Carbon Chemistry… The works B y : A n u s h k a R a h m a n.

Carbon Carbon Chemistry…Chemistry…

The worksThe works

B y : A n u s h k a R a h m B y : A n u s h k a R a h m a na n

Part #1Part #1

C a r b o n s…C a r b o n s…

IntroductionIntroduction

To understand alkanes and/or To understand alkanes and/or alkenes, we will first have to alkenes, we will first have to understand their basic origins, and understand their basic origins, and how they were made. For that, we how they were made. For that, we will have to go all the way back to will have to go all the way back to carbons, because carbons are the carbons, because carbons are the nominators in all living things.nominators in all living things.

What What areare carbons? carbons? Carbon is an element, on which the Carbon is an element, on which the

molecules of life is based. It has many molecules of life is based. It has many distinctive properties. It is unique in the distinctive properties. It is unique in the variety of molecules which it can form. variety of molecules which it can form. The chemistry of these molecules forms The chemistry of these molecules forms a separate branch of the subject- a separate branch of the subject-

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY!ORGANIC CHEMISTRY!

*booklet given during class…*booklet given during class…

Properties of Carbon…Properties of Carbon…

It is a non-mettalic element .It is a non-mettalic element . It has a valence of four.It has a valence of four. It has many allotropic forms. It has many allotropic forms. It’s atomic number is 6.It’s atomic number is 6. It is unreactive under normal It is unreactive under normal

circumstances. circumstances. It can be found in the form of coal, It can be found in the form of coal,

graphite, and diamond.graphite, and diamond. *information retrieved from booklet given during class…*information retrieved from booklet given during class…

Fact File…Fact File…

Did you know…Did you know…

Sixth most common element in the Sixth most common element in the worldworld

Main, amorphous, graphite and Main, amorphous, graphite and diamonddiamond

It bonds with itselfIt bonds with itself 6-10 million compounds are known.6-10 million compounds are known. Not only carbons can be found in Not only carbons can be found in

allotropes but also in isotopes.allotropes but also in isotopes.

Noted from class…Noted from class…

ApplicationsApplications Crude oil is used by the petrochemical Crude oil is used by the petrochemical

industry to produce, amongst others, industry to produce, amongst others, gasoline and kerosene in refineries. gasoline and kerosene in refineries.

Crude oil forms the raw material for many Crude oil forms the raw material for many synthetic substances, many of which are synthetic substances, many of which are collectively called plastics.collectively called plastics.

The isotope carbon-14 was discovered on The isotope carbon-14 was discovered on February 27, 1940 and is used in February 27, 1940 and is used in radiocarbon dating.radiocarbon dating.

Diamonds are used as a form if jewelry.Diamonds are used as a form if jewelry. Graphite is combined with clay to form the Graphite is combined with clay to form the

'lead' used in pencils. 'lead' used in pencils. * * Lutz, Patricia. "Carbon." Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation,

2005.

Applications…#2Applications…#2 Graphite is also used as a lubricant and a Graphite is also used as a lubricant and a

pigment.pigment. Diamond is used for decorative purposes, Diamond is used for decorative purposes,

and also as drill bits and other applications and also as drill bits and other applications making use of its hardness.making use of its hardness.

Coke is used to reduce iron ore into iron.Coke is used to reduce iron ore into iron. Carbon is added to iron to make steel.Carbon is added to iron to make steel. Carbon is used as a neutron moderator in Carbon is used as a neutron moderator in

nuclear reactors.nuclear reactors.

* * Lutz, Patricia. "Carbon." Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005.

How are How are CarbonsCarbons related related to Alkanes and Alkenes?to Alkanes and Alkenes?

In alkenes and alkenes, a certain In alkenes and alkenes, a certain amount of carbon is present. For amount of carbon is present. For example, in ethene and ethane, example, in ethene and ethane, there are two atoms of carbons there are two atoms of carbons present. In the same way, carbons present. In the same way, carbons are present everywhere. are present everywhere.

Part #1Part #1

H y d r o C a r b H y d r o C a r b o n s…o n s…

What are hydrocarbons?What are hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbons are compounds Hydrocarbons are compounds which consist only of hydrogen and which consist only of hydrogen and carbons only. carbons only.

Hydrocarbons…Hydrocarbons…

Hydrocarbons are part of exothermic Hydrocarbons are part of exothermic reactions.reactions.

Hydrocarbons can also exist in all stages Hydrocarbons can also exist in all stages of matter, and so can the allotropes.of matter, and so can the allotropes.

Different in structure as well as formulas. Different in structure as well as formulas. It is the simplest form of carbons.It is the simplest form of carbons.

Notes from class…Notes from class…

Part #2:Part #2:

A l k a n e s A l k a n e s

What are Alkanes?What are Alkanes?

Alkanes are chemical compounds Alkanes are chemical compounds that consists of carbon (C) and that consists of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H).hydrogen (H).

““Dictionary”Dictionary”Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.All rights reserved.

Properties of AlkanesProperties of Alkanes Methane melts at -182.5° C (-296.5° F) Methane melts at -182.5° C (-296.5° F)

and boils at -161.5° C (-258.7° F).*and boils at -161.5° C (-258.7° F).* The larger the molecule the higher the The larger the molecule the higher the

melting point. melting point. Hydrocarbons have low densities, often Hydrocarbons have low densities, often

about 0.8 compared to water, 1.0about 0.8 compared to water, 1.0 Alkanes do not have any functional Alkanes do not have any functional

groups.groups. Alkanes have a low relativity. Alkanes have a low relativity. The more well-structured the molecules The more well-structured the molecules

are the higher the boiling point. are the higher the boiling point. **

*Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Fact File Fact File

D i d y o u k n o w …D i d y o u k n o w … The parent compound of alkane is The parent compound of alkane is

methane.methane. The boiling point can almost correlate to The boiling point can almost correlate to

its molecular weight.its molecular weight. An inconsequential name for alkanes is An inconsequential name for alkanes is

‘paraffin’.‘paraffin’. Functional groups may increase the Functional groups may increase the

densities of organic compounds to 1.0. densities of organic compounds to 1.0. Only a few organic compounds have Only a few organic compounds have

densities greater than 1.2 .densities greater than 1.2 .

ApplicationsApplications The first four alkanes, Methane, Ethane, Propane, The first four alkanes, Methane, Ethane, Propane,

and Butane are used mainly for heating and and Butane are used mainly for heating and cooking purposes.cooking purposes.

Methane and ethane are used in the form of Methane and ethane are used in the form of natural gas. natural gas.

Alkanes with a chain length of 35 or more, can be Alkanes with a chain length of 35 or more, can be used for road surfacing. An example is bitumen.used for road surfacing. An example is bitumen.

Propane and butane are used as liquified Propane and butane are used as liquified pertroleum gas, and are also used as propellants pertroleum gas, and are also used as propellants in aerosol sprays.in aerosol sprays.

Alkanes which are hexadecane and upwards play Alkanes which are hexadecane and upwards play a major role in fuel oil and lubricating oil.a major role in fuel oil and lubricating oil.

Part #3Part #3

H a l o A l k a n H a l o A l k a n e se s

Chemical series of non metalsChemical series of non metals Group seven of the periodic table.Group seven of the periodic table.These are basically alkanes which also have These are basically alkanes which also have

halogens like chlorine or fluorine in them. halogens like chlorine or fluorine in them. Takes placeTakes place The most widely known group of halogen The most widely known group of halogen

alkanes are Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).alkanes are Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). (H3C)3C-OH + HCl.H2O → (H3C)3C-Cl + 2 (H3C)3C-OH + HCl.H2O → (H3C)3C-Cl + 2

H2OH2OCH3-(CH2)6-OH + SOCl2 → CH3-(CH2)6-Cl + CH3-(CH2)6-OH + SOCl2 → CH3-(CH2)6-Cl +

SO2 + HCl.SO2 + HCl.

What are Halo Alkanes?

What is an alkyl group?What is an alkyl group?

Alkyl group- a functional branch or Alkyl group- a functional branch or side chain of carbons. side chain of carbons.

Hydrogen is an atom. Alkyl group is Hydrogen is an atom. Alkyl group is a small molecule. a small molecule.

Properties…Properties… Halo alkanes are reactive towards nucleophiles.Halo alkanes are reactive towards nucleophiles. Alkyl alkanes can be synthesized from alkanes, Alkyl alkanes can be synthesized from alkanes,

alkenes, or alcohols. alkenes, or alcohols. Elimination reactions- using hydroxide and Elimination reactions- using hydroxide and

alkenes make halo alkenes.alkenes make halo alkenes. 3 types of halogen alkanes: primary, secondary, 3 types of halogen alkanes: primary, secondary,

and tertiary. Primary has one alkyl group other and tertiary. Primary has one alkyl group other then hydrogen. Secondary has two, tertiary has then hydrogen. Secondary has two, tertiary has three. three.

Are inertAre inert Break down in the presence of UV rays. Break down in the presence of UV rays. Reacts with dry hydrogen. Reacts with dry hydrogen.

Very reactiveVery reactive

Applications…Applications…

Propellants in aerosol inhalers for drugs Propellants in aerosol inhalers for drugs used to treat asthma. used to treat asthma.

refrigerants in various home appliances. refrigerants in various home appliances. insulating foams in packaging insulating foams in packaging

materials, furniture, bedding, and car materials, furniture, bedding, and car seats. seats.

Cleaning agents for electronic circuit Cleaning agents for electronic circuit boards, metal parts, and dry cleaning boards, metal parts, and dry cleaning processes.processes.

Effect On The World…Effect On The World…

CFCs has become a concern which CFCs has become a concern which has come to the attention to nearly has come to the attention to nearly the whole world. It is rapidly the whole world. It is rapidly increasing the ‘ozone depletion’ increasing the ‘ozone depletion’ situation, as has added itself to the situation, as has added itself to the most hazardous pollutants in the most hazardous pollutants in the world . world .

Part #4Part #4

A l k e n e sA l k e n e s

What What areare Alkenes? Alkenes?

Alkenes are unsaturated Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, and in the hydrocarbons, and in the homologous series, they differ by homologous series, they differ by CH2. CH2.


Properties of AlkenesProperties of Alkenes

Alkenes are more reactive then Alkenes are more reactive then alkanes. alkanes.

Alkanes do not conduct electricity.Alkanes do not conduct electricity. The physical state of alkenes depend The physical state of alkenes depend

on its molecular mass.on its molecular mass. Alkenes are stable compounds.Alkenes are stable compounds.

What is the difference What is the difference between between AlkanesAlkanes and and

AlkenesAlkenes??

The difference between alkanes and The difference between alkanes and alkenes is that alkenes are alkenes is that alkenes are unsaturated, and alkanes are unsaturated, and alkanes are saturated. This has a series of effects saturated. This has a series of effects on the characteristics and reactions on the characteristics and reactions of these elements, and each are of these elements, and each are different from the other.different from the other.

A A ComparisonComparison……

AlkenesAlkenes

These have unsaturated These have unsaturated compounds, which compounds, which enables it to react with enables it to react with different elements and different elements and compounds. This is why compounds. This is why it can easily succumb to it can easily succumb to addition reactions. This addition reactions. This makes it extremely makes it extremely useful in the industrial useful in the industrial world. world.

AlkanesAlkanes

These have saturated These have saturated compounds, which compounds, which means that it cannot, means that it cannot, unless forced to, react unless forced to, react with other elements with other elements and compounds as and compounds as easily as alkenes. It is easily as alkenes. It is useful in the sense that useful in the sense that it can be used as a non-it can be used as a non-reactive component. reactive component.

Fact File…Fact File…

D i d y o u k n o w…D i d y o u k n o w… The simplest alkene is ethylene. Commonly The simplest alkene is ethylene. Commonly

known as ethene.known as ethene. Alternative names for ‘Alkene’ are ‘Olefin’, Alternative names for ‘Alkene’ are ‘Olefin’,

or ‘Olefine’.or ‘Olefine’. The physical state of both alkenes and The physical state of both alkenes and

alkanes depend on its molecular mass.alkanes depend on its molecular mass. Hydrocarbons- only contains hydrogen and Hydrocarbons- only contains hydrogen and

oxygen atoms.oxygen atoms. Alkene + water= ethanolAlkene + water= ethanol Water out of alcohol (dehydrated), can give Water out of alcohol (dehydrated), can give

rise to alkene. rise to alkene.

Part #5:Part #5:

Al k y n e sAl k y n e s

What are Alkynes?What are Alkynes?

Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have at least one triple covalent bond at least one triple covalent bond between two adjacent carbons. between two adjacent carbons.

The general formula for the Alkyne is: The general formula for the Alkyne is: CnH2n-2CnH2n-2..


Properties of AlkynesProperties of Alkynes It is the third homologous series after alkanes.It is the third homologous series after alkanes. Alkynes are unstable.Alkynes are unstable. Alkynes are very reactiveAlkynes are very reactive They have triple bonds.They have triple bonds. Terminal alkynes have one hydrogen atom Terminal alkynes have one hydrogen atom

connected to the carbon on at least one side of connected to the carbon on at least one side of the triple bond. Example: Methyl acetylene.the triple bond. Example: Methyl acetylene.

Internal alkynes have something other then Internal alkynes have something other then hydrogen attached to the hybridized carbons, hydrogen attached to the hybridized carbons, usually another carbon atom. Example: 2-usually another carbon atom. Example: 2-pentyne.pentyne.

Fact FileFact File

Did you know…Did you know…

Alkynes are usually known as Alkynes are usually known as acetylenes, or the acetylene series. acetylenes, or the acetylene series.

Alkynes are involved in many Alkynes are involved in many organic reactions.organic reactions.

Alkynes have fewer hydrogen atoms Alkynes have fewer hydrogen atoms in alkanes and alkenes.in alkanes and alkenes.

ApplicationsApplications Alkynes burn in oxygen to give a hot and Alkynes burn in oxygen to give a hot and

powerful flame. It is used to weld and cut powerful flame. It is used to weld and cut metal. metal.

Acetylene has a melting point of -81° C (-Acetylene has a melting point of -81° C (-113.8° F) and a boiling point of -57° C (-113.8° F) and a boiling point of -57° C (-70.6° F).70.6° F).

Dry copper acetylide can be used as an Dry copper acetylide can be used as an explosive.explosive.

Acetylene is also used in chemical Acetylene is also used in chemical synthesis. It is used to synthesis vinyl synthesis. It is used to synthesis vinyl chloride for plastics and synthetic rubber. chloride for plastics and synthetic rubber.

Part #6:Part #6:

I s o m e r sI s o m e r s

What are Isomers?What are Isomers?

1. chemically identical molecule with 1. chemically identical molecule with different structure: different structure: each of two or more each of two or more molecules that have the same number of molecules that have the same number of atoms but have different chemical atoms but have different chemical structures and therefore different propertiesstructures and therefore different properties

2. nuclide with different energy state: 2. nuclide with different energy state: each of two or more nuclides that have the each of two or more nuclides that have the same mass number and atomic number but same mass number and atomic number but different energy states and half-lives.different energy states and half-lives.


Structural Isomers…Structural Isomers…

Structural isomers are molecules Structural isomers are molecules that have the same chemical that have the same chemical formula, meaning they have the formula, meaning they have the same atoms in each molecule, but same atoms in each molecule, but differ in the order in which the differ in the order in which the atoms are connected.atoms are connected.

* Wood, James L. "Isomer." Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005.

Stereo isomers…Stereo isomers…

Stereo isomers are molecules with Stereo isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and the the same chemical formula and the same molecular structure, but with same molecular structure, but with their atoms arranged differently their atoms arranged differently within this structure. There are two within this structure. There are two types of stereo isomers: optical types of stereo isomers: optical isomers and geometric isomers.isomers and geometric isomers.

1. Wood, James L. "Isomer." Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005.

Optical and Geometric Optical and Geometric IsomersIsomers

Optical isomers are the molecules of one Optical isomers are the molecules of one isomer will rotate the direction of a beam isomer will rotate the direction of a beam of plane-polarized light (light that is of plane-polarized light (light that is traveling in the same plane, not in all traveling in the same plane, not in all directions) in the opposite direction that directions) in the opposite direction that the other isomer will. the other isomer will.

Geometric isomers are molecules with the Geometric isomers are molecules with the same atomic organization (geometry), but same atomic organization (geometry), but with atoms placed at different positions of with atoms placed at different positions of the molecule’s geometric structure. the molecule’s geometric structure.

Wood, James L. "Isomer." Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005.

Part #7:Part #7:

C h e m i c a l R e C h e m i c a l R e a c t i o n sa c t i o n s

What is a chemical What is a chemical reaction?reaction?

A process that changes the A process that changes the molecular composition of a molecular composition of a substance by redistributing atoms or substance by redistributing atoms or groups of atoms without altering the groups of atoms without altering the structure of the nuclei of the atoms.structure of the nuclei of the atoms.


Substitution…Substitution…

When one element, or molecule, When one element, or molecule, replaces another element by taking it’s replaces another element by taking it’s place and giving its own to the replaced place and giving its own to the replaced element or molecule, substitution takes element or molecule, substitution takes place.place.

H2O + C = CO2 + H (Hydrogen is H2O + C = CO2 + H (Hydrogen is substituted by Carbon)substituted by Carbon)


Bromination…Bromination…

To treat or combine a substance with To treat or combine a substance with bromine or a bromine compound. bromine or a bromine compound.

Alkene + Bromine = Alkene is Alkene + Bromine = Alkene is brominatedbrominated


Hydrogenation…Hydrogenation…

To add hydrogen to a compound in a To add hydrogen to a compound in a chemical reaction.chemical reaction.

O2 + H = H2O (Hydrogen has been O2 + H = H2O (Hydrogen has been added to oxygen to form water.)added to oxygen to form water.)


Hydration…Hydration…

A chemical compound containing A chemical compound containing water molecules that can usually be water molecules that can usually be expelled by heating, without expelled by heating, without decomposition of the compound. decomposition of the compound.

Sunlight + Carbon Dioxide + Water Sunlight + Carbon Dioxide + Water = Glucose + Oxygen= Glucose + Oxygen


Dehydration…Dehydration…

The process by which a chemical The process by which a chemical compound loses water molecules or compound loses water molecules or the proportion of hydrogen and the proportion of hydrogen and oxygen atoms present in water.oxygen atoms present in water.

Sucrose = Carbon + WaterSucrose = Carbon + WaterC12H22O11(s) = 12C + 11H2OC12H22O11(s) = 12C + 11H2O

““Dictionary”Dictionary”Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.All rights reserved.Class notes…

Fermentation…Fermentation…

The breakdown of carbohydrates by The breakdown of carbohydrates by microorganisms.microorganisms.

Many pharmaceuticals are Many pharmaceuticals are produced by fermentation.produced by fermentation.


Anaerobic respiration…Anaerobic respiration…

The production of energy without the The production of energy without the presence of oxygen.presence of oxygen.

Anaerobic respiration occurs in some Anaerobic respiration occurs in some yeasts and bacteria, and in muscle yeasts and bacteria, and in muscle tissue during strenuous exercise tissue during strenuous exercise when there is insufficient oxygen.when there is insufficient oxygen.


Oxidation…Oxidation…

A chemical reaction in which an A chemical reaction in which an oxide forms is called oxidation.oxide forms is called oxidation.

S + O2 = SO2 (Sulfur dioxide is S + O2 = SO2 (Sulfur dioxide is formed when oxygen is added to formed when oxygen is added to Sulfur)Sulfur)

Esterification…Esterification… To change or make a substance change To change or make a substance change

into an ester.into an ester.

For example, esterification of acetic acid For example, esterification of acetic acid in excess ethanol in the presence of in excess ethanol in the presence of sulfuric acid results in an ester. sulfuric acid results in an ester.

H3C-COOH + HO-CH2-CH3 → H3C-H3C-COOH + HO-CH2-CH3 → H3C-COO-CH2-CH3 + H2O (with the presence COO-CH2-CH3 + H2O (with the presence of conc. sulfuric acid)of conc. sulfuric acid)


Notes from classNotes from class

Part #8:Part #8:

A l c o h o l sA l c o h o l s

What is alcohol?What is alcohol?

Alcohol is an organic compound Alcohol is an organic compound containing one or more hydroxyl containing one or more hydroxyl groups bound to carbon atoms.groups bound to carbon atoms.

Hydroxyl group- A group of negative Hydroxyl group- A group of negative ions which are formed by the ions which are formed by the attachment of an oxygen atom and a attachment of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom. The Formula of these hydrogen atom. The Formula of these ions: OH-ions: OH-


How is it made?How is it made?

Alcohol is a colorless liquid, and is Alcohol is a colorless liquid, and is produced by the fermentation of produced by the fermentation of sugar or starch, which is done by a sugar or starch, which is done by a small single celled fungus named small single celled fungus named yeast.yeast.

Formula: C2 H5 OHFormula: C2 H5 OH


The facts of The facts of manufacture…manufacture…

When sugar is fermented, you get ethanol When sugar is fermented, you get ethanol and carbon dioxide as natural waste and carbon dioxide as natural waste products.products.

Ethene + steam = 300 degrees, 60 Ethene + steam = 300 degrees, 60 atmospheres, catalyst-phosphoric acid= atmospheres, catalyst-phosphoric acid= ethanolethanol

Best temperature for this process is 37. Best temperature for this process is 37.



Properties…Properties…

Depending on the number of Depending on the number of hydroxyl groups attached to the hydroxyl groups attached to the molecules OH, they are classified in molecules OH, they are classified in the following ways:the following ways:

Monohydric-one groupMonohydric-one group Dihydric- two groupsDihydric- two groups Trihydric- three groups.Trihydric- three groups.

“Alcohol." Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005.

Properties…#2Properties…#2

They are also a homologous series They are also a homologous series which are known as alkanols.which are known as alkanols.

The simplest alcohol contains one The simplest alcohol contains one carbon atom and is called methanol. carbon atom and is called methanol.

They react with acids to form esters. They react with acids to form esters. These are similar to inorganic salt.These are similar to inorganic salt.

General formula- CnH2n + 1OHGeneral formula- CnH2n + 1OH



Beer is made from barley, and Beer is made from barley, and contains 4% alcoholcontains 4% alcohol

Wine contains 8% to 14% alcohol.Wine contains 8% to 14% alcohol. Ethanol is the only alcohol safe to Ethanol is the only alcohol safe to

drink.drink. It is a renewable resource.It is a renewable resource.


Part #9:Part #9:

O r g a n i c A c i d O r g a n i c A c i d ss

What are organic acids?What are organic acids?

Carboxylic acids are another homologous Carboxylic acids are another homologous series.series.

A common name for organic acids is fatty A common name for organic acids is fatty acids.acids.

Formic and acetic acids are the simplest Formic and acetic acids are the simplest fatty acids.fatty acids.

The general formula is CnH2n+1COOHThe general formula is CnH2n+1COOH Ethanoic acid is also known as vinegar.Ethanoic acid is also known as vinegar.

Noted from booklet…Noted from booklet…

Properties of Carboxylic Properties of Carboxylic AcidsAcids

-COOH-COOH Acid chloride acid anhydrides (you Acid chloride acid anhydrides (you

have taken out the hydrogen by have taken out the hydrogen by another acid group)another acid group)

They are very solubleThey are very soluble They are very good solventsThey are very good solvents They are weak acidsThey are weak acids They don’t like to dissociate with They don’t like to dissociate with

hydrogen-they don’t make many ions.hydrogen-they don’t make many ions.Notes from class…Notes from class…


They can be used to form esters. They can be used to form esters. e.g. ethanoic acid + ethanol conc. e.g. ethanoic acid + ethanol conc.

H2SO4=ethyl ethanoate + waterH2SO4=ethyl ethanoate + water Detergents, thickening paints, and Detergents, thickening paints, and

lubricants.lubricants. Stearic acids are also used to combine Stearic acids are also used to combine

rubber with other substances, such as rubber with other substances, such as pigments. pigments.

Notes from booklet…Notes from booklet…

Part #10:Part #10:

E s t e r sE s t e r s

EstersEsters

Esters are organic, often fragrant Esters are organic, often fragrant compounds formed in a reaction compounds formed in a reaction between an acid and an alcohol with between an acid and an alcohol with the elimination of water. the elimination of water.

Polyester- 70s found in different kinds Polyester- 70s found in different kinds of plastics. of plastics.

Malleable. Used in clothes.Malleable. Used in clothes.

"Esters." "Esters." Microsoft® Encarta®Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005. 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005.



Examples of EstersExamples of EstersMethyl butanoateMethyl butanoate

Ethyl methanoateEthyl methanoate

Ethyl butanoateEthyl butanoate

Pentyl ethanoatePentyl ethanoate

Pentyl butanoatePentyl butanoate

Octyl butanoateOctyl butanoate

Methyl ethanoateMethyl ethanoate

Ethyl ethanoateEthyl ethanoateNotes from bookletNotes from booklet

Properties of EsterProperties of Ester Acid Hydrolysis- reaction with water. Acid Hydrolysis- reaction with water. Acid + alcohol = ester + H2OAcid + alcohol = ester + H2O Ester +H2O = carboxylic acidEster +H2O = carboxylic acid General reaction= ester + alkali= salt General reaction= ester + alkali= salt Ester(oil or fat)+ H2O + (strong) alkali = type Ester(oil or fat)+ H2O + (strong) alkali = type

of salt + alcohol sopanification (making soap)of salt + alcohol sopanification (making soap) Soap molecules are made of long fatty acid Soap molecules are made of long fatty acid

chains. chains. alkanol + alkanoic acid =alkyl alkanoate (ester)alkanol + alkanoic acid =alkyl alkanoate (ester)

+ water + water

Noted from class…Noted from class…““Dictionary”Dictionary”Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.All rights reserved.

Part #11:Part #11:

Aldehydes & Aldehydes & KetonesKetones

AldehydesAldehydes

Aldehydes have the general formula is Aldehydes have the general formula is

‘‘R’R’ represents either a hydrogen atom, represents either a hydrogen atom, or an aliphatic or aromatic group. or an aliphatic or aromatic group.

Aldehydes are used while manufacturing Aldehydes are used while manufacturing dyes, plastics, and food addictives. dyes, plastics, and food addictives.


KetonesKetones

an organic compound containing a carbon an organic compound containing a carbon atom connected to an oxygen atom by a atom connected to an oxygen atom by a double bond and to two carbon atoms.double bond and to two carbon atoms.

The simplest ketone is acetone. CH3-CO-The simplest ketone is acetone. CH3-CO-CH3.CH3.

Are relatively reactiveAre relatively reactive Nitrogen oxide + Hydrocarbon=ketones Nitrogen oxide + Hydrocarbon=ketones

+/ aldehydes, which are considered as +/ aldehydes, which are considered as pollution.pollution.



"Ketones." "Ketones." Microsoft® Encarta®Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005. 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005.

Part #1 2:Part #1 2:

A r o m a t i c C o m A r o m a t i c C o m p o u n d sp o u n d s

Aromatic CompoundsAromatic Compounds Are organic compounds that contain one Are organic compounds that contain one

or more rings of carbon atoms and or more rings of carbon atoms and undergo chemical reactions that are undergo chemical reactions that are characteristic of benzene. About half of characteristic of benzene. About half of all organic compounds are aromatic.all organic compounds are aromatic.

They are considered as the most They are considered as the most important group of unsaturated cyclic important group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons.hydrocarbons.

The other large group of organic The other large group of organic compounds are classified as aliphatic compounds are classified as aliphatic compounds. compounds.

"Aromatic Compounds." Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005.

Some formulas and notes that can help me later…

BibliographyBibliography1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkane2. http://ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/genobc/chapter_11/3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkene4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon5. Lutz, Patricia. "Carbon." Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005.6. URL:http://members.aol.com/logan20/alkynes.html7. Encyclopedia information about alkyne8. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2003, Columbia University Press.

Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. 9. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/Encyclopedia 10. WordNet information about alkyne

WordNet 1.7.1 Copyright © 2001 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. More from WordNet11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkyne12. Acetylene." Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005. Microsoft ®

Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.13. Wood, James L. "Isomer." Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation,

2005. 14. Notes from class and home 15. Many definitions taken from ‘Microsoft Dictionary 2006’16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterification17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloalkane18. "Chlorofluorocarbons." Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005.19. “Alcohol." Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005. 20. "Aromatic Compounds." Microsoft® Encarta® 2006 [DVD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation,

2005. 21. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Carbon Chemistry… The works B y : A n u s h k a R a h m a n.

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