Capital Vol i by Karl Marx Preview

CAPITALVolume I

Karl Marx

ELECBOOK CLASSICS

Capital Volume I

Karl Marx

ISBN 1 84327 097 8

The Electric Book Company 2001 The Electric Book Company Ltd

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WORKERS OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE!

KARL MARX

CAPITALA Critique of Political Economy

Volume I

Book One

The Process of Production of Capital

Translated from the third German edition by Samuel Moore and

Edward Aveling and edited by Frederick Engels.

ElecBook London1998

Read the entire book at Electric Book www.elecbook.com

Capital: Volume One

Classics in Politics: Marx and Engels ElecBook

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PUBLISHERS NOTE

The present edition of the first volume of Karl Marx's Capitalreproduces the text of the English edition of 1887, edited by FrederickEngels. Also reproduced is the title page of the first English edition of thefirst volume of Capital.

Only changes made by Engels himself in the 4th (1890) Germanedition have been incorporated into the 1887 text. These changes areindicated wherever they occur. A few corrections necessitated by arechecking with original sources have been introduced into the author'sfootnotes.

The book begins with Engels's Preface to the English edition; thenfollow all the Prefaces and Afterwords by Marx and Engels to theGerman and French edition. An Index of Authorities, a Name Index anda Subject Index conclude the contents of the book.


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CONTENTS

Preface to the English Edition 14Preface to the First German Edition 20Afterword to the Second German Edition 26Preface to the French Edition 38Afterword to the French Edition 39Preface to the Third German Edition 40Preface to the Fourth German Edition 44

PART I. COMMODITIES AND MONEYCHAPTER I.Commodities 53

Section 1.The Two Factors of a Commodity: Use-Value and Value (the Substance of Value and the Magnitude of Value) 53Section 2.The Two-fold Character of the Labour Embodied In Commodities 62Section 3.The Form of Value or Exchange-Value 70

A. Elementary or Accidental Form of Value 711. The Two Poles of the Expression of Value:Relative Form and Equivalent Form 712. The Relative Form of Value 73

a. The Nature and Import of this Form 73b. Quantitative Determination of Relative Value 78


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3. The Equivalent Form of Value 814. The Elementary Form of Value Considered as a Whole 88

B. Total or Expanded Form of Value 911. The Expanded Relative Form of Value 91

2. The Particular Equivalent Form 933. Defects of the Total or Expanded Form of Value 93

C. The General Form of Value 951. The Altered Character of the Form of Value 952. The Interdependent Development of the Relative Form of Value, and of the Equivalent Form 983. Transition from the General Form of Value to the Money-Form 100

D. The Money-Form 101Section 4.The Fetishism of Commodities and their Secret 102

CHAPTER II.Exchange 122CHAPTER III.Money, or the Circulation of Commodities 136

Section 1.The Measure of Values 136Section 2.The Medium of Circulation 150

a. The Metamorphosis of Commodities 150b. The Currency of Money 165c. Coin and Symbols of Value 180

Section 3.Money 187a. Hoarding 188b. Means of Payment 194c. Universal Money 205

PART II. THE TRANSFORMATION OF MONEY INTO CAPITALCHAPTER IV.The General Formula for Capital 211CHAPTER V.Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital 225


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CHAPTER VI.The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power 241

PART III. THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE SURPLUS-VALUECHAPTER VII.The Labour-Process and the Process ofProducing Surplus-Value 256

Section 1.The Labour-Process or the Production of Use-Values 256Section 2.The Production of Surplus-Value 268

CHAPTER VIII.Constant Capital and Variable Capital 288CHAPTER IX.The Rate of Surplus-Value 306

Section 1.The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power 306Section 2.The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product by Corresponding Proportional Parts of the Product itself 318Section 3.Senior's Last Hour 322Section 4.Surplus-Produce 331

CHAPTER X.The Working-Day 333Section 1.The Limits of the Working-Day 333Section 2.The Greed for Surplus-Labour. Manufacturer and Boyard 339Section 3.Branches of English Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation 350Section 4.Day and Night Work. The Relay System 369Section 5.The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day. Compulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working-Day from the Middle of the 14th to the End of the 17th Century 380Section 6.The Struggle for the Normal Working-Day. Compulsory Limitation by Law of the Working-Time. The English Factory Acts, 1833 to 1864 400


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Section 7.The Struggle for the Normal Working-Day. Reaction of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries 427

CHAPTER XI.Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value 435

PART IV. PRODUCTION OF RELATIVE SURPLUS-VALUECHAPTER XII.The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value 448CHAPTER XIII.Co-operation 462CHAPTER XIV.Division of Labour and Manufacture 482

Section 1.Two-fold Origin of Manufacture 482Section 2.The Detail Labourer and his Implements 486Section 3.The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture: Heterogeneous Manufacture, Serial Manufacture 490Section 4.Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society 503Section 5.The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture 516

CHAPTER XV.Machinery And Modern Industry 531Section 1.The Development of Machinery 531Section 2.The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product 553Section 3.The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman 565

a. Appropriation of Supplementary Labour-Power by Capital. The Employment of Women and Children 565b. Prolongation of the Working-Day 577c. Intensification of Labour 586

Section 4.The Factory 600Section 5.The Strife Between Workman and Machine 614Section 6.The Theory of Compensation as Regards the Workpeople Displaced by Machinery 629


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Section 7.Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory System. Crises in the Cotton Trade 642Section 8.Revolution Effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic Industry by Modern Industry 660

a. Overthrow of Co-operation Based on Handicraft and on the Division of Labour 660b. Reaction of the Factory System on Manufacture and Domestic Industries 662c. Modern Manufacture 664d. Modern Domestic Industry 668e. Passage of Modern Manufacture, and Domestic Industry

into Modern Mechanical Industry. The Hastening of this Revolution by the Application of the Factory Acts to

those Industries 674Section 9.The Factory Acts. Sanitary and Educational Clauses of the same. Their General Extension in England 689Section 10.Modern Industry and Agriculture 724

PART V.THE PRODUCTION OF ABSOLUTE AND OF RELATIVE SURPLUS-

VALUECHAPTER XVI.Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value 728CHAPTER XVII.Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value 743

I. Length of the Working-Day and Intensity of Labour Constant. Productiveness of Labour Variable 744II. Working-Day Constant. Productiveness of Labour Constant. Intensity of Labour Variable 750III. Productiveness and Intensity of Labour Constant.


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Length of the Working-Day Variable 752IV. Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness, and Intensity of Labour 755

(1.) Diminishing Productiveness of Labour with a Simultaneous Lengthening of the Working-Day 755(2.) Increasing Intensity and Productiveness of Labour with Simultaneous Shortening of the Working-Day 758

CHAPTER XVIII.Various formul for the Rate of Surplus-Value 760

PART VI. WAGESCHAPTER XIX.The Transformation of the Value (and Respectively the Price) of Labour-Power into Wages 766CHAPTER XX.Time-Wages 777CHAPTER XXI.Piece-Wages 789CHAPTER XXII.National Differences of Wages 802

PART VII. THE ACCUMULATION OF CAPITALCHAPTER XXIII.Simple Reproduction 812CHAPTER XXIV.Conversion Of Surplus-Value Into Capital 830

Section 1.Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing Scale. Transition of the Laws of Property that Characterise Production of Commodities into Laws of Capitalist Appropriation 830Section 2.Erroneous Conception, by Political Economy, of Reproduction on a Progressively Increasing Scale 843Section 3.Separation of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue. The Abstinence Theory 848Section 4.Circumstances that, Independently of the Proportional Division of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue,


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Determine the Amount of Accumulation. Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power. Productivity of Labour. Growing Difference in Amount Between Capital Employed and Capital Consumed. Magnitude of Capital Advanced 859Section 5.The So-Called Labour-Fund 873

CHAPTER XXV.The General Law Of Capitalist Accumulation 878Section 1.The Increased Demand for Labour-Power that Accompanies Accumulation, the Composition of Capital Remaining the Same 878Section 2.Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital Simultaneously with the Progress of Accumulation and of the Concentration that Accompanies it 892Section 3.Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus Population or Industrial Reserve Army 902Section 4.Different Forms of the Relative Surplus Population. The General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation 919Section 5.Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation 930

a. England from 1846-1866 930b. The Badly Paid Strata of the British Industrial Class 938c. The Nomad Population 951d. Effect of Crises on the Best Paid Part of the Working- Class 957e. The British Agricultural Proletariat 964f. Ireland 999

PART VIII. THE SO-CALLED PRIMITIVE ACCUMULATIONCHAPTER XXVI.The Secret of Primitive Accumulation 1019CHAPTER XXVII.Expropriation of the Agricultural Population


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from the Land 1024CHAPTER XXVIII.Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated, from the End of the 15th Century. Forcing down of Wages by Acts of Parliament 1050CHAPTER XXIX.Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer 1062CHAPTER XXX.Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home-Market for Industrial Capital 1066CHAPTER XXXI.Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist 1073CHAPTER XXXII.Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation 1089CHAPTER XXXIII.The Modern Theory of Colonisation 1094


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DEDICATED

TO MY UNFORGETTABLE FRIEND

Wilhelm Wolff

Intrepid, faithful, noble protagonist of theProletariat

Born in Tarnau on June 21, 1809Died in exile in Manchester on May 9, 1864


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PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION

he publication of an English version of Das Kapital needs noapology. On the contrary, an explanation might be expected whythis English version has been delayed until now, seeing that for

some years past the theories advocated in this book have beenconstantly referred to, attacked and defended, interpreted andmisinterpreted, in the periodical press and the current literature of bothEngland and America.

When, soon after the authors death in 1883, it became evident thatan English edition of the work was really required, Mr. Samuel Moore,for many years a friend of Marx and of the present writer, and thanwhom, perhaps, no one is more conversant with the book itself, con-sented to undertake the translation which the literary executors of Marxwere anxious to lay before the public. It was understood that I shouldcompare the MS. with the original work, and suggest such alterations asI might deem advisable. When, by and by, it was found that Mr. Mooresprofessional occupations prevented him from finishing the translation asquickly as we all desired, we gladly accepted Dr. Avelings offer toundertake a portion of the work; at the same time Mrs. Aveling, Marxsyoungest daughter, offered to check the quotations and to restore theoriginal text of the numerous passages taken from English authors andBlue books and translated by Marx into German. This has been donethroughout, with but a few unavoidable exceptions.

The following portions of the book have been translated by Dr.Aveling: (1) Chapters X. (The Working-Day), and XI. (Rate and Mass ofSurplus-Value); (2) Part VI. (Wages, comprising Chapters XIX. to XXII.);(3) from Chapter XXIV., Section 4 (Circumstances that &c.) to the end of

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the book, comprising the latter part of Chapter XXIV., Chapter XXV., andthe whole of Part VIII. (Chapters XXVI. to XXXIII); (4) the two Authorsprefaces. All the rest of the book has been done by Mr. Moore. While,thus, each of the translators is responsible for his share of the work only,I bear a joint responsibility for the whole.

The third German edition, which has been made the basis of ourwork throughout, was prepared by me, in 1883, with the assistance ofnotes left by the author, indicating the passages of the second edition tobe replaced by designated passages, from the French text published in1873.1 The alterations thus effected in the text of the second editiongenerally coincided with changes prescribed by Marx in a set of MS.Instructions for an English translation that was planned, about ten yearsago, in America, but abandoned chiefly for want of a fit and propertranslator. This MS. was placed at our disposal by our old friend Mr. F.A. Sorge of Hoboken N.J. It designates some further interpolations fromthe French edition; but, being so many years older than the final in-structions for the third edition, I did not consider myself at liberty tomake use of it otherwise than sparingly, and chiefly in cases where ithelped us over difficulties. In the same way, the French text has beenreferred to in most of the difficult passages, as an indicator of what theauthor himself was prepared to sacrifice wherever something of the fullimport of the original had to be sacrificed in the rendering.

There is, however, one difficulty we could not spare the reader: theuse of certain terms in a sense different from what they have, not only in

1Le Capital, par Karl Marx. Traduction de M. J. Roy, entirement revise par

lauteur. Paris. Lachtre. This translation, especially in the latter part of the

book, contains considerable alterations in and additions to the text of the

second German edition.


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common life, but in ordinary Political Economy. But this was un-avoidable. Every new aspect of a science involves a revolution in thetechnical terms of that science. This is best shown by chemistry, wherethe whole of the terminology is radically changed about once in twentyyears, and where you will hardly find a single organic compound thathas not gone through a whole series of different names. PoliticalEconomy has generally been content to take, just as they were, theterms of commercial and industrial life, and to operate with them,entirely failing to see that by so doing, it confined itself within thenarrow circle of ideas expressed by those terms. Thus, though perfectlyaware that both profits and rent are but sub-divisions, fragments of thatunpaid part of the product which the labourer has to supply to hisemployer (its first appropriator, though not its ultimate exclusive owner),yet even classical Political Economy never went beyond the receivednotions of profits and rents, never examined this unpaid part of theproduct (called by Marx surplus-product) in its integrity as a whole, andtherefore never arrived at a clear comprehension, either of its origin andnature, or of the laws that regulate the subsequent distribution of itsvalue. Similarly all industry, not agricultural or handicraft, isindiscriminately comprised in the term of manufacture, and thereby thedistinction is obliterated between two great and essentially differentperiods of economic history: the period of manufacture proper, based onthe division of manual labour, and the period of modern industry basedon machinery. It is, however, self-evident that a theory which viewsmodern capitalist production as a mere passing stage in the economichistory of mankind, must make use of terms different from those habit-ual to writers who look upon that form of production as imperishableand final.

A word respecting the authors method of quoting may not be out of


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place. In the majority of cases, the quotations serve, in the usual way,as documentary evidence in support of assertions made in the text. Butin many instances, passages from economic writers are quoted in orderto indicate when, where, and by whom a certain proposition was for thefirst time clearly enunciated. This is done in cases where the propositionquoted is of importance as being a more or less adequate expression ofthe conditions of social production and exchange prevalent at the time,and quite irrespective of Marxs recognition, or otherwise, of its generalvalidity. These quotations, therefore, supplement the text by a runningcommentary taken from the history of the science.

Our translation comprises the first book of the work only. But this firstbook is in a great measure a whole in itself, and has for twenty yearsranked as an independent work. The second book, edited in German byme, in 1885, is decidedly incomplete without the third, which cannot bepublished before the end of 1887. When Book III. has been brought outin the original German, it will then be soon enough to think aboutpreparing an English edition of both.

Das Kapital is often called, on the Continent, the Bible of theworking-class. That the conclusions arrived at in this work are dailymore and more becoming the fundamental principles of the greatworking-class movement, not only in Germany and Switzerland, but inFrance, in Holland and Belgium, in America, and even in Italy andSpain, that everywhere the working-class more and more recognises, inthese conclusions, the most adequate expression of its condition and ofits aspirations, nobody acquainted with that movement will deny. And inEngland, too, the theories of Marx, even at this moment, exercise apowerful influence upon the socialist movement which is spreading inthe ranks of cultured people no less than in those of the working-class.But that is not all. The time is rapidly approaching when a thorough


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examination of Englands economic position will impose itself as anirresistible national necessity. The working of the industrial system ofthis country, impossible without a constant and rapid extension ofproduction, and therefore of markets, is coming to a dead stop. Free-trade has exhausted its resources; even Manchester doubts this itsquondam economic gospel.1 Foreign industry, rapidly developing, staresEnglish production in the face everywhere, not only in protected, butalso in neutral markets, and even on this side of the Channel. While theproductive power increases in a geometric, the extension of marketsproceeds at best in an arithmetic ratio. The decennial cycle ofstagnation, prosperity, over-production and crisis, ever recurrent from1825 to 1867, seems indeed to have run its course; but only to land usin the slough of despond of a permanent and chronic depression. Thesighed-for period of prosperity will not come; as often as we seem toperceive its heralding symptoms, so often do they again vanish into air.Meanwhile, each succeeding winter brings up afresh the great question,what to do with the unemployed; but while the number of the unem-ployed keeps swelling from year to year, there is nobody to answer thatquestion; and we can almost calculate the moment when the unem-ployed losing patience will take their own fate into their own hands.Surely, at such a moment, the voice ought to be heard of a man whose

1At the quarterly meeting of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce, held this

afternoon, a warm discussion took place on the subject of Free-trade. A

resolution was moved to the effect that having waited in vain 40 years for

other nations to follow the Free-trade example of England, this Chamber thinks

the time has now arrived to reconsider that position. The resolution was

rejected by a majority of one only, the figures being 21 for, and 22 against.

Evening Standard, Nov. 1, 1886.


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whole theory is the result of a lifelong study of the economic history andcondition of England, and whom that study led to the conclusion that, atleast in Europe, England is the only country where the inevitable socialrevolution might be effected entirely by peaceful and legal means. Hecertainly never forgot to add that he hardly expected the English rulingclasses to submit, without a pro-slavery rebellion, to this peaceful andlegal revolution.

Frederick EngelsNovember 5, 1886


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PREFACES AND AFTERWORDSBY KARL MARX AND FREDERICK ENGELSTO THE GERMAN AND FRENCH EDITIONS

PREFACE TO THE FIRST GERMAN EDITION

he work, the first volume of which I now submit to the public,forms the continuation of my Zur Kritik der PolitischenOekonomie (A Contribution to the Criticism of Political Economy)published in 1859. The long pause between the first part and the

continuation is due to an illness of many years duration that again andagain interrupted my work.

The substance of that earlier work is summarised in the first threechapters of this volume. This is done not merely for the sake ofconnexion and completeness. The presentation of the subject-matter isimproved. As far as circumstances in any way permit, many points onlyhinted at in the earlier book are here worked out more fully, whilst,conversely, points worked out fully there are only touched upon in thisvolume. The sections on the history of the theories of value and ofmoney are now, of course, left out altogether. The reader of the earlierwork will find, however, in the notes to the first chapter additionalsources of reference relative to the history of those theories.

Every beginning is difficult, holds in all sciences. To understand thefirst chapter, especially the section that contains the analysis of com-modities, will, therefore, present the greatest difficulty. That whichconcerns more especially the analysis of the substance of value and the

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CoverCONTENTSPREFACESPreface to the English Edition 14 Preface to the First German Edition 20 Afterword to the Second German Edition 26 Preface to the French Edition 38 Afterword to the French Edition 39 Preface to the Third German Edition 40 Preface to the Fourth German Edition 44

CHAPTER I.-Commodities Section 1.-The Two Factors of a Commodity 53 Section 2.-The Two-fold Character of the Labour Embodied In Commodities 62 Section 3.-The Form of Value or Exchange-Value 70 A. Elementary or Accidental Form of Value 71 1. The Two Poles of the Expression of Value 71 2. The Relative Form of Value 73 a. The Nature and Import of this Form 73 b. Quantitative Determination of Relative Value 78 3. The Equivalent Form of Value 81 4. The Elementary Form of Value Considered as a Whole 88 B. Total or Expanded Form of Value 91 1. The Expanded Relative Form of Value 91 2. The Particular Equivalent Form 93 3. Defects of the Total or Expanded Form of Value 93 C. The General Form of Value 95 1. The Altered Character of the Form of Value 95 2. The Interdependent Development of the Relative Formof Value, and of the Equivalent Form 98 3. Transition from the General Form to Money-Form 100 D. The Money-Form 101 Section 4.-The Fetishism of Commodities and their Secret 102

CHAPTER II.-ExchangeCHAPTER III.-Money, or the Circulation of Commodities Section 1.-The Measure of Values 136 Section 2.-The Medium of Circulation 150 a. The Metamorphosis of Commodities 150 b. The Currency of Money 165 c. Coin and Symbols of Value 180 Section 3.-Money 187 a. Hoarding 188 b. Means of Payment 194 c. Universal Money 205

CHAPTER IV.-The General Formula for CapitalCHAPTER V.-Contradictions in the General Formula of CapitalCHAPTER VI.-The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power CHAPTER VII.-The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value Section 1.-The Labour-Process or the Production of Use-Values 256 Section 2.-The Production of Surplus-Value 268

CHAPTER VIII.-Constant Capital and Variable CapitalCHAPTER IX.-The Rate of Surplus-Value Section 1.-The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power 306 Section 2.-The Representation of the Components of Value 318 Section 3.-Senior's "Last Hour" 322 Section 4.-Surplus-Produce 331

CHAPTER X.-The Working-Day Section 1.-The Limits of the Working-Day 333Section 2. - The Greed for Surplus-Labour, Manufacturer and BoyardSection 3.-Branches of English Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation Section 4.-Day and Night Work. The Relay System 369 Section 5.-The Struggle for a Normal Working-Day from 14th to 17th Century 380 Section 6.-The Struggle for the Normal Working-Day. English Factory Acts 400 Section 7.-The Struggle for the Normal Working-Day. Reaction of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries 427

CHAPTER XI.-Rate and Mass of Surplus-ValueCHAPTER XII.-The Concept of Relative Surplus-ValueCHAPTER XIII.-Co-operationCHAPTER XIV.-Division of Labour and Manufacture Section 1.-Two-fold Origin of Manufacture 482 Section 2.-The Detail Labourer and his Implements 486 Section 3.-The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture 490 Section 4.-Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society 503 Section 5.-The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture 516

CHAPTER XV.-Machinery And Modern Industry Section 1.-The Development of Machinery 531 Section 2.-The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product 553 Section 3.-The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman 565 a. The Employment of Women and Children 565 b. Prolongation of the Working-Day 577 c. Intensification of Labour 586 Section 4.-The Factory 600 Section 5.-The Strife Between Workman and Machine 614 Section 6.-The Theory of Compensation of Workpeople Displaced by Machinery 629 Section 7.-Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory System 642 Section 8.-Revolution Effected in Manufacture by Modern Industry 660 a. Overthrow of Co-operation Based on Handicraft and on the Division of Labour 660 b. Reaction of the Factory System on Manufacture and Domestic Industries 662 c. Modern Manufacture 664 d. Modern Domestic Industry 668 e. Passage of Modern Manufacture Into. Modern Mechanical Industry 674 Section 9.-The Factory Acts. Sanitary and Educational Clauses of, 689 Section 10.-Modern Industry and Agriculture 724

CHAPTER XVI.-Absolute and Relative Surplus-ValueCHAPTER XVII.-Changes in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value I. Length of the Working-Day and Intensity of Labour Constant. 744 II. Working-Day Constant. Productiveness of Labour Constant. 750 III. Productiveness and Intensity of Labour Constant. Length of the Working-Day Variable 752 IV. Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness, And Intensity of Labour 755 (1.) Diminishing Productiveness of Labour with Working-Day 755 (2.) Increasing Intensity and Productiveness of Labour with Shortening of the Working-Day 758

CHAPTER XVIII.-Various formul for the Rate of Surplus-ValueCHAPTER XIX.-The Transformation of the Value of Labour-Power into WagesCHAPTER XX.-Time-WagesCHAPTER XXI.-Piece-WagesCHAPTER XXII.-National Differences of WagesCHAPTER XXIII.-Simple ReproductionCHAPTER XXIV.-Conversion Of Surplus-Value Into Capital Section 1.-Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing Scale. 830 Section 2.-Erroneous Conception of Reproduction on a Progressively Increasing Scale 843 Section 3.-Separation of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue. The Abstinence Theory 848 Section 4.- Growing Difference in Amount Between Capital Employed and Capital Consumed. 859 Section 5.-The So-Called Labour-Fund 873

CHAPTER XXV.-The General Law Of Capitalist Accumulation Section 1.-The Increased Demand for Labour-Power 878 Section 2.-Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital with Concentration 892 Section 3.-Progressive Production of Industrial Reserve Army 902 Section 4.- The General Law of Capitalistic Accumulation 919 Section 5.-Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation 930 a. England from 1846-1866 930 b. The Badly Paid Strata of the British Industrial Class 938 c. The Nomad Population 951 d. Effect of Crises on the Best Paid Part of the Working- Class 957 e. The British Agricultural Proletariat 964 f. Ireland 999

CHAPTER XXVI.-The Secret of Primitive AccumulationCHAPTER XXVII.-Expropriation of the Agricultural population from the LandCHAPTER XXVIII.-Bloody Legislation against the ExpropriatedCHAPTER XXIX.-Genesis of the Capitalist FarmerCHAPTER XXX.-Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry. Creation of the Home-Market for Industrial CapitalCHAPTER XXXI.-Genesis of the Industrial CapitalistCHAPTER XXXII.-Historical Tendency of Capitalist AccumulationCHAPTER XXXIII.-The Modern Theory of ColonisationINDEX OF AUTHORITIESSUBJECT INDEXAbsolute surplus value definition of 452 production of 382 production of 445 production of 730 distinction between absolute and relative surplus-value 731

Abstraction significance of abstraction in the analysis of economic forms 34 examples of 228 examples of 256 examples of 728 examples of 810 examples of 832

Abstract labour 58 60 64 70 73 93 106 16 128 158 287

Accessories 262 812 866 894

Accumulation of capital definition of 830 definition of 832 definition of 840 definition of 847 definition of 881 definition of 884 definition of 887 definition of 891 definition of 895 definition of 925 definition of 944 necessary conditions, sources and factors of 810 necessary conditions, sources and factors of 832 necessary conditions, sources and factors of 835 necessary conditions, sources and factors of 856 necessary conditions, sources and factors of 863 necessary conditions, sources and factors of 866 necessary conditions, sources and factors of 892 necessary conditions, sources and factors of 900 results and consequences of585 119 results and consequences of585 901 results and consequences of585 907 results and consequences of585 910 results and consequences of585 926 in agriculture 865 and condition of the working-class 863 and condition of the working-class 879 and condition of the working-class 887 and condition of the working-class 904 and condition of the working-class 912 and condition of the working-class 925 and condition of the working-class 944 and laws of commodity production 840 historical tendency of 1090

Acts for enclosures of commons 1036Adulteration of means of subsistence 252 358 859

Africa 1075Agricultural labourer conditions of life and labour of 363 conditions of life and labour of 394 conditions of life and labour of 724 conditions of life and labour of 798 conditions of life and labour of 858 conditions of life and labour of 922 conditions of life and labour of 938 conditions of life and labour of 964 conditions of life and labour of 1006 conditions of life and labour of 1025 conditions of life and labour of 1056 conditions of life and labour of 1062 class struggle of 724

Agriculture 618 722 865 867 922 964 967 991 1010 1017 1070

American War of Independence 23Anarchy of capitalist production 512 685 722 759

Anti-Corn Law League 30Anti Jacobin War 966 1076

Antiquity 87 114 144 191 196 219 247 284 479 499 522 734 1039

Argentina 518Aristocracy 29 968 1015 1033 1105

Asia 203 234 478 514

Athens (ancient) 119 191

Australia 649 1106

Austria 399Average profit 902 916

Bank-notes 183 200 203 205

Banks 181 199 205 209 1080

Basis and superstructure 23 111 118 122 697 849 893

Belgium 17 400 430 861 961

Bimetallism 139 205

Capital definition of 218 definition of 224 definition of 237 definition of 337 definition of 380 definition of 387 definition of 445 definition of 817 definition of 956 definition of 1090 definition of 1096 history of 211 history of 234 history of 244 history of 265 history of 475 history of 734 history of 1062 history of 1082 history of 1090 general formula of capital and its contradictions 211 influx and outflow from branch to branch 908 influx and outflow from branch to branch 916 movement and contradictions of 473 movement and contradictions of 634 movement and contradictions of 664 movement and contradictions of 722 movement and contradictions of 810 movement and contradictions of 920 and wages 858 capital employed and capital consumed 871

"Capital" by K, Marx subject-matter and method of 20 subject-matter and method of 31 subject-matter and method of 36 subject-matter and method of 53 subject-matter and method of 66 subject-matter and method of 109 subject-matter and method of 111 subject-matter and method of 119 subject-matter and method of 211 subject-matter and method of 244 significance for the working-class 19 attitude of the bourgeoisie to 30 translations of 14 translations of 32 translations of 39 translations of 44 history of 14 history of 29 history of 26 history of 31 history of 43

Capitalist mode of production general definition of 28 general definition of 33 general definition of 53 general definition of 87 general definition of 119 general definition of 133 general definition of 147 general definition of 191 general definition of 205 general definition of 209 general definition of 237 general definition of 243 general definition of 253 general definition of 282 general definition of 312 general definition of 380 general definition of 433 general definition of 460 general definition of 475 general definition of 607 general definition of 698 general definition of 701 general definition of 728 general definition of 759 general definition of 762 general definition of 773 general definition of 776 general definition of 840 general definition of 889 general definition of 892 general definition of 895 general definition of 903 general definition of 910 general definition of 925 general definition of 944 general definition of 1092 general definition of 1097 decisive aim of 218 decisive aim of 268 decisive aim of 274 decisive aim of 312 decisive aim of 331 decisive aim of 336 decisive aim of 427 decisive aim of 442 decisive aim of 473 decisive aim of 728 decisive aim of 847 decisive aim of 852 decisive aim of 889 decisive aim of 892 starting-point and premises of 211 starting-point and premises of 243 starting-point and premises of 463 starting-point and premises of 479 starting-point and premises of 506 starting-point and premises of 819 starting-point and premises of 897 starting-point and premises of 1020 starting-point and premises of 1022 starting-point and premises of 1090 starting-point and premises of 1105 antagonisms and contradictions of 22 antagonisms and contradictions of 30 antagonisms and contradictions of 35 antagonisms and contradictions of 162 antagonisms and contradictions of 253 antagonisms and contradictions of 418 antagonisms and contradictions of 475 antagonisms and contradictions of 511 antagonisms and contradictions of 584 antagonisms and contradictions of 621 antagonisms and contradictions of 634 antagonisms and contradictions of 637 antagonisms and contradictions of 662 antagonisms and contradictions of 684 antagonisms and contradictions of 721 antagonisms and contradictions of 725 antagonisms and contradictions of 728 antagonisms and contradictions of 759 antagonisms and contradictions of 926 antagonisms and contradictions of 944 antagonisms and contradictions of 1092 and feudalism 1022 historical necessity of 479 historical necessity of 737 as a passing historical phase 19 as a passing historical phase 24 as a passing historical phase 28 as a passing historical phase 698 as a passing historical phase 835 as a passing historical phase 847 as a passing historical phase 1089

Castes 487 736

Centralisation of production and capital 445 478 897 1080 1092 1105

Chartism 405 408 411

Chemistry 16 261 443 868

China 184 189 546 1076 1075

Circulating capital 876Circulation of commodities 188 194 208 211 233 240 243 279 835 and the metamorphoses of commodities 152 and the metamorphoses of commodities 156 simple circulation 227 difference from the direct exchange of products 161 identity of sale andpurchase 162 and capitalism 211 and capitalism 507 and the circulation of money 165 and the circulation of money 173 and the circulation of money 194 and the circulation of money 196 and the circulation of money 200

Civil War in America 23 414 432 604 623 624 824 1106

Clan 1041 1044

Classical bourgeois political economy general definition of 28 general definition of 115 general definition of 629 general definition of 763 general definition of 770 general definition of 807 general definition of 876 general definition of 884 analysis of economic categories and processes 16 analysis of economic categories and processes 69 analysis of economic categories and processes 115 analysis of economic categories and processes 206 analysis of economic categories and processes 214 analysis of economic categories and processes 241 analysis of economic categories and processes 246 analysis of economic categories and processes 296 analysis of economic categories and processes 440 analysis of economic categories and processes 499 analysis of economic categories and processes 507 analysis of economic categories and processes 518 analysis of economic categories and processes 555 analysis of economic categories and processes 730 analysis of economic categories and processes 739 analysis of economic categories and processes 745 analysis of economic categories and processes 770 analysis of economic categories and processes 775 analysis of economic categories and processes 843 analysis of economic categories and processes 852 analysis of economic categories and processes 858 analysis of economic categories and processes 870 analysis of economic categories and processes 873 analysis of economic categories and processes 883 analysis of economic categories and processes 892 analysis of economic categories and processes 906

Class struggle of the working-class 30 407 799 for shorter working day 339 for shorter working day 363 for shorter working day 389 for shorter working day 407 for shorter working day 421 for shorter working day 424 for shorter working day 425 for shorter working day 430 for shorter working day 433 for shorter working day 586 for limitations in the employment of women and children 404 for limitations in the employment of women and children 407 for limitations in the employment of women and children 420 for limitations in the employment of women and children 567 Chartism 405 Chartism 408 Chartism 411 revolts, of workmen against machines 615 growth of organisation of working-class with the development of capitalism 938 growth of organisation of working-class with the development of capitalism 1091 great service of English factory workers to international movement 430 struggle of agricultural labourers 364 struggle of agricultural labourers 725

Coin 180 202

Colonial system 648 1076 1083

Colonisation- 1094Commercial knowledge of commodities 55Commodity general definition 20 general definition 53 general definition 60 general definition 103 general definition 105 general definition 119 its two-fold nature 53 its two-fold nature 70 its two-fold nature 88 its two-fold nature 106 its two-fold nature 127 its two-fold nature 150 its two-fold nature 164 its two-fold nature 268 two-fold character of labour embodied in it 61 two-fold character of labour embodied in it 106 two-fold character of labour embodied in it 115 two-fold character of labour embodied in it 287 conditions and prerequisites of conversion of product into commodity 60 conditions and prerequisites of conversion of product into commodity 70 conditions and prerequisites of conversion of product into commodity 90 conditions and prerequisites of conversion of product into commodity 103 conditions and prerequisites of conversion of product into commodity 123 conditions and prerequisites of conversion of product into commodity 243 value of 55 value of 67 value of 73 value of 84 value of 90 value of 93 value of 119 value of 147 value of 268 value of 291 value of 767 value of 868 fetishist character of 101 fetishist character of 108 fetishist character of 119 historical character of 90 historical character of 108 historical character of 109 historical character of 115

Commodity market 211Commodity production 211 284 503 895 conditions of existence 60 conditions of existence 70 conditions of existence 87 conditions of existence 103 conditions of existence 125 conditions of existence 243 presence under different modes of production 162 presence under different modes of production 243 simple 243 and capitalism 87 and capitalism 268 and capitalism 506 and capitalism 841 and capitalism 895 identity and difference of simple and capitalist commodity production 162 spontaneous and contradictory nature of 152 transformation of property laws of commodity production into laws of capitalist appropriation 835

Communism 112 forms of property 112 forms of property 1092 distribution 112 conditions and organisation of labour 113 conditions and organisation of labour 914 necessary labour 759 material and technical basis 562 material and technical basis 849 and development of individual 693 and development of individual 700 and development of individual 849 and development of individual 892

Community 112 127 in India 63 in India 112 in India 127 in India 479 in India 513 in the Danubian principalities 342 exchange of commodities between communities 127 exchange of commodities between communities 504

Competition 389 455 458 495 511 562 649 784 849 868 898

Concentration of capital 443 478 684 722 897 1077

Concentration of production 470 515 895 944

Concrete labour 57 63 69 70 84 93 280 301

Constant capital definition of 302 definition of 304 definition of 305 definition of 310 definition of 439 as category first introduced by Marx 876 form of existence in the process of production 326 form of existence in the process of production 452 form of existence in the process of production 515 form of existence in the process of production 554 form of existence in the process of production 581 form of existence in the process of production 583 form of existence in the process of production 844 form of existence in the process of production 875 form of existence in the process of production 895 as condition of functioning of variable capital 310 transfer of the value of various parts of constant capital to the product 269 transfer of the value of various parts of constant capital to the product 292 transfer of the value of various parts of constant capital to the product 305 transfer of the value of various parts of constant capital to the product 554 transfer of the value of various parts of constant capital to the product 557 its role in the creation of surplus-value 369 interdependence of the outlay of constant capital and the mass of labour set in action 912 and accumulation of capital 865

Consumption individual 263 individual 820 individual 876 productive 263 productive 280 productive 299 productive 464 productive 820 productive 844 of labour-power by a capitalist 263 of labour-power by a capitalist 819 of labour-power by a capitalist 843

Co-operation definition of 467 definition of 554 definition of 1092 starting-point of 470 starting-point of 479 starting-point of 515 significance and advantages over individual form of labour 467 factors determining the scale of 472 results of the development of 472 results of the development of 517 early forms of 479 simple 481 simple 517 simple 518 simple 552 capitalist 479 capitalist 482 capitalist 728 capitalist 895 necessity of social regulation of labour-process in large-scale co-operation 473 necessity of social regulation of labour-process in large-scale co-operation 608 as factor of great revolutions in agriculture 618

Corn Laws in England 405 419 653 658 967 1017

Corve 340 773 816

Cost of production 472 491 562 590 771

Country 385 506 724 922 977 991 1070

Course of exchange 210Credit system origin and development of 194 origin and development of 197 origin and development of 202 origin and development of 850 origin and development of 900 credit-money 183 credit-money 202 credit-money 1082 state credit 1080 international credit 1082 in Ancient Rome 196 in Middle Ages 196 as factor of primitive accumulation 1080 in the process of capitalist production 250 in the process of capitalist production 900 in the process of capitalist production 907 in the process of capitalist production 909 crediting of a capitalist by workers 250 crediting of a capitalist by workers 740

Currency school in bourgeois political economy 889Darwinism 490 533

Dialectics 836 idealist 35 materialist 31 contradictions 18 contradictions 23 contradictions 146 contradictions 150 contradictions 162 contradictions 200 contradictions 253 contradictions 473 contradictions 512 contradictions 584 contradictions 621 contradictions 634 contradictions 664 contradictions 700 contradictions 719 contradictions 728 contradictions 758 contradictions 855 contradictions 926 contradictions 943 unity and struggle of opposites 71 unity and struggle of opposites 88 unity and struggle of opposites 96 unity and struggle of opposites 125 unity and struggle of opposites 150 unity and struggle of opposites 162 unity and struggle of opposites 173 unity and struggle of opposites 200 unity and struggle of opposites 216 unity and struggle of opposites 506 unity and struggle of opposites 725 unity and struggle of opposites 728 passing of quantity into quality 442 passing of quantity into quality 463 passing of quantity into quality 466 negation of the negation 1092 possibility and reality 162 necessity and accident 22 necessity and accident 93 necessity and accident 108 necessity and accident 240 necessity and accident 511 cause and effect 907 form and content 55 form and content 109 form and content 115 form and content 136 form and content 146 form and content 835 essence and phenomenon 55 essence and phenomenon 70 essence and phenomenon 78 essence and phenomenon 82 essence and phenomenon 85 essence and phenomenon 88 essence and phenomenon 439 essence and phenomenon 454 essence and phenomenon 770 essence and phenomenon 771 essence and phenomenon 775 essence and phenomenon 776 essence and phenomenon 786 essence and phenomenon 817

Direct social labour 85 111 136

Distribution conditions determining the mode of distribution 113 distribution of work among members of patriarchal peasant family 111 in communist society 115 of surplus-value 746 of surplus-value 765 of surplus-value 810

Division of labour 153 244 506 509 511 514 520 602 692 895 920 natural 111 natural 503 in manufacture and at the factory 482 in manufacture and at the factory 484 in manufacture and at the factory 493 in manufacture and at the factory 496 in manufacture and at the factory 499 in manufacture and at the factory 503 in manufacture and at the factory 518 in manufacture and at the factory 520 international 647 social 63 social 105 social 108 social 153 social 156 social 503 social 506 social 522 social 640 social 736 territorial 506

Domestic industry as sphere of capitalist exploitation 428 as sphere of capitalist exploitation 491 as sphere of capitalist exploitation 669 as sphere of capitalist exploitation 678 as sphere of capitalist exploitation 686 as sphere of capitalist exploitation 701 as sphere of capitalist exploitation 722 as sphere of capitalist exploitation 730 as sphere of capitalist exploitation 1008 position of labourers 491 system of remuneration 793 system of remuneration 958 system of remuneration 1008 influence of the factory 662 influence of the factory 681 influence of the factory 703 impactof factory legislation 721

East India Company 653 1077

Eclecticism 180Economic crises 29 37 177 221 348 957 essence and causes of 164 essence and causes of 199 essence and causes of 297 essence and causes of 843 conditions of conversion of their possibility into reality 162 and monetary crisis 199 influence on the position of the working-class 781 influence on the position of the working-class 923 influence on the position of the working-class 937 influence on the position of the working-class 957

Economy of means of production 264 of means of production 269 of means of production 280 of means of production 467 of means of production 472 of means of production 553 of means of production 587 of means of production 612 of means of production 662 of means of production 667 of means of production 759 of means of production 895 of means of production 1092 of labour 250 of labour 280 of labour 461 of labour 759 of labour 1012

Egypt 479 665 735 736

Employment of children general definition of 528 general definition of 565 general definition of 662 general definition of 670 general definition of 912 general definition of 992 consequences of exploitation of children 568 consequences of exploitation of children 674 as a reason for relative over-population 757 as a reason for relative over-population 912 in England 349 in England 371 in England 377 in England 394 in England 402 in England 416 in England 565 in England 662 in England 701 regulation by laws 402 regulation by laws 412 regulation by laws 418 regulation by laws 567 regulation by laws 575 regulation by laws 681

Employment of women definition of 565 definition of 675 definition of 678 definition of 759 definition of 912 definition of 992 history of exploitation of women 528 history of exploitation of women 564 consequences of exploitation of women 570 consequences of exploitation of women 573 consequences of exploitation of women 575 as a reason for relative over-population 757 in manufacture 662 in domestic industry 669 in England 568 in England 664 in England 675 regulation by laws 405 regulation by laws 415 regulation by laws 419 regulation by laws 422

Enclosures of commons 1035England general characteristic of 19 general characteristic of 22 general characteristic of 28 general characteristic of 345 general characteristic of 400 general characteristic of 407 general characteristic of 430 general characteristic of 535 general characteristic of 540 general characteristic of 931 primitive accumulation 618 primitive accumulation 1025 primitive accumulation 1074 money and banking systems 141 money and banking systems 143 money and banking systems 206 money and banking systems 1080 industry 345 industry 400 industry 430 industry 540 industry 621 industry 652 industry 669 towns616 20 agriculture and agrarian relations 618 agriculture and agrarian relations 964 agriculture and agrarian relations 967 agriculture and agrarian relations 977 agriculture and agrarian relations 1025 agriculture and agrarian relations 1033 agriculture and agrarian relations 1062 agriculture and agrarian relations 1074 foreign trade 648 foreign trade 658 foreign trade 1077 slave-trade 1086 export of capital 877 colonial system 737 colonial system 1076 colonial system 1083 population 637 population 641 population 906 population 931 condition of the working-class 252 condition of the working-class 345 condition of the working-class 400 condition of the working-class 565 condition of the working-class 586 condition of the working-class 589 condition of the working-class 620 condition of the working-class 649 condition of the working-class 669 condition of the working-class 823 condition of the working-class 858 condition of the working-class 937 condition of the working-class 941 condition of the working-class 1054 labour movement 400 labour movement 405 labour movement 407 labour movement 418 labour movement 430 labour movement 431 labour movement 613 legislation 343 legislation 389 legislation 400 legislation 608 legislation 701 legislation 719 legislation 966 legislation 1031 legislation 1049

Equality, bourgeois 229 241 253 418 431 837

Equivalent form as materialised value 73 as materialised value 78 as materialised value 81 as form of direct exchangeability 81 as form of direct exchangeability 87 as form of direct exchangeability 96 three peculiarities of 82 enigmatical character of 84 as compared with relative form of value 72 interdependence of its development andthe development of the relative form of value 78 interdependence of its development andthe development of the relative form of value 81 interdependence of its development andthe development of the relative form of value 96 interdependence of its development andthe development of the relative form of value 128

Europe 1025Exchange as necessary condition of the transformation of products into commodities 60 as necessary condition of the transformation of products into commodities 105 direct barter of products 127 direct barter of products 161 between communities 127 between communities 128 between communities 506 and the origin of money 150

Exchange-value 55 61 70 88 117 127 128 149 152 229 230 244

Exploitation of labour-power by capital 730 economic essence 473 intensive and extensive growth 887 expression for its degree 310 expression for its degree 760 expression for its degree 858 expression for its degree 866 and anarchy of production 686

Export of capital 878 1100

Expropriation expropriation of immediate producers 1020 expropriation of immediate producers 1031 expropriation of immediate producers 1036 expropriation of immediate producers 1053 expropriation of immediate producers 1071 expropriation of immediate producers 1090 expropriation of immediate producers 1105 expropriative influence of fiscality on petty bourgeoisie 1083 of expropriators 1092

Extra surplus-value 457 460 583

Factory general definition of 22 general definition of 399 general definition of 600 general definition of 647 general definition of 659 division of labour at the factory 63 division of labour at the factory 603 factory worker 399 factory worker 600 factory worker 649

Factory legislation 22 343 404 418 424 427 433 608 689 693 722 in England 22 in England 344 in England 389 in England 399 in England 608 in England 701 in France 399 in France 400 in France 431 in Belgium 400

Family and tribe 112 504 1069

Farmer 1024 1036 1062 1071

Fenians 1018Fertility of soil factor of productivity of labour 734 factor of productivity of labour 755 factor of productivity of labour 894 plunderous exhaustion of the soil under capitalism 344 plunderous exhaustion of the soil under capitalism 382 plunderous exhaustion of the soil under capitalism 725

Fetishism of commodities 102 122 892 definition of 105 definition of 119 its prerequisites 105 concrete manifestations of 119

Feudalism general definition of 111 general definition of 477 general definition of 850 general definition of 1020 general definition of 1074 in India 858 in England 1024 in England 1031 in England 1033 in England 1049 in Germany 1046 in France 1064 dissolution of 617 dissolution of 1020 dissolution of 1026 dissolution of 1029 dissolution of 1033 dissolution of 1046

Fief 1065Fines 608Fiscal system 1082Fixed capital 875Force 587 1020 1076 1083

Formal subjection of labour to capital 475 731 1054

Form of value 71 85 221 870 two poles of 71 two poles of 96 its development alongside development of exchange 94 elementary 71 elementary 88 elementary 94 elementary 99 elementary 102 elementary 138 total 91 total 99 total 138 general 95 general 99 general 123 general 138 general 155 money 71 money 100 money 109 money 136 money 870

France 17 24 27 202 208 390 490 431 444 508 563 665 992 1032 1054 1065

Franco-Prussian War 208Freedom, bourgeois 99 244 246 254 573 773 837 918

Free-trade 30 89 254 346 367 405 419 422 690 971 1072

French bourgeois revolution 129 884 1060

French materialism 131 875

General law of capitalist accumulation 887 889 901 918 925 926 937 943 947 991

German "Arbeiter Verein" in Brussels 830Germany 17 22 24 26 30 40 342 393 444 535 546 560 563 615 618 665 1025 1046 1057

"Glorious revolution" 1033Gold (and silver) as money-commodity 101 as money-commodity 128 as money-commodity 144 as money-commodity 156 as money-commodity 165 as money-commodity 188 special natural properties of 129 doubling of use-value of 130 value of 130 value of 169 parallel functioning as money 139 ratio of value 139 ratio of value 206 change in valueof gold and influence on its function as money 141 change in valueof gold and influence on its function as money 168 increase of power of gold along with extension of commodity production 190 increase of power of gold along with extension of commodity production 191

Greece (ancient), 87 114 191

Ground-rent 16 203 342 749 765 810 858 1064

Guild system 443 462 487 515 523 1022 1074

Handicraft production 429 462 479 484 513 523 546 607 646 669 678 722

Hired labour as feature of capitalism 246 as feature of capitalism 841 general relations between capital and hired labour at various levels of workers' receipts 795

Holland 390 394 537 546 563 736 1054 1075 1082

Holy Alliance 29Home-market 1008 1066

Identity 162 837

Impoverishment of the working class 887 891 935 absolute 620 absolute 690 absolute 698 absolute 724 absolute 858 absolute 883 absolute 884 absolute 887 absolute 918 absolute 925 absolute 943 absolute 1092 relative 881 relative 925 relative 943

India 63 127 190 194 471 479 513 546 561 620 648 736 858 1076 1077

Individual value 282 455 583

Industrial capital general definition of 220 general definition of 235 general definition of 1090 genesis of 1022 genesis of 1062 transformation of money capital into industrial 222 transformation of money capital into industrial 238 transformation of money capital into industrial 268 transformation of money capital into industrial 443 transformation of money capital into industrial 472 transformation of money capital into industrial 1076 transformation of money capital into industrial 1083 transformation of money capital into industrial 1103 concentration and centralisation of 445 concentration and centralisation of 897 concentration and centralisation of 1079 concentration and centralisation of 1090 concentration and centralisation of 1106

Industrial cycle crisis of 1825 29 general definition of 18 general definition of 35 general definition of 652 general definition of 686 general definition of 887 general definition of 909 general definition of 914 general definition of 957 periodic change of the cycle and the condition of the working-class428 40 periodic change of the cycle and the condition of the working-class428 891 periodic change of the cycle and the condition of the working-class428 909 periodic change of the cycle and the condition of the working-class428 937 periodic change of the cycle and the condition of the working-class428 957 cyclic development of the English industry 653 cyclic development of the English industry 659 cyclic development of the English industry 957

Industrial revolution 428 533 547 616 680

Instruments of labour 294 473 506 521 533 607 859 895 general definition of 256 general definition of 282 as factor of labour productivity 488 in the process of the formation of value 554

Insurance offices 294Intensification of labour 486 586 751 922

Interest 765 810 843 855

International Working Men's Association 45 432

Ireland 363 384 999 1041

Italy 17 665 1023

Japan 203 1025

Joint-stock companies 445 479 901 1080

Labour (general propositions) 63 96 255 279 287 292 445 770 775 813 870

Labour-fund- Labour-fund 816 Labour-fund 873

Labour-market conditions necessary to form market of labour-power 241 conditions necessary to form market of labour-power 722 conditions necessary to form market of labour-power 1022 and industrial cycle 722 and industrial cycle 914 in "free colony" 1100

Labour money 136Labour-power definition of 241 definition of 249 definition of 292 definition of 312 definition of 819 definition of 844 definition of 865 definition of 873 conditions of its selling as commodity 241 conditions of its selling as commodity 249 conditions of its selling as commodity 476 conditions of its selling as commodity 835 conditions of its selling as commodity 889 its value 246 its value 252 its value 301 its value 309 its value 334 its value 382 its value 436 its value 449 its value 454 its value 503 its value 565 its value 743 its value 748 its value 754 its value 802 its value 858 its value 889 its value 961 its value 1058 process of its consumption 253 process of its consumption 266 process of its consumption 478 process of its consumption 743 specific character of its use-value 241 specific character of its use-value 266 specific character of its use-value 277 specific character of its use-value 336 specific character of its use-value 515 specific character of its use-value 743 specific character of its use-value 775 specific character of its use-value 825 specific character of its use-value 838 limits of its cheapening 247 limits of its cheapening 503 limits of its cheapening 675 limits of its cheapening 858 its reproduction 246 its reproduction 301 its reproduction 313 its reproduction 607 its reproduction 819 its reproduction 828 its reproduction 834 its reproduction 881 its reproduction 889

Labour productivity 69 452 478 733 804 866 892 925 conditions determining its level 58 conditions determining its level 61 conditions determining its level 467 conditions determining its level 472 conditions determining its level 475 conditions determining its level 488 conditions determining its level 733 conditions determining its level 755 conditions determining its level 759 conditions determining its level 802 conditions determining its level 895 influence of its changes on commodity value 57 influence of its changes on commodity value 67 influence of its changes on commodity value 291 influence of its changes on commodity value 458 influence of its changes on commodity value 866 influence of its changes on the value of labour-power and surplus-value 452 influence of its changes on the value of labour-power and surplus-value 745 as factor of accumulation, of capital 866 as factor of accumulation, of capital 892 as factor of accumulation, of capital 897

Labour Statutes 389 798 1054

Land universal subject of human labour 256 universal subject of human labour 873 instrument of labour 256 instrument of labour 260 source of wealth 865

Landed property 24 29 119 211 526 810 854 966 967 1015 1025 1029 1062 1067

Language 107Law Roman law 131 Roman law 414 Roman law 1039 in Middle Ages 1064 bourgeois 122 bourgeois 243 bourgeois 253 bourgeois 337 bourgeois 416 bourgeois 419 bourgeois 425 bourgeois 428 bourgeois 431 bourgeois 433 bourgeois 568 bourgeois 608 bourgeois 835 bourgeois 863

"Law" of diminishing returns 727Law of population 904Law of value 105 147 238 439 458 511 768 804 835

Laws against Trades Unions 653 1056 1058

Laws of capitalist production 22 454 457 835 843 849 887 917 923 925 1054

Legislation against vagabondage 1050Loans 1081Luddite movement 616Machinery general definition of 491 general definition of 533 general definition of 550 general definition of 662 history of 498 history of 533 history of 547 as material basis of the capitalist mode of production 531 as material basis of the capitalist mode of production 547 as material basis of the capitalist mode of production 552 as material basis of the capitalist mode of production 583 as material basis of the capitalist mode of production 590 as material basis of the capitalist mode of production 615 as material basis of the capitalist mode of production 647 as an element in the formation of value and as a constituent element of a new product 294 as an element in the formation of value and as a constituent element of a new product 554 limits of use 562 effects of use under capitalism 562 effects of use under capitalism 600 effects of use under capitalism 618 effects of use under capitalism 621 effects of use under capitalism 624 effects of use under capitalism 634 effects of use under capitalism 638 effects of use under capitalism 652 effects of use under capitalism 662 effects of use under capitalism 917 effects of use under capitalism 926 measure of productiveness of machines 560 as a means of increasing labour productivity 578 material wear and tear and moral depreciation 294 material wear and tear and moral depreciation 580 material wear and tear and moral depreciation 825 material wear and tear and moral depreciation 866 material wear and tear and moral depreciation 871 and structure of social product 638 distinctions between co-operation and a complex system of machines 541 automatic system of machines 546 automatic system of machines 621 automatic system of machines 626 revolts of workmen against machines 615 revolts of workmen against machines 621 employment in communist society 564

Malthusianism 234 506 727 757 884 910 928 1006 1013

Man (as productive force of society) 64 103 255 263 292 469 533 728 865

Manufacture essence of 16 essence of 463 essence of 482 essence of 495 essence of 499 essence of 525 essence of 615 essence of 1070 starting-point of 516 starting-point of 531 ways of its rise 482 ways of its rise 521 ways of its rise 525 ways of its rise 1068 ways of its rise 1074 capitalistic character of 516 fundamental forms of 490 and division of labour 482 and division of labour 485 and division of labour 491 and division of labour 495 and division of labour 498 and division of labour 503 and division of labour 518 and division of labour 541 and division of labour 546 and use of machinery 490 and use of machinery 498 and use of machinery 540 and use of machinery 546 and labour productivity 488 manufactory, detail labourer 484 manufactory, detail labourer 507 manufactory, detail labourer 515 manufactory, detail labourer 526 manufactory, detail labourer 547 manufactory, detail labourer 603 as the starting-point of a factory 546 as the starting-point of a factory 1085

Materialist conception of history 33 115 258 428 533 698 847 873 883

Material wear and tear of instruments of labour 264 294 580 866 871

Means of production 446 454 467 1006 definition and composition of 243 definition and composition of 260 definition and composition of 302 definition and composition of 866 definition and composition of 1020 as material factor of living labour 256 as material factor of living labour 297 as material factor of living labour 445 as material factor of living labour 813 and labour-process 292 and the process of creating value 268 and the process of creating value 287 and the process of creating value 294 and the process of creating value 302 and the process of creating value 838 and the process of creating value 868 as means and material for intelligent productive activity 445 as means and material for intelligent productive activity 728 as factor of productive power of labour 60 as factor of productive power of labour 870 as factor of productive power of labour 894 their conversion into capital 243 their conversion into capital 445 their conversion into capital 1020 their conversion into capital 1096 social fetters upon their development 1092

Mental and manual labour 256 607 692 728

Mercantilism 89 117 206 224 739

Merchants' capital 211 216 224 237 515 731 1074

Method of Marxist political economy general characteristic of 32 methodology of 20 methodology of 26 methodology of 53 methodology of 63 methodology of 70 methodology of 109 methodology of 211 methodology of 237

Middle Ages 111 196 199 443 480 515 559 615 618 731 1022 1062 1074 1076 1079

Modern industry 541 547 552 555 638 646 659 662 701 history of 28 history of 260 history of 263 history of 531 history of 565 history of 1083 significance of 531 significance of 565 significance of 697 technical basis of 698 and division of labour 694 its influence on agriculture 725 its influence on agriculture 1070 and home-market 1071

Monetary system 120Money definition of 84 definition of 100 definition of 130 definition of 133 definition of 156 definition of 188 definition of 193 definition of 199 definition of 211 definition of 221 history of 128 history of 133 history of 180 history of 188 history of 193 history of 200 as measure of values 136 as measure of values 156 as measure of values 170 as standard of price 139 as standard of price 144 as medium of circulation 165 as means of hoarding 188 as means of payment 194 universal money 205 paper money 183 credit-money 183 credit-money 202 circulation of 165 circulation of 194 circulation of 197 transformation of money into capital 211 transformation of money into capital 277 transformation of money into capital 442 transformation of money into capital 810 transformation of money into capital 819 transformation of money into capital 838 transformation of money into capital 1020 illusion created by money form of wages 766 illusion created by money form of wages 814 fetishism of 133

Money crisis 199Moral depreciation of instruments of labour 580 826 868

National debt 1080Natural economy 111 188 1070

Nature 257 265 540 555 728 865 868

Necessary labour definition of 312 definition of 333 definition of 379 and working-day 333 and working-day 449 in the conditions of capitalism and the corve system 342 in the conditions of capitalism and the corve system 452 surplus-labour as its function 762 in communist society 759

Nominal wages 777 804

Opium wars 1075Organic composition of capital 439 637 646 879 894 895 903 909 1053

Pauperism 620 781 922 937 991 1031

Peace of Utrecht 1086Peasantry 61 112 394 479 expropriation of peasants 1024 expropriation of peasants 1083 expropriation of peasants 1090 medieval peasants 61 corve peasants 342 corve peasants 816 transformation of small peasants into waged-labourers 1070 feudatory peasants in European countries 1025 independent peasants in England 1062 independent peasantry of England in the epoch of Cromwell 1032 Russian peasantry 1033

Peasant War in Germany 342Peloponnesion war 525Peonage 243Persia 737Petty-bourgeois socialism 99 122 125 843

Physiocrats 120 236 275 460 730 765 847 1095

Piece-wages 790 general characteristic of 792 general characteristic of 796 general characteristic of 802 irrational character of their form 792 history of 796 as means of intensifying labour 792 as means of decreasing average wages 796 and time-wages 789 and time-wages 795 and productivity oflabour 799 and individual differences of the workers 795

Political economy history of 524 history of 885 subject of 24 method of Marxist political economy 20 method of Marxist political economy 26 method of Marxist political economy 31 method of Marxist political economy 36 method of Marxist political economy 53 method of Marxist political economy 63 method of Marxist political economy 66 method of Marxist political economy 70 method of Marxist political economy 109 method of Marxist political economy 119 method of Marxist political economy 211 method of Marxist political economy 237 method of Marxist political economy 244 general characteristic of bourgeois political economy 27 general characteristic of bourgeois political economy 30 general characteristic of bourgeois political economy 872 general characteristic of bourgeois political economy 884 general characteristic of bourgeois political economy 909 general characteristic of bourgeois political economy 1094

Polytechnical schools 701Poor Laws (in England) 619 653 928 966 977 1031

Portugal 1076Price (general characteristic) 138 139 143 152 155 156 168 225 230 238 247 274

Primitive accumulation of capital general characteristic of 817 general characteristic of 897 general characteristic of 1019 general characteristic of 1086 general characteristic of 1106 factors and main aspects of primitive accumulation 1020 factors and main aspects of primitive accumulation 1031 factors and main aspects of primitive accumulation 1053 factors and main aspects of primitive accumulation 1074 factors and main aspects of primitive accumulation 1080 factors and main aspects of primitive accumulation 1082 factors and main aspects of primitive accumulation 1083 eviction of peasants from land 616 eviction of peasants from land 1025 eviction of peasants from land 1099 usurpation by landlords of communal property 1033 general characteristic of its methods 1048 general characteristic of its methods 1074 general characteristic of its methods 1086 general characteristic of its methods 1105 general characteristic of its methods 255 general characteristic of its methods 504 general characteristic of its methods 733 general characteristic of its methods 883

Private labour 63 85 97 105 136 164

Production 256 462 511 728 768 813 1090

Production relations 161 884 in the ancient world 114 in the ancient world 243 under the slave system 479 under the slave system 1090 in feudal society 112 in feudal society 203 in feudal society 480 in feudal society 1025 in feudal society 1090 under capitalism 109 under capitalism 117 under capitalism 133 under capitalism 241 under capitalism 400 under capitalism 433 under capitalism 475 under capitalism 608 under capitalism 697 under capitalism 770 under capitalism 787 under capitalism 887 under capitalism 926 under capitalism 1020 under capitalism 1086 under capitalism 1096 in communist society 112 in communist society 1093 reproduction of 819 reproduction of 881 reproduction of 891

Productive forces elements of 256 elements of 515 elements of 728 elements of 819 significance of instruments of labour for characterising a given society 258 under capitalism 698 under capitalism 725 under capitalism 759 under capitalism 926

Productive labour in the simple labour-process 260 in the simple labour-process 289 in the simple labour-process 296 in the simple labour-process 728 from the viewpoint of Physiocrats 730 in the capitalist sense 728 in the capitalist sense 843

Profit 16 219 309 749 765 810 917 1089

Proletariat its historic role as grave-digger of capitalism 29 its historic role as grave-digger of capitalism 1092 its growth with the accumulation of capital 652 its growth with the accumulation of capital 725 its growth with the accumulation of capital 881 its growth with the accumulation of capital 887 its growth with the accumulation of capital 895 its growth with the accumulation of capital 991 its growth with the accumulation of capital 1092 economic sense of the term "proletarian" 883 lumpen-proletariat 923

Property communal 112 communal 342 communal 479 communal 512 communal 1025 communal 1034 private property based on the personal labour of producers 111 private property based on the personal labour of producers 1025 private property based on the personal labour of producers 1090 private property based on the personal labour of producers 1093 private property based on the personal labour of producers 1094 private property based on the personal labour of producers 1106 private property based on exploitation of other people's labour 264 private property based on exploitation of other people's labour 837 private property based on exploitation of other people's labour 944 private property based on exploitation of other people's labour 1019 private property based on exploitation of other people's labour 1025 private property based on exploitation of other people's labour 1029 private property based on exploitation of other people's labour 1033 private property based on exploitation of other people's labour 1090 private property based on exploitation of other people's labour 1106 social 1089 social 1093 in communist society 112 in communist society 1093

Protectionism 18 806 1071 1076 1083 1096

Quantitative theory of money 176Quit-rent 61 1025

Rate of surplus-value definition of 310 definition of 313 definition of 763 formulas of 760 method of calculation 314 method of calculation 331 conditions of raising 313 conditions of raising 858 conditions of raising 866 mass of surplus-value 436

Raw material 258 261 262 272 291 517

Real subordination of labour to capital 431 445 473 730 892 1054 1099

Real wages 755 804

Reformation 1030Relative form of value essence of 73 quantitative determination of 78 influence of changes in magnitude 78 and equivalent form 67 and equivalent form 78 and equivalent form 96 and equivalent form 127

Relative over-population 920 essence and causes 387 essence and causes 620 essence and causes 647 essence and causes 757 essence and causes 904 essence and causes 910 essence and causes 912 essence and causes 1099 forms 920 its role 700 its role 907 its role 915 and phases of industrial cycle 909 and phases of industrial cycle 914 and phases of industrial cycle 920

Relative surplus-value concept of 448 concept of 452 methods of its production 448 methods of its production 452 methods of its production 455 methods of its production 461 methods of its production 587 methods of its production 730 and absolute surplus-value 731 influence of its production on technical labour-processes 730 and productive power of labour 139 and productive power of labour 455 and productive power of labour 587 and relation between necessary and surplus-labour 448 and relation between necessary and surplus-labour 455 and relation between necessary and surplus-labour 461 and relation between necessary and surplus-labour 730 and manufactory division of labour 520

Religion 105 114 381 533 886 892 1065

Rent 1063Reproduction 203 813 856 868 peculiarity under capitalism 812 peculiarity under capitalism 909 of production relations 203 of production relations 810 of production relations 819 of production relations 828 of production relations 832 of production relations 881 of production relations 891 of production relations 1020 of labour-power 246 of labour-power 299 of labour-power 312 of labour-power 454 of labour-power 503 of labour-power 819 of labour-power 828 of labour-power 834 of labour-power 881 of labour-power 887 peculiarities in different branches of economy 865 peculiarities in different branches of economy 868

Reproduction on an extended scale essence of 833 essence of 840 essence of 849 essence of 856 essence of 881 essence of 889 distinction from simple reproduction 840 in different socio-economic formations 856 of production relations 881 of production relations 891 of fixed capital 866 and degree of exploitation of labour 891 and concentration of capital 901

Revolution, bourgeois, in England 1032 1071

Revolution (1848-49) 30 411

Rome (Ancient) 118 144 196 202 234 339 414 499 518 823 1022 1039

Russia 343 665 805 1033

Science 16 35 554 873 its application and role in production 550 its application and role in production 297 its application and role in production 662 its application and role in production 697 its application and role in production 725 its application and role in production 866 its application and role in production 894 its application and role in production 926 capitalist appropriation of science 519 capitalist appropriation of science 554 capitalist appropriation of science 856 capitalist appropriation of science 1092

Serfdom production relations 111 production relations 773 production relations 816 production relations 1020 production relations 1022 production relations 1025 peculiar form of surplus-labour 773 peculiar form of surplus-labour 816 in England 1024 in England 1033 in Italy 1023 in Russia 1033 in the Danubian principalities 342

Simple reproduction essence of 812 essence of 817 essence of 832 essence of 840 essence of 843 distinction from reproduction on an extended scale 840 production relations 817 and variable capital 817 and surplus-value 817

Simple unskilled labour 66 284

Skilled labour 66 248 283

Slavery general propositions 128 general propositions 283 general propo

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