Carbon FootprintPE INTERNATIONAL helps you with software and consulting to determine, analyse, reduce and offset both product carbon footprints and corporate carbon footprints.Climate change is one of the major challenges facing the global populationand the natural environment. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions released into the atmosphere in ever rapidly growing volumes are recognised to be responsible for this change. Carbon Footprint analysis is the key What is a Carbon Footprint? Carbon Footprint & LCACarbon Footprint analysis is the keyA Carbon Footprint measures the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by a person, organisation, event or product.Carbon Footprint quantification analysis and reduction are key to preventing this change by, for example, enhancing energy efficiency, mitigating carbon emissions by means of green energy and then compensating for remaining GHG emissions by investing in carbon offsets, with a final goal of being carbon neutral.What is a Carbon Footprint?Carbon Footprint (CF) also named Carbon profile - is the overall amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (e.g. methane, laughing gas, etc.) associated with a product, along its supply-chain and sometimes including from use and end-of-life recovery and disposal.Causes of these emissions are, for example, electricity production in power plants, heating with fossil fuels, transport operations and other industrial and agricultural processes.The carbon footprint is quantified using indicators such as the Global Warming Potential (GWP). As defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a GWP is an indicator that reflects the relative effect of a greenhouse gas in terms of climate change considering a fixed time period, such as 100 years (GWP100). The GWPs for different emissions can then be added together to give one single indicator that expresses the overall contribution to climate change of these emissions.Carbon Footprint & LCAThe Carbon Footprint is a sub-set of the data covered by a more complete Life Cycle Assessment (LCA).LCA is an internationally standardized method (ISO 14040, ISO 14044) for the evaluation of the environmental burdens and resources consumed along the life cycle of products; from the extraction of raw materials, the manufacture of goods, their use by final consumers or for the provision of a service, recycling, energy recovery and ultimate disposal.One of the key impact categories considered in an LCA is climate change, typically using the IPCC characterization factors for CO2 equivalents. Hence, a carbon footprint is a life cycle assessment with the analysis limited to emissions that have an effect on climate change.Suitable background data sources for the footprint are therefore those available in existing LCA databases. These databases contain the life cycle profiles of the goods and services that you purchase, as well as of many of the underlying materials, energy sources, transport and other services.Corporate Carbon FootprintCorporations discharge greenhouse gases directly or indirectly and thereby contribute to climate change.PE INTERNATIONAL, the premier provider of solution to quantify and manage corporate carbon emissions, provides assistance inmanagingyourCorporate Carbon Footprint (CCF).Our global presence and in-depth experience in carbon footprint analysis is a robust basis to provide you with mitigation measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy efficiency. Service & Solution Your Benefits Case Study Software ToolsService & SolutionWe have20 years of experience in LCA (Life Cycle Assessment),environmental managementandsustainability. Greenhouse gas analysis, evaluation and management have always been significant components of our work.OurCorporate Carbon Footprint (CCF)analysis isholistic andcomprehensive.PE INTERNATIONALs services are performed in line with existing and forthcomingstandardssuch as theGHG Protocol, theISO 14000series and others.Emission factors for indirect operations are sourced from, e.g. theEU Life Cycle Database, theU.S. LCI Database,U.S. EPAs EFPAC databasesand ourown databases, which are fully consistent with one another.We guarantee high quality carbon accounting and reporting of your emissions.Our services are tailored to your companys needs so you understand the carbon footprint of your organization, and know how new climate change related risks and opportunities may affect your operations and your markets.We support your reporting for registries and programmes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, the Climate Registry, EPA Climate Leaders, CRC, NGER and many more.Product Carbon FootprintGas emissions that contribute to the global warming effect, are measured as the Product Carbon Footprint (PCF)During a products life cycle, energy is required to extract, transport and refine raw materials, to manufacture and distribute the final product, and treat the waste at the end of its useful life.As fossil energy carriers currently play the main role in supplying energy, all of the above listed steps are associated with the generation and release of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc. These gas emissions in turn contribute to the global warming effect, which is measured as the Product Carbon Footprint (PCF).Life Cycle Assessment - the premier methodology in determining a Product Carbon FootprintA Life Cycle Assessment according to ISO 14044 (as well as in the BSI PAS2050) is the premier methodology in determining a Product Carbon Footprint.Facilitating such a cradle-to-grave carbon footprint analysis of your product will disclose your real Product Carbon Footprint (PCF), reveal reduction potentials and highlight negative trade-offs, e.g. the shifting of environmental burdens from one stage of the life cycle to another. It is impossible to rely only on company specific data to properly conduct a Life Cycle Assessment and still comply with the high requirements of the international standards. Service & Solution Your Benefits Whitepaper Software Tool & DatabasesService & SolutionOurGaBi softwareallowsall the GHG emissions of your productto becapturedin asystematicandtransparentway.Primary data specific to your product can then be incorporated into your analyses and combined with secondary data on GHG emissions available from the GaBi databases.Once we have helped you determine and analyse your carbon footprint, the next step is to reduce it and make your products carbon neutral. Reduction methodologies may include energy efficiency, material substitution, fuel switching, eco-design etc.In order to achieve carbon neutrality, unavoidable carbon emissions can be offset by investing in emission reduction projects.Preparing a Carbon Footprint Footprint1. Identify Boundaries2. Identify Sources3. Collect Data4. Prepare Footprintto International Standards5. Assess Strategic Strategic Implications Implications goals, costsavings&reduction opportunities, external&internal communication6. Public DisclosureWhat is carbon trading? :What is carbon trading? Carbon trading is an administrative approach used to control pollution by providing incentives for achieving reductions in emissions of pollutants. Also known as emission trading. Overall goal of an emissions trading plan is to minimize the cost of meeting a set emissions target.

Kyoto Protocol :The protocol was initially adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan and entered into force on 16 February. A protocol to the United nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC) aimed at fighting global warming. UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty with the goal of achieving stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. As on November 2009,187 countries have signed and ratified the protocol. Kyoto Protocol

Continued :Continued Under the protocol 37 countries ( called Annex I countries) commit themselves to reduction of four greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride) and two groups of gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons). US is the only nation which has not ratified it as they believe that 5% reduction will wreck the American economy. The target agreed upon was an average reduction of 5.2% from 1990 levels by the year 2012. Kyoto Protocol provides Cap and Trade system.

Slide 5:Participation of countries in kyoto protocol: Green indicates those countries who have signed and ratified. Grey indicates those who have not yet decided. Red indicates those who have no intention to ratify it.

CAP AND TRADE: :CAP AND TRADE: Cap-a set limit on the amount of a pollutant that can be emitted. Trade-The transfer of allowances is referred to as trade. Under this the companies are issued emission permits and are required to hold an equivalent number of allowances (credits) which represent the right to emit a specific amount. Companies that need to increase emission allowance must buy credits from those who pollute less.

Slide 7:In effect, buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while seller is being rewarded for having reduced emissions by more that was needed. Carbon credits are measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide. 1 credit = 1tonne of CO2

Slide 8:In developing countries like India, the emission levels are much below the target fixed by the Kyoto Protocol. So, they are excluded from reduction of GHG emission. On the contrary, they are entitled to sell surplus credits to developed countries. The European countries and Japan are the major buyers of carbon credits. This is what makes trading in carbon credits such a great business opportunity. Foreign companies which cannot fulfill the protocol norms can buy surplus credit from companies in other countries.

Copenhagen summit 2009: :Copenhagen summit 2009: Held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen at Denmark between 7th Dec-16th Dec 2009. Around delegates from 192 countries were expected to attend the summit. Main discussion at the Copenhagen Summit included: Targets to curb greenhouse gas emissions, in particular by developed countries. Financial support for mitigation of and adaptation to climate change by developing countries. A carbon trading scheme aimed at ending the destruction of worlds forests by 2030.

COPENHAGEN ENDS TO A FALIURE: :COPENHAGEN ENDS TO A FALIURE: As Emerging countries, namely China and India, demanded a strong engagement from rich nations reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, but they refused to be subjected to restraining goals.

Overall impacts of Carbon Trading: :Overall impacts of Carbon Trading: By reducing carbon emissions, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will be reduced slowing heat entrapment. Companies that emit excess carbon dioxide will be penalized and forced into taking more care. Wide ranging and comprehensive carbon trading will result in overall reduction in greenhouse gases and hence a reduction in global warming.