Cancer Timeline and Characteristics. Cancers share the following characteristics (page 70)...
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Transcript of Cancer Timeline and Characteristics. Cancers share the following characteristics (page 70)...
Cancers share the following characteristics (page 70)
• Hyperplasia
• Dedifferentiation
• Invasiveness
• Angiogenesis
• Metastasis
Hyperplasia
• Telomere region =ends of chromosomes
• Telomerase = enzyme that cancer activates, when activated it lengthens telomere region
Invasiveness
• Breaking away from basement membrane
• What type of cells are attached to a basement membrane
Genetic Mutations that Cause Cancer
• Oncogenes– Normally inactive
unless preparing for mitosis
– Cell stays in G1 as long as oncogene is inactive
– A mutation causes this gene to be ACTIVE therefore…
• Tumor Suppressor Gene– Normally active to keep
the cell from doing mitosis
– Cell stays in G1 as long as the TS Gene is active
– A mutation causes the gene to be inactive therefore…
3000 BC
• Earliest written description of cancer
• 2500-1600 B.C. – describes surgery, pharmacology, mechanical and magical treatments
500 B.C.• Greek• Hippocrates (Greek philosopher) lifted
medicine out of realms of magic• Both performed diagnosis and treatment• 4 corresponding fluids that governed
health:– Blood– Phlegm– Yellow bile– Black bile
1 A.D.
• Galen (Roman empire) – “physician for a millennium”
• Served as physician to gladiators – learned a lot and wrote a lot
500 AD
• Hospitals – an outstanding Arab contribution to medicine
• Monastic hospitals built for wounded crusaders
• Best hospitals of the Middle Ages:– Baghdad– Damascus– Cairo
11th Century
• Universities and Medical Schools – a legacy of the Middle Ages– Bologna, Paris,
Montpellier and Oxford
1000-1400 A.D.
• Fall of Rome – Constantinople becomes intellectual storehouse of civilization
• Europe emphasizes faith in healing
• Universities still rooted in Galen
1500
• Research and Renaissance
• The Art of Anatomy • Medicine based
observation and analysis
• Cancer still considered incurable (black bile theory hard to die)
1600s
• Experimental medicine begins
• Surgeries attempted, statistics calculated, systems identified, knowledge published and shared
• CANCER – not caused by black bile!
• Italian physician Gaspare Aselli suggests abnormalities with lymphatic system
1700
• Nuns, Chimney sweeps and Snuff –takers– First to observe environmental conditions and
health risks
• Cancer thought to be local disease• Experimental Oncology begins with French
physician Jean Astruc and chemist Bernard Peyrille
• John Hunter – surgical removal of cancer
1800
• Morbid anatomy allows for thorough documentation of organs infected with cancer
• Cancer cells observed in microscope
• Ether and use of disinfectants makes surgeries prevail with lower mortality rates
Early 1900s
• Radiotherapy used to treat cancer – radium
• Genetic cause of cancer proposed
• Viral cause of cancer proposed
• Animal experimentations to find cancer wonder drug
• 1930 – The National Cancer Institute is founded, educating public
1930-1950
• Chemotherapy and radiation providing hope
• Early diagnosis is key
• Shocking discovery – smoking may cause cancer!
1955
• Watson and Crick – need I say more?
• Molecular medicine born
• Radiation and chemo progressing
1960
Silent Spring – Rachel Carson
• Environmental links to cancer
• Viral oncology
• Warning label on cigarettes
1970’s
• Reverse transcriptase – alters cancer research by making genetic engineering possible
• Carcinogens and DNA focus
1980’s
• Cancer Immunology – manipulating the body’s own defense system to fight cancer, promising therapy