CARBOHYDRATES

GRAHAM, JACK, RICHARD, TONY, WINGSHUN

FUNCTIONSMain purposes: energy, storage, structure

• provides energy 50-80% of energy used by body is drawn from carbs

• energy not immediately used and stored as glycogen (a polysaccharide carb) for future use

• helps oxidise fat w/o carbs, body can’t get energy from fat, which provides double the amount of energy

• spares protein from being used for energy, so it can be used to build/repair tissues

• aids digestion

• helps make up cell & tissue structures

• source of carbon for synthesis of other compounds

MONOMER• The smallest unit that makes up a carbohydrate is a

MONOSACCHARIDE

• Monos = single

• Sacchar = sugar

EMPIRICAL FORMULA• Empirical formula of carbohydrate is

Cm(H20)n

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides & Polysaccharides

• Monosaccharides: carbohydrates with a small # of carbon atoms (3-7)

• Aka simple sugars• ex. fructose & glucose

• Disaccharides: made of 2 monosaccharides joined together with a glycosidic linkage

• Ex. maltose formed from 2 glucoses

sucrose formed from a glucose & fructose

• Glycosidic linkage: covalent bond between 2 simple sugars from a dehydration reaction

•Polysaccharides: made of many monosaccharides chained together (so they’re polymers)

• Ex. starch & glycogen

STARCH• is a storage polysaccharide made of glucose in plants

• is stored energy from which glucose can be withdrawn by hydrolysis to be used as a nutrient

• stored by plants in plastids

• bond angles make it helical shaped

GLYCOGEN• glycogen is the storage polysaccharide of glucose in

animals

• Stored mostly in liver & muscles)

• extensively branched\

• when animals need sugar, glycogen undergoes hydrolysis to release glucose

CELLULOSE• cellulose is an indigestible (for most organisms) type of

polysaccharide

• makes up the structure of plant cell walls• different glycosidic linkages in starch & cellulose makes the

shape of the molecules slightly different• straight and not branched

WORKS CITEDAshiya. "5 Most Essential Functions of Carbohydrates." Preserve Articles. PreserveArticles.com, n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2012. <http://www.preservearticles.com/201105146671/5-most-essential-functions-of-carbohydrates.html>.

Campbell, Neil A., and Jane B. Reece. "The Structure and Function of Macromolecules." Biology. Sixth ed. N.p.: Benjamin Cummings, 2002. 64-68. Print.

"Carbohydrates." SparkNotes. SparkNotes LLC, n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2012. <http://www.sparknotes.com/health/carbohydrates/section1.rhtml>.

Tom. "Carbohydrates !" AP Biology 2007 (Period 1&2). Blogger, 12 Nov. 2007. Web. 26 Sept. 2012. <http://apbio12007.blogspot.ca/2007/11/carbohydrates.html>.

IMAGEShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starchy-foods..jpg

http://www.everydiet.org/995/types-of-carbohydrates

http://www.understanding-horse-nutrition.com/carbohydrates.html

http://www2.ustboniface.ca/cusb/abernier/Biologie/Chimie/structurefonctionmacromol.htm

http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/biochem/carbos.htm

http://www.edinformatics.com/interactive_molecules/a_b_glucose_differences.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glykogen.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cellulose_Sessel.svg