2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules KEY CONCEPT Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
Carbon-Based Molecules Part 1
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Transcript of Carbon-Based Molecules Part 1
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Carbon-Based Molecules Part 1
Biochemistry
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Objectives
• SWBAT describe the bonding properties of carbon atoms.
• SWBAT compare carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Starter
• We have talked about carbon based molecules in other units. I want you to take a couple of minutes and make a list of the carbon based compounds we have touched on in this class or you have heard about in other places.– You may work in groups.
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Vocabulary for Unit 2.3 (P. 44)• Monomer• Polymer• Carbohydrate• Monosaccharide• Polysaccharide• Starch• Cellulose• glycogen• Lipid• Fatty acid• Protein• Amino acid• Nucleic acid
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Carbon: Building Blocks of Life
• Carbon atoms are the basis of most molecules making up living things. – They form the structure of living things.– Carry out most of the processes that keep
organisms alive. – Carbon atoms have special bonding properties,
due to its atomic structure, which are unique among elements.
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Carbon: Building Blocks of Life
– Carbon atom has four unpaired electrons in its outer energy level – allowing it to form covalent bonds with up to four other atoms (including other carbon atoms).
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Carbon: Building Blocks of Life
• Because Carbon can form four other covalent bonds, it can form large molecules (long chains and rings).
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Hydrocarbons are classified based on how many carbons strung together
How Cleanly a hydrocarbon burns is based on the length of the carbon chain. Fewer carbons equals cleaner burning.
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Quick Question
• Why is methane considered clean burning? • When it burns, what does it produce?
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Carbon Chains and Rings
• Carbon-based molecules have 3 fundamental structures (creating a lot of flexibility):1. Straight chains (Pentene)
2. Branched chains (Iso-butane)
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Carbon Chains and Rings– Rings (Vanillin and Hexane ring)
• To reiterate, the bonding flexibility is due to the carbon’s ability to enter into up to 4 covalent bonds at the same time – forming large molecules
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Links in a chain• Large carbon molecules are made out of many smaller ones
linked together.
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Links are called monomers, the chains are polymers.
• Each link, a smaller molecule, is known as a monomer (mono means one).
• Monomers linked together form a polymer (a molecule that contains many monomers bonded together.
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Links are called monomers, the chains are polymers.
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Question to check understanding
• What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?
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Carbohydrates
• The word carbohydrate literally means “watered carbon.”
• Do you remember the chemical formula for glucose? How does that remind us of the formula for water?
• C6H12O6
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Carbohydrate Definition
• Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.– They include sugars and starches.
• Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide a source of usable chemical energy for cells.
• They are a major part of plant cell structure (our producers).
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Glucose – simple sugar
• The most basic carbohydrates are simple sugars. – Glucose is a simple sugar (it contains six carbons
and is called a monosaccharide).– Fructose, found in fruit, is another six carbon
monosaccharide.
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Simple sugars can be bonded together• Quick Test: When is glucose made?• Answer - photosynthesis
• Simple sugars can be bonded to one another to make larger carbohydrates called polysaccharides. This is glucose
linked as polysaccharides.
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Connecting a concept
• Glucose is a monosaccharide – this makes it a what?
• Answer – a monomer• A chain of glucose is a polysaccharide – so, a
chain of glucose monomers makes a . . .• Polymer – a polymer is known as a
macromolecule.
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So . . .
• Multiple monosaccharides (monomers) linked together form polysaccharides (polymers).
• Examples:
This is a disaccharide known as table sugar
Starch (storage and source of energy in plants), glycogen (storage and energy source in animals, and cellulose (plant structure), are polysaccharides
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Cellulose, Starch, and Glycogen
• Cellulose is a rigid, straight polymer which makes up the cell walls of plants.– it is tough and fibrous (a good source of your fiber).
• Starch – made and stored by plants and can be broken down for energy by both plants and animals.
• Glycogen – made and stored in animals is highly branched but essentially does the same thing in animals that starch does in plants.
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Interesting Fact
• Few animals have enzymes that allow them to hydrolyze cellulose.
• Primary consumers (cows, pigs, goats, deer, termites, etc.), however, are able to use cellulose for nutrients because of protists and bacteria living in their guts.
• Cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule on Earth.
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Entrance Ticket
• What elements make up a carbohydrate?
• Explain how the bonding properties of carbon atoms result in the large variety of carbon-based molecules in living things?