Carbon Sequestration - UNECE · Carbon Sequestration “The Path Forward” “Pathways to...
Transcript of Carbon Sequestration - UNECE · Carbon Sequestration “The Path Forward” “Pathways to...
Carbon Sequestration“The Path Forward”
“Pathways to SustainableUse of Fossil Energy”
Energy for the New Millennium
Charles E. Schmidt, DirectorClean Air Technology Division
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Fossil FuelsWorld’s Dominant Energy Source
United States99 QBtu/yr; 85% Fossil Energy
World382 Quads/yr; 86% Fossil Energy
Word Data from EIA96. Does not include non-grid-connected biomass.U.S. Data from Table 2 of EIA REA 97 & AEO 2002 Table A2
0.9%
Coal25%Coal25%
Oil39%
Gas22%
Nuclear 6%
7%7%
Coal22%
Gas24%
Nuclear 8%
Oil38%
4%
HydroSolar, Wind, Geo
Biomass
3%
0.6%
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World - 199912.8 Trillion kWh - 63% Fossil EnergyUnited States - 1999
3.2 Trillion kWh - 69% Fossil Energy
Source: EIA International Energy Outlook 2001Edison Electric Institute 2001
RenewablesOil
Fossil FuelsWorld’s Dominant Electricity Source
Gas16%
Coal51%Coal51%
11%2%
Nuclear20%
Oil10%
Coal36%Coal36%
Renewables21%
Renewables21%
Nuclear16%
Gas17%
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Greenhouse Gas Implications
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CO2 & CH4 - The Primary GHG Contributors
Methane9%
Nitrous Oxide5%
HFCs, PFCs, SF62%
CO2 fromEnergy
81%
Other CO23%
“EIA Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S.: 2000”
United States Greenhouse Gas Emissions(Equivalent Global Warming Basis)
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Coal Mining• 17 MMTCE methane emissions equivalent:
− 60 gas plants− 20 coal plants
Natural Gas Systems• 32 MMTCE methane emissions equivalent:
− 115 gas plants− 40 coal plants
Landfills• 55 MMTCE methane emissions equivalent:
− 195 gas plants− 70 coal plants
Fugitive Methane Emissions Are Significant Equivalent GWP* Compared to Emissions from 500 MW Plant
*Global Warming PotentialSources: EPA Inventory of U.S. GHG Emissions & Sinks - 2002 2000 emissions
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Enter….
Carbon Sequestration
“Pathways to GHG Stabilization”
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Technological Carbon Management Options
ImproveEfficiency
SequesterCarbon
• Renewables• Nuclear• Fuel Switching
• Demand Side• Supply Side
• Capture & Store• Enhance Natural
Sinks
Reduce CarbonIntensity
All options needed to:• Affordably meet energy
demand• Address environmental
objectives
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Presidential DirectionDrivers for Carbon Sequestration Program
White House photo: Paul Morse
• Third option for global climate change
• Enables continued use of domestic energy resources and infrastructure
• Geologic formations have potential for essentially unlimited storage capacity
• Demonstrated industry interest, participation, and cost-sharing in public/private partnerships
• “We all believe technology offer great promise to significantly reduce emissions -- especially carbon capture, storage and sequestration technologies.”
June 11, 2001 February 14, 2002
• Sustain economic growth
• Reduce GHG intensity by 18% in next 10 years
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GCCI Pathway to 201218% Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Intensity
120
140
160
180
200
2000 2004 2008 20121,800
2,200
2,600
3,000
3,400
Sources: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2002EPA special studies
DOE/FE/NETL Sequestration Benefits Model
Gre
enho
use
Gas
Inte
nsity
(TC
/$M
MG
DP)
Gre
enho
use
Gas
Em
issi
ons
(MM
TCE)
GCCI
EIA Reference Case
108 MMTCE Gapin 2012
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0
50
100
150
200
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 20500
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Possible Pathway to StabilizationA Significant Undertaking
Sources: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2002 to 2020EPA special studies
DOE/FE/NETL Sequestration Benefits Model
President’s 201218% Reduction
GCCI
Emission Stabilizationat 2000 Level in 2025GH
G In
tens
ity (T
C/$
MM
GD
P)
GH
G E
mis
sion
s (M
MTC
E)Stabilization
EIA Reference Case
1,735 MMTCE Reduction in
2050
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0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2002 2012 2020 2030 2040 2050
Advanced Sequestration Value-Added SequestrationNon-CO2 GHGsForestation and AgricultureEfficiency and Renewables
Stabilization = SequestrationMust Account For > 60% of Reduction Gap
Reductions rely on carbon management program
Reduction benefit shared with EPA/AG others
GH
G E
mis
sion
s R
educ
tions
(MM
TCE)
Reductions unrelated to sequestration, but includes coal• Repowering• Retrofit• Vision 21
Sources: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2002EPA special studies
DOE/FE/NETL Sequestration Benefits Model
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Coal & Electricity Are Major ContributorsAccount for ~ 40% of CO2 Emissions
Source: EPA, Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2000
1998 United States CO2 Emissions(Million Metric Tons Per Year Carbon Equivalent)
By Fossil Fuel Type By Sector
(Total Emissions = 1450)
Other29%
Other29%
Transportation33%
Transportation33%
Electricity38%
Electricity38%
Oil42%Oil
42%
Coal37%Coal37%
Natural Gas21%
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2002 2004 2008 20182006 2010 2015
Carbon Sequestration Roadmap
EstablishRegional
Partnerships
AwardSequestration
Demonstrations
Cost Reductionof 50% for
Existing Plants
MMV Protocolsfor Carbon Accounting
Cost Reductionof 75% for New Plants
Begin LargeScale
Demonstrations
MMV Protocolsfor EnsuringPerformance
Cost GoalsAttained
<10% & 10/ton
Zero EmissionsNo Net Cost
Increase
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Program GoalsTechnology Options for GHG Management That...
• Are safe and environmentally acceptable
• Result in − < 10% increase in cost of energy services for
direct capture
− < $10 / ton carbon for indirect capture
• GCCI− Contribute to reducing carbon intensity by
18% by 2012
− Provide portfolio of commercially ready technologies for 2012 assessment
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Carbon Management Program Structure
Infrastructure4-10 Regional Partnerships• Engage regional, state, local
government entities• Determine benefits of
sequestration to region• Baseline region for sources and
sinks • Establish monitoring and
verification protocols• Address regulatory,
environmental, outreach issues• Test sequestration technology at small scaleIntegrated Power/
Sequestration Demo(s)• First-of-kind integrated project• Verify large-scale operation• Highlight best technology
options• Verify performance &
permanence• Develop accurate cost/
performance data• International showcase
DemonstrationBreak-through
Concepts
Measurement Monitoring & Verification
Non-CO2GHG
Control
Sequestration• Direct CO2
storage• Enhanced
natural sinks
Core R&DSeparation
and Capture of CO2
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Technology R&D Pathways
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• Environmentally acceptable
• Safe
• Verifiable
• Economically viable
Requirements for Sequestration
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Large Potential Worldwide Storage Capacity
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
10,000
100,000
Storage Option
DeepOcean
SalineReservoirs
DepletedOil
Reservoirs
DepletedGas
Reservoirs
CoalSeams
Cap
acity
(Gig
aton
s)
AnnualWorld
Emissions
Storage Options: IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Program;Advanced Resources International estimates for coal seams
World Emissions: International Energy Outlook 2000, Table A10
6.2Gigatons
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Sequestration: A Dynamic Program
• Diverse research portfolio− 60 external projects− Onsite focus area
• Strong industry support− 40% cost share
• Portfolio funding $100M
Example Projects
• Sandia/Strata − Tracking CO2 in depleted oil reservoir
• Consol
− Sequestration in unmineable coal seams
• U. of Kentucky− Terrestrial sequestration in mined lands
• MIDCARB, State Geologic Consortia− Storage potential of geologic formation
in five states
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Statoil’s Sleipner production platform, with
CO2 injection
• 70 CO2 enhanced oil recovery sites in U.S.
• Weyburn EOR project in Saskatchewan
• Numerous reforestation projects underway
• Sleipner gas production in North Sea
Separation & CaptureEngineered Sequestration Feasible
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Separation and CaptureImprove Performance, Reduce Costs, Establish Protocols
CurrentTechnologies
FutureTechnologies
Amine Scrubbing Systems
Oxygen Based Combustion Advanced Membranes
Solid Sorbents
Advanced Sorbents
CO2 Hydrates
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Geological Sequestration Research Priorities
• Monitoring & Verification Methods/Protocols
• Capacity Evaluations
• Sequestration Mechanisms
• Long-Term Integrity & Permanence
• Environmental Impacts
• Safety
• Major Sequestration R&D Focus
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Deep Saline Formations
Deep Coal Seams
Enhanced Oil Recovery Fields
Geologic Sequestration Options
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Terrestrial SequestrationEstablish Methods and Protocols
h Improve Soil Carbon MeasurementhDecrease sample time and costhDevelop measurement protocols
h Improve Regional Measurement and Verification hRemote sensing opportunitieshVegetation carbon databases for calibration
h Enhance Carbon UptakehAmendments, soil management, bio waste ventures
h Partner with USDA and other Organizations
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Terrestrial SequestrationProject Portfolio
h Soil Carbon Measuring and MonitoringhLos Alamos National Laboratory - LIBS
h Regional Measuring, Monitoring and VerificationhThe Nature Conservancy - Advanced Videography
h Enhance Plant Growth on Degraded LandshOak Ridge/Pacific Northwest National Laboratories
(CSiTE) - Industrial By-products AmendmentshTennessee Valley Authority - FGD Amendments
h Economic ModelinghStephen F. Austin State University - Appalachia
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• Recovery & sequestration of CO2 by photosynthesis of microalgae - PSI
• Chemical fixation coal combustion products & recycling through algal biosystems - TVA
• Enhanced practical photosynthetic CO2mitigation - Ohio U.
• Enhanced practical photosynthesis - ORNL
• Photoreductive sequestration to form C1 products & fuel - SRI International
• Sequestration by mineral carbonation using a continuous flow reactor - Albany RC
• Chemical dissolution approaches to mineral sequestration - LANL
Several Novel Systems in Program
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0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200
IGCC
PC
NGCC
Sources: Derived From NETL, EPRI, Alstom
DOEGoal
<-- O2 Combustion--><----- CO2 Scrubbing ---- >
Gas Price Sensitivity<--------- ($2 to $6 /106 Btu) -------------->
Technology Today / Technology TomorrowHow Will Goals Be Achieved
Percent Increase in Levelized Cost of Electricity(Relative to No Capture Counterparts)
Zero Emissions SequestrationOxygen Combustion
MembranesAdvanced Sorbents & Processes
Plant Basis
o 2010 Installed Technology
o Greenfield Plants
o ~ 350 to 450 Mwe Plant Size
o > 90% CO2 Removal
o ~ 80% Capacity Factor
o Coal Price = $1.24/106 Btu
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Sequestration - Not Just About CO2(Near Zero Emissions Concept)
Gasification Energy Plant
Pulverized Coal Power Plant
PermanentlySequester
All Gaseous Emissions
• Sequester traditional pollutants & CO2 from IGCC Energy Plants
• Sequester traditional pollutants & CO2 from Pulverized Coal Power Plants
• Avoid costs, energy & complexity of controlling traditional pollutants
• Provide major cost & energy offsets for CO2 capture & sequestration
• Substantially reduce footprint and complexity of plants
Hydrogen SulfideCarbon Dioxide
Nitrous OxidesSulfur Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide
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Visit Our NETL Sequestration Websitewww.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/sequestration/