Cancer of the Stomach

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CANCER OF THE STOMACH This booklet contains information about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment options for Cancer of the Stomach. It also describes the support available for you and your family. Introduction The diagnosis of cancer of the stomach brings with it many questions and a need for clear, understandable answers. Firstly, do not be afraid to ask questions or to ask for information. You have the right to have as much, or as little, information as you want about your cancer treatment and care. However, we believe that by knowing more about your illness and its treatment you can feel more in control of your life, and be better prepared to cope with your situation. We realise that being told you have cancer can cause a mixture of feelings and emotions - anything from shock, fear and anger to disbelief. We hope this booklet will help. Being told you have cancer of the stomach is the start of your cancer care in which your treatment and support needs will be regularly reviewed by a team of specialists. At the Wrexham Maelor Hospital the Upper Gastro-Intestinal Team includes: Medical staff - specialising in surgery, gastroenterology, radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatments. Radiologists (X-Ray doctors) Specialist Nurses Ward Nurses Palliative Care Team Dieticians Physiotherapists Social Workers Occupational Therapists North Wales Cancer Service Information Leaflet

Transcript of Cancer of the Stomach

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CANCER OF THE STOMACH

This booklet contains information about symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

options for Cancer of the Stomach.

It also describes the support available for you and your family.

Introduction The diagnosis of cancer of the stomach brings with it many questions and a need for clear, understandable answers. Firstly, do not be afraid to ask questions or to ask for information. You have the right to have as much, or as little, information as you want about your cancer treatment and care. However, we believe that by knowing more about your illness and its treatment you can feel more in control of your life, and be better prepared to cope with your situation. We realise that being told you have cancer can cause a mixture of feelings and emotions - anything from shock, fear and anger to disbelief. We hope this booklet will help. Being told you have cancer of the stomach is the start of your cancer care in which your treatment and support needs will be regularly reviewed by a team of specialists. At the Wrexham Maelor Hospital the Upper Gastro-Intestinal Team includes:

• Medical staff - specialising in surgery, gastroenterology, radiotherapy and

chemotherapy treatments. • Radiologists (X-Ray doctors) • Specialist Nurses • Ward Nurses • Palliative Care Team • Dieticians • Physiotherapists • Social Workers • Occupational Therapists

North Wales Cancer Service Information Leaflet

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What is the Stomach? The stomach is part of the digestive system. It is located in the upper abdomen, under the ribs. The upper part of the stomach connects to the oesophagus and the lower part leads into the small intestine. When food enters the stomach, muscles in the stomach wall create a rippling motion that mixes and mashes the food. At the same time, juices made by glands in the lining of the stomach help digest the food. After about three hours, the food becomes a liquid and moves into the small intestine, where digestion continues.

What is Cancer? Cancer is a disease that affects cells; the body’s basic unit of life. To understand how cancer develops, you need to know about normal cells and what happens when they become cancerous. The body is made up of many cells, which normally grow, divide and produce more cells when needed. This keeps the body healthy and functioning properly. However, sometimes, cells keep dividing when new cells are not needed and the mass of extra cells forms a growth or tumour. Tumours can be benign or malignant .

Benign tumours are not cancer. They can usually be removed and, in most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumours do not spread to other parts of the body. Most importantly, benign tumours are not a threat to life.

Malignant tumours are cancer. Cells in malignant tumours divide without control or order. These cancer cells can invade and destroy the tissue around them. Cancer cells can also break away from a malignant tumour and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system (the tissues and organs that can produce, store

Oesophagus (gullet)

Stomach

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and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases).

This process, called metastasis , is how cancer spreads from the original (primary) cancer to form new (secondary) tumours in other parts of the body.

What is Cancer of the Stomach? Stomach cancer can be difficult to find early. Often there are no symptoms in the early stages and in many cases, the cancer has spread before it has been found. When symptoms do occur, they are often so vague that they can easily be ignored. Stomach cancer can cause the following:

• Indigestion or a burning sensation (heartburn) • Discomfort or pain in the abdomen • Nausea and vomiting • Diarrhoea or constipation • Bloating of the stomach after meals • Loss of appetite • Weakness and fatigue • Bleeding (vomiting blood or having blood in the stool).

How is Stomach Cancer diagnosed? Your doctor will perform a physical examination and ask about your medical history. In addition to checking general signs of health, your doctor will also request tests and investigations that produce a picture of the stomach and area surrounding it. These may include: • Endoscopy : This test allows the doctor to look directly into the oesophagus,

stomach and the first part of the small intestine through a minute camera attached to a thin flexible tube called an ‘Endoscope’. This is usually carried out under sedation. Tiny pieces of tissue from any areas that appear

Any of these symptoms may be caused by cancer or by other, less serious, health problems such as a stomach virus or an ulcer. Only a doctor can tell the cause. People who have any of these symptoms should see their doctor. They may be referred to a doctor who specialises in diagnosing and treating digestive problems.

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abnormal can be removed (biopsy) and sent for further examination under a microscope. A biopsy can show cancer, or changes that may lead to cancer and other conditions.

This procedure can normally be done as an outpatient, but occasionally an overnight stay in hospital is required if a general anaesthetic is used. Before the procedure, you will be given an injection of sedative into a vein in your hand; this will help you to relax and make you feel better. You may have difficulty remembering the examination afterwards. Local anaesthetic may be sprayed onto the back of your throat or used as well as the sedative.

Staging Investigations If the diagnosis is stomach cancer, your doctor will need to find out the stage (or extent) of the disease. Staging helps to find out whether the cancer is contained within the stomach, situated locally (nearby) inside the chest, or has spread further to other parts of the body.

This allows the doctor and other members of the team involved in your care to plan the best type of treatment for you. You will probably have a blood test if you have not already had one done and other tests may include any of the following: • CT Scan (Computerised Tomography): This scan is an advanced type of

x-ray which takes detailed three dimensional pictures of areas within the body. It is painless and takes about 3 minutes to complete. You may be given a drink or an injection called ‘contrast’ which allows particular areas of the body to be highlighted. It is done as an outpatient.

• Liver Ultrasound: This is performed in the hospital scanning department.

Once you are lying comfortably on your back, a cold gel is spread over your abdomen. A small probe, like a microphone, which produces sound waves is moved around the area. Echoes are converted into a picture by a computer. It only takes a few minutes.

• Isotope Bone Scan: This gives more detail than an x-ray and will show up

any abnormal areas of bone more clearly. However, it will need to be reviewed by your specialist team as it is not always clear if any areas of concern are caused by a cancer, or other conditions such as Arthritis.

A small amount of radioactive substance is injected into a vein usually in your arm. Abnormal bone absorbs more radioactivity than normal bone, so these areas are highlighted by the scanner. Between having the injection and the scan taking place is a 2 - 3 hours interval, so you may wish to bring a book or a magazine, or if you live close to the hospital, return home.

• Endoscopic Ultrasound: This is the same procedure as the endoscopy

using the thin flexible tube with the tiny camera and light on the end, but now a tiny ultrasound probe is connected. This test allows the doctors to

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get a deeper, clearer view of your oesophagus and into your stomach from the inside, depending on which part needs looking at. The scan uses high frequency sound waves transmitted through this probe (tip). This will give a clearer idea of the depth and size of the tumour and determine whether lymph glands nearby are enlarged either due to cancer or because of infection.

• Laparoscopy : This test is keyhole surgery performed under general

anaesthetic which requires an overnight stay in hospital. A small telescope is passed through a cut near the tummy button area (umbilicus) and air is then pumped in. This allows the upper part of the abdomen to be seen, and assessed from the inside.

Treatment Options Early stomach cancer causes few symptoms, so the disease may be advanced when the diagnosis is made. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. You may have one or a combination or treatments depending on a number of factors including the size, extent and position of the cancer, your own general health, fitness and age.

Your particular treatment will be discussed with your surgeon and specialist nurse once all results are available. Taking Care Of Yourself • Nutrition: Patients with stomach cancer are usually encouraged to eat

several small meals and snacks throughout the day, rather than three large meals. When swallowing is difficult, many patients can still manage soft foods moistened with sauces or gravies. Puddings, ice cream and soups are nourishing and are usually easy to swallow. It may be useful to use a blender to liquidise solid foods. The dietician will be able to advise about these and other ways to maintain a healthy diet.

• Providing emotional support: Living with a serious disease is

challenging. Apart from having to cope with the physical challenges, people with cancer face many worries, feelings and concerns that can make life difficult. You may find you need help coping with the emotional as well as practical aspects of the disease. At Wrexham Maelor Hospital we work as a team and the important thing to remember is there are people available to help you and your family.

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Some medical terms you may come across:

ABDOMEN – refers to the area of the body which includes the stomach, intestines and other digestive organs. BENIGN – non-cancerous. This term is used to refer to tumours which grow slowly in one place and which, once removed by surgery, tend not to recur.

CARCINOMA – another term for cancer. DIAGNOSIS – the identification of a particular condition in a person’s body.

IMMUNE SYSTEM – the body’s main defence against infections or foreign substances.

INOPERABLE – when a cancer cannot be removed by surgery, it is referred to as inoperable. However, this can mean other treatment is more appropriate.

LYMPH NODES – the body has a system of lymph nodes and connecting vessels or small tubes known as the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes, also known as glands, are found in the neck, armpit, groin and many other places.

MALIGNANT – usually means cancerous. Malignant tumours can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and have the ability to spread. METASTASIS – the spread of cancer from the primary site to somewhere else via the bloodstream or the lymphatic system.

ONCOLOGY – the study of the biology and physical and chemical features of cancers.

PALLIATIVE CARE – focuses on quality of life issues. It is concerned with physical (symptoms), psychological, social and spiritual aspects of care to the patient and the people who are close to them. PRIMARY CANCER – the malignant tumour that first develops in a particular part of the body. PROGNOSIS – an assessment of the expected future course and outcome of a person’s disease. RADIOLOGY – the use of x-rays and scans in the diagnosis of disease. SECONDARIES (otherwise known as metastasis) – tumours which are formed because cancer cells from the original tumour have spread and reached other parts of the body.

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SIDE-EFFECTS – these are generally the unwanted effects of treatment, such as feeling sick or tiredness. Many of these are short-term. Always ask your doctor or nurse if there is anything which can be done to limit any side-effects you may experience. STAGING – the use of strict measures to determine the extent of cancer in a particular person. It helps doctors to decide on the best treatment. It may also give some indication of prognosis. TERMINAL ILLNESS – towards the end of an active or progressive disease which cannot be cured. THORACIC – this refers to the chest area of the body. TUMOUR – a lump or mass of cells which can be either benign or malignant. TUMOUR MARKERS – substances produced by some cancer, which can be detected and measured in the blood. If you have any questions, need information or support, please contact: Wrexham Maelor Hospital: Ann Camps Macmillan Upper G.I. Nurse Specialist � (01978) 727161 or (01978) 291100 Bleep 5976 Glan Clwyd Hospital: Alison Larter Upper G.I. Nurse Specialist � (01745) 445298 Ysbyty Gwynedd: Iola Thomas Gastroenterology Nurse Specialist � (01248) 384923 Countess of Chester: Rachel Davison Upper G.I. Nurse Specialist � (01244) 366170 or (01244) 365000 Bleep 2961

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Further information can be obtained from the following organisations: Cancer Bacup 3 Bath Place Rivington Street London EC2A MR � 0808 800 1234 � www.cancerbacup.org.uk Macmillan Information Line

� 0808 808 2020 � www.macmillan.org.uk Oesophageal Patients Association 16 Whitefields Crescent Solihull West Midlands B91 3NU

� 0121 704 9860 � www.opa.org.uk Local Support Representative: Sue Burston 01492 535022 Other contact numbers: Wrexham Maelor Hospital Hospital switchboard 01978 291100 Outpatients appointments 01978 725689 Mr J K Pye 01978 725036 Mr A Baker 01978 725437 Dr S W Gollins 01978 445161 Dr George 01978 727543 Dr Khan 01978 727540 Dr Mathi 01978 725091 Shooting Star Reception 01978 727631 Dietician 01978 727159

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Ysbyty Glan Clwyd Hospital Switchboard 01745 583910 Outpatients appointments 01745 445215 Dr R Sheers 01745 534575 North Wales Cancer 01745 445566 Treatment Centre Dietician 01745 534058 Ysbyty Gwynedd Hospital Switchboard 01248 384384 Outpatients appointments 01248 384001 Mr Jenkinson 01248 384308 Mr Whiteley 01248 384777 Dr Ahmed 01248 385093 Dr Gasem 01248 384326 Dr Owens 01248 385524 Dr Evans 01492 862338 Alaw Day Unit 01248 384008 Dietician 01248 384103 Countess of Chester Hospital Switchboard 01244 365000 Outpatients appointments 01244 366663 Mr Monk 01244 365275 Mr Evans 01244 363223 Dietitian 01244 366581

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Important Contacts You may find it useful to use these pages to note down the names of people who are involved in your care, and how you can get hold of them. Name of Contact:

Job Title:

Organisation:

Telephone No:

Out of Hours Telephone No:

Name of Contact:

Job Title:

Organisation:

Telephone No:

Out of Hours Telephone No:

The information contained within this leaflet supports the advice given by your medical team. The information was produced by North Wales Cancer Network and was written by Clinicians, Clinical Nurse Specialists and Allied Health Professionals from the following Trusts:

Conwy and Denbighshire Trust North East Wales NHS Trust North West Wales NHS Trust © North Wales Cancer Network Produced by: Cancer Information Department Edition 1. Printed: April 2007. Review Date: September 2008. ℡ 01248 385047 � [email protected]

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CANSER Y STUMOG

Mae’r llyfryn hwn yn cynnwys gwybodaeth am symptomau, diagnosis a

thriniaethau gwahanol ar gyfer Canser y Stumog. Mae hefyd yn disgrifio’r

gefnogaeth sydd ar gael i chi a’ch teulu.

Cyflwyniad Mae cael diagnosis o ganser y stumog yn codi nifer o gwestiynau a’r angen am atebion dealladwy. Yn gyntaf, peidiwch â bod ofn gofyn cwestiynau neu am wybodaeth. Mae gennych yr hawl i gael cymaint, neu gyn lleied o wybodaeth ac rydych yn ei ddymuno am eich triniaeth canser a’ch gofal. Ond, rydym yn credu bod gwybod mwy am eich salwch a’i driniaeth yn rhoi mwy o reolaeth i chi dros eich bywyd, ac yn eich paratoi’n well i ddelio â’ch sefyllfa. Rydym yn sylweddoli fod cael gwybod bod gennych ganser yn gallu creu cymysgedd o deimladau ac emosiynau - o sioc, ofn a gwylltineb i anghrediniaeth. Rydym yn gobeithio y bydd y llyfryn hwn yn helpu. Wrth gael gwybod bod gennych ganser y stumog bydd eich gofal canser yn cychwyn gyda thîm o arbenigwyr yn adolygu eich triniaeth a’ch angen am gefnogaeth yn rheolaidd. Yn Ysbyty Maelor Wrecsam mae’r Tîm Uwch Gastro-berfeddol yn cynnwys: : • Staff Meddygol - yn arbenigo mewn llawfeddygaeth, triniaethau

gastroenteroleg, radiotherapi a chemotherapi. • Radiolegwyr (Meddygon Pelydr- X) • Nyrsys Arbenigol • Nyrsys Ward • Tîm Gofal Lliniarol • Dietegwyr

• Ffisiotherapyddion • Gweithwyr Cymdeithasol • Therapyddion Galwedigaethol Beth ydy’r Stumog? Mae’r stumog yn rhan o’r system dreulio yn rhan uchaf yr abdomen o dan yr asennau. Mae rhan uchaf y stumog yn cysylltu â’r oesoffagws ac mae’r rhan isaf yn arwain at y coluddyn bach.

Gwasanaeth Canser Gogledd Cymru Taflen Wybodaeth

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Pan mae bwyd yn mynd i’r stumog, mae cyhyrau yn wal y stumog yn creu mân donnau sy’n cymysgu ac yn stwnsio’r bwyd. Ar yr un pryd, mae sudd o’r chwarennau yn leinin y stumog yn helpu i dreulio’r bwyd. Ar ôl oddeutu teirawr, bydd y bwyd yn troi’n hylif ac yn symud i’r coluddyn bach, lle bydd y broses o dreulio yn parhau.

Beth ydy Canser? Mae canser yn glefyd sy’n effeithio ar gelloedd - uned sylfaenol bywyd y corff. I ddeall sut mae canser yn datblygu, mae’n rhaid gwybod am gelloedd normal a beth sy’n digwydd iddyn nhw pan maen nhw’n cael canser. Mae’r corff yn cynnwys llawer o gelloedd, sydd fel arfer yn tyfu, yn rhannu ac yn cynhyrchu mwy o gelloedd pan fo’r angen. Mae hyn yn cadw’r corff yn iach ac yn gwneud yn siwr ei fod yn gweithio’n iawn. Ond weithiau mae celloedd yn dal i rannu pan nad oes angen celloedd newydd, ac mae’r swp o gelloedd ychwanegol yn ffurfio tyfiant neu diwmor. Gall tyfiant fod yn anfalaen neu yn falaen .

Dydy tyfiant anfalaen ddim yn ganser. Fel arfer mae modd eu tynnu ac yn y rhan fwyaf o achosion, dydyn nhw ddim yn dod yn ôl. Dydy celloedd mewn tyfiannau anfalaen ddim yn lledaenu i rannau eraill y corff. Ond yn bwysicach na dim, dydy bywyd yr unigolyn ddim yn y fantol.

Mae tyfiant malaen yn ganser. Mae celloedd mewn tyfiannau malaen yn rhannu heb unrhyw drefn na reolaeth. Gall y celloedd canser hyn feddiannu a dinistrio’r feinwe o’u cwmpas. Hefyd, gall celloedd canser dorri’n rhydd o dyfiant malaen a threiddio i mewn i’r llif gwaed neu’r system lymffatig (y meinweoedd a’r organau sy’n gallu cynhyrchu, storio a chario celloedd gwyn y gwaed sy’n ymladd haint a chlefydau eraill).

Oesoffagws (corn gwddf)

Stumog

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Trwy’r broses hon, sef metastasis , mae canser yn lledaenu o’r canser gwreiddiol (cychwynnol) i ffurfio tyfiannau newydd (eilaidd) yn rhannau eraill y corff. Beth ydy Canser y Stumog? Gall fod yn anodd darganfod canser y stumog yn fuan. Yn aml iawn nid oes unrhyw symptomau yn y cyfnodau cynharaf ac mewn nifer o achosion, mae’r canser wedi lledaenu cyn iddo gael ei ddarganfod. Pan mae symptomau yn digwydd, maen nhw mor amhendant yn aml iawn fel eu bod yn cael eu diystyru’n hawdd. Gall canser y stumog achosi’r canlynol:

• Camdreuliad neu deimlad o losgi (dwr poeth) • Teimlad anghyfforddus neu boen yn yr abdomen • Cyfog a thaflu i fyny • Dolur rhydd neu rwymedd • Y stumog yn chwyddedig ar ôl prydau bwyd • Diffyg archwaeth • Teimlo’n wan a blinderus • Gwaedu (taflu gwaed i fyny neu waed yn y carthion).

Sut mae gwneud diagnosis o Ganser y Stumog? Bydd eich meddyg yn cynnal archwiliad corfforol ac yn gofyn i chi am eich hanes meddygol. Yn ogystal ag edrych ar arwyddion iechyd cyffredinol, bydd eich meddyg yn gwneud cais am brofion ac archwiliadau i greu darlun o’r stumog a’r rhannau o’i gwmpas. Gall y rhain gynnwys: • Endosgopi : Mae’r prawf hwn yn caniatáu’r meddyg i edrych yn uniongyrchol

i mewn i’r oesoffagws, y stumog a rhan gyntaf y coluddyn bach drwy gamera bychan sy’n sownd i diwb main hyblyg o’r enw ‘Endosgop’. Fel arfer mae hyn yn cael ei wneud ar ôl rhoi tawelydd i chi. Bydd darnau bychain o feinwe o unrhyw rannau sy’n edrych yn anarferol yn cael eu tynnu (biopsi) a’u

Gall unrhyw un o’r symptomau hyn gael eu hachosi gan ganser neu gan broblemau iechyd llai difrifol, megis firws ar y stumog neu friw. Dim ond meddyg all ddweud y rheswm. Dylai pobl sydd ag unrhyw un o’r symptomau hyn weld eu meddyg. Mae’n bosib y gellir eu cyfeirio at feddyg sy’n arbenigo mewn rhoi diagnosis ac yn trin problemau’n ymwneud â treuliad.

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hanfon am archwiliad pellach o dan ficrosgop. Gall biopsi ddangos canser, neu newidiadau a allai arwain at ganser a chyflyrau eraill. Fel arfer mae’n bosib cael yr archwiliad hwn fel claf allanol, ond weithiau bydd angen aros dros nos yn yr ysbyty os defnyddir anaesthetig cyffredinol. Cyn yr archwiliad, bydd sedatif yn cael ei chwistrellu i wythïen yn eich llaw; bydd hwn yn helpu i chi ymlacio a byddwch yn teimlo’n well. Efallai byddwch yn cael trafferth cofio’r archwiliad wedyn. Weithiau mae anaesthetig lleol yn cael ei roi ar ochr bellaf eich llwnc yn ogystal â’r sedatif.

Archwilio Fesul Cam

Os bydd diagnosis o ganser y stumog, bydd yn rhaid i’ch meddyg ddarganfod ar ba gam mae’r clefyd (neu faint y clefyd). Mae archwilio fesul cam yn helpu i ddarganfod ydy’r canser wedi ei gyfyngu i’r stumog, neu yn lleol (yn agos) y tu mewn i’r frest, neu wedi lledaenu ymhellach i rannau eraill y corff.

Mae hyn yn caniatáu’r meddyg ac aelodau eraill y tîm sy’n gofalu amdanoch i gynllunio’r math gorau o driniaeth i chi. Mwy na thebyg byddwch yn cael prawf gwaed os nad ydych wedi cael un yn barod ac efallai byddwch yn cael rhai o’r profion canlynol: : • CT Scan (Computerised Tomography): Math datblygedig o belydr-x ydy’r

sgan CT sy’n cymryd lluniau manwl tri dimensiwn o rannau yn y corff. Dydy o ddim yn boenus ac mae’n cymryd rhyw 3 munud i’w gwblhau. Efallai byddwch yn cael diod neu chwistrelliad o’r enw ‘contrast’ sy’n galluogi rhai rhannau o’r corff i gael eu hamlygu. Mae’r sgan yn cael ei roi fel claf allanol.

• Uwchsain ar yr Iau: Mae hwn yn cael ei roi yn adran sganio’r ysbyty. Pan

fyddwch yn gorwedd yn gyfforddus ar eich cefn, bydd gel oer yn cael ei daenu dros eich abdomen. Bydd stiliwr bach, yn debyg i feicroffon, sy’n cynhyrchu tonnau sain yn symud o gwmpas y rhan. Mae’r atseiniau yn cael eu newid yn lluniau gan gyfrifiadur. Dim ond ychydig o funudau fydd hyn yn ei gymryd

• Sgan Isotope ar yr Esgyrn: Mae hwn yn rhoi mwy o fanylion na phelydr-x

a bydd yn dangos unrhyw rannau anarferol yn yr esgyrn yn fwy clir. Ond, bydd angen i’ch tîm arbenigol ei arolygu gan nad yw bob amser yn glir os mai canser neu gyflyrau eraill megis Arthritis sy’n codi pryderon ynghylch rhai rhannau.

Mae ychydig bach o sylwedd ymbelydrol yn cael ei chwistrellu i wythïen yn

eich braich fel arfer. Mae asgwrn anarferol yn sugno mwy o ymbelydredd nag asgwrn arferol, felly mae’r rhannau hyn yn cael eu hamlygu gan y sganiwr. Mae cyfnod o 2-3 awr rhwng cael y chwistrelliad a chael y sgan,

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felly gallwch ddod â llyfr neu gylchgrawn efo chi, neu os ydych yn byw yn agos at yr ysbyty, gallwch fynd adref.

• Uwchsain Endosgopig: Yr un drefn â’r endosgop yw hwn, yn defnyddio’r

tiwb main hyblyg gyda chamera bychan bach a golau ar y pen, ond hefyd mae stiliwr uwchsain bychan yn gysylltiedig iddo. Mae’r prawf hwn yn caniatáu’r meddyg i gael golwg dyfnach a chliriach o’ch oesoffagws ac i mewn i’ch stumog o’r tu mewn, yn dibynnu ar ba ran sydd eisiau edrych arno. Mae’r sgan yn defnyddio tonnau sain amledd uchel sy’n cael eu trosglwyddo drwy’r stiliwr (blaen) hwn. Bydd hwn yn rhoi gwell syniad o ddyfnder a maint y tyfiant ac yn darganfod a yw’r chwarennau lymff gerllaw wedi chwyddo oherwydd canser neu oherwydd haint.

• Laparosgopi : Llawfeddygaeth twll clo yw’r prawf hwn sy’n cael ei roi dan

anaesthetig cyffredinol a bydd angen aros dros nos yn yr ysbyty. Bydd telesgop bychan yn cael ei basio drwy doriad yn ymyl y botwm bol (umbilicus) ac yna caiff aer ei chwythu i mewn. Bydd hyn yn golygu y gellir gweld rhan uchaf yr abdomen, a’i asesu o’r tu mewn.

Dewis Triniaeth Ychydig o symptomau a achosir gan ganser y stumog yn ei gyfnod cynnar, felly gall y clefyd fod wedi datblygu pan wneir diagnosis. Gall y dewis o driniaethau gynnwys llawfeddygaeth, cemotherapi a radiotherapi. Efallai cewch un driniaeth neu gyfuniad o driniaethau yn dibynnu ar nifer o ffactorau yn cynnwys maint ac ehangder y canser a’i leoliad, eich iechyd cyffredinol, ffitrwydd ac oedran. Bydd eich triniaeth arbennig yn cael ei drafod efo’ch llawfeddyg a’ch nyrs arbenigol pan fydd y canlyniadau i gyd ar gael.

Edrych Ar Ôl Eich Hun

• Maeth : Fel arfer anogir cleifion efo canser y stumog i fwyta nifer o brydau bach a byrbrydau drwy gydol y dydd, yn hytrach na thri phryd mawr. Pan mae llyncu’n anodd, mae nifer o gleifion yn dal i fedru bwyta bwydydd meddal wedi eu cymysgu efo saws neu refi. Mae pwdinau, hufen ia a chawl yn faethlon ac fel arfer yn hawdd i’w llyncu. Efallai byddai’n syniad i ddefnyddio cymysgydd i droi bwydydd solet yn hylif. Bydd y dietegydd yn medru’ch cynghori am hyn a ffyrdd eraill o fwyta’n iach.

• Cefnogaeth emosiynol: Mae byw efo clefyd difrifol yn sialens. Ar wahân i

orfod delio â’r her gorfforol, mae pobl efo canser yn wynebu llawer o bryderon, teimladau a gofidiau sy’n gallu gwneud bywyd yn anodd. Efallai byddwch angen help i ddelio ag agweddau emosiynol ac ymarferol y clefyd. Yn Ysbyty Maelor Wrecsam rydym yn gweithio fel tîm ac mae’n bwysig cofio fod pobl ar gael i’ch helpu chi a’ch teulu.

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Rhai termau meddygol y gallech eu hwynebu:

ABDOMEN –mae'n cyfeirio at y rhan o'r corff sy'n cynnwys y stumog, y coluddion ac organau treulio eraill. ANFALAEN – ddim yn ganser. Mae’r term hwn yn cael ei ddefnyddio i gyfeirio at diwmor sy’n tyfu’n araf mewn un man ac unwaith bydd wedi ei dynnu efo llawfeddygaeth, dydy o ddim yn debygol o aildyfu.

ANLLAWDRINIADWY – pan na ellir tynnu canser trwy lawfeddygaeth, mae’n cael ei gyfeirio ato fel anllawdriniadwy. Ond gall hyn olygu fod triniaeth arall yn fwy addas. CANSER CYCHWYNNOL – y tyfiant malaen sy’n datblygu’n gyntaf mewn rhan arbennig o’r corff. CANSER EILAIDD (metastasis yw’r enw arall) – tyfiannau sy’n cael eu ffurfio oherwydd bod celloedd canser o’r tyfiant gwreiddiol wedi lledaenu a chyrraedd rhannau eraill o’r corff. CARCINOMA – term arall am ganser. DIAGNOSIS – dynodi cyflwr arbennig yng nghorff unigolyn.

FESUL CAM (Staging) – y defnydd o fesurau caeth i ganfod pa mor ddrwg yw’r canser mewn unigolyn. Gall helpu meddygon i benderfynu ar y driniaeth orau. Gall hefyd roi syniad o’r prognosis. . GOFAL LLINIAROL – mae’n canolbwyntio ar wella ansawdd bywyd. Mae’n canolbwyntio ar agweddau corfforol (symptomau), seicolegol, cymdeithasol ac ysbrydol reoli poen a symptomau eraill a chwrdd ag anghenion cymdeithasol, emosiynol ac ysbrydol o safbwynt gofalu am y claf a’r bobl sy’n agos ato. MALAEN - fel arfer yn golygu canseraidd. Gall tyfiannau malaen dreiddio a dinistrio meinwe o’u hamgylch ac maen nhw’n gallu lledaenu. MARCWYR TYFIANT - sylweddau a gynhyrchir gan ambell i ganser, y gellir eu canfod a’u mesur yn y gwaed. METASTASIS – lledaeniad canser o’r safle cychwynnol i un arall, trwy’r system lymffatig neu’r llif gwaed.

NODAU LYMFF – mae gan y corff system o nodau lymff a phibelli neu diwbiau bach yn gysylltiedig, sef y system lymffatig. Mae nodau lymff, a elwir hefyd yn chwarennau, i’w canfod yn y gwddf, y gesail, y forddwyd a sawl lle arall yn y corff. ONCOLEG – astudiaeth o nodweddion biolegol, ffisegol a chemegol o ganserau.

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PROGNOSIS – asesiad o’r cwrs y disgwylir i glefyd unigolyn ei gymryd a’r canlyniad. RADIOLEG – y defnydd o belydrau-x a sganiau yn y diagnosis o’r clefyd. SGÎL-EFFEITHIAU – yr effeithiau dieisiau sy’n dod weithiau gyda thriniaeth, megis blinder neu deimlo’n sâl. Mae llawer o’r rhain yn parhau am gyfnod byr. Cofiwch ofyn i’ch meddyg neu nyrs os yw’n bosib gwneud rhywbeth i leddfu unrhyw sgîl-effeithiau sydd gennych. SYSTEM IMIWNEDD – prif system amddiffynnol y corff rhag haint neu sylweddau dieithr. SALWCH TERFYNOL - tuag at ddiwedd clefyd actif neu gynyddol na ellir mo’i wella. THORASIG – mae’n cyfeirio at y frest TYFIANT – lwmp neu swp o gelloedd sy’n gallu bod yn anfalaen neu’n falaen. Os oes gennych unrhyw gwestiynau, eisiau gwybodaeth neu gefnogaeth, cysylltwch â: Ysbyty Maelor Wrecsam: Ann Camps Macmillan Nyrs Arbenigol Uwch G.I. � (01978) 727161 neu (01978) 291100 Blîp 5976 Ysbyty Glan Clwyd: Alison Larter Nyrs Arbenigol G.I. � (01745) 445298 Ysbyty Gwynedd: Iola Thomas Nyrs Arbenigol Gastroberfeddol � (01248) 384923

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Countess of Chester: Rachel Davison Nyrs Arbenigol Uwch G.I. � (01244) 366170 neu (01244) 365000 Blîp 2961 Gellir cael mwy o wybodaeth gan y sefydliadau canlynol: Cancer Bacup 3 Bath Place Rivington Street London EC2A MR � 0808 800 1234 � www.cancerbacup.org.uk Llinell Wybodaeth Macmillan

� 0808 808 2020 � www.macmillan.org.uk Oesophageal Patients Association 16 Whitefields Crescent Solihull West Midlands B91 3NU

� 0121 704 9860 � www.opa.org.uk Cynrychiolydd Cefnogaeth Leol: Sue Burston 01492 535022

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Rhifau Cyswllt Eraill: Ysbyty Maelor Wrecsam Switsfwrdd yr Ysbyty 01978 291100 Apwyntiadau Cleifion allanol 01978 725689 Mr J K Pye 01978 725036 Mr A Baker 01978 725437 Dr S W Gollins 01978 445161 Dr George 01978 727543 Dr Khan 01978 727540 Dr Mathi 01978 725091 Derbynfa Shooting Star 01978 727631 Dietegydd 01978 727159 Ysbyty Glan Clwyd Switsfwrdd yr Ysbyty 01745 583910 Apwyntiadau Cleifion allanol 01745 445215 Dr R Sheers 01745 534575 Canolfan Triniaeth Canser Gogledd Cymru 01745 445566 Dietegydd 01745 534058 Ysbyty Gwynedd Switsfwrdd yr Ysbyty 01248 384384 Apwyntiadau Cleifion allanol 01248 384001 Mr Jenkinson 01248 384308 Mr Whiteley 01248 384777 Dr Ahmed 01248 385093 Dr Gasem 01248 384326

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Dr Owens 01248 385524 Dr Evans 01492 862338 Unedd Dydd Alaw 01248 384008 Dietegydd 01248 384103 Countess of Chester Switsfwrdd yr Ysbyty 01244 365000 Apwyntiadau Cleifion allanol 01244 366663 Mr Monk 01244 365275 Mr Evans 01244 363223 Dietegydd 01244 366581

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Cysylltiadau Pwysig Efallai y byddwch yn gweld y tudalennau hyn yn ddefnyddiol i nodi enwau pobl sy’n gofalu amdanoch, a sut i’w cysylltu. Enw Cyswllt:

Teitl Swydd:

Sefydliad:

Rhif ffôn:

Rhif ffôn y tu allan i oriau:

Enw Cyswllt:

Teitl Swydd:

Sefydliad:

Rhif ffôn:

Rhif ffôn y tu allan i oriau

Mae’r wybodaeth yn y daflen hon yn cefnogi’r cyngor a roddir gan eich tîm meddygol. Cynhyrchwyd y wybodaeth gan Rhwydwaith Canser Gogledd Cymru ac fe’u hysgrifennwyd gan Glinigwyr, Arbenigwyr Nyrsio Clinigol a Gweithwyr Proffesiynol Iechyd Cysylltiedig o’r Ymddiriedolaethau canlynol: Ymddiriedolaeth GIG Siroedd Conwy a Dinbych Ymddiriedolaeth GIG Gogledd Ddwyrain Cymru Ymddiriedolaeth GIG Gogledd Orllewin Cymru © Rhwydwaith Canser Gogledd Cymru Cynhyrchwyd gan: Adran Gwybodaeth Canser Rhifyn 1. Ebrill 2007. Dyddiad Adolygu: Medi 2008. ℡ 01248 385047 � [email protected]