Canadian & World Issues People Moving. 1.Migration 2.Refugees 3.Urbanization.
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Transcript of Canadian & World Issues People Moving. 1.Migration 2.Refugees 3.Urbanization.
Migration
• Migration is any movement by humans from one locality to another.– Emigration– Immigration– Settling
– Evolution– Involuntary
A memorial statue in Hanko, Finland, commemorating the thousands of emigrants who left the country to start a new life in the United States
Human Migrations (millennia before present)
Migration
Net Migration Rates, 2006
Migration
• Push Factors of Migration– War or other armed conflict – Famine or drought – Disease – Poverty – Political corruption – Disagreement with politics – Religious intolerance – Natural disasters – Discontent with the natives, such as frequent
harassment, bullying, and abuse – Lack of employment opportunities
Migration
• Pull Factors of Migration– Higher incomes – Lower taxes – Better weather – Better availability of employment – Better medical facilities – Better education facilities – Better behaviour among people – Family reasons – Political stability – Religious tolerance – National prestige
Migration
• Barriers to Migration– Legal– Natural– Cultural (family, friends, religion)– Financial– Adaptation Fears– Fears of Not Being Accepted
Migration
• Effects of Migration– Changes in distribution of population – Mixing of different cultures and races – Demographic consequences (young on the move,
leaving an aging population behind)– Economic results
Refugees
• Refugees are those seeking asylum in a foreign country in order to escape persecution, war, terrorism, extreme poverty, famines, and natural disaster.
• United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) protects and supports refugees at the request of a government or the United Nations and assists in their return or resettlement.
Refugees
• According to the UN Declaration of Human Rights, refugees are people who cross the border of their country and enter another country.
• Some people have to leave their homes, but are not able to cross a border – these people are identified as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs).
Refugees
Refugees
Refugees
Refugees
Refugees
• Why people become refugees:– War (Inter-country or Intra-country)– Natural Disasters– Famine– Economic reasons– Political reasons
• These people actually have a specific name within refugee law and are called “asylees”
– Environmental reasons• Global warming altering the landscape
Refugees
• Where are refugees from?– Refugees have come from all around the globe
• Africa• Asia• Latin America• Europe• North America
– Today, the majority of refugees are from Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Eastern Europe.
Refugees
Asia 45.3%
Africa22.2%Europe21.9%Americas10.2%Oceania0.4%
Statistics from UNHCR 2002 Statistical Yearbook, published July 2004.
Refugees
• UNHCR estimates over 17,000,000 refugees worldwide.
• However, the true number is probably greater than this because many are not identified by international agencies.
• US Committee for Refugees estimates that over 7 million refugees are in camps – so millions have no shelter or protection at all!
Refugees
• Let us assume that this section of the camp will initially contain 120 refugees. Several factors should be taken into account in deciding how the facilities and shelters will be located:– Space required per person– Accessibility of services– Minimum distance required between facilities and
shelters– Cultural habits and social organization of the refugee
population (clans and extended families)– Ethnic and security factors, relationships among
different sections/members of the community, etc.
Refugees
• Since there is a lot of details to cover, individual students may want to take on the role of various experts to make sure that all functions are covered:– Sanitation– Water– Housing– Food supply– and other issues!
• Begin by listing all of the facilities required.
Refugees
• Famous Refugees– Georg & Maria von Trapp– Madeleine Albright– Henry Kissinger– H.E. The Rt. Hon. Michaëlle Jean– Vladimir Lenin – Karl Marx – Sigmund Freud – H.H. The Dalai Lama– Anne Frank– Victor Hugo– Albert Einstein
• From 1995 to 2004 Canada welcomed more than 2.1 million immigrants.
• This included 265,685 (12% of the whole) refugees granted permanent residence.
How much do you know about Canada’s record towards refugees?
Refugees in Canada
• Refugee protection was not part of Canadian law until 1978.
• Early immigration policy discriminated by race:
British and northern Europeans were
encouraged to immigrate whereas...
Refugees in Canada
• Chinese immigrants had to pay a Head Tax
• Asians and others deemed undesirable were excluded by the "continuous passage" policy
• Immigration Department used its discretion to discourage Black immigrants.
Refugees in Canada
South Asians came
to Vancouver on the
ship the Komagatu
Maru in 1914 to test
the "continuous
journey” policy.
They were refused
entry.
Refugees in Canada
• In the 1930s and 1940s, thousands of European Jews tried to flee Nazi Germany.
• Motivated by anti-semitism, the Canadian government used its discretion to exclude Jews.
Refugees in Canada
• 1951: The Geneva Convention relating to the status of refugees defined who was a refugee and their right to legal protection and assistance from those states who signed.– A refugee is any person who "owing to well-founded fear of
being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable to, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country…"
Refugees in Canada
• The 1951 convention was limited to protecting the approximately 50 million European refugees after World War II
Refugees in Canada
• 1978 was first time an Immigration Act included a humanitarian category for refugees needing protection and resettlement.
• 1986: UN awarded the Nansen Medal to the Canadian people in "recognition of their major and sustained contribution to the cause of refugees".
Refugees in Canada
• April 4, 1985: Supreme Court rules the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects the basic rights and freedoms of refugee claimants in Canada.
Refugees in Canada
• Known as the Singh decision, this Supreme Court decision declared that refugee claimants are entitled to basic standards of rights protection.
• April 4, date of Singh decision, is annually commemorated by Canadian refugee supporters as “Refugee Rights Day”.
• 1988 Immigration and Refugee Board created to hear refugee claims.
Refugees in Canada
Refugees in Canada
• Relative to other countries, Canada has earned a reputation as a leader with some POSITIVE ELEMENTS: – an independent expert tribunal, with excellent
documentation– gender guidelines– minimal detention of refugee claimants – an active resettlement program
Refugees in Canada
• Still, as of 2005, more than 12,000 refugees overseas are waiting for a decision:– Refugees sponsored in 2005 may not even be
interviewed until 2008– Private sponsors in Canada lose hope
• Other developed countries have much more strict policies (how many, from where, what happens once they’re there)– US “feet dry” policy (Haiti, Cuba)– US Muslim appearance and treatment (Maher Arar)
Urbanization
• Urbanization is the movement of people up the urban hierarchy.
hamlet village town suburb city metropolis
• Can you identify the following cities from their skylines?
Urbanization
• Level v. rate of urbanization– US and UK (for example) have a higher urbanization level than China, India, or Nigeria.• There are more people living in urban areas in the
developed world than in the developing world
– China, India, and Nigeria (for example) have a higher urbanization rate than the US or the UK• People are moving from rural to urban areas at a faster
pace in the developing world.
• Definitions of “urban centres” vary around the world– Canada: places of 1000 or more inhabitants having a
population density of 400 or more per square km
– Portugal: Agglomerations of 10,000 or more inhabitants
– Norway: localities of 200 or more inhabitants
– Botswana: agglomerations of 5000 or more inhabitants where 75% of the economic activity is of the non-agricultural type
– Israel: All settlements of more than 2000 inhabitants, except those where at least one-third of the heads of household, participating in the civilian labour force, earn their living from agriculture
Urbanization
• Timeline– <1800s: 2% of the population lived in cities
• 4000 BC in Mesopotamia and along the Nile and Yellow• Settlements were centres for merchants along trade routes
– 1800s: Industrial Revolution• In Europe and North America, technological advancement
(steam engine) led to large-scale manufacturing, requiring large labour force
– 1950s: 30% lived in cities worldwide• Cities doubling in size in just 20 years
Urbanization
Urbanization
• Timeline (continued)– Today: 50% live in cities worldwide
• Highest growth rates are now in the developing world
– By 2025: 86% of the population will live in cities
19501. New York 12.3 mn2. London 9 mn3. Tokyo 7 mn4. Paris 5 mn
20151. Tokyo 29 mn2. Mumbai 27 mn3. Shanghai 23 mn4. Beijing 19 mn
By 2015, Tokyo will be the only developed world country in the top ten largest cities of the world
Urbanization
• 180,000 people move into cities each day.
• 60 million people move into cities each year in developing countries.
• Over the next 15 to 20 years, many cities in Africa and Asia will double in size.
Urbanization
• Why urbanization?– reduced need for farm labour due to farm
modernization – due to increased education levels, increased capital
investment, and a switch from small-scale subsistence to large-scale commercial farming
– improvements in mobility– due to increased vehicle ownership – expansion of highway network – increase in distance people willing to travel
Urbanization
– reduced willingness to purchase local goods & services
– more people going to higher order centres to make purchases
– consolidation of goods & services– relocation of establishments to higher order central
places – necessity of travelling to higher order places – more people permanently moving to higher order
places
Model of Settlement Decline
Farm Modernization Mobility & Consolidation
Permanent Rural Depopulation
Temporary Rural Depopulation
Change in age-sex structure
Reduced rate of natural increase
Reduced Demand for Products in Lower Order Centres
Reduced Employment Opportunities in Lower Order Centres
POSITIVE ASPECTS• Economic Activity• Proximity to goods
and services• Health care• Entertainment
NEGATIVE ASPECTS• Crime• Land use problems• Congestion• Pollution: air, water,
noise
Urbanization
Urbanization
• Positive Consequences– Economic
• More specialized goods and services readily available• Educated labour force• Financial services• Accumulation of capital
– Emergency Services• Available more quickly
– Infrastructure• Easier (and cheaper!) to provide water, sewer, waste
services
– Education
• Negative Consequences– Housing
• 100 million people worldwide are homeless and up to a billion may be living in inadequate housing
– Health• the urban poor are at greater risk than anyone else in the
world – infections and diseases spread rapidly in cities
– Pollution• air pollution from cars, cooking, heating, and industry can
be deadly; solid waste piling up; noise pollution; ….
– Safety and Crime• urban violence is not the monopoly of any single region: it
has increased all over the world over the past two decades
Urbanization
• UNDP Urban Strategy– Increasing SHELTER from the urban poor.– Provision of basic urban services such as
EDUCATION, primary HEALTH CARE, CLEAN WATER and SANITATION.
– Improving women’s access to BASIC SERVICES and government facilities.
– Upgrading ENERGY use and alternative TRANSPORT systems.
– Reducing air POLLUTION.
Urbanization
Urbanization
• Counter-Urbanization– Government decentralization– Desire to live in the country– Security, health, “community”– “Back to Nature” (and away from technology)– Telecommuting– Mobility of goods (higher order goods are more readily
accessible)– Cheaper land, houses
Urbanization
• Types of people living in rural areas– Newcomers - retain ties to urban core, younger, well
educated, well off, managers/professionals– Homecomers - young families returning to provide
rural upbringing to children– Ruralites - never lived in urban core
Urbanization
Dates Innovation Result Spatial Implication
1770 - 1830 Wind & Water Power Industrialization Concentration
1830 - 1880 Steam Power Transportation Corridors Concentration
1880 - 1940 Mechanization Fordist Assembly Line Concentration
1940 - 1990 Electronics Just-in-Time Manufacturing
Decentralized Concentration
1990 - Present Information Technology
Growth in Service Sector Deconcentration
Urbanization
• Canada’s Urban-Rural Divisions
Year % Rural % Urban
1853 15 85
1881 30 70
1908 50 50
1950 70 30
2001 85 15