Carbohydrate Metabolism L1_handout

8/6/2019 Carbohydrate Metabolism L1_handout

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Metabolism the reactions and pathways that

living organisms use to build cellular moleculesand to derive energy for cellular processes

Proteins

Enzymes

Metabolism

Energy metabolismMetabolism of carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Metabolism #1 Bill Jordan, room AM303

BIOL/BMSC 244


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This lecture review some essential featuresabout carbohydrates

Garrett and Grisham 4th ed. Sections 7.1-7.4

Glucose and Starch

Digestion

Carbohydrates, emphasise nutrients


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Glucose a six carbon sugar, a hexose, a

monosaccharide, an aldose (contains CHO)

flat

bent


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Starch - a polysaccharide, a glucose polymer,

includes amylose linear chains (1 4)glucose

Glucose molecule


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Digestion

Major nutrients

Carbohydrates

Starch (+ lactose, sucrose)

Lipids

Fat/triacylglycerols

Cholesterol

Proteins


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Carbohydrates

Glucosesix carbon = hexose

monosaccharide

aldose (CHO)

G&G 7.1

(CH2O)n hydrates of

carbon

polyhydroxy compounds

containing either aldehyde

(CHO) aldoses or keto

(CO) ketose groups

monosaccharides

disaccharides

polysaccharides

Commonly

called

sugars


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Structure of Monsaccharides

Figure 7.1 Structure ofa simple aldose and asimple ketose.

asymmetric/chiral carbons

stereoisomers

enantiomers

epimers

anomers


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Structure G&G 7.2


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Stereochemistry

D- and L forms, enantiomers, biologically different

D-forms are generally the most abundant


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1

2

3

4

5

6

Monosaccharides: Some hexoses

aldoses and ketoses

Epimers, different stereochemistry at a single carbon

aldosesketoses


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Cyclic structures

forms at C1 are anomers

*

How ring forms


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p. 190


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Sugar phosphates

Sugar acids

uronic acids

Amino sugars

C 1


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Disaccharides


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Lactose, milk sugarMetabolised by enzyme LACTASE in the small

intestine , releases galactose and glucose for

absorption into the blood

-

lactase deficiency

Sucrose, plant carbohydrate (transport functions)

Metabolised by enzyme SUCRASE in the smallintestine, releases fructose and glucose for

absorption into the blood


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Starch, polysaccharide, glucose polymer n 15,000

Carbohydrate storage molecule in plants

Major carbohydrate nutrient for many animals

(1 4)glucose chains linked by (1 6)bridges

Digested by

intestinal

AMYLASE

and

MALTASE

enzymes to

glucose


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Plant cell wall polysaccharides

Cellulose

linear polymer -linked glucose

Hemicelluloses eg rhamnogalacturonan p 199

Long chain of beta-linked glucose molecules


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Fig. 7-25, p. 198

RumenMetabolism factory

Bacteria, fungi andprotozoaEnzymes to breakdowncellulose andhemicellulose tosimple sugarsAnaerobicfermentation:metabolism ofsugars

with production ofgasesCO2 and CH4Produces nutrients forhost, includes

propionate, butyrate.


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http://www.purepowerglobal.com/pdf/080906_Renewable_energy_gets_a_Power_boos_39x62_TST.pdf


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Ribose 5Carbon sugar

Most stable when aldehyde

bonds with C4 orC5

Bonds with C5 =

Bonds with C4 =


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ATP adenosine triphosphate

Adenine A


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Fig. 10-15, p. 298


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Fig. 10-CO, p. 291

Carbohydrate Metabolism L1_handout

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