Carbon Budget 2009 · 2011. 1. 20. · 2009Budget Budget09 released on 21 November 2010. ppt...
Transcript of Carbon Budget 2009 · 2011. 1. 20. · 2009Budget Budget09 released on 21 November 2010. ppt...
CarbonCarbon
20092009BudgetBudget
Budget09 released on 21 November 2010ppt version 20 January 2011
Karen Assmann University of Bergen, Norway
Thomas A. Boden Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee USAGordon Bonan
National Centre for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USALaurent Bopp
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, UMR, CEA-CNRS- UVSQ, France
Erik BuitenhuisSchool of Environment Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
Ken CaldeiraDepart. of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, USA
Josep G. Canadell Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Canberra,
Australia Philippe Ciais
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, UMR CEA-CNRS- UVSQ, France
Thomas J. Conway NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
Steve DavisDepart. of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, USA
Scott C. Doney Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
Richard A. Feely Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Washington, USA
Pru Foster QUEST, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
Pierre Friedlingstein Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, France QUEST, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
Joe L. HacklerWoods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA
Christoph HeinzeUniversity of Bergen, Norway
Richard A. Houghton Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, Massachusetts, USA
Chris Huntingford Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford, UK
GCP-Carbon Budget2009 ContributorsPeter E. Levy
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, UKSam Levis
National Centre for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Co, USAMark R. Lomas
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, UJoseph Majkut
AOS Program, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA Nicolas Metzl
LOCEAN-IPSL, CNRS, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France Corinne Le Quéré
School of Environment Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK
Andrew LentonCSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Tasmania, Australia
Ivan LimaWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
Gregg Marland Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, Tennessee, USA Glen P. Peters
Center for International Climate and Environmental Research, Oslo, Norway Michael R. Raupach
Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Canberra, Australia
Stephen Sitch School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
James T. RandersonDepartment of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, California,
USA Guido R. van der Werf
Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Nicolas Viovy
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, France
F. Ian Woodward Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
Sönke ZaehleMax-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
Ning ZengUniversity of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget
Friedlingstein P, Houghton RA, Marland G, Hackler J, Boden TA, Conway TJ, Canadell JG, Raupach MR, Ciais P, Le Quéré C. Update on CO2 emissions. Nature Geoscience, DOI 10.1038/ngeo_1022, Online 21 November 2010. http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1022.html
GCP-Carbon Budget2009
Units
• 1 Pg = 1 Petagram = 1x1015g = 1 Billion metric tons = 1 Gigaton
• 1 Tg = 1 Teragram = 1x1012g = 1 Million metric tons
• 1 Kg Carbon (C) = 3.67 Kg Carbon Dioxide (CO2 )
Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions
Friedlingstein et al. 2010, Nature Geoscience; Gregg Marland, Thomas Boden-CDIAC 2010
2009: Emissions:8.4±0.5 PgCGrowth rate: -1.3%1990 level: +37%
2000-2008Growth rate: +3.2%
2010 (projected):Growth rate: >3%
CO2
emiss
ions (
Pg C
y-1) CO
2 emissions (Pg CO2 y -1)
Growth rate1990-1999
1 % per year
Growth rate2000-2009
2.5 % per year
Time (y)
Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions: Top Emitters
Global Carbon Project 2010; Data: Gregg Marland, Tom Boden-CDIAC 2010
1990 95 2001 05 200997 99 03930
400
800
1200
1600
2000Ca
rbon
Emi
ssion
s per
year
(C to
ns x
1,000
,000)
China
USA
Japan
Russian Fed.India
07
2009
Time (y)
Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions: Profile Examples
Global Carbon Project 2010; Data: Gregg Marland, Tom Boden- CDIAC 2010
1990 95 01 05 200997 99 03930
40
80
120
160UK
Denmark
Australia
Spain
Canada
Carb
on E
miss
ions p
er ye
ar(C
tons
x 1,0
00,00
0)
07
The Netherlands
2009
Time (y)
Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; CDIAC 20010
Fossil Fuel CO2 Emissions
Time (y)
Annex B (Kyoto Protocol) Developed Nation
Developing Nations Non-Annex B
1990 2000 2010
5
4
3
2CO2
emiss
ions (
PgC
y-1) 57%
43%
Top 20 CO2 Emitters & Per Capita Emissions 2009
Global Carbon Project 2010; Data: Gregg Marland, Thomas Boden-CDIAC 2010; Population World Bank 2010
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
CHINAUSAINDIA
RUSSIAJAPAN
GERMANYIRAN
SOUTH KOREACANADA
UNITED KINGDOMMEXICO
SAUDI ARABIA
SOUTH AFRICAINDONESIA
ITALYBRAZIL
AUSTRALIA
FRANCE (inl. M
onaco)
POLAND
SPAIN
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Car
bon E
miss
ions
(tons
x 1,0
00,00
0)Per Capita Emissions
(tons C person y -1)
CO2 Emissions by Fossil Fuel Type
Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Data: Gregg Marland, Thomas Boden-CDIAC 2010
CO2
emiss
ions (
PgC
y-1)
Oil
Coal
Gas
Cement
4
3
2
1
01990 2000 2010
40%
36%
Time (y)
Change in CO2 Emissions from Coal (2007 to 2009)
Global Carbon Project 2010; Data: Gregg Marland, Thomas Boden-CDIAC 2010
92% of growth
-50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
China USIndia World
CO2
emiss
ions (
TgC
y-1)
350
Fossil Fuel Emissions: Actual vs. IPCC Scenarios
Updated from Raupach et al. 2007, PNAS; Data: Gregg Marland, Thomas Boden-CDIAC 2010; International Monetary Fund 2010
Foss
il Fue
l Emi
ssion
(PgC
y-1)
5
6
7
8
9
10
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Full range of IPCC individual scenarios used for climate projections
A1B Models AverageA1FI Models AverageA1T Models AverageA2 Models AverageB1 Models AverageB2 Models Average
ObservedProjected
Time (y)
Davis & Caldeira 2010, PNAS; See also Peters & Hertwich 2008, Environ, Sci & Tech.
Fluxes of Emissions Embodied in Trade (Mt CO2 y-1)
From dominant net exporting countries (blue) to dominant net importing countries (red).
Year 2004
Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience
CO2 Emissions from FF and LUC (1960-2009)
LUC emissions now~10% of total CO2 emissions
CO2
emiss
ions (
PgC
y-1)
Fossil fuel
Land use change
10
8
6
4
2
1960 20101970 1990 20001980Time (y)
CO2 Emissions from Land Use Change
Friedlingstein et al. 2010, Nature Geoscience; Data: RA Houghton, GFRA 2010
1990sEmissions: 1.5±0.7 PgC
2000-2005Emissions: 1.3±0.7 PgC
2006-2010:Emissions: 0.9±0.7 PgCCO
2em
ission
s (Pg
C y-1
) CO2 emissions (PgCO
2 y -1)
1990-19991.5±0.7 PgCy-1
2000-20091.1±0.7 PgCy-1
Time (y)
Emissions from Land Use Change (1850-2009)
R.A. Houghton 2010, personal communication; GFRA 2010
-400-200
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Tropical
Temperate
CO2
emiss
ions (
TgC
y-1)
Time (y)
Emissions from Land Use Change (1850-2009)
R.A. Houghton 2010, personal communication; GFRA 2010
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Latin America
S & SE Asia
Tropical Africa
CO2
emiss
ions (
TgC
y-1)
Time (y)
Fire Emissions from Deforestation Zones
van der Werf et al. 2010, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions
Fire E
miss
ions f
rom
defor
estat
ion zo
nes (
TgC
y-1)
Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) version 3.1
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1997 99 01 2003 05 07 2009
AmericaAfricaAsiaPan-tropics
Time (y)
Atmospheric CO2 Concentration
Data Source: Pieter Tans and Thomas Conway, 2010, NOAA/ESRL
1970 – 1979: 1.3 ppm y-1
1980 – 1989: 1.6 ppm y1
1990 – 1999: 1.5 ppm y-1
2000 - 2009: 1.9 ppm y-1
2009 1.622008 1.802007 2.142006 1.842005 2.392004 1.602003 2.192002 2.402001 1.892000 1.22
December 2009: 387.2 ppmSeptember 2010 (preliminary): 389.2 ppm39% above pre-industrial
Annual Mea Growth Rate (ppm y-1)
GLOBAL MONTHLY MEAN CO2
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Nove
mber
2010Pa
rts P
er M
illion
(ppm
)
390
388
386
384
382
380
378
Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Data: NOAA 2010, CDIAC 2010
Key Diagnostic of the Carbon CycleEvolution of the fraction of total emissions that remain in the atmosphere
Total CO2 emissions
Atmosphere
CO2
Partit
ioning
(PgC
y-1)
1960 20101970 1990 20001980
10
8
6
4
2
Time (y)
Fraction of total CO2 emissions that remains in the atmosphereAirborne Fraction
Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Raupach et al. 2008, Biogeosciences; Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
Airb
orne
Fra
ction
Trend: 0.31 % y-1 (p=~0.9)
45%
1960 20101970 1990 20001980
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
40%
Time (y)
Modelled Natural CO2 Sinks
Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience
Land
sink
(P
gCy-1
)
5 mod
els
1960 20101970 1990 20001980
0
2
-2
-4
-6
Ocea
n sink
(P
gCy-1
)
5 mod
els
Time (y)1960 20101970 1990 20001980
0
2
-2
-4
-6
Global Carbon Project 2010; Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget
Sink
Sour
ce
Time (y)
5
10
10
5
1850 1900 1950 2000
1.1±0.7deforestation
CO2
flux(
PgC
y-1)
2000-2009(PgC)
Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget
Global Carbon Project 2010; Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
5
10
10
5
1850 1900 1950 2000
7.7±0.5
deforestation
fossil fuel emissions
Sink
Sour
ce
Time (y)
CO2
flux(
PgC
y-1)
1.1±0.7
2000-2009(PgC)
Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget
Time (y)
Global Carbon Project 2010; Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
5
10
10
5
1850 1900 1950 2000
deforestation
fossil fuel emissions
Sink
Sour
ce
CO2
flux(
PgC
y-1) 7.7±0.5
1.1±0.7
2000-2009(PgC)
Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget
Global Carbon Project 2010; Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
5
10
10
5
1850 1900 1950 2000
4.1±0.1
fossil fuel emissions
deforestation
atmospheric CO2
Sink
Sour
ce
Time (y)
CO2
flux(
PgC
y-1) 7.7±0.5
1.1±0.7
2000-2009(PgC)
Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget
Global Carbon Project 2010; Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
5
10
10
5
1850 1900 1950 2000
atmospheric CO2
fossil fuel emissions
deforestation
ocean2.3±0.4
oceanSink
Sour
ce
Time (y)
CO2
flux(
PgC
y-1)
(5 models)
4.1±0.1
7.7±0.5
1.1±0.7
2000-2009(PgC)
Human Perturbation of the Global Carbon Budget
Global Carbon Project 2010; Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
5
10
10
5
1850 1900 1950 2000
2000-2009(PgC)
atmospheric CO2
ocean
land
fossil fuel emissions
deforestation
(Residual)Sink
Sour
ce
Time (y)
CO2
flux(
PgC
y-1)
2.3±0.4(5 models)
4.1±0.1
7.7±0.5
1.1±0.7
2.4
Fate of Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions (2000-2009)
1.1±0.7 PgC y-1
+7.7±0.5 PgC y-1
2.4 PgC y-1
27%Calculated as the residual of
all other flux components
4.1±0.1 PgC y-1
47%
26%2.3±0.4 PgC y-1
Average of 5 models
Global Carbon Project 2010; Updated from Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature Geoscience; Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS
Global Carbon Project 2010
Anthropogenic Global Carbon Dioxide Budget
• Canadell JG et al. (2007) Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks. PNAS 104: 18866–18870, http://www.pnas.org/content/104/47/18866.abstract
• Carbon Dioxide Information Analyses Center (CDIAC). http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/meth_reg.html• Davis S, Caldeira K (2010) Consumption-based accounting of CO2 emissions. PNAS 107: 5687-5692.
http://www.pnas.org/content/107/12/5687• International Monetary Fund (2010) World economic outlook. October 2010.
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/• Global Forest Resources Assessment (2010) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations;
http://www.fao.org/forestry/fra/fra2010/en/• Friedlingstein P, Houghton RA, Marland G, Hackler J, Boden TA, Conway TJ, Canadell JG, Raupach
MR, Ciais P, Le Quéré C. Update on CO2 emissions. Nature Geoscience, DOI 10.1038/ngeo_1022, Online 21 November 2010. http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo1022.html
• Global Carbon Project (2010) Carbon budget and trends 2009. http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget
• Le Quéré C, Raupach MR, Canadell JG, Marland G et al. (2009) Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide. Nature geosciences, doi: 10.1038/ngeo689. http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v2/n12/full/ngeo689.html
• Peters GP, Hertwich E G (2008) CO2 embodied in international trade with implications for global climate policy. Environmental Science and Technology 42: 1401-1407. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es072023k
• Raupach MR et al. (2007) Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 14: 10288-10293. http://www.pnas.org/content/104/24/10288
• Raupach MR, Canadell JG, Le Quéré C (2008) Drivers of interannual to interdecadal variability in atmospheric in atmospheric CO2 growth rate and airborne fraction. Biogeosciences 5: 1601–1613. http://www.biogeosciences.net/5/1601/2008/bg-5-1601-2008.html
• Tans P, Conway T (2010) Trends in atmospheric carbon dioxide. NOAA/ESRL www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends
• van der Werf et al. (2010) Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997–2009). Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 10, 16153-16230. http://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/10/16153/2010/acpd-10-16153-2010.html
References cited in this ppt
www.globalcarbonproject.org