Carbon Footprint of the U.S. Population: Causes and Spatial-Temporal Pattern Class Project Me/ENV...
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Transcript of Carbon Footprint of the U.S. Population: Causes and Spatial-Temporal Pattern Class Project Me/ENV...
Carbon Footprint of the U.S. Population: Causes and Spatial-Temporal Pattern
Class Project
Me/ENV 449, 2007Deniz Discioglu
Fang-yun Chou
Instructor: R. Husar
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Energy Efficiency trend 1960-2003
3. Effect on carbon emissions
4. Parameters influencing energy efficiency
5. Suggestions to improve energy efficiency
Introduction
• Energy Efficiency = (Fuel Efficiency)-1
– Energy Efficiency in Btu/mile– Inverse Fuel Efficiency in Gal/mile
• Inverse fuel efficiency in gal/mile: (1960-2003)– Passenger cars– Trucks (heavy trucks)– Other 2-axel 4-tire vehicles (light trucks)
• Approach:– Converted data by: Gal/mile = (mile/gal)-1 = 1 / [(Total miles traveled)/(Total gallons consumed)] – Data from:
• 1 main source• 1 additional source (for cars and light trucks)
– Error between sources < 5%– Use data on heavy trucks from additional source
Introduction cont’d • Findings:
– Trend of mil/gal for each type of vehicle– Effects of fuel efficiency on carbon emissions– Parameters influencing fuel efficiency
• Results:– Confirmed finding by two sources and obtained usable data– Cars have the highest fuel efficiency– Trucks are the least fuel efficiency vehicles– Fuel efficiency:
• increased for cars and light trucks• decreased for heavy trucks
Energy Efficiency Trend 1960-2003Energy efficiency:• Cars:
– 35% increase in efficiency– Highest fuel efficiency– Steady increase after 1970s
• due to the high efficiency of newly manufactured cars• Light trucks:
– 38% increase in energy efficiency– Steady increase after 1975
Energy Efficiency Trend 1960-2003 cont’d
Energy efficiency:• Heavy trucks:
– Fluctuated over the years– Overall increase in efficiency : 19%– Increasing for the recent years– Least energy efficient vehicles
Energy Efficiency Trend 1960-2003 cont’dFreight Energy Efficiency (Btu/freight ton-mile)• Cars : – highest energy efficiency
– increase before 1970 & unsteady decrease after 1970• Light Trucks: – steady decrease
– least efficient before 1970• Heavy Trucks: – increase until 1970 & steady decrease after 1970
– least efficient after 1970
Inverse Fuel Efficiency
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Gal/
Frigh
t m
ile
Passenger CarOther 2-axle 4- tire vehicleHeavy Trucks
Effect on Carbon Emissions
• Energy efficiency is found by converting gal/mile to Btu/mile
• Results were confirmed through 2 different sources
• Data is used to estimate carbon emissions
• Overall energy efficiency contributes as a decreasing factor to the carbon emissions
Parameters influencing energy efficiency
• The main parameter : type of vehicle
• Some vehicles are more energy efficiency (hybrids)
• Second parameter : age of car
• Newest cars are more energy efficient
Parameters influencing energy efficiency cont’d
Type of activity % efficiency
Driving sensibly ~ highways 33
~ around town 5
Removing weight 2
Unloading the roof 5
Cleaning car 7
Replacing clogged air filter 10
Replacing oxygen sensor 40
Keeping tires properly inflated 3.3
Using recommended motor oil 2
Driving less in cold weathers 50
Suggestions to improve energy efficiency
• Avoid big cars/vans • Do not buy cars manufactured before 1980s• Compare efficiencies of different vehicles and hybrids before purchase• Drive sensibly:
– avoid rapid acceleration and braking– do not exceed speed limit.
• Use cruise control and highest gear on highways • Avoid idling • Remove extra weight from car • Do not pack extra items on top of the car • Keep the car clean and well maintained• Change oil frequently• Keep filters clean• Use recommended fuel type and octane level • Reduce the amount of time AC is on.• Drive less in cold weather or use a heater to warm the coolant
Suggestions to improve energy efficiency cont’d
• Fuel efficiency standards are determined by Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards– market incentives and education programs
should be increased to educate the public about CAFE standards
– hybrid and fuel cell cars should be improved to replace less energy efficient cars.
References
• Energy Information Administrationhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mer/pdf/pages/sec1_17.pdfhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/pages/sec2_23.pdf
– Passenger Cars, 1990-1994: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 1998, Table 4-13.
– All Other Data: 1949-1994—Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), � Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, Table VM-201A. 1995 forward—FHWA, � Highway Statistics, annual reports, Table VM-1.
• Bureau of Transportation Statistics http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_22_m.html
• http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/rtecs/chapter4.html• http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/driveHabits.shtml• http://www.edmunds.com/reviews/list/top10/103164/article.html• http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/alerts/fuelalrt.pdf• http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/transportation/personal/driving/autosmart-methods.cfm?
attr%3d8
QUESTIONS??