CAP Mission Aircrew Maj Paul Mondoux Director of Safety NH Wing CAP FAASTeam Portland Office CAP...

CAP Mission AircrewCAP Mission AircrewMaj Paul MondouxMaj Paul Mondoux

Director of Safety NH Wing Director of Safety NH Wing CAPCAP

FAASTeamFAASTeamPortland OfficePortland Office

Primary Responsibility: Pilot the aircraft in a safe and proficient manner, following all CAP and FAA rules and regulations

Second: Remember that you are a pilot, not a scanner The mission pilot is responsible for incorporating

Operational Risk Management and Crew Resource Management principles and practices into each mission.

MP Duties & MP Duties & ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities

In addition to these duties, the pilot must perform all the duties of the observer if no qualified observer is on board.

In addition to the duties of Pilot-in-Command:• Responsible for obtaining complete briefings and for

planning sorties• Thoroughly brief the aircrew before flight, including

a briefing on their responsibilities during all phases of the upcoming flight

• Obtain a proper flight release• Enforce sterile cockpit rules


Sterile cockpit rules; all unnecessary talk is suspended and collision avoidance becomes the priority of each crewmember. Sterile cockpit rules focus each crewmember on the duties at hand, namely concentrating on looking outside the aircraft for obstacles and other aircraft. The rules will always be used during the taxi, takeoff, departure, approach, and landing phases of flight; but the pilot or observer may declare these rules in effect whenever they are needed to minimize distractions.

Fly search patterns as completely and precisely as possible; report any deviations from the prescribed patterns during debriefing

Monitor the observer and ensure all events, sightings and reports are recorded and reported

Fill out all forms accurately, completely and legibly


SAFESAFETYTY

Leaving Home Leaving Home BaseBase

“IMSAFE”“IMSAFE”IllnessMedicationStressAlcoholFatigueEmotion

Safety — Three Safety — Three RulesRules

NEVER sacrifice safety to save time Use established procedures and checklists You may have to deviate from common

procedures — if you do, use common sense and prudent judgment (see Rule #1)

The most dangerous part of a mission is driving to and from the airport or mission base!

Safety In/Around Safety In/Around AircraftAircraft

No smoking Keep clear Fire on the ground Moving and loading the aircraft Entry/Egress - normal and emergency Seat belts and shoulder harnesses

(<1,000’) Fuel management – you have an interest in

making sure you don’t run out of fuel. The pilot should brief the crew on how much fuel will be needed and where you’ll refuel, if necessary.

Signalman’s Signalman’s PositionPosition

Flightline hand Flightline hand signalssignals

Outward motion with thumbsPULL CHOCKS

Inward motion with thumbsINSERT CHOCKS

Circle with handSTART ENGINE

Hands out making a pulling motionCOME AHEAD


Motion forward, pointing leftTURN LEFT

Thumb upALL CLEAR - O.K.

Downward motion with palmsSLOW DOWN

Motion forward, pointing rightTURN RIGHT


Hands crossed above headSTOP

Slash throat with fingerCUT ENGINE

Crossing hands over headEMERGENCY STOP

FlightlinFlightlinee

Taxi Taxi MishapsMishaps

Becoming a bigger problem each year (#1 trend in CAP)

Pilots are:• straying from designated taxi routes• not allowing adequate clearance and not

considering the tail and wings during turns• taxiing too fast for conditions and taxiing with

obscured visibility• distracted by cockpit duties• not using other crewmembers to ensure

clearance

Taxi Taxi MishapsMishaps

Strategies:• Thorough planning and preparation eliminates

distractions• Crew assignments for taxi• If within ten feet of an obstacle, stop, and then taxi

at a pace not to exceed a “slow walk” until clear• Do not follow other taxiing aircraft too closely (e.g.,

50 feet behind light aircraft; 100 feet behind small multi-engine and jet aircraft; 500 feet behind helicopters and heavies)

• Use proper tailwind/headwind/crosswind control inputs

• Treat taxiing with the seriousness it deserves• Sterile cockpit rules

TaxiTaxi

Collision avoidance! Follow CAPR 60-1 requirements for taxi operations. Read back taxi/hold-short.

Review crew assignments for taxi, takeoff, & departure

Sterile cockpit rules are now in effect Remind crew that most midair collisions

occur:• Daylight VFR• Within five miles of an airport (especially un-

controlled)• At or below 3000 AGL

Signal marshaller before taxi, test brakes

Safety during Safety during TaxiingTaxiing

Taxiing – all crewmembers assist the pilot• Prevent collisions with other aircraft and vehicles• Help the pilot find and stay on the taxiway (bad

weather, low visibility, night on an unlighted airport)

Be familiar with airport signs and markings

• Runway markings are white and taxiway markings are yellow

Flying into and taxiing on unfamiliar Flying into and taxiing on unfamiliar airportsairports

Small, non-towered, unlighted airports• Runways• Taxiways• Obstacles• Services• Local NOTAMS

Larger, busy airports• Airspace and obstacles• Taxiways• Local NOTAMS

A/FD or Flight Guide (Airguide Publications, Inc.) Download airport diagrams (AOPA web site) Taxiing around a large number of aircraft at

mission base• Taxi plan• Marshallers• If it looks too close or dangerous – STOP!

Flying into and taxiing on unfamiliar Flying into and taxiing on unfamiliar airportsairports

Airport Signs and Airport Signs and MarkingsMarkings

Follow the yellow lines

Stay behind thedashed lines

Need ATC permissionto cross the solid lines


Mandatory signs have a red background with a white inscription

May have a row of red stop bar lights embedded in the pavement.When illuminated, do not cross (even if given permission by ATC)

Location boundary signs have a yellow background with a black inscription

Visible from the runwayVisual clues to determine when you’re clear of the runway


Location signs have a black background with a yellow inscription

Direction signs have a yellow background with a black inscription

Use the Discrepancy Log, especially in unfamiliar aircraft

Don’t let ‘minor’ squawks linger:• Lights and bulbs• Radios and navaids

Keep aircraft windscreen and windows clean

SQUAWKSQUAWKSS

Unfamiliar aircraft Unfamiliar aircraft equipmentequipment

Audio Panel, FM Radio, DF, GPS – if you don’t know it, don’t fly it!

Even simple differences can matter:• If you’ve never flown an HSI, now isn’t the time to

learn it!• Sit in the aircraft and get up to speed• Get another pilot to tutor you

What does the equipment and gear in the baggage compartment weight? W&B.

Don’t try to bluff

Unfamiliar terrain and Unfamiliar terrain and weatherweather

Plan for terrain and weather:• Enroute• Area you’ll be operating in

Clothing, equipment and survival gear

Trainees & Inexperienced Trainees & Inexperienced CrewCrew

Trainees:• Extra time on briefing, duties & responsibilities• When not to interrupt (sterile cockpit)

Inexperienced crew (or not proficient):• Extra time on briefing• May have to assume some duties• Check 101T cards

Flight line marshallers may be cadets or seniors on their first mission

• Be alert and have your crew stay alert

Survival Survival and and

Urgent Urgent CareCare

What is your most What is your most important survival tool?important survival tool?

Your attitude!Your attitude!

Having a positive mental attitude is Having a positive mental attitude is often the difference between life and often the difference between life and

death in a survival situation. Be death in a survival situation. Be mentally prepared to survive in the mentally prepared to survive in the

wilderness for the rest of your life, or wilderness for the rest of your life, or it might be the rest of your life!it might be the rest of your life!

PreparatiPreparation on

Carry a survival kit in the aircraft and be sure all crew members know what is in the kit and how to use it. Inspect contents periodically

Rhoda’s Rule states, “If you cannot walk from the end of the runway to the terminal without getting cold then you are not dressed properly!”

Consider the weather over the worst conditions you are flying over

Carry your cell phone (fully charged)

Emergency Emergency EgressEgress

Prior preparation is important. Follow the checklist to prop open doors, tighten seat and shoulder belts, secure cargo, and turn off the electricity and fuel.

If doors jam, kick them open or kick out the windows. May also exit through the baggage door.

Can’t move the front seats from the rear, so agree on who does what and in what sequence.

Discuss what to do if one or more of the crew is incapacitated.

Post-Crash Post-Crash ActionsActions

Get clear of the aircraft if there is any danger of fire or having it fall on you.

Treat yourself for shock by sipping water.

Check everyone for injuries and apply first aid.

Try your cell phone or radio. Activate the ELT.

Stay with the aircraft if in a remote area - we can find an aircraft but its easy to miss a survivor.

Finally, consider water, shelter and food (listed in order of importance -- you can go for days without food).

Survival Survival Equipment Equipment

Water is the most important resource - If in desert areas staying still during the heat of the day and working when it is cooler conserves water

Carry water or have purification tablets

Have a container for water and consider a metal cup for boiling (purification)

Survival Survival EquipmentEquipment

Signaling equipment is critical Some of the signals you might use

include…• Signal Mirrors (best method when the sun is out)• Flares• Tarps• Compact Disks (akin to the signal mirror)• Strobes• ELT • Smoke or other man-made signals


If you make your own signal, use the “CLASS” acronym:

• Color - Make it unusually colored• Location - Put it where it can be seen; best is

high and open• Angles - Because they do not occur in nature• Size - Make them visible from the air• Shape - Make them an eye-catching shape


Ensure all crewmembers know the location and operation of the Emergency Locator Transmitter

If possible, have a small survival manual in your equipment kit with suggestions on food gathering, shelter construction, and other survival techniques


You can also include…• A good knife• Fire starters and matches• A space blanket• A small first aid kit• Rations• Anything else that would make you stay more

comfortable

RememberRemember......

A little planning and a few pieces of equipment could be the difference between life and death! Prepare for the area and conditions you will operating in and update your survival kit seasonally. Finally, remember your most important tool is your WILL TO SURVIVE!


About 60% of crash survivors are injured

Affect a prompt rescue• Don’t become the second victim

Do not move the victim unless necessary

Ensure the airway is open• Clear the airway• Rescue breathing

Check for pulse (CPR) Locate & control bleeding

• Use point pressure on the injury to stop bleeding

Treat for shock


General Instructions Do not move a victim except for safety Do not let a victim get up and walk

around Protect the victim Use blankets as needed Do not discuss anyone’s condition with

bystanders or reporters Administer urgent care

• Determine injuries; get help• Know your limits• Good Samaritan Law

BiohazarBiohazardsds

Blood Borne Pathogens The hazards associated with exposure

to blood necessitate training for personnel who might be exposed to blood or body fluids

Included in Red Cross First Aid training now

Know the associated risk before you attempt to administer aid

Obtain and use protection kits

Operational Operational Risk Risk

ManagementManagement

Accomplish the mission with the least possible risk.

More than common sense, more than just a safety program.

Educated (informed) risk versus taking a gamble.

Part of the CAP culture.

ORM – Six ORM – Six StepsSteps

Identify the hazardsAssess the risksAnalyze risk control measuresMake control decisionsImplement risk controlsSupervise and review

ORM ORM PrinciplesPrinciples

Accept no unnecessary risks.Make risk decisions at the

appropriate level.Accept risk when the benefits

outweigh the costs.Integrate ORM into CAP practices,

procedures, and planning at all levels.

ORM and the ORM and the AircrewAircrew

Acknowledge risks in order to deal with them.

Each crewmember is responsible to look for risks.

Don’t ignore risks; if you can’t eliminate or reduce the risk, tell someone.

PIC has ultimate authority and responsibility to deal with risks during the sortie.

PIC has the responsibility to inform his or her crew of the risks involved, and to listen to and address their concerns.

Aircrew Aircrew BriefingBriefing

Sortie Objectives

Weather

Altitudes

Duties

Crew Resource Crew Resource ManagementManagement

Why Why CRM?CRM?

Properly trained aircrew members can collectively perform complex tasks better and make more accurate decisions than the single best performer on the team

An untrained team's overall performance can be significantly worse than the performance of its weakest single member

We will cover behavior and attitudes of teamwork and communication among team members

FailurFailureses

Parts and equipment.

• Mechanical failures

People.

• Human failures

The Error The Error ChainChain

. A series of event links that, when considered together, cause a mishap

Should any one of the links be “broken,” then the mishap probably will not occur

It is up to each crewmember to recognize a link and break the error chain

Situational Awareness Situational Awareness (SA)(SA)

. Know what is going on around you at all times

Requires:• Good mental health• Good physical health• Attentiveness• Inquisitiveness

Loss of Loss of SASA

Strength of an Idea Hidden agenda Complacency Accommodation Sudden Loss of

Judgement

Symptoms of Loss Symptoms of Loss of SAof SA

Fixation Ambiguity Complacency Euphoria Confusion Distraction Overload

Hazardous Hazardous AttitudesAttitudes

Anti-authority Impulsiveness Invulnerability Macho Resignation Get There It-us

Regaining Regaining SASA

Reduce workload: Suspend the mission.

Reduce threats:•Get away from the ground and other

obstacles (e.g., climb to a safe altitude). •Establish a stable flight profile where you

can safely analyze the situation. Remember: “Aviate, Navigate,

Communicate”

How do we get it How do we get it back?back?

Trust your gut feelings “Time Out,” “Abort,” or “This is

Stupid.”• Pilot establishes aircraft in a safe and stable

configuration, and then discuss the problem

Sterile Cockpit• Limit talk to the minimum necessary for safety.• Taxi, takeoff, departure, low-level flying,

approach, landing

Barriers to Barriers to CommunicationCommunication

Hearing• The biological function of receiving sounds,

converting them to electrical impulses, and having the brain interpret them

Listening• Correctly identifying what the sender has sent in

their message

Barriers to Barriers to CommunicationCommunication

Distracters•Physical/Mental: Noise, static, simultaneous

transmissions; fatigue and stress•Wording: Incomplete or ambiguous

message, too complex or uses unfamiliar terminology

•Personal: Boring, lack of rapport or lack of credibility

Task Task SaturationSaturation

Too much information at one time Too many tasks to accomplish in a

given time

Usually occurs when an individual is confronted with a new or unexpected situation and loses SA

Task Task SaturationSaturation

Keep your workload to an acceptable level

If you feel overwhelmed, tell the others before becoming saturated and losing you situational awareness

Watch your team members for signs of saturation

Crew Crew CoordinationCoordination

Understand and execute your assignments

Communicate Question

SummarSummaryy

Pay close attention to all briefings Understand the “big picture” Watch for task overload in yourself

and other crewmembers 67% of air transport accidents occur

during 17% of the flight time - taxi, takeoff, departure, approach and landing. Keep casual conversation and distractions to a minimum during these phases of flight.

Begin critical communications with instructions, then explain

QUESTIONS?

CAP Mission Aircrew Maj Paul Mondoux Director of Safety NH Wing CAP FAASTeam Portland Office CAP...

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