CAPTURING PROCESS OF INFORMAL HOUSING DEVELOPMENTweb.mit.edu/incrementalhousing/WUF-Medellin... ·...

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CAPTURING PROCESS OF INFORMAL HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

Dr. Reinhard Goethert UN WORLD URBAN FORUM 7 – MEDELLIN, COLOMBIA 2014

A LONGITUDINAL SURVEY METHODOLOGY A pattern recognition approach

“How did they do that?”

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FIRST - We need to change our

ATTITUDE!!! It is not ‘just a survey’ but A CELEBRATION OF SUCCESS!

Consider it a Festival to celebrate the community’s success that also provides the basis for a survey of its development. It is not ‘just a survey’, but a way toward re-energizing the sense of community along with a serious reflection in understanding the process. The survey teams are not just surveyors, but are guides who help the families to understand and reflect. The survey forms provide the structure for reflection with the families and provides the background for policy considerations.

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PROCESS CAPTURE IS KEY METRIC

•  Capturing process in a longitudinal diagramma3c approach

$$$

EXPANSION By Rooms

INCOME Household

NUMBER IN HOUSEHOLD

=>Shows cri(cal Trigger points in understanding process

SPECIAL EVENTS

Four Metrics:

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Rationale: Why are we doing this?

•  The frightening challenge of doubling of populaHon and tripling of Third World urban areas by 2030 requires new thinking on strategy and policy.

We need more houses quickly!

•  The demonstrated success of the informal sector in building housing – es3mated at 70% by the World Bank – is the key de facto partner in housing. How do they do it?

§  The pay-‐as-‐you-‐go process clearly works. BUT: §  takes a long time – it is slow (how to speed up?) §  Unclear quality of construction (how to improve quality?) §  Often in undesirable locations (how to guide location?) §  Very expensive to service after-the-fact (how to preplan areas?)

The key to sustainable policies is to link with existing practice of the incremental self-builder.

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What is incremental housing? A step-‐by-‐step, staged development star3ng from an ini3al small starter core, controlled by owner.

Incremental housing is an integral urban development process in building housing, communities and citizens

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What does it look like?

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It keeps getting better!

Lima, Peru

Bangkok, Thailand

Sri Lanka

Cairo

SQUATTER

SITE & SERVICES

INFORMAL

STARTER CORE

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What are the benefits of an incremenal strategy?

At the urban scale: Guides location of growth Maximizes effective use of funds: “build one – get many” Addresses speed and scale challenges of rapid urban growth

To families: Provides houses more quickly Provides a ‘safe’ start Provides affordable option Offers flexibility and choice in house expansion and outcome Parallels secure tenure, basic services and facilities

To communities: Provides instant identity Supports development of social networks Provides sufficient size to support services, commercial opportunities

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What are some examples of incremental ‘starter’ core houses?

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Understanding process is a (the?) key reference

for sustainable proactive

policies

“Numbers are nice But process is twice (as nice)”

Quantitative vs Qualitative Data

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Understanding the incremental process: Focus

The process survey focuses on the dwelling and support policies

The three components of a planned proactive incremental process:

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The Survey Base: House Consolidation/Expansion Typology

EXPANDED (Very successful) •  Provides addiHonal units to housing stock of city •  Improved quality

CONSOLIDATED (Successful) •  Provides addiHonal rooms to housing stock of city •  Improved quality

STAGNANT (Not developing) •  No added rooms to housing stock of city •  Marginal-‐to-‐poor quality •  Needs support?

The survey considers the addition to a city’s housing stock as a key goal.

Starter (Move-‐in)

Issue of standards: Is there a base level that the govt should aim for? Should subsidies focus on bringing up to a standard level, and then end?

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The Basic Process Diagram: Understanding Process

Key Policy issues

Current stage

$$$

Move-in Growth: Consolidation

Expansion Stagnant

• How to speed process?

• What ‘bottlenecks’ to overcome? • How to promote safe construction? • When and where interventions needed?

• What is an appropriate starter unit? • What are key location factors? • What support is needed?

• How does it compare to

other housing options?

• What is the cost/benefit to city, to community and to families?

• How to start?

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The Basic Process Diagram: Discovering Household Strategies

WHAT • Ini3al move-‐in? • Tenure situa3on? • Payments? • Permits, etc.? • Services? • Loca3on, aSrac3on • How found? • Sense of security?

WHY/WHEN/HOW • Trigger, catalyst? • Govt support? • Difficul3es? • Key interven3ons

Key Survey QuesHons (in addi;on to standard set of basic informa;on)

WHAT • Tenure situa3on? • Payments? • Services? • Value? • Sense of security? • Expecta3ons?

Current stage Start Stage Growth: Consolidation

Expansion Stagnant

$$$

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The Basic Process Diagram: External Factors

Which drive the ‘triggers’ of development?

NaHonal, city context

EXTERNAL FACTORS

Current stage

$$$

Move-in Growth: Consolidation

Expansion Stagnant

• City economic situation • Country economic situation • Policies: title, credit, infrastructure • Disasters, war

• Shifts in relative location • Services in community • Facilities in community

The Household

Survey

Neighborhood context EXTERNAL FACTORS

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Typical Survey Summary – 3 Activities

Traditional Data

Traditional analysis

Data collected via paper, cell phone or DIY methodology

3 – Government and

Neighborhood Context Survey

Staff interviews, publication research

1 – Diagram Timeline

Data

Pattern analysis

Household Interviews (Paper, cell, DIY)

Data aggregated as collected

2 – Household Survey

At incremental growth stages

Household Interviews (cell phone aggregates data

during collection)

•Sketch of each stage • Photographs: outside inside

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And how to do it: Three Ways of collecting data?

Traditional interview ‘paper’ surveys

‘mSurvey’ cell phone base

Do-it-yourself fill-in forms?

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A"SURVEY"IN"TIME" 6"

3.7 SURVEY DIAGRAM: INCOME, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, HOUSE SIZE OVER TIME

Three key data attributes at the family level were graphed to facilitate understanding of shifts in household changes over time: household size, income (in terms of multiples of basic minimum income), and house expansion (in terms of room additions). Comparison of the diagrams offers ready identification of the inter-relation among the three. They show the intervals between expansions as related to the other factors, persons/room may be determined, and triggers dates.

Change in Household size Change in household income Growth in terms of rooms

Number of PERSONS

Number of ROOMS

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Graphing the Three Key Metrics

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Diagram Survey Form

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Example in Squatter Settlement in Lima, Peru

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(Not a surprise: House expansion related to funds available Remittances (outside income) is often the key element)

Consolidated Houses Unconsolidated Houses

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005

2

3

4

5

6

10

9

8

7

11

15

14

13

12

16

20

19

18

17

N r.o

f Roo

ms

/ Nr .

of P

erso

ns

Nr. of Room sNr. of Person s

SUCCESSFU L #1

21

22

23

24

25

Thatch / Wood Brick Concrete frame / Brick Infill

Brick

1980

Nr.o

f Roo

ms

/ Nr .

of P

erso

ns

Nr. of Person sNr. of Room s

4

3

2

1960

Thatch / Wood

1970

12

11

7

8

9

10

6

5

17

18

19

20

16

13

14

15

Concrete frame / Brick Infill

1990 2000 2005

SUCCESSFU L #225

24

23

22

21

Brick

1980Nr

.of R

oom

s / N

r. o

f Per

son

s


4

3

2

1960

Thatch / Wood

1970

12

11

7

8

9

10

6

5

17

18

19

20

16

13

14

15


1990 2000 2005

LESS SUCCESSFU L #125

24

23

22

21

1980

Brick

4

N r.o

f Roo

ms

/ Nr.

of P

erso

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1960

2

3

Thatch / Wood

1970

5

6

10

9

8

7

11

12

15

14

13

16

20

19

18

17


1990 2000 2005

LESS SUCCESSFU L #2

21

22

23

24

25

Adobe

4

Nr.o

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/ Nr.

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erso

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1990

2

3

Thatch / Wood

2000

5

6

8

7

NEW #1

2005

Nr.o

f Roo

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/ Nr.

of P

erso

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4


1990

3

2

Thatch / Wood

2000 2005

7

8

6

5

NEW #2

New Houses

Rooms

Persons

Examples from Squatter Settlement in Lima, Peru

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Now GO CELEBRATE with the family and the community!

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For more information: url: web.mit.edu/incrementalhousing

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Your Turn! SELF-ASSESSMENT

ROOMS/HOUSEHOLD SIZE

'=' 1 ROOM, ALSO 1 PERSON

NU

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FUTU

RE DREA

MTIME (YEARS)

GROWIN

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SCHOOL

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MTIME (YEARS)

GROWIN

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1 - Graph HOUSEHOLD SIZE (number)2 - Graph number of ROOMS (Kitchen + Bathroom = 1)(Plot the values at the life thresholds, then connect with line)

FUTU

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GROWIN

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CAPTURING PROCESS OF INFORMAL HOUSING DEVELOPMENTweb.mit.edu/incrementalhousing/WUF-Medellin... ·...

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