/ulnar

– R&L carotid

– R&L iliac-> femoral -> ant and post tibial

Page 15: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

The Aorta• Blood exits the heart via the aorta

which has many branches that feed the organs of the body.

• The first branch is at the root of the aorta- the coronary branches

• The aortic arch has three branch points before it begins to descend down the body. – Right subclavian– Left Common Carotid– Left subclavian

• The descending aorta branches to feed each organ. Ex:– Hepatic (liver)– Splenic (spleen)– Renal (kidneys)– Mesenteric (intestines)

• The aorta splits at its distal end into the iliac arteries.

Page 16: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Capillaries– One cell thick- just the

endothelium• 5-10 micrometers in diameter

• Allows for gas exchange and diffusion. – Low concentration of O2 in

the tissues and high concentration of O2 in the blood allows diffusion to pull O2 into the tissues

– High concentrations of CO2 in the tissues and low concentrations of CO2 in the blood allows diffusion to pull CO2 into the blood

Page 17: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Veins• Tunica Adventitia - the strong

outer covering of veins. It is composed of connective tissue as well as collagen and elastic fibers. These fibers allow the veins to stretch to prevent overexpansion due to the pressure that is exerted on the walls by blood flow.

• Tunica Media - the middle layer of the walls of arteries and veins. It is composed ofsmooth muscle and elastic fibers. This layer is thicker in arteries than in veins.

• Tunica Intima - the inner layer of veins. Veins do not contain the elastic membrane lining that is found in arteries. In some veins the tunica intima layer also contains valves to keep blood flowing in a single direction.

Page 18: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Veins of the Body

• The superior and inferior vena cava are the largest veins in the body. The longest vein in the body is the great saphenous vein.

• Major veins:– Superior and inferior vena

cava– Jugular veins– Subclavian->brachial and

median cubital-> radial and ulnar

– Iliac->femoral and great saphenous-> small saphenous, tibial, and fibular.

Page 19: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Blood• Plasma-Plasma is the liquid portion of blood – a protein-salt solution

in which red and white blood cells and platelets are suspended. Plasma, which is 92 percent water, constitutes 55 percent of blood volume. Some oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve directly into the plasma.

• Red Blood cells (RBC)-, also called erythrocytes, are the most common type of blood cell and principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues--via blood flow through the circulatory system. The cytoplasm of erythrocytes is rich in hemoglobin, an iron-containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the cells. mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks. They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles, in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin. Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults. The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100–120 days in the body. RBCs make up about 40-45% of the blood volume.

• White blood cells (WBC)- also called leukocytes are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All leukocytes are produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist. These types are distinguished by their physical and functional characteristics. The number of leukocytes in the blood is often an indicator of disease. The normal white cell count is usually between 4 and 11 × 109/L. In the US this is usually expressed as 4,000–11,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood. They make up approximately 1% of the total blood volume in a healthy adult

• Platelets are not actually cells but rather small fragments of cells. Platelets help the blood clotting process (or coagulation) by gathering at the site of an injury, sticking to the lining of the injured blood vessel, and forming a platform on which blood coagulation can occur. This results in the formation of a fibrin clot, which covers the wound and prevents blood from leaking out. Fibrin also forms the initial scaffolding upon which new tissue forms, thus promoting healing.

Page 20: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Page 21: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

The Heart Beat

• Normal heart rate is 72-78 bpm.

• Over 100 bpm is considered tachycardia.

• Less than 60bpm is considered bradycardia.

• Heart rate is controlled by the medulla oblongata via the vagusnerve.

Page 22: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Lub, Dub• The first heart sound, or S1, forms the "lub" of "lub-dub" It

is caused by the sudden block of reverse blood flow due to closure of the atrioventricular valves, i.e. tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid), at the beginning of ventricular contraction, or systole. When the ventricles begin to contract, so do the papillary muscles in each ventricle. The papillary muscles are attached to the tricuspid and mitral valves via chordae tendineae, which bring the cusps or leaflets of the valve closed; the chordae tendineae also prevent the valves from blowing into the atria as ventricular pressure rises due to contraction. The closing of the inlet valves prevents regurgitation of blood from the ventricles back into the atria. The S1 sound results from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block of flow reversal by the valves.

• The second heart sound, or S2, forms the "dub" of "lub-dub“. It is caused by the sudden block of reversing blood flow due to closure of the semilunar valves (the aortic valve and pulmonary valve) at the end of ventricular systole and the beginning of ventricular diastole. As the left ventricle empties, its pressure falls below the pressure in the aorta. Aortic blood flow quickly reverses back toward the left ventricle, catching the pocket-like cusps of the aortic valve, and is stopped by aortic valve closure. Similarly, as the pressure in the right ventricle falls below the pressure in the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary valve closes. The S2 sound results from reverberation within the blood associated with the sudden block of flow reversal.

Page 23: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Conducting System of Heart

Page 24: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Electrocardiogram

• Action potentials through myocardium during cardiac cycle produces electric currents than can be measured.

• Pattern

• P wave

• Atria depolarization/ contraction

• QRS complex

• Ventricle depolarization/ contraction

• Atria repolarization/relax

• T wave:

• Ventricle repolarization/ relax

Page 25: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

The Cardiac Cycle

• The cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat, and so includes the diastole, the systole, and the intervening pause. The frequency of the cardiac cycle is described by the heart rate, which is typically expressed as beats per minute. Each beat of the heart involves five major stages. The first two stages, often considered together as the "ventricular filling" stage, involve the movement of blood from the atria into the ventricles. The next three stages involve the movement of blood from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery (in the case of the right ventricle) and the aorta (in the case of the left ventricle).

Page 26: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

The Cardiac Cycle

• The first stage, "early diastole," is when the semilunar valves (the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve) close, the atrioventricular (AV) valves (the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve) open, and the whole heart is relaxed. The second stage, "atrial systole," is when the atrium contracts, and blood flows from atrium to the ventricle. The third stage, "isovolumic contraction" is when the ventricles begin to contract, the AV and semilunar valves close, and there is no change in volume. The fourth stage, "ventricular ejection," is when the ventricles are contracting and emptying, and the semilunar valves are open. During the fifth stage, "isovolumicrelaxation time", pressure decreases, no blood enters the ventricles, the ventricles stop contracting and begin to relax, and the semilunar valves close due to the pressure of blood in the aorta.

• Throughout the cardiac cycle, blood pressure increases and decreases. The cardiac cycle is coordinated by a series of electrical impulses that are produced by specialized pacemaker cells found within the sinoatrial node and the atrioventricularnode. The cardiac muscle is composed of myocyteswhich initiate their own contraction without the help of external nerves (with the exception of modifying the heart rate due to metabolic demand). Under normal circumstances, each cycle takes 0.8 seconds.

Page 27: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Blood Pressure

• A measurement of the pressure blood exerts on the vessels of the body.

• Measured by a sphygmomanometer which puts pressure on the artery and allows us to measure the systole and diastole pressure.

• Systole-It measures the amount of pressure that blood exerts on arteries and vessels while the heart is beating.

• Diastole-It is the pressure that is exerted on the walls of the various arteries around the body in between heart beats when the heart is relaxed.

Page 28: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Baroreceptor Reflex

• If blood pressure in the carotid artery increase the baroreceptors in the artery send sensory signals to the medulla oblongata. The medulla sends a motor signal down the vagus nerve where heart rate is slowed and vessels dilate or widen.

• During low blood pressure disturbances the heart rate increases and the vessels constrict.

Page 29: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Hypertension• Affects about 1 and 3 American’s

that’s over 70 million!• High blood pressure, also called

hypertension, is dangerous because it makes the heart work harder to pump blood to the body and contributes to hardening of the arteries, or atherosclerosis, and to the development of heart failure.

• Caused by:– Smoking– Being overweight or obese– Lack of physical activity– Too much salt in the diet– Too much alcohol consumption (more

than 1 to 2 drinks per day)– Stress– Older age– Genetics– Family history of high blood pressure– Chronic kidney disease– Adrenal and thyroid disorders

Page 30: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Congestive Heart Failure

• A condition where the heart does not pump adequate blood to the body. Ususally because the heart muscle is weak (previous heart attacks) or the heart muscle is too thick.

• Caused by artery disease and high blood pressure.

• Symptoms: fatigue, shortness of breath, and edema.

Page 31: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Atherosclerosis

• Thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in arteries.

• Caused by a buildup of WBC’s and lipids such as cholesterol. Usually a result of a poor diet, and high blood pressure.

• This is a chronic inflammation response.

• Can result in heart attacks and strokes.

Page 32: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

ANATOMY OF THE PULMONARY SYSTEM

Page 33: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

The Upper Respiratory Tract

Page 34: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

The Lower Respiratory Tract

• Air tubes lined with pseodostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

• Secretes mucus. • Held open with

cartilaginous rings made out of hyaline cartilage.

• Trachea branches into left and right bronchus which continue to branch and narrow until they terminally end in alveoli.

Page 35: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

The Lungs

Page 36: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Alveoli

• Air filled sacs at the terminal end of the bronchiole.

• Site of gas exchange

• Made of simple squamous epithelium.

• About 3 million in healthy adult lungs.

Page 37: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE PULMONARY SYSTEM

Page 38: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Gas Exchange• Both oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported

around the body in the blood through arteries, veins and capillaries. They bind to hemoglobin in red blood cells, although oxygen does so more effectively. Carbon dioxide also dissolves in the plasma or combines with water to form bicarbonate ions (HCO−3). This reaction is catalyzed by the carbonic anhydrase enzyme in red blood cells.

• The main respiratory surface in humans is the alveoli, which are small air sacs branching off from the bronchioles in the lungs. They are one cell thick and provide a moist and extremely large surface area for gas exchange to occur. Capillaries carrying deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary artery run across the alveoli. They are also extremely thin, so the total distance gases must diffuse across is only around 2 cells thick. An adult male has about 300 million alveoli, each ranging in diameter from 75 to 300 µm.

• Inhaled oxygen is able to diffuse into the capillaries from the alveoli, while CO2 from the blood diffuses in the opposite direction into the alveoli. The waste CO2 can then be exhaled out of the body. Continuous blood flow in the capillaries and constant breathing maintain a steep concentration gradient.

Page 39: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Tidal Volume and Vital CapacityAverage lung volumes in healthy adults[7]

Volume

Value (litres)

In men In women

Inspiratory reserve volume 3.0 1.9

Tidal volume 0.5 0.5

Expiratory reserve volume 1.1 0.7

Residual volume 1.2 1.1

Lung capacities in healthy adults[7]

VolumeAverage value (litres)

DerivationIn men In women

Vital capacity

4.6 3.1IRV plus TV plus ERV

Inspiratory capacity

3.5 2.4IRV plus TV

Functional residual capacity

2.3 1.8ERV plus RV

Total lung capacity

5.8 4.2

IRV plus TV plus ERV plus RV

Page 40: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

COPD• COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary

(PULL-mun-ary) disease, is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. "Progressive" means the disease gets worse over time.

• COPD can cause coughing that produces large amounts of mucus (a slimy substance), wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and other symptoms.

• Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. Long-term exposure to other lung irritants—such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust—also may contribute to COPD.

• In COPD, less air flows in and out of the airways because of one or more of the following:

– The airways and air sacs lose their elastic quality.

– The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed.

– The walls of the airways become thick and inflamed.

– The airways make more mucus than usual, which can clog them

Page 41: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Asthma

• Asthma (AZ-ma) is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the morning.

• Asthma affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood. In the United States, more than 25 million people are known to have asthma. About 7 million of these people are children.

• To understand asthma, it helps to know how the airways work. The airways are tubes that carry air into and out of your lungs. People who have asthma have inflamed airways. The inflammation makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. The airways tend to react strongly to certain inhaled substances.

• When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten. This narrows the airways, causing less air to flow into the lungs. The swelling also can worsen, making the airways even narrower. Cells in the airways might make more mucus than usual. Mucus is a sticky, thick liquid that can further narrow the airways.

• This chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms can happen each time the airways are inflamed.

Page 42: Cardiopulmonary System - Alabama School of Fine Arts...Cardiopulmonary System Anatomy and Physiology. Cardiopulmonary System •Cardiovascular System –Heart –Arteries –Veins

Smoking damage to the cardiopulmonary

system