Thermal processing

CANNINGCANNING

Definition:

Canning means, the preservation of food in permanent, hermetically sealed containers (of metal, glass, thermostable plastic, or a multi-layered flexible pouch) through agency of heat. Heating is the principle factor to destroy the microorganisms and the permanent sealing is to prevent re-infection.

CANNING

Containers for canned foods: The container plays a vital role in food

canning, it must be:1-) Capable of being hermetically sealed to prevent

entry of microorganisms.2-) Impermeable to liquids and gases, including

water vapour 3-) Maintain the state of biological stability (i.e,

commercial sterility) that was induced by the thermal process alone or in combination with other chemical and physical processes.

4-) Physically protect the contents against damage during transportation, storage and distribution.

Can materials: Wide varieties of materials are used now for manufacture of cans for meat and poultry preservation. Yet metal containers remain the most frequent used package for canning foods.

(a) Steel:Tinplate, tin-free steel, and nickel-plated steel coated with a very thin film of tin are the materials used to manufacture metal food cans.

The amount of tin used being only about 1.5% of the can’s weight and should not contain more than 1% lead. It is used to prevent rusting .

To prevent interaction between meat product and the metal, cans are coated on the inside with an organic material. Two general kinds of organic coatings are used in the food industry : (i) acid-resistant and (ii) sulfur-resistant. Acid-resistant coated cans are used primarily for fruit. Meat products are generally packed in cans that have been lined with sulfur-resistant materials.

(b) Aluminum (c) Plastic

(d) Glass containers and metal closures

Although the wide variety of containers for canned foods, the metal ones are preferable as:

1-) It has a high conductivity of heat.

2-) It cannot easily be broken.

3-) Being opaque, so any possible bad effects of light on food stuffs are avoided.

4-) Be able to withstand the stresses imposed during thermal

processing and cooling.

5-) Be able to withstand the subsequent handling, which includes transportation, storage and distribution.

Important food groups (a) Low acid foods: Meat, fish, poultry, dairy fall into a pH range of 5.0 to 6.8. This large group is commonly referred to as the low acid group.(b) Acid foods: With pH values between 4.5 and 3.7. Fruits such as pear, oranges, apricots and tomatoes fall in this class.(c) High acid foods: Such as pickled products and fermented foods. The pH values range from 3.7 down to 2.3, also Jams and Jellies are in this classification.

Preservation of meat by high temperature “canning” commercial sterilized canned meat”In which all or most bacteria are killed, In practice, complete sterility is seldom achieved, in the fact that certain microorganisms form spores, which may be heat-resistant. To destroy the spores of certain thermophiles would require a degree of heating which would greatly lower the organoleptic characteristics of canned meat products.

In canning practice “commercial sterility” is achieved by giving a degree of heat treatment sufficient to kill non-sporing bacteria and all spores that might germinate and grow during storage without refrigeration.

(I)Canning operation:

(A) Preparatory process(1)Receiving and storage of raw materials:(2) Preparation procedures(i)Thawing (ii) Boning, cutting and trimming On the trimming table where the inedible parts (such as bones, cartilages blood clots, skins and tendons together with the increased fat are removed. In fish,head,fins,scals and viscera also are removed

(B) Production processes (i)Blanching: (parboiling) This is a heat treatment given to many foods prior to canning in hot water (100°C) for 1½-5 minutes, it may extend to 9-11 minutes in some types of fruit and vegetable. Blanching is significance to : Inactivates enzymes reaction, which may occur during preparation periods. Aids in cleaning. Expels internal gases. Aids in filling of containers by shrinkage or softening of the food. Assure adequate can vacuum. Destroys many vegetative microbial cells. Steam blanching is preferable than hot water.

(ii) Grinding:

Meat cuts of variable size and shape and with a variable fat content are ground to form uniform particles of fat and lean. Proper mixing of these particles is extremely important to obtain a uniform blend.

(iii) Mixing with addition of suitable ingredients:

Particles of fat and lean obtained by grinding are tumbled in a mixer to give a uniform distribution of fat and lean particles, and with suitable additions of required ingredients as salt, sodium nitrite, sugar, spices.

(iv) Filling of cansThe mix is then transferred to automatic piston-type-filters and packed into the appropriate cans on the fill line with required weightsThe head space volume or depth should be checked due to its critical factor in the attainment of an appropriate vacuum closure.

Such process should be carefully controlled due to: a-) economic aspect

b-) Efficiency of exhausting procedure.

c) Rate of heat penetration.

(v) Exhausting and sealing:

Exhaustion or removal of air from the can before it is sealed, is necessary for the following reasons:

1-) To prevent expansion of the contents during processing which may force the seam.

2-) To produce concave can ends so that any internal pressure may be readily detected and the can rejected.

3-) To lower the amount of oxygen in the can and prevent discolouration of the food surface.

4-)To reduce chemical action between the food and container and hydrogen swells.

5-)To prevent internal corrosion of the cans.

Exhausting methods a) Thermal exhausting (Steam vacuum)

(b) Mechanical exhausting: (machine vacuum)

(vi) Washing

After the cans are closed, they pass through a detergent spray washer to remove grease and other material. The washing should consist of hot water (66°C) then by suitable pre-rinse, detergent spray wash. Followed by a fresh warm water rinse (66°C).

(vii) Thermal processing: The cans must be processed (heat treated) immediately after closing (hermetic sealed) at suitable time and temperature

Food to be canned is threatened on the one hand by bacterial spoilage (if under processed) and on the other by danger of lower the nutritive quality by over heating .vegetative bacteria are killed at 80C/30min.Spore formers at a temp.110C/30min.For destroying the spores 121C/3min.

The total time required to sterilize canned food is largely depends on:

a) Size of can. b) Processing temperature c) Rate of heat penetration at the center of the can.

d) pH of the foode) The type and number of organisms present.During processing, heat penetrates to the centre of

the can by “conduction” and by “convection” currents. In solid meat packs, the heat diffuses by conduction and the process is therefore, slow, the convection current in loosely packed foodstuffs transfer heat faster

(viii) Cooling

Immediately after processing, the cans are cooled in water to a temperature of 36°C to 42°C. to avoid thermophilic spoilage or can rust. If the cans are cooled much below 36°C, they may not dry thoroughly and rusting well result. If the cans are cased at temperatures much over 42°C, thermophilic spoilage may occur.only potable water, as defined in International Standards of Drinking Water (WHO) should be used in food handling or as an ingredient.

(ix) Container washingCans that have just been cooled are dirty and greasy

on the outside, and are therefore washed in a bath with detergent and then rinsed to facilitate subsequent handling. (x) Container drying:Cooled cans should be immediately dried as the externally dry seams and closures are almost free from microbial infection.One method that has been found to be quite efficient is the heated bed drier, which rolls cans over a surface heated by steam to 127-130°C covered by an absorbent cloth. Contaminating bacteria are rapidly killed at these temperatures.

(xi) Outside lacqueringCommercial lacquer or enamel is a coloured varnish containing vegetable or synthetic resin Lacquer may be applied to the outside of the can to prevent external corrosion. (xii) Testing of post-processed containerProcessed cans should be incubated at, for example, 30°C for 14 days and/or 37°C for 10-14 days. In addition, if the product is intended to be distributed in areas of the world with tropical climate or is to be maintained at elevated temperatures containers should also be incubated at higher temperatures (5 days at 55°C). Since thermophiles may die during such incubation period, it is advisable to examine containers periodically for the evidence of gas production before the end of incubation

(xiii) Labeling and casinga) Labeling:The role of a label is to inform. The information can be

grouped as follow: Product identification (corned beef, beef stew, luncheon)

and grade (fancy, choice, standard). Brand name, a distinctive name protected by trademark Net contents by weight or volume. List of ingredients including additives as per the

appropriate regulation. Nutritional information. Country of origin if the product was not processed in the

country in which it will be offered for sale. Production date and the shelf life should be clarified.

b) Casing: (Protective covering)Containers are usually cased immediately after labeling. Casing which was formerly a manual operation is now highly automated in most canneries. (xiv) Storage and shelf life Commercially sterile canned meats should be placed in a cool, dry place since both relative humidity and temperature influence their keeping quality. The storage place must be dry, preferably no more than 30-40% relative humidity. Storage temperatures of sterile canned meat products should not be above 21.1°C, because higher temperatures markedly accelerate deterioration during storage, thus limiting shelf life.

Spoilage of Canned Foods

(A) Spoilage of canned meat according to the condition and content of the can:

1- Swell: bulging of both can ends by +ve internal pressure due to gas generated by microbial or chemical activity. Either hard or soft swell.

2- flipper: a can with normal appearance but one end flips out when the can is struck against a solid object but snaps back to the normal under light pressure.

3- springer: a can bulged from one end which if forced back into normal position, the opposite end bulgs.

4- Leakage: perforated can.5- overfilled can: has convex ends due to overfilling

and not regarded as spoiled.

(B) Spoilage of canned meat according to the cause:

(i) - Microbial spoilage:May result from insufficient processing or leakage.- 3 types of spore forming bacteria:1- gas producing anaerobes and aerobes with optimum

growth temp. 37 C.2- gas producing anaerobes with opt. temp. 55 C.3- Non-gas producing aerobes or facultative anaerobes

with opt. temp. 55 C.-------produce flat souring.- Leak can be detected by:1- Bubbles when squeezed under water.2- Disappearance of vacuum (concavity) when heated

to 38 C followed by slow cooling.

Flat souring : high acid formation without gas production.- Sour odour, bitter taste, container not

swollen.- Caused by thermophilic bacteria:1- Bacillus coagulans.2- Bacillus stearothermophilus.3- Bacillus circulans.-----------these bacteria attck CHO producing

acid without gas.- Common in tropical and subtropical countries- Affected cans should be condemned.

(ii)- Chemical spoilage:1- Hydrogen swell: Formation of hydrogen gas in can due to

internal corrosion or scratch.- Occur mainly in acidic foods (canned fruits).- Rarely in canned meat but seen in canned

sardines.- Not related to fermentation or bacterial

spoilage.- Can show varying degree of bulging------

when opened-----odorless burnable gas.- Quite harmless but undifferentiated from swell

of spoiled can So, it is rejected.

2- Sulphiding (Sulphur stinker spoilage): Discolouration of inside of can with pink to

dark purple.- Occur due to reaction of sulphur-containing

proteins (liver, kidney, tongue) with liberated H2S from bacterial spoilage (Cl. nigrificans (sulphur stinker)) with the odor of rotted egg.

- It may be accompanied with blackening when H2S react with steel base of tin forming iron sulphide and may lead to pitting.

- Sulphiding can be prevented by-------sulphur-resistant lacquer.

(iii)- Rust and damage: Rust------ reddish brown ferric oxide seen

under label. - Slight rust----pass for rapid consumption. - Severe rust---condemned and rejected.

Damage: - Slight damage-----pass for rapid

consumption. - severe damage------rejected.

Preservation of meat by radiation (Irradiation of meat):

Non-ionizing radiaion )Heat Sterilization(

Ionizing radiation)Cold sterilization(

1 -Long wave length. 1 -Short wave length.

2 -Low penetrating power (surface sterilization).

2 -High penetrating power.

3-Associated with rise in product temperature.

3 -Not associated with rise in product temperature.

4 -e.g. – Infra red rays. - UV rays.

4 -e.g. – X rays - gamma rays.

Advantages: 1- Preservation of very large meat cuts. 2- Killing all vegetative cells including

salmonella, campylobacter, listeria. 3- No change in physical and chemical

composition of meat. Disadvantages: 1- Vitamins destruction. 2- Off-flavours( fat oxidation by generating

free radicals). 3- probable carcinogenic effect and public

distrust of irradiation.

Preservation of meat by antibiotics

The choice of suitable antibiotics depend on:- The type of spoilage to be controlled.- The stability and solubility of antibiotic at the

pH of the food.- Its stability to heat (Nisin, Tylosin).- Its lack of toxicity.

Methods of antibiotic application:1- Feeding the antibiotic for a short period

before slaughtering.2- Injection of antibiotic pre slaughter.3- Perfusing the whole or quartered carcase by

inj.. 4- spraying of antibiotics on the carcase or cut

surface.5- the meat may be dipped in an antibiotic

containing solution.6- Using the antibiotics as an aid to processing

ttt such as sterilization during canning thus lower heat ttt for processed foods.

Any questions ?

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