Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions · Cellulitis: Induction Models Isolates vary in...
Transcript of Carcass Skin Problems: Causes and Solutions · Cellulitis: Induction Models Isolates vary in...
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Carcass Skin Problems:
Causes and Solutions
S. F. S. F. BilgiliBilgili and J. B. Hessand J. B. Hess
Department of Poultry ScienceDepartment of Poultry Science
Auburn UniversityAuburn University
Auburn, Alabama 36849Auburn, Alabama 36849
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The Skin
�� Boundary between the organism and its Boundary between the organism and its
environmentenvironment
�� TwoTwo--way barrier:way barrier:
* entry of injurious substance* entry of injurious substance
* escape of vital fluids* escape of vital fluids
�� Protective armor against mechanical damageProtective armor against mechanical damage
�� Insulation in heat regulationInsulation in heat regulation
�� First line of defense against pests, parasites and First line of defense against pests, parasites and
pathogens pathogens
Skin
�� Largest sense organ:Largest sense organ:
* temperature, pressure, pain and tactile * temperature, pressure, pain and tactile
receptorsreceptors
�� Continuous replacementContinuous replacement
�� Recovers quickly from injuryRecovers quickly from injury
�� Responds by increasing thickness and strength Responds by increasing thickness and strength
to recurrent frictional stress to recurrent frictional stress
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Avian Skin – Unique Aspects…
�� Feathers! (specific tracts = pterylae)Feathers! (specific tracts = pterylae)
�� Thickness:Thickness:
* avian<mammalian skin* avian<mammalian skin
* apteria<pterylae* apteria<pterylae
�� Poor vascular supplyPoor vascular supply
�� Absent:Absent:
* sweat glands* sweat glands
* sebaceous glands (except: uropygeal gland)* sebaceous glands (except: uropygeal gland)
Histology
Epidermis
(13-23 u)
Dermis
(84-214 u)
Subcutis
Cuticle
(~5 u)
Lucas and Stettenheim, 1972.
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Skin Quality
� Integrity
� Color
� Fat distribution
� Free from feathers/hair
� Free from defects/lesions
� Free from pathogenic bacteria
� Free from pathology/disease
Skin Defects in Broilers
�� Abnormal feather growth/featheringAbnormal feather growth/feathering
�� Oily bird syndromeOily bird syndrome
�� Fragile skin (tearing)Fragile skin (tearing)
�� Blisters (breast)Blisters (breast)
�� TumorsTumors
�� New and old scratches, sores/scabsNew and old scratches, sores/scabs
�� Cellulitis (infectious process)Cellulitis (infectious process)
�� Contact dermatitis (breast, hock joints, foot pads)Contact dermatitis (breast, hock joints, foot pads)
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Abnormal Feathering
�� Feathers = keratin (rich in cystine)Feathers = keratin (rich in cystine)
�� Optimum dietary levels of nutrients for feather growth:Optimum dietary levels of nutrients for feather growth:
* ~2% of methionine and ~25% of cystine* ~2% of methionine and ~25% of cystine
* digestibility/availability (cystine?) * digestibility/availability (cystine?)
�� General amino acid inadequacy:General amino acid inadequacy:
* affects mostly primary feathers* affects mostly primary feathers
* reduced/ abnormal feathering* reduced/ abnormal feathering
* spoon* spoon--like (long shafts) and curlinglike (long shafts) and curling
* poor performance…* poor performance…
Abnormal Feathering
�� FusariumFusarium mycotoxinsmycotoxins (T(T--2)2)
* 4 * 4 ppmppm = sparse feathering= sparse feathering
* all feathers affected (odd angles) * all feathers affected (odd angles)
�� Thyroid function Thyroid function
* low iodine (* low iodine (milomilo))
�� MalabsorptionMalabsorption (starter period)(starter period)
�� Trace minerals (<40 Trace minerals (<40 ppmppm Zn = fraying) Zn = fraying)
�� Infection of feather folliclesInfection of feather follicles
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7
Feathering- Length of Starter PeriodMale boilers (49 d)
0
10
20
30
%
21 d 30 d 21 d 30 d
Fast Feathering Slow Feathering
Lilburn, 1989
Oily Bird Syndrome
�� Oily and greasy skinOily and greasy skin
�� High energy diets/summerHigh energy diets/summer--timetime
�� Females>malesFemales>males
�� Collagen crossCollagen cross--link maturation (Cu?)link maturation (Cu?)
�� Fat type (saturated>unsaturated)Fat type (saturated>unsaturated)
�� Processing conditions (scald/pick)Processing conditions (scald/pick)
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Skin Tearing
�� PostPost--defeathering tears on the skindefeathering tears on the skin
�� Females>malesFemales>males
�� Skin strength = collagen content/maturitySkin strength = collagen content/maturity
* Proline, Zn, Cu, Vitamin C * Proline, Zn, Cu, Vitamin C
�� Halofuginone (antiHalofuginone (anti--coccidial) coccidial)
* affects proline hydroxylation* affects proline hydroxylation
�� Processing conditions (scald/pick)Processing conditions (scald/pick)
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Fragile Skin
Unhealed
Scratches
Skin (Puncture) Strength
Bilgili et al, 1993
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Bilgili et al, 1993
Skin Strength
Skin Elasticity
Genetics
Breast Blisters/Burns
�� Thickening and inflammation Thickening and inflammation
of the keel bursaeof the keel bursae
�� GeneticsGenetics
�� Flock managementFlock management
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Breast Blisters
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
NUMBER OF FLOCKS/LITTER
Tumors�� LeukosisLeukosis
* skin form* skin form
* vaccination failures * vaccination failures
�� CarcinomasCarcinomas
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Scabby Hip Syndrome
�� Fresh or old unhealed scratchesFresh or old unhealed scratches
�� Primarily in pelvic back regionPrimarily in pelvic back region
�� Feathering rate (slow>fast)Feathering rate (slow>fast)
�� Males>femalesMales>females
�� Toe nails (or other sharp objects) Toe nails (or other sharp objects)
�� Pile ups, hysteria, competitionPile ups, hysteria, competition
�� Flock management!Flock management!
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Scabby Hip Syndrome
�� Scabby hips (scratches/sores/scabs)Scabby hips (scratches/sores/scabs)
* Feeder space* Feeder space
+ restricted/timed (meal) feeding+ restricted/timed (meal) feeding
* Lighting programs (duration/intensity) * Lighting programs (duration/intensity)
* Feed outages* Feed outages
* Hysteria/nervousness* Hysteria/nervousness
* Activity in the house* Activity in the house
+ Flock thinning, weighing etc.+ Flock thinning, weighing etc.
Cellulitis (IP)
�� Infectious Process (IP)Infectious Process (IP)
�� Acute, diffuse, spreading edematous Acute, diffuse, spreading edematous
inflammation of the subcutaneous tissueinflammation of the subcutaneous tissue
�� Caseous exudateCaseous exudate
�� Thickened dermisThickened dermis
�� Petechial hemorrhages in muscle fascia Petechial hemorrhages in muscle fascia
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15
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Cellulitis: Bacterial Isolates
�� E.coliE.coli
�� Pseudomonas spp.Pseudomonas spp.
�� Proteus spp.Proteus spp.
�� Aeromonas spp.Aeromonas spp.
�� Citrobacter spp.Citrobacter spp.
�� P. MultocidaP. Multocida
Cellulitis: E.coli
�� 90% of all isolates90% of all isolates
�� 60+% monoculture60+% monoculture
�� Diverse serogroups (078, 02, 0115)Diverse serogroups (078, 02, 0115)
�� Variable drug resistanceVariable drug resistance
�� Variable plasmid profileVariable plasmid profile
�� No toxin productionNo toxin production
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E. Coli Infections
�� ImmunoImmuno--suppressionsuppression
* Viral diseases (CAV, IBDV, IB)* Viral diseases (CAV, IBDV, IB)
�� Damage to mucous membranesDamage to mucous membranes
* Digestive and respiratory * Digestive and respiratory
�� Damage to skinDamage to skin
* Scratches, feather follicles, insect bites * Scratches, feather follicles, insect bites
�� Optimum nutritionOptimum nutrition
�� Sanitation/BiosecuritySanitation/Biosecurity
Cellulitis: Induction Models
�� Isolates vary in pathogenicityIsolates vary in pathogenicity
* cellulitis vs. respiratory vs. fecal* cellulitis vs. respiratory vs. fecal
�� Inoculation: injection vs. scratchingInoculation: injection vs. scratching
* subcutaneous niche* subcutaneous niche
�� Lesion development:Lesion development:
* rapid* rapid
* plaques develop in 18* plaques develop in 18--24 h 24 h
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Source of E. coli
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
%
Fecal Respiratory Cellulits
ISOLATE
Injection Scratch
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Cellulitis: Management Factors
�� Genetics/featheringGenetics/feathering
�� Placement densityPlacement density
�� Litter type/qualityLitter type/quality
�� PilePile--ups/hysteriaups/hysteria
�� Bird migrationBird migration
�� Meal feedingMeal feeding
�� Immunosuppression Immunosuppression
Genetics/Feathering
�� Temperament/nervousnessTemperament/nervousness
�� FeatheringFeathering
* genetics* genetics
* nutrition* nutrition
* management* management
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Placement Density
�� Proper stocking densityProper stocking density
* birds/m2* birds/m2
* kg/m2* kg/m2
�� HousingHousing
* type? * type?
* feeder/drinker space* feeder/drinker space
* migration* migration
�� Environmental control Environmental control
Stocking DensityMale Plant Performance (49 d)
Density
(Kg/m2)
Sores/scabs
(%)
Grade
“A”
Fillet yield
(%)
29.2 17.1b 52.3 14.0a
31.9 26.8ab 48.1 13.9a
35.2 38.1a 46.2 13.5b
Bilgili and Hess,1995
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Stocking DensitySkin Lesions
0
2
4
6
8
10
12P
ercen
t
12.2 12.8 13.5 14.2 14.9 15.8
birds/square meter
Sores and scratches
Bilgili and Horton, 1995
Weight Density
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Percen
t
22.7 26.8 31.7 36.4
Kg/m2
Condemnations
Total Scratches Cellulitis
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Stocking DensityDisturbances
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16N
o. o
f
dis
turb
an
ces/
hr
5 10 15 20
birds/square meter
Pushed, showed, intrerrupted
Estevez, 1994
Cellulitis: Field Study
�� Correlations:Correlations:
* Sep/tox (* Sep/tox (--0.33)0.33)
* Airsacculitis (+.35)* Airsacculitis (+.35)
* Swollen joins (+.38)* Swollen joins (+.38)
* Skin sores/scabs (+0.41) * Skin sores/scabs (+0.41)
* Placement density * Placement density
+ kg/m+ kg/m22 (+0.65)(+0.65)
+ birds/drinker (+0.45)+ birds/drinker (+0.45)
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Hatchery Source
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1P
er
cen
t
A B C D
Source
Condemnations
Total Cellulitis
Down-time Between Flocks
0
0.2
0.4
0.60.8
1
1.2
1.4
Pe
rc
en
t
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
days
Condemnations
Total Cellulitis
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Brooding Method
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Condemned Cellulitis Sores/scabs
1/4 1/3 1/2 1/1
Flock Management
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Percen
t
Poor Average Good Best
Management
Condemnations
Total Cellulitis
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Skin Blotches/Patches
�� Uneven surface drying (removal of cuticle?)Uneven surface drying (removal of cuticle?)
* temperature, RH, air speed, rate * temperature, RH, air speed, rate of chillingof chilling
�� Dark, dehydrated skin areasDark, dehydrated skin areas
�� Almost always associated with soft scalding Almost always associated with soft scalding
followed by “air chilling”followed by “air chilling”
�� ScaldingScalding--picking conditions… picking conditions…
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Foot Health
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Foot Pad Dermatitis
�� Irritation and inflammation of the plantar Irritation and inflammation of the plantar
surfaces of the feetsurfaces of the feet
�� Mild dermatitis to cracks to severe ulcersMild dermatitis to cracks to severe ulcers
�� Quality (downgrading)Quality (downgrading)
�� Welfare (specific audit point):Welfare (specific audit point):
* <30% incidence (NCC* <30% incidence (NCC--US)US)
Foot Pad Dermatitis
�� Irritation and inflammation of the Irritation and inflammation of the
plantar surfaces of the feetplantar surfaces of the feet
�� Mild dermatitis to cracks to severe Mild dermatitis to cracks to severe
ulcersulcers
�� Welfare audit point:Welfare audit point:
<30% (NCC<30% (NCC--US)US)
<4% (RSPCA<4% (RSPCA--UK)UK)
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Lesion Scores:
0 1 2
30
Foot Pad Dermatitis Score 1: Mild
Dermis
Epidermis
Thickened
keratin and
epidermis
F. Hoerr
Foot Pad Dermatitis Score 2: Severe
Superficial
Crust
(Scab)
F. Hoerr
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BEDDING TYPE
QUALITY
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTROL
NUTRITION
FEEDING PROGRAMS
LITTER
MOISTURE
FLOCK
MANAGEMENT
GENETICS
FPDGenetics and Diet Density
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Percen
t
SC-A SC-B
Severe Lesions
High Density Low Density
Bilgili et al., 2006.
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Foot Pad DermatitisFlock Management
�� Housing/rearing methodHousing/rearing method
�� BroodingBrooding
�� Stocking densityStocking density
�� Feeder/drinker type/managementFeeder/drinker type/management
�� Ventilation rateVentilation rate
�� Fogging/cooling/condensationFogging/cooling/condensation
Ventilation vs. Minimum Ventilation
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PER BIRD AGE (Days)
0.10 CFM 1 – 7
0.25 CFM 8 – 14
0.35 CFM 15 - 21
0.50 CFM 22 - 28
0.65 CFM 29 - 35
0.70 CFM 36 - 42
0.80 CFM 43 - 49
0.90 CFM 50 - 56
Minimum Ventilation Rates(Average/Per Bird)
Foot Pad DermatitisProduction System
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percen
t
Standard
Intensive
Free-
Range
Organic RSPCA Corn-Fed
Pagazaurtundua and Warris, 2006.
>90% Cobb
39 d
Hubbard
56 d
Hubbard
>70 d
Hubbard
49 d
<6 lb/sqft
Cobb
49 d
Outside Access
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Foot Pad DermatitisBedding Type/Quality
�� TypeType
�� Particle sizeParticle size
�� Depth/reDepth/re--useuse
�� Moisture/water activityMoisture/water activity
�� Microbial activityMicrobial activity
�� BuiltBuilt--up litter/fecal load:up litter/fecal load:
* caking, crustiness* caking, crustiness
Foot Pad DermatitisBedding Source
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
PE
RC
EN
T
1 2 3 4 5
CONSECUTIVE FLOCKS
Sand Shavings
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Foot Pad DermatitisBedding Source
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
PE
RC
EN
T
PS PB CP MS GP CS DF CT
Bedding Source
Trial I Trial II Trial III
Foot Pad DermatitisLitter Caking and Moisture
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
PS PB CP MS GP CS DF CT
Bedding Source
FP
D P
ER
CE
NT
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
MO
IST
UR
E (
%)
Trial I Trial III Trial II Moisture
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Paw BurnsFeeds and Nutrition
�� Plane of nutrition/feeding programsPlane of nutrition/feeding programs
�� Ingredient selection/levelsIngredient selection/levels
�� Nutrient supplementationNutrient supplementation
* biotin* biotin
* pantothenic acid* pantothenic acid
* zinc (chelated vs. inorganic)* zinc (chelated vs. inorganic)
�� Intestinal integrityIntestinal integrity
* infectious challenge* infectious challenge
* toxins* toxins
* anti* anti--nutritional factors nutritional factors
Optimal
Intestinal
Integrity
Nutrient leakage
Ample
Absorption
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Feeding Program
Company Incidence (%)
Moderate (%) Severe (%)
1 34ab 29ab 5b
2 64a 45a 19a
3 41ab 34ab 7b
4 27b 23b 4b
SEM 1.5 1.3 0.9
P<0.05
Nutrient Density
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Day 35 Day 42 Day 49 Day 56
Pa
w B
urn
s (%
)
Low High
*
*
*
*
*P<0.05
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Feed/nutrients/GI function?
�� Excess nutrientsExcess nutrients
* electrolytes (Na and K)* electrolytes (Na and K)
* nitrogen (uric acid ammonia)* nitrogen (uric acid ammonia)
�� Fecal consistencyFecal consistency
* viscosity* viscosity
* irritants/chemicals* irritants/chemicals
�� Higher incidence in allHigher incidence in all--vegetable dietsvegetable diets
(Europe, Brazil)(Europe, Brazil)
Dietary Protein Level
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Paw
Bu
rn
s (%
)
29 43 54
Days
HP
LP
P<0.05
a
b
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Dietary Protein Level (Day 54)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Paw
Bu
rn
s (%
)
Mild Severe
Days
HP
LP
P<0.05
a
b
Dietary Protein Source
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Paw
Bu
rn
s (%
)
29 43 54
Days
Veg
Veg + Ani
P<0.05
a
b
40
Sex (Day 54)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Paw
Bu
rn
s (%
)
Mild Severe
Days
Female
Male
P<0.05
a
b
All Vegetable Diets
Eichner et al, 2007
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All Vegetable Diets
Eichner et al, 2007
Soybean Meal
�� NonNon--starch polysaccharides (NSP) starch polysaccharides (NSP)
* arabinogalactans, * arabinogalactans,
* rhamnogalacturonans, * rhamnogalacturonans,
* α* α--galactosides (raffinose and stachyose)galactosides (raffinose and stachyose)
* wet/sticky feces* wet/sticky feces
�� UnderUnder-- or overor over--processingprocessing
* Trypsin inhibitor (protein digestibility)* Trypsin inhibitor (protein digestibility)
* Urease activity (mucolytic) * Urease activity (mucolytic)
�� High K+High K+
* high water intake * high water intake
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Sodium Bisulfate: No Lesions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Percen
t
Non
e
1x N
aHS04
2x N
aHS0
4
2(1x
NaH
S04)
Day 42
Day 56
1x=0.02 kg/sqft
Sodium Bisulfate: Mild Lesions
0
51015
202530
354045
Percen
t
Non
e
1x N
aHS04
2x N
aHS0
4
2(1x
NaH
S04)
Day 42
Day 56
1x=0.02 kg/sqft
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Sodium Bisulfate: Severe Lesions
0
5
10
15
20
25
Percen
t
Non
e
1x N
aHS04
2x N
aHS0
4
2(1x
NaH
S04)
Day 42
Day 56
1x=0.02 kg/sqft
Ammonia Levels:
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Wk 0 Wk 1 Wk 2 Wk 3 Wk 4 Wk 5 Wk 6 Wk 7
Am
mn
on
ia l
evels
(p
pm
)
Trt 1
Trt 2
Trt 3
Trt 4
* **
*
*P<0.05
Litter artificially wetted
Litter Moisture= 9% 11% 17% 13%
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Composition
(Nitrogen + Uric Acid)
Microbial
Decomposition
Ammonium ion + AMMONIA
(NH4+) (NH3)
Alkaline when
dissolved
Foot Pad Dermatitis
Model:
Consistency
(MOISTURE + Viscosity)
F E C E S
Prolonged
Adhesion
Softening + Irritation
BEDDING
TYPE AND
QUANTITY
Dealing with Skin Lesions
�� Optimum feathering = skin protection Optimum feathering = skin protection
�� Enhance wound healing Enhance wound healing
* Zinc (organic forms)* Zinc (organic forms)
�� Immune modulationImmune modulation
* Vitamin C and E* Vitamin C and E
* Chelated trace minerals (Zn, Mn)* Chelated trace minerals (Zn, Mn)
�� Reduce environmental exposureReduce environmental exposure
* Probiotics * Probiotics
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Immune Modulation
�� Organic, chelated trace mineralsOrganic, chelated trace minerals
* Zinc and manganese* Zinc and manganese
* Increase humoral response to* Increase humoral response to
antigenic challengeantigenic challenge
* Increase cellular immunity by* Increase cellular immunity by
enhancing phagocytic activity enhancing phagocytic activity
of macrophagesof macrophages
FPD: Complexed-Zinc
a
bb
a
b
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
None Mild Severe
%
IC IC-C-Zn IC+C-Zn
Parson et al., 2002
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Immune Modulation
�� Vitamin E = disease resistanceVitamin E = disease resistance
* Biological antioxidant (macrophages)* Biological antioxidant (macrophages)
* Cellular membrane protection* Cellular membrane protection
* Platelet aggregation* Platelet aggregation
* Inflammatory response* Inflammatory response
* Heavy metal toxicity (Ag, As, Pb, Cd, Hg)* Heavy metal toxicity (Ag, As, Pb, Cd, Hg)
* Increase phagocytosis* Increase phagocytosis
Immune Modulation
�� Vitamin EVitamin E
* Supplementation often marginal* Supplementation often marginal
* Not well absorbed in young birds* Not well absorbed in young birds
* Increased demand due to immune* Increased demand due to immune
challenge (1challenge (1--21 days)21 days)
* Higher requirement (?)* Higher requirement (?)
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Vitamin E Requirement: Broilers
�� 10,000 to 45,000 IU/ton10,000 to 45,000 IU/ton
�� Growth vs. immune responseGrowth vs. immune response
�� Variable demand in feedVariable demand in feed
* Stability of fats and oils* Stability of fats and oils
* Stress* Stress
* Malabsorption/gut integrity* Malabsorption/gut integrity
* Mycotoxicosis* Mycotoxicosis
* Immune challenge* Immune challenge
Vitamin E SupplementationStarter Feed- Field data
CondemnationCondemnation
(%)(%)
30 30 vsvs 218218
IUIU
30 30 vs vs 218218
IUIU
15 15 vsvs 100100
IUIU
18 18 vs vs 100100
IUIU
Sep/toxSep/tox NANA --25%25% NANA NANA
AirsacculitisAirsacculitis +1%+1% --25%25% NANA --42%42%
CellulitisCellulitis --16%16% --61%61% --26%26% --25%25%
TotalTotal --31%31% --34%34% --12%12% --31%31%
x1000
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Skin Defects: Impact
* Whole carcass and trimmed parts * Whole carcass and trimmed parts
condemnationcondemnation
* Cost of rework * Cost of rework
* Line speed slow* Line speed slow--downdown
* Product downgrading* Product downgrading
* Product contamination (immersion * Product contamination (immersion
chilling!) chilling!)
Skin Defects
�� Must meet postMust meet post--chill “Finished Product chill “Finished Product
Standards”Standards”
�� Plant disposition:Plant disposition:
* Diffuse lesions = Whole carcass * Diffuse lesions = Whole carcass
condemnedcondemned
* Discrete lesions = Trimmed* Discrete lesions = Trimmed
+ On+ On--lineline
+ Off+ Off--line salvage (USDA approval)line salvage (USDA approval)
49
Controlling Skin Disorders
Summary
�� “Maturity” at market age“Maturity” at market age
�� Live productionLive production
* Flock management* Flock management
�� NutritionNutrition
* Optimal feathering* Optimal feathering
* Enhanced immune response* Enhanced immune response
�� ProcessingProcessing
* Trim/salvage* Trim/salvage