Canadian Standards for Nursery Stock · 2009-04-14 · Manual of Cultivated Plants, Bailey, revised...

8th Edition

Canadian Standards for Nursery Stock

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Used daily by:Used daily by:Landscape ArchitectsLandscape ArchitectsLandscape ArchitectsLandscape ArchitectsLandscape DesignersLandscape DesignersLandscape DesignersLandscape DesignersLandscape DesignersLandscape DesignersLandscape DesignersLandscape DesignersLandscape ContractorsLandscape ContractorsLandscape ContractorsLandscape ContractorsNurseriesNurseriesGarden CentresGarden CentresGarden CentresGarden CentresMunicipalitiesMunicipalitiesMunicipalitiesMunicipalitiesEducatorsEducatorsStudentsStudents

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Canadian Standards for Nursery Stock8th Edition

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All container and root ball sizes can vary depending upon the different climatic differences in each province. Refer to the local standards for specifi cs.

The committee has endeavoured to provide the information in an orderly manner, as shown in the Index, with commonalities being referred to in specifi c sections, rather than repeating them in each section.

These standards are revised periodically and users should obtain the most current edition by contacting the CNLA offi ce. I would also like to offer a very special thank you to Gro-Bark (Ontario) Ltd. for help making this publication possible with their sponsorship of the Canadian Standards for Nursery Stock, Eighth Edition.

CNLA seeks and welcomes input for future revisions.

Paul Olsen, PresidentCanadian Nursery Landscape Association

The Canadian Nursery Landscape Association (CNLA) has a rich heritage dating back to 1922 with the formation of the Eastern Canada Nurserymen’s Association. Since then, the nursery industry has expanded and with it came the need for more input from the rest of

Canada. The solution came in 1964 with the formation of seven regional associations, each represented on the Board of Directors of CNLA.

In a continued effort to provide professionalism and consistency to the consumer, CNLA has produced this publication, Canadian Standards for Nursery Stock, to establish MINIMUM LEVELS of standards applicable to Canadian growing conditions. This publication refl ects the consensus of a committee from across Canada which represents the Canadian nursery industry and its efforts to standardize minimum growing requirements.

In this, the eighth edition of what was originally printed in 1967, there have been further amendments and additions. The amendments refl ect progressive changes in technology across Canada. The additions address the greater detail required to meet the needs of the industry.

Section A, General Requirements, provides the basis for production. Section B, Defi nitions, provides explanations of terminology used throughout the publication. Section C, Specifi c Requirements, details the minimum technical information expected to meet the national standards.


Message from the President

Canadian Standards for Nursery Stock 8th Edition

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ABOUT THE STANDARDS

In applying these standards, it should be understood that nursery stock is not a manufactured article which can be produced to an exact specifi cation. In spite of a high degree of standard cultural practices, habit and growth will be infl uenced by various climatic conditions found across Canada.

In the preparation of this edition, the Canadian Nursery Landscape Association (CNLA) would like to thank the Standards Committee:

Chairperson - William Stensson, Ontario Committee Member - Stuart Bronson, British ColumbiaCommittee Member - Bob Chan, OntarioCommittee Member - Christene Levatte, Nova ScotiaCommittee Member - Glen Lumis, OntarioCommittee Member - Garfi eld Marshall, British ColumbiaCommittee Member - Ray Shiverton, QuebecCommittee Member - Dave Van Belle, British ColumbiaCommittee Member - Len Smit, British ColumbiaCommittee Member - Harold Voogd, AlbertaStaff Coordinator - Joel Beatson / Joseph Salemi, CNLA

Special acknowledgements to:Landscape Nova Scotia Horticultural Trades Association; Composting Council of Canada.

As we work closely with our counterpart in the U.S. (The American Nursery and Landscape Association), we are confi dent that we have maintained a good line of conformity with the ANLA Standards to ensure easy movement of nursery stock to the U.S.

The national Board of Directors of the Canadian Nursery Landscape Association (CNLA) is cognizant of the fact that these standards need periodic revision and invites input from members and associations.

Compliance LanguageThe principal function of the Standards is to help provide an aid to purchasers and vendors of nursery stock, to communicate with confi dence by using a comprehensive and consistent set of measurements and specifi cations nomenclature. Compliance with the Standards assures that purchasers receive nursery stock that is consistent and which has been measured, sized and prepared for shipment in the manner expected.

Reproduction in any form of this publication is NOT permitted without the expressed permission of the Canadian Nursery Landscape Association (CNLA).

ABOUT THE STANDARDS



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NOTE: All container and root ball sizes may vary depending upon the climatic differences in each province and region. Refer to the local standards for specifi cs, when available.

A GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 6 B DEFINITIONS 7 C SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

1. Container Grown Stock 92. Lining - Out Stock 93. Evergreens and Deciduous Conifers 114. Broadleaf Evergreens 165. Deciduous Trees 196. Deciduous Shrubs 237. Roses 268. Vines 279. Ground Covers 2710. Bamboo, Ornamental Grasses and Yuccas 2711. Fruit Trees 2812. Understock 2813. Small Fruits 2914. Christmas Trees 3115. Perennials 3116. Bulbs, Corms and Tubers 3417. Nursery Sod 3518. Compost 3719. Imperial/Metric Conversions 38

Table of Contents

Canadian Nursery Landscape Association7856 Fifth Line South, RR#4, Station MainMilton, Ontario L9T 2X8Tel: 1-888-446-3499 Fax: 1-866-833-8603E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.canadanursery.com

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A. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS:

A.1Age: When height, spread or caliper is specified the age of the plant is usually not required. However, it may be used in listings or may be required by the purchaser.

A.2All measurements are in metric units. The unit cm (centimetre) must be used to define all heights and spreads. The unit mm (millimetre) must be used to define all caliper measurements.

A.3Botanical nomenclature used must conform with the publication Hortus Third, 1976 or with more current internationally accepted usage. See www.internationalplantnames.com for currently accepted names of woody plants.

Hortus Third, Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium 1976.

List of Names of Woody Plants, 2005-2010

Hillier’s Manual of Trees and Shrubs, 6th edition 1993.

Manual of Cultivated Broadleafed Trees and Shrubs, 3 volumes, Krussman, English edition 1984 - 1986.

Manual of Cultivated Conifers, Krussman, 1985.

Manual of Cultivated Conifers, Den Ouden and Boon, 1982.

Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, Dirr, 1990.

Manual of Cultivated Plants, Bailey, revised edition 1949.

Dictionary of Gardening, Royal Horticultural Society (four volumes), 1992

Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs, Rehder, Second edition 1948.

Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles, beam, Eighth edition, Volumes 1 to 4, 1970 - 1980, supplementary volume 1988.

A.4 Hardiness: The designation of nursery stock shall conform to the hardiness zones of Canada as published by Agriculture Canada, titled, “Map of Plant Hardiness Zones in Canada”.

A.5Nursery Stock must be true to name, and of the size or grade stated.

A.6Packing or wrapping must be adequate for the protection of the stock and sufficient to prevent heating or drying out during storage and/or transportation.

A.7Quality must be typical for the species when grown under proper cultural practices. Fertile soil, ample spacing, weed control, pest control, adequate moisture, pruning and shearing, transplanting or root pruning not less than once in four years, depending on species, are all necessary requirements for normal quality nursery stock. All nursery stock must be viable, substantially free from pests and disease, and undamaged. Between digging and delivery, roots must not be exposed to drying winds, sun and frost. Root balls must be free from pernicious perennial weeds.

A.8Roots: All normal quality nursery stock must have an adequate fibrous root system that has been developed by proper cultivating practices, particularly transplantings or root pruning. Pertinent facts as to when large nursery stock was transplanted or root pruned must be available to the buyer on request.

A.9ScopeThese standards apply to all plant material, specified herein as nursery stock, produced and/or offered for sale.

A.10Sufficient labels or markings must be used to clearly indicate variety, grade or size of each specimen or bundle.

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B. DEFINITIONS:

B.1Bare Root: The root system of nursery stock without a ball of earth.

B.2Branch: The major lateral shoots emanating from a tree trunk, as compared to twigs or spurs, which are minor shoots emanating from a trunk or branch. On large established trees, not nursery stock, branches are referred to as limbs.

B.3Budded: Referring to bud-grafting, where a bud from one plant has been grafted onto another plant (typically an understock) as a method of asexual propagation.

B.4Caliper: The above ground diameter of a distinct part of a nursery stock stem, measured in accordance with these standards. May be abbreviated as Cal.

B.5Cane: The major shoots emanating directly from the basal area of a shrub.

B.6Certified: Designated free of injurious pests or diseases.

B.7Collar: The region of the plant where root and shoot meet, generally at the soil line.

B.8Collected: Material dug from native stands, established woodlots or other non-cultivated areas. Collected plants must be designated as such.

B.9Container: The pot in which nursery stock is grown or sold. Containers are manufactured of different materials such as peat moss, plastic, wood, paper, cloth, etc. and may vary greatly in size, shape and quality. However, in the context of nursery stock, containers are not used as a final installation for growing, as for example in a landscape planter.

B.10Crown: That part of a plant directly above where branching begins.

B.11Cultivar: A contraction of the words cultivated variety. Cultivated plants that are specifically named, whose unique characteristics are retained during propagation and populations are maintained by human efforts. Distinguished from botanical varieties which also are distinct populations of plants in a species, but naturally occurring.

B.12Field Potted: Plants dug with an intact soil ball and placed in a container, in lieu of burlap.

B.13Grade, Nursery Stock Grade: Any and all designations associated with a plant group signifying sizes, qualities and historical details of a nursery stock item.

Grading examples:

•2 yr./No. 1; (2 year plants, number 1 quality)

•250 cm/25 mm cal./B&B; (plants 250 cm in height or spread, with a 25 mm caliper trunk, hand dug balled and burlapped)

B.14Graft: A product or procedure of joining two plants or plant parts together so that they will unite and continue their growth as one, as a method of asexual propagation.

B.15Height: Unless otherwise specified, the vertical distance between the ground line and the top of the stem of nursery stock, measured in its natural position.

B.16Habit: The manner of natural or nursery formed growth, consistent with specific species; e.g. whether tall, dwarf, spreading, trailing, columnar, open, or tree, shrub or herb.

B.17Liners: Young, immature plants intended for growing-on to mature sizes in nurseries, either by lining-out in the field or in containers. Typically 1 or 2 years old and often sold bare-root or in small containers.

B.18Medium: Material plants may be grown in.

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B19.Micropropagation: see Tissue Culture

B.20Nursery Stock: Plants, both woody and herbaceous, including roots, crowns, bulbs, corms and tubers, produced for transplanting. “Nursery Stock” are plants which have been propagated, lined out and grown to promote growth and root development to enable full recovery after transplanting.

B.21Plug: A cylinder of medium in which a plant is grown. The term is generally used for seedlings and rooted cuttings.

B.22Processed Ball: Plants dug bare root, while dormant, to which a moist medium is added around the roots to form a ball designed to sustain plant growth.

B.23Root Ball: The intact ball of earth containing the roots of nursery stock. A root ball may be:

• hand dug and balled and burlapped;

• machine dug and contained in a wire basket;

• potted and grown under proper cultural practices, so that when the pot is removed, the roots are sufficient to keep the root ball intact;

• container grown, so that when the container is removed the roots are sufficient to keep the root ball intact; or in the case of planting stock with the container, so that the roots have penetrated the container wall and bottom, are visible, and the root ball will not be negatively affected when the container is partially damaged for planting;

• in an in-ground fabric container, so that when the fabric is removed the roots are sufficient to keep the root ball intact.

B.24Root Pruning: The systematic pruning of roots of nursery stock growing in the field, in order to stimulate branching of roots and the production of fibrous roots.

B.25Root Stock: A plant on which a variety or species is grafted or budded which is used to support and

or influence the growth habit of the variety. The root stock on which a plant is grafted or budded should be indicated.

B.26Rooted Cutting: A vegetative portion removed from a parent plant that has been induced to form roots and eventually new leaves and shoots.

Hardwood Cuttings are those made from mature, dormant wood; usually after one growing season and when the plant has dropped its leaves.

Softwood Cuttings are those prepared from the soft, succulent new growth of plants during the active growing season usually from the tips of branches.

B.27Spurs: Branches with restricted longitudinal growth and shortened internodes typically appearing on branches of fruit trees and whips.

B.28Tissue Culture: (or micropropagation) - Propagation of plants from very small plant parts, tissues or cells grown in a test tube or container where the environment and nutrition are rigidly controlled.

B.29Trunk: The distinct part of a stem, or stems of a tree, before branching occurs.

B.30Whip: A young tree without branches; but, in some species and grades showing spurs.

B.31Whorl: A group of three or more leaves, flowers or other branches at the same node.

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C. SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

1.0 Container Grown Stock

NOTE: Refer to Page 5

1.1All standards of nursery stock apply to container grown stock, i.e. grading, size, type, spread and height.

1.2The size of the container must be specified in addition to size of plant. For container sizes see table below.

1.3Plants must be grown in the container for a minimum of three months or have a well established root system reaching the sides of the container to maintain a firm ball. In the case of dormant roses, it is generally acceptable that plants may be potted and forced for sales in less than 3 months.

2.0 Lining-Out Stock


2.1Definition: Lining-out stock includes all nursery stock suitable for planting out in nursery rows, beds, con-tainers, or into natural areas. For fruit trees and/or understocks see Section 12.0.

2.2Designation of Size Grades for plugs and bare root. Height measurements are taken from, while caliper measurements are taken at root collar.

2.2.1Height:In 5 cm increments to 30 cmIn 10 cm increments from 30 cm to 60 cmIn 20 cm increments from 60 cm and above.

2.2.2Caliper: In 2 mm increments to 10 mm In 5 mm increments from 10 mm to 30 mm

2.3Seedlings, Hardwood Cuttings, Softwood Cuttings, Layers and Grafts:

Bare Root:Liners of the above shall have a well branched, healthy root system capable of sus-taining vigorous growth. Tops shall be charac-teristic of the species, healthy and free from disease and fungus.

Container grown liners:Roots shall be healthy, reaching the sides of the container and be well enough developed to keep the root ball intact until transplant-ing. Roots shall not encircle each other to an extent where growth will be inhibited. Liners should be transplanted to a larger container after one year.

2.4Age in years must be stated. One growing season may equal one year. If grown for less than one season state age in months. For tree whips, age refers to the number of growing seasons of the bud or main stem if on its own roots.

Container Class

Height Min. (cm) Max.

Inside Top Diameter Min.

(cm) Max.

Inside Bottom Diameter Min.

(cm) Max.

Former Designation

#1 15 - 18 15 - 19 12 - 13 1 gal.

#2 19 - 23 19 - 23 16 - 20 2 gal.

#3 22 - 26 22 - 26 21 - 23 3 gal.

#5 28 - 32 24 - 31 22 - 26 5 gal.

#7 28 - 32 31 - 36 28 - 31 7 gal.

#10 37 - 39 38 - 40 38 - 40 10 gal.

#15 38 - 46 38 - 44 34 - 37 15 gal.

#20 50 - 52 43 - 45 43 - 45 20 gal.

#25 34 - 46 58 - 60 57 - 59 25 gal.

Container Standards


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International Specifications Seedlings1/0 1 year2/0 2 years1/1 2 years, as 1 yr transplanted1/2 3 years, as 2 yr transplanted2/1 3 years, as 1 yr transplanted2/2 4 years, as 2 yr transplanted

Hardwood cuttings0/1 1 year0/2 2 years

Softwood cuttings0/1/0 1 year0/2/0 2 years0/1/1 2 years, as 1 yr transplanted0/1/2 3 years, as 1 yr transplanted0/2/1 3 years, as 2 yr transplanted

Layers-/1/0 1 year-/1/1 2 years, as 1 yr transplanted

GraftsX/1/0 1 yearX/2/0 2 yearsX/1/1 2 years, as 1 yr transplanted

When designating lining-out stock, we have adopted the International Specifications.

There are additional abbreviations that can be used to further describe the product or production method.

RC = Rooted cuttingHWC = Hardwood cuttingSWC = Softwood cuttingRP = Root prunedX = GraftWh = Tree whips, either budded or own rootP1 = PlugsTC = Tissue culture

2.5Height relationship to caliper by height. It is recognized that climatic conditions in different sections of the country produce plants of different caliper height proportions. There is also variance in caliper height proportion from species to species. This should be taken into account.

2.5.1Deciduous Trees and Shrubs “Bare Root”:

When caliper governs, the following measurements are taken at root collar.

Height Root length2 mm 15 cm 15 cm 4 mm 20 cm 20 cm6 mm 25 cm 25 cm8 mm 30 cm 25 cm

When height governs the following measurements are taken from root collar.

Caliper Root length 15 cm 2 mm 15 cm30 cm 4 mm 20 cm50 cm 6 mm 25 cm 60 cm 8 mm 25 cm

2.5.3Recommendations - Evergreen Lining-Out StockEvergreens should be transplanted frequently enough to create a good root system, which will ensure a minimum of transplanting loss, and to give the top room enough to start the branch framework properly, making a well-shaped specimen when placed in the nursery row.

In order to produce a fibrous root system, genera such as Abies, Pinus, and similar sorts, which normal-ly make a few coarse roots, should be transplanted every two or three years, and species such as Thuja and Chamaecyparis should be transplanted every three to four years, as they naturally make better roots.

Broad leaved evergreen genera such as Pyracantha, which normally make a few coarse roots, should be transplanted every year, while those producing a good system of fibrous roots may be transplanted every second year only.

Trimming is also necessary to ensure a proper foun-dation for good shape in the finished plant, although frequent transplanting will usually avoid the necessity of severe trimming.

2.5.4Conifer Plantation and Reforestation PlantsConifer liners for Christmas tree plantation, and refor-estation uses are graded only by height unless caliper is also specified. When caliper is specified it is by millimetre intervals: 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm.

The plug must be sufficiently rooted that it holds to-


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gether upon removal and shall not encircle each other to an extent where growth will be inhibited.

If the seedling is grown bare root, Section 2.3 applies.

Refer to: Canadian Christmas Tree Growers AssociationTel.: (866) 829-5536 or www.christmastree.net

3.0 Evergreen and Deciduous Conifers


3.1Coniferous evergreens, including deciduous conifers may be:(1) Balled and Burlapped(2) Balled and Field Potted(3) Machine Dug into Wire Baskets(4) Container Grown(5) In-ground Fabric Container

3.2Designation of Size GradesHeight or spread measurements to be stated as fol-lows:in 5 cm increments to 30 cm in 10 cm increments from 30 to 60 cmin 20 cm increments from 60 to 100 cmin 25 cm increments from 100 to 300 cm in 50 cm increments from 300 to 500 cm in 100 cm increments from 500 cm and over

3.3Descriptions: Four types of coniferous evergreens are considered separately as follows:

3.3.1Dwarf: Including ground cover, flat and small globe types usually not exceeding 100 cm in height at ma-turity. Measurement shall refer to spread (height not considered). The main body of the plant shall be not less than the size stated.

Examples: Juniperus communis ‘Repanda’Juniperus horizontalis cultivarsJuniperus sabina ‘Tamariscifolia’Juniperus sabina ‘Arcadia’Picea abies ‘Nidiformis’Thuja occidentalis ‘Little Giant’

Typical measurement of a 50 cmSpreading evergreen 3.3.1

Juniperus horizontalis cultivars 80 cm 3.3.1

Picea abies ‘Nidiformis’ 80 cm 3.3.1

Root Ball Diameters (Dwarf)The following table represents the required minimum root ball diameters for field dug plants, excluding those in in-ground fabric containers. For in-ground fabric container root ball size requirements see Sec-tion 3.6.

Larger root balls than those recommended in the table are required when the plants have not been trans-planted or root pruned for four or more years or when plants are dug out of season.

Collected or native material dug from woodlots or fence rows must have a root ball 50% greater than stated in the table.

Root balls one size class smaller than those recom-mended in the table are acceptable for plants fre-quently transplanted or root pruned.

50 cm 60 cm

80 cm

80 cm


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3.3.2Medium Varieties usually not exceeding 200 cm in height or spread at maturity including semi-spreading, globes and compact upright types, commonly used in founda-tion planting. Size measurements must be indicated by the supplier, identifying height and/or spread.

Examples:Juniperus chinensis ‘Pfitzeriana’Juniperus sabinaPicea glauca ‘Conica’Pinus mugo var. mugoTaxus media ‘Brownii’Taxus cuspidata (spreading types)Thuja occidentalis ‘Woodwardii’

Root Ball Diameters (Medium)The following table represents the required minimum root ball diameters for field dug plants, excluding those in in-ground fabric containers. For in-ground fabric container root ball size requirements see Sec-tion 3.6.




3.3.3Tall and ColumnarFrequently used as accent plants in foundation or other plantings. Measurement shall refer to height.

Examples:Juniperus chinensis ‘Mountbatten’Juniperus scopulorum ‘Wichita Blue’Juniperus virginiana ‘Skyrocket’Taxus media ‘Hicksii’

Width at mid-height, in relation to height may vary with growing locations in Canada and amount of pruning. The following table gives some indication of the height - spread relationship. Width not being less than 20% of height. Any deviations shall be indicated by sup-plier or be in accordance with the purchaser’s require-ments.

Height or Spread (whichever is greater)

Root Ball Diameter

30 cm 20 cm

40 cm 25 cm

50 cm 30 cm

60 cm 35 cm

80 cm 40 cm

100 cm 45 cm

125 cm 50 cm

150 cm 60 cm

175 cm 70 cm

Root ball measurements of plants larger than those shown in this table, to be specified by the supplier.

80 cm

Juniperus sabina 80 cm 3.3.2

40 cm

Taxus media ‘Brownii’ 50 cm 3.3.2

50 cm


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Root Ball Diameters (Tall and Columnar)The following table represents the required minimum root ball diameters for field dug plants, excluding those in in-ground fabric containers. For in-ground fabric container root ball size requirements see Sec-tion 3.6.




3.3.4Tall and BroadThis group includes large trees frequently used as lawn specimens or for shelterbelts or screen plant-ings. Measurements shall refer to height.

Examples:

Picea pungensPinus sylvestrisPseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca

Width at base in relation to height may vary with grow-ing location in Canada and amount of pruning. The following table gives some indication of the height-spread relationship. Width at base shall not be less than 40% of height. Any deviations shall be indicated by supplier or be in accordance with purchaser’s requirements.

Height Width at Mid-Height

40 - 50 cm 10 cm

50 - 60 cm 10 cm

60 - 80 cm 15 cm

80 - 100 cm 20 cm

100 - 125 cm 20 cm

125 - 150 cm 25 cm

150 - 175 cm 30 cm

175 - 200 cm 35 cm

200 - 225 cm 40 cm

225 - 250 cm 40 cm

250 - 275 cm 50 cm

275- 300 cm 50 cm

Height or Spread(whichever is greater)

Root Ball Diameter

50 cm 25 cm

60 cm 30 cm

80 cm 35 cm

100 cm 40 cm

125 cm 45 cm

150 cm 50 cm

175 cm 60 cm

200 cm 70 cm

225 cm 75 cm

250 cm 80 cmRoot ball measurements of plants larger than those shown in this table, to be specified by the supplier.

125 cm

45 cm

Juniperus chinensis ‘Mountbatten’ 125 cm 3.3.3

125 cm

Taxus media ‘Hicksii’ 125 cm 3.3.325 cm


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Root Ball Diameters (Tall and Broad)The following table represents the required minimum root ball diameters for field dug plants, excluding those in in-ground fabric containers. For in-ground fabric container root ball size requirements see Sec-tion 3.6.




3.4Digging Standards These standards include hand balling and burlapping, balling and field potting, and machine digging into wire baskets.

Root ball sizes should always be of a width and depth to encompass enough of the fibrous and absorptive root system to enable full recovery of the plant.

Plant trunks should be centred in the root ball.

3.4.1Balled and BurlappedBalls must be solid, remain intact until transplanted and be tied tightly with burlap and rope. Using 140g jute burlap, balls may be dug up to 40 cm in diameter without the support of heavy twine or rope.

3.4.2Balled and Field Potted Plants to be dug and placed in a container (in lieu of burlap) with the root ball intact.

Height Base Width

80 - 100 cm 35 cm

100 - 125 cm 40 cm

125 - 150 cm 50 cm

150 - 175 cm 60 cm

175 - 200 cm 70 cm

200 - 225 cm 75 cm

225 - 250 cm 80 cm

250 - 275 cm 90 cm

275 - 300 cm 100 cm

Height or Spread(whichever is greater)

Root Ball Diameter

50 cm 30 cm

60 cm 35 cm

80 cm 40 cm

100 cm 45 cm

125 cm 50 cm

150 cm 60 cm

175 cm 70 cm

200 cm 80 cm

225 cm 90 cm

250 cm 90 cm

275 cm 100 cm

300 cm 122 cm

350 cm 127 cmRoot ball measurements of plants larger than those shown in this table, to be specified by the supplier.

Height shall be determined midway between the tip of the leader and the uppermost whorl.

125 cm

45 cm

Pinus nigra 125 cm 3.3.4


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3.4.3Machine Dug Into Wire BasketPlants to be dug and placed mechanically in burlap lined wire baskets with root balls intact. The burlap shall be secured tightly over the top of the ball and the wire basket cross laced securely. The basket shall fit the ball tightly, crimping can ensure this.

3.4.4Root Ball DiametersThe following table represents the required minimum root ball diameters for field dug plants, excluding those in in-ground fabric containers. For in-ground fabric container root ball size requirements see Sec-tion 3.6.




3.4.5Root Ball DepthBalls of a specified diameter, as well as having suf-ficient depth to encompass the fibrous and absorptive root systems, should be deep enough to withstand the handling and transportation necessary in the trans-planting operation without breaking.

3.4.6Root Ball WeightThe following table is to be used only as a guide. Root ball weight will vary considerably depending on the soil type and the moisture content.

3.5Container Grown StandardsAll standards of nursery stock shall be applicable to container grown conifers.

Plants shall be healthy, vigorous and well rooted.

Plants must be grown in the container for a minimum of three months or have a well developed root system reaching the sides of the container to keep the root ball intact until transplanted.

The container shall be sufficiently rigid to hold the root ball shape during handling and shipping.

Grade designations shall include plant size and con-tainer size. Plant sizes shall agree with the descrip-tions in Section 3.3. Container sizes shall conform with the table in Section 3.5.1. Plant age is usually not specified but may be requested by the purchaser.

Plants in containers up to and including #5 should be transplanted into a larger container after two growing seasons.

3.5.1Container SizeContainer sizes are to be adequate to provide suf-ficient space for growing medium and root growth. Container sizes to conform to Table 1.2.

Container size in relation to plant size will vary with geographical location and grower established prac-tice.

Root Ball Diameter Estimated Weight

25 cm 10 kg

35 cm 35 kg

40 cm 45 kg

50 cm 100 kg

60 cm 150 kg

70 cm 200 kg

80 cm 300 kg

90 cm 400 kg

100 cm 600 kg

110 cm 850 kg

120 cm 1200 kg

150 cm 2000 kg

�Canadian Standards for Nursery Stock 8th Edition

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3.6In-ground Fabric ContainersThese containers have been developed in recent years and may be used by growers to increase root density and enable digging and transplanting with smaller root balls than for conventional field dug plants. Users unfamiliar with handling plants produced in in-ground containers should consult the growers.

The following table represents the recommended min-imum root ball diameters for plants grown in in-ground containers. Plants must be grown for a minimum of two seasons in the fabric container. Coniferous trees shall be grown not longer than six years in the con-tainer depending on the plant size and container size at planting.

The following tables provide a guide to container size.Dwarf and Medium Size Conifers

(Section 3.3.1 and 3.3.2)

Spread or Height Container Size

15 - 30 cm #1

25 - 40 cm #2

30 - 50 cm #3

40 - 60 cm #5

50 - 90 cm #7 and #10

Tall & Columnar, Tall & Broad Conifers(Section 3.3.3 and 3.3.4)

Height Container Size

15 - 40 cm #1

30 - 60 cm #2

50 - 100 cm #3

Approximate Height

Ball Diameter Ball Depth Approximate Weight

100 - 125 cm 30 cm 25 cm 25 kg

125 - 150 cm 30 cm 25 cm 25 kg

150 - 175 cm 30 cm 25 cm 25 kg

175 - 200 cm 45 cm 30 cm 40 kg

200 - 225 cm 45 cm 30 cm 40 kg

225 - 250 cm 45 cm 40 cm 40 kg

250 - 275 cm 60 cm 30 cm 55 kg

275 - 300 cm 60 cm 30 cm 55 kg

In-Ground Fabric Containers

Approximate Height Range

Caliper Ball Diameter

Approximate Ball Depth

Approximate Ball Weight

300 - 425 cm 40 mm 40 cm 30 cm 30 kg

300 - 425 cm 45 mm 40 cm 30 cm 35 kg

350 - 500 cm 50 mm 45 cm 40 cm 50 kg

350 - 500 cm 60 mm 45 cm 40 cm 50 kg

425 - 550 cm 70 mm 45 mm 40 cm 55 kg

450 - 575 cm 80 mm 45 cm 40 cm 55 kg

475 - 600 cm 90 mm 60 cm 40 cm 60 kg

500 - 625 cm 100 mm 60 cm 40 cm 60 kg

4.0 Broadleaf EvergreensNOTE: Refer to Page 5

4.1Broadleafed evergreens may be:(1) Balled and Burlapped(2) Balled and Field Potted(3) Container Grown

4.2Designation of Size Grades:Height or spread measurements to be as follows:

in 5 cm increments to 30 cmin 10 cm increments from 30 to 60 cmin 20 cm increments from 60 to 100 cmin 25 cm increments from 100 to 300 cmin 50 cm increments from 300 and up

4.2.1GradingBecause of varying conditions of growth and meth-ods of production preferred or necessitated by cli-mate, soil and other conditions beyond the control of the grower as well as established pruning prac-tices, it is difficult to rigidly standardize plant mate-rial. Therefore, judgement should be exercised and allowances made for plant material of a designated size being at the smaller end of the size class. 4.3Descriptions: Four types of broadleaf evergreens are considered separately as follows:

4.3.1Spreading: Mainly flat types used as ground covers; height, seldom greater than 30 cm, not a significant factor. Size always refers to spread.

Examples:Arctostaphylos uva-ursiCotoneaster dammeriGenista lydia

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4.3.2Semi-spreading: Height is approximately1/2 the spread. Size refers to spread.

Examples:Buxus microphylla koreanaEuonymus fortunei cultivarsPrunus laurocerasus ‘Zabeliana’Rhododendron (such as ‘Elizabeth’ and ‘Scarlet Wonder’)

4.3.3Globe and Dwarf forms: Spread should not be less than 2/3 of the height. Size refers to height.

Examples:Berberis verruculosaBerberis buxifolia var. nanaBuxus sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’Ilex x meserveae ‘Blue Boy’Pieris japonicaRhododendron (such as ‘Unique’ and ‘Bow Bells’)

IIex x meservae ‘Blue Boy’ 60cm 4.3.3

4.3.4Upright Forms: Spread should not to be less than 1/3 of height. Size refers to height.

Examples:Berberis julianaeIlex aquifolium Plant trunks or stems should be cen-tred in the root ball.

Balls should be solid, remain intact until planted and be tied tightly with burlap and rope. Using 140g jute

Rhododendron ‘Dr. Dresselhuys’ 80cm 4.3.4

burlap, balls may be dug up to 40 cm diameter with-out the support of heavy twine or rope. Field dug and potted plants should have an intact soil ball and be placed in a container in lieu of burlap.

4.4.1Root Ball DiametersThe following table represents the recommended

Cotoneaster dammeri 60cm 4.3.1

60 cm

60 cm

Buxus microphylla koreana 40cm 4.3.2

40 cm

80 cm

40 cm


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minimum root ball diameters for field dug plants, excluding those in in-ground fabric container.

Plant trunks or stems should be centred in the root ball.

Balls should be solid, remain intact until planted and be tied tightly with burlap and rope. Using 140g jute burlap, balls may be dug up to 40 cm diameter with-out the support of heavy twine or rope. Field dug and potted plants should have an intact soil ball and be placed in a container in lieu of burlap.

4.4.1Root Ball DiametersThe following table represents the recommended minimum root ball diameters for field dug plants, excluding those in in-ground fabric container.

Larger root balls than those recommended in the table are required when the plants have not been trans-planted or root pruned for four or more years, or when plants are dug out of season.

Collected material must have a root ball 50% greater than stated in the table.

4.4.2Root Ball DepthBalls of a specified diameter, as well as having suf-ficient depth to encompass the fibrous and absorptive root system, should also be deep enough to withstand the handling and transportation necessary in the transplanting operation without breaking.

4.4.3Soil Ball WeightThis table is to be used only as a guide. Root ball weight will vary considerably depending on the soil type and the moisture content.

4.5Container Grown StandardsAll standards of nursery stock shall be applicable to container grown broadleaf evergreens.

Plants must be grown in the container for a minimum of three months or have a well developed root system reaching the sides of the container to maintain a firm ball.

The container shall be sufficiently rigid to hold the root shape during handling and shipping.

All plants shall be specified by both plant size and container size. Plant sizes shall agree with the de-scriptions in Section 4.3. Container sizes shall agree with the table in Section 4.5.1. Plant age is usually not important but may be requested by the purchaser.

Plants in containers smaller than #5 should be trans-planted into a larger container after two growing seasons. Those in #5 containers and larger should be tranplanted into a larger container after three growing seasons.

4.5.1Container SizeContainer size should be adequate to provide suffi-cient space for growing medium and root growth.

Container size in relation to plant size will vary with section of the country and established grower prac-tice.

The following table provides a guide to container size.

Plant Height or Spread(whichever is greater)

Root Ball Diameter

30 cm 20 cm

40 cm 25 cm

50 cm 30 cm

60 cm 35 cm

80 cm 40 cm

100 cm 50 cm

125 cm 60 cm

150 cm 70 cm

Root Ball Diameter Estimated Weight

25 cm 10 kg

35 cm 35 kg

40 cm 45 kg

45 cm 70 kg

50 cm 100 kg

60 cm 150 kg

70 cm 200 kg

Plant Size Container Size

15 to 30 cm # 1

25 to 50 cm #2

40 to 80 cm #3

60 to 100 cm #4

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5.0 Dedicuous Trees


5.1Deciduous trees, including shade and flowering trees, may be:(1) Bare Root(2) Balled and Burlapped(3) Machine Dug into Wire Baskets(4) Processed Ball(5) Container Grown(6) In-Ground Fabric Container

5.2Descriptions: Three types of deciduous trees are considered separately as follows:

5.2.1Dwarf, Formal and Topworked (grafted) TreesThis group includes many small trees grown as stan-dards, (topworked or grafted). The maximum height at maturity for this group is usually 600 cm.

Specify the following: (a) Height of the stem in appropriate cm increments.(b) The size and / or age of the head.(c) The caliper of the stem, when the caliper exceeds 40 mm

Acer platanoides ‘Globosum’ 150cm stem, 60 cm head, 5.2.1

Examples:Acer platanoides ‘Globosum’/200 cm stem, 60 cm headCatalpa bignonioides ‘Nana’/200 cm stem, 50 mm caliper, 60 cm headCaragana arborescens ‘Pendula’/125 cm stem, 40 cm/2yr. head

5.2.1.1Measuring CaliperCaliper must be the determining measurement when the caliper exceeds 40 mm. It must be measured no less than 15 cm above the ground level for trees with a caliper up to 100 mm. Trees 100 mm and larger caliper are to be measured 30 cm above the ground level.

5.2.2Standard Shade Trees includes large growing shade trees which may be suitable for streets, boulevards, parks, residential or industrial use. They can also be used as screens and shelter belts.

Examples:Acer platanoidesAcer saccharumFraxinus pennsylvanicaGleditsia triacanthos cultivarsTilia cordata

Standard Shade Trees must have straight sturdy trunks, with a well branched and balanced head. Branching structure of the head will vary according to species, height, age and climatic/cultural conditions. A dominant, central leader will not necessarily be evi-

70 cm

Acer saccharum 350 cm 5.2.2

350 cm

60 cm

150 cm


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dent or expected at a certain age of a tree’s maturity or be typical of its natural growth habit. This form of indeterminate or diffuse branching should be recog-nized and considered acceptable when bid specifica-tions are given.

Height must be as follows:

in 25 cm increments from 100 cm to 200 cmin 50 cm increments from 200 cm to 500 cmin 100 cm increments from 500 cm and over

Height of Branching (Street Trees)Bid specifications for trees for street plantings should specify the height to which the tree should be free of branching. Height of branching should bear a relation-ship to the size and kind of tree.

For Standard Shade Trees - Caliper is designated as follows:

in 2 mm increments to 10 mmin 5 mm increments from 10 mm to 50 mmin 10 mm increments from 50 mm to 100 mmin 25 mm increments above 100 mm

Height Relationship to Caliper by TypesIt is recognized that climatic conditions in different sections of the country produce trees of different cali-per-height proportions. Trees from one region of the country may have less caliper in proportion to height while trees from another regions may have greater caliper in proportion to height than shown in the fol-lowing table.

The following table shows the average height range and the maximum heights permitted. 5.2.2.1Whips are immature shade trees that are tradition-ally used for growing either in open field plantings or grown to a larger size in containers. The term “whip” refers to the fact that there is little or no lateral

branching. Whips are normally one year old when grown from hardwood cuttings, 2 years when grown from softwood cuttings or seedlings and in the case of budded varieties they normally have a 1 year top and a 2 year root system. Tree whips should have straight, sturdy trunks and a well developed root sys-tem. Height and caliper measurements of whips may vary according to species, height and climatic/cultural conditions.

5.2.3Other Forms of Trees:(a) Small Spreading TreeThese are usually small trees which may have a stem 30 cm to 80 cm in height and a well balanced head.

Examples:Amelanchier laevis Cercis canadensisFagus sylvatica ‘Riversii’ Malus ‘Royalty’

(b) Columnar and Fastigiate TypesThese are tall growing trees with one main stem usu-ally branched from ground level. If not branched from the ground, state height of branching.

Examples:Carpinus betulus ‘Fastigiata’ Fagus sylvatica ‘Fastigiata’Quercus robur ‘Fastigiata’ Populus canescens ‘Tower’

(c) Multi-stemmed TypesTall growing trees with 2 or more main stems, the number of stems shall be specified as follows:

Standard Shade Trees Measured by Height

Overall Approximate

Height

Caliper Minimum Number of

Branches in Head

Minimum Root Spread

200 - 250 cm 20 mm 3 40 cm

250 - 300 cm 25 mm 5 45 cm

250 - 300 cm 30 mm 6 50 cm

300 - 350 cm 35 mm 7 60 cm

Standard Shade Trees Measured by Caliper

Caliper Overall Height Minimum Number of Branches in Head

40 mm 250 - 300 cm 8

45 mm 300 - 350 cm 9

50 mm 350 - 400 cm 10

Whips

Height Approximate Caliper

60 - 80 cm 10 mm

80 - 100 cm 10 mm

100 - 125 cm 15 mm

125 - 150 cm 15 mm

150 - 175 cm 20 mm

175 - 200 cm 20 mm

200 - 250 cm 20+mm


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5.3Digging StandardsThese standards include bare root, balled and bur-lapped, machine dug into wire baskets and processed ball but does not include in-ground fabric containers.

Root and ball sizes should always be of a width and depth to encompass enough of the fibrous and ab-sorptive root system to enable full recovery of the plant.

Amelanchier laevis 300 cm 5.2.3(a)

- 2 stem- 3 or more stems

More stems may be specified if desired. The larg-est stem shall determine the grade of the clump. No stem may be counted if it is more than two sizes smaller than the size specified. For example, a speci-fied Betula 80 mm clump 3 stems, could have two stems 60 mm, one 80 mm and still be acceptable as an 80 mm clump.

Examples: Acer ginnala Betula papyrifera

Quercus robur ‘Fastigiata’ 300 cm 5.2.3(b)

5.3.1Bare RootAll bare root trees shall have a well branched root system characteristic of the species. Root size must conform to the table in Section 5.2 and 5.3.

Betula papyrifera 300 cm 5.2.3(c)

5.3.2Balled and BurlappedBalls must be solid, remain intact until planted and be tied tightly with burlap and rope. Using 142 g jute burlap, balls may be dug up to 40 cm diameter with-out the support of heavy twine or rope. Root ball sizes must conform to the tables in Section 5.2 and 5.3. Plant trunks should be in the centre of the root ball.

5.3.3Machine Dug into Wire BasketPlants dug mechanically with an intact soil ball and placed in burlap lined wire baskets. The burlap shall be secured tightly over the top of the ball and the wire basket cross laced securely. The basket shall fit the ball tightly, crimping can en-sure this. Plant trunks should be in the centre of the root ball.

5.3.4Processed BallPlants dug bare root, while dormant, to which a moist medium is added around the roots to form a ball shall have a well branched root system characteristic of the species. Root size must conform to the tables in Sec-tion 5.2 and 5.3.

5.3.5Root Ball DiameterThe following table below represents the recom-mended minimum root ball diameters for field dug plants, excluding those in in-ground fabric containers.

300 cm

50 cm

300 cm

300 cm


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For in-ground fabric container recommendations see Section 5.5.


The minimum root ball size for multi-stemmed trees shall be one size larger than the sizes specified for single-stemmed trees of equivalent caliper as shown in the table below.


5.4Container Grown StandardsAn established container grown tree shall be a tree transplanted into a container and grown in that con-tainer for a sufficient length of time for new fibrous roots to have developed so that the root mass will retain its shape and hold together when removed from the container. Trees should be transplanted into larger containers after 3 years.

The container shall be sufficiently rigid to hold the ball shape to protect the root mass during shipping. The trunk shall be protected during shipping and the top shall be protected if necessary to prevent excess branch breakage.

Dwarf and light growing varieties may be one or two sizes smaller than standard for a given size container.

All trees are to be individually labelled.

Due to the wide range of soil mixes used across Canada weight will not be used as a standard for con-tainer grown trees. (see table).5.5 In-ground Fabric Container StandardsThese containers have been developed in recent years and may be used by growers to increase root density and enable a smaller root ball than for con-ventional field dug plants. Users unfamiliar with han-dling plants produced in in-ground containers should consult the growers.

The following table represents the recommended minimum root ball diameters for in-ground containers. Plants must be grown for a minimum of two seasons in the fabric container. Deciduous trees should be grown in the same container for a maximum of four years depending on the plant size and container size at planting. After this period trees should transplanted into larger containers.

Field Grown Trees

Approximate Height Range

Caliper Ball Diameter

Approximate Ball Depth

Approximate Ball Weight

250 - 300 cm 40 mm 60 cm 40 cm 150 kg

300 - 425 cm 50 mm 70 cm 40 cm 200 kg

350 - 500 cm 60 mm 70 cm 40 cm 200 kg

425 - 550 cm 70 mm 80 cm 50 cm 300 kg

450 - 575 cm 80 mm 90 cm 50 cm 400 kg

475 - 600 cm 90 mm 90 cm 50 cm 400 kg

500 - 625 cm 100 mm 100 cm 50 cm 600 kg

550 - 700 cm 125 mm 120 cm 80 cm 1200 kg

600 - 775 cm 150 mm 150 cm 80 cm 1500 kg

650 - 825 cm 175 mm 175 cm 80 cm 1800 kg

700 - 825 cm 200 mm 200 cm 80 cm 2000 kg

Container Grown Trees

Height Range Approximate Caliper

Container Top Diameter

Container Size

50 - 80 cm 8 mm 15 - 19 #1

80 - 125 cm 10 mm 19 - 23 #2

100 - 150 cm 15 mm 23 - 26 #3

150 - 250 cm 20 - 30 mm 25 - 31 #5

200 - 300 cm 30 - 35 mm 31 - 36 #7

250 - 350 cm 35 - 40 mm 38 - 40 #10

300 - 400 cm 40 - 45 mm 38 - 44 #15

350 - 450 cm 45 - 50 mm 43 - 45 #20

400 - 500 cm 50 - 60 mm 50 - 60 #25


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6.0 Deciduous Shrubs


6.1Deciduous Shrubs may be:(1) Bare Root(2) Balled and Burlapped(3) Balled and Field Potted(4) Processed Balled(5) Container Grown(6) In-ground Fabric Containers

6.2Descriptions: Deciduous shrubs are considered under 4 groups, according to their habit, number of canes and root spread.

6.2.1Dwarf Shrubs: This group seldom exceeds 100 cm at maturity.

Examples:Cotoneaster adpressus var. praecoxHypericum kalmianumPotentilla fruticosaSpiraea bumalda ‘Anthony Waterer’Symphoricarpos chenaultii ‘Hancock’Viburnum opulus ‘Nanum’

6.2.2Medium Growing Shrubs: Mainly compact growing shrubs, usually not greater than 200 cm at maturity.

Examples:Chaenomeles speciosaEuonymus alataPhiladelphus coronarius ‘Aureus’Rosa rugosa Spiraea x vanhouttei

50 cm

Potentilla fruiticosa 6.2.1

6.2.3Tall Growing Shrubs of Substantial Habit:This group includes tall growing shrubs that generally grow to 200 cm or more at maturity.

Examples:Acanthopanax sieboldianusCornus alternifoliaLonicera tall types Philadelphus tall typesPrunus triloba ‘Multiplex’ Sambucus nigra ‘Aurea’ Syringa chinensisSyringa vulgarisViburnum opulus

80 cm

Euonymus alata 6.2.2

6.2.1 Canes and Root Spread in Relation to Height

Height Minimum # of Canes Minimum Root Spread

20 - 30 cm 3 15 cm

30 - 40 cm 4 20 cm

40 - 50 cm 4 25 cm

50 - 60 cm 5 25 cm

60 - 80 cm 5 30 cm

80 - 100 cm 6 35 cm


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Viburnum lantanaRibes sanguineum

6.2.4Tall Growing Shrubs of Slender Habit: This group includes tall growing shrubs of 200 cm or more at maturity.

Examples:Caragana arborescens Euonymus europaeus Syringa reticulata Tamarix ramosissimaViburnum lentago

6.3Digging StandardsThese standards include bare root, balled and bur-lapped, balled and field potted and processed ball.

Root and ball sizes should always be of a width and depth to encompass enough of the fibrous and ab-

sorptive root system to enable full recovery of the plant.

Plant trunks should be centred in the root ball.

6.3.1Bare RootAll bare root shrubs must have a well branched root system characteristic of the species. Root sizes must conform to the tables in Section 6.2.

6.3.2Balled and BurlappedBalls must be solid, remain intact until planted and be tied tightly with burlap and rope. Using 140g jute burlap, balls may be dug up to 40 cm diameter with-out the support of heavy twine. Root ball sizes must conform to the tables in Section 6.2.

100 cm

Viburnum lentago 100 cm 6.2.4



20 - 30 cm 3 15 cm

30 - 40 cm 4 20 cm

40 - 50 cm 4 25 cm

50 - 60 cm 4 30 cm

60 - 80 cm 5 35 cm

80 - 100 cm 5 40 cm

100 - 125 cm 5 50 cm

125 - 150 cm 6 60 cm

150 - 175 cm 6 60 cm

175 - 200 cm 7 65 cm



20 - 30 cm 3 15 cm

30 - 40 cm 4 20 cm

40 - 50 cm 4 25 cm

50 - 60 cm 4 30 cm

60 - 80 cm 5 35 cm

80 - 100 cm 5 40 cm

100 - 125 cm 5 50 cm

125 - 150 cm 6 60 cm

150 - 175 cm 6 60 cm

175 - 200 cm 7 65 cm

100 cm

Lonicera tall types 100 cm 6.2.3


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6.3.3Balled and Field PottedPlants dug with an intact soil ball, placed in a con-tainer (in lieu of burlap) must have root ball sizes that conform to the tables in Section 6.2.

6.3.4Processed BallPlants dug bare root, while dormant, to which a moist medium is added around the roots to form a ball shall have a well branched root system characteristic of the species. Root size must conform to the tables in Sec-tion 6.2.

6.4Container Grown StandardsAll standards of nursery stock shall beapplicable to container grown shrubs.

Roots shall be healthy, vigorous and well rooted.Plants must be grown in the container for a minimum of three months or have a well developed root system reaching the sides of the container to maintain a fi rm ball.

The container shall be suffi ciently rigid to hold the root shape during the handling and shipping.

All plants shall be specifi ed by both plant size and container size. Plant size shall agree with the descrip-tions in Section 6.2. Container sizes shall agree with the descriptions in Section 6.4.1. Plant age is usually not specifi ed but may be requested by the purchaser.

Transplant plants into larger containers after two years.

6.4.1

Container SizeContainer size should be adequate to provide suffi -cient space for growing medium and root growth.

Container size in relation to plant size will vary with section of the country and growth established prac-tice.

The following table provides a guide to container size.



40 - 50 cm 3 25 cm

50 - 60 cm 3 25 cm

60 - 80 cm 3 30 cm

80 - 100 cm 3 30 cm

100 - 125 cm 4 40 cm

125 - 150 cm 4 45 cm

150 - 175 cm 4 50 cm

175 - 200 cm 4 55 cm

200 - 250 cm 4 60 cm

250 - 300 cm 5 65 cm Height Minimum # of Canes Container Size

15 - 40 cm 3 #1

25 - 60 cm 4 #2

30 - 80 cm 4 #3

40 - 100 cm 5 #5

60 - 150 cm 6 #7 & #10


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7.0 Roses


7.1There are numerous cultivars of roses available in today’s market place. Due to the similarity of the bushes, special care must be taken in labelling. All bundles must be labelled and securely tied.

7.2Long storage periods are frequently required. Special care must be taken to ensure that these plants are kept free of disease, damaged roots or branches. A well developed fibrous root system is essential.

7.3Roses are produced by either budding the cultivars onto a rootstock or by rooting cuttings. Budding plants must have the understock identified.

7.4If wax is applied to prevent desiccation during stor-age, clear wax or light coloured wax must be used.

7.5Roses are to be graded as numbers 1, 1-1/2 and 2, according to the type, and the number and length of strong canes. All canes must be sturdy and in good condition.

7.6Grading for Budded and Own-Rooted Plants of all classes:

7.6.1Climbing roses:

Examples:Paul’s ScarletWilliam Baffin

No. 1 - Three or more strong canes measuring a mini-mum of 50 cm in length and branched no higher than 10 cm above the bud union or ground level.

No. 1-1/2 - Two or more strong canes measuring a minimum of 40 cm in length and branched no higher than 10 cm above the bud union or ground level.

45 cm

Grade No.1-1/2 7.6.1

35 cm

Grade No.1 7.6.1

No. 2 - All other plants that do not meet grade for No. 1-1/2.

7.6.2Vigorous roses:

Examples:HansaPeaceQueen Elizabeth




7.6.3Semi-Dwarf, Dwarf and Miniatures Roses:

Examples:ChamplainThe Fairy




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8.0 Vines


8.1 Fast Growing Vines:Vines which normally produce a number of vigor-ous runners within one to two years shall be graded or designated according to: age, grade, number and length of runners and other characteristics such as grafted, cuttings, container size and any needed stak-ing.

8.1.1No. 1 - Heavy and well branched, with not less than 3 runners 50 cm and up, and vigorous well developed root system.

Examples:Lonicera japonica ‘Halliana’Lonicera sempervirensParthenocissus quinquefolia ‘Engelmannii’Polygonum aubertii

8.1.2No. 2 - Lighter grade below number 1 standard, 3 runners 30 cm with a well developed root system.

8.2Medium Growing Vines: Woody vines, with a single cane or runner, shall be designated by age and heavy or light foliage grades. eg. Lonicera x heckrottii ‘Goldflame’

8.2.1No. 1 - Must be heavy and well branched with a vigor-ous well developed root system, at a minimum length of 30 cm roots and branches.

8.2.2No. 2 - Lighter grade than the above without serious defects. However, root system must be in propor-tion to top, with a minimum length of 25 cm roots and branches.

8.3Slower Growing Vines:Woody vines, with a single cane or runner, shall be designated by age and heavy or light foliage grades.

8.3.1No. 1 - Must be heavy and well branched with a vigor-ous well developed root system, at a minimum length of 20 cm roots and branches.

8.3.2No. 2 - Lighter grade than the above without serious defects. However, root system must be in propor-tion to top, with a minimum length of 15 cm roots and branches.

8.4Older Vines: Must be designated according to age, heavy or light grades, length of runners and other characteristics, such as standard, grafted, or potted, and if staked.

9.0 Ground Covers


9.1Ground Covers must be designated or described by age, size of clump, number and length of runners where applicable, and other characteristics peculiar to the particular species offered.

9.2Where ground covers are in containers, the type and size of container must be given; if they are grown in flats, number of plants per flat, size of the flat together with age of plant must be specified.

Examples:Arctostaphylos uva-ursiHypericum calycinumHedera helix cultivarsPachysandra terminalisVinca minor

For further information on ground covers in contain-ers, please refer to Section 1.0

10.0 Bamboos, Ornamental Grasses and Yuccas NOTE: Refer to Page 5

Generally designate whether balled and burlapped, in container (include size), or bare root, as well as height and number of canes.

10.1Grassy or Cane Bamboos: Sold by number of matured canes and height.

Size (i) 3 fully matured canesSize (ii) 4-5 fully matured canesSize (iii) 6 or more fully matured canes


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Examples:PhyllostachysArundinaria

10.2Ornamental Grasses: May be sold by clumps, mea-sured by diameter (cm) of clump at soil level in the dormant stage.

Examples:Miscanthus sinensis ‘Zebrinus’Cortaderia SelloanaFestuca glauca

10.3Yuccas: Sold by container size and by age if field grown.

Examples:Yucca angustifoliaYucca filamentosaYucca glauca

11.0 Fruit Trees


11.1Fruit trees are grown by many Canadian nurseries to satisfy the requirements of the commercial fruit growing industry. As the age/size requirements for the commercial fruit growing industry is somewhat differ-ent than that of the retail market, standards have been designed primarily for the needs of the commercial fruit grower. Some nurseries may choose to apply the standards for shade trees, Section 5.2.3 to fruit trees sold to the retail market.

11.2All grades must be well rooted, free of diseases, and reasonably straight. Two year stock must be branched.

11.3Age of trees may be stated.

11.4All fruit trees should have one label per bundle, tied securely and colour coded. The understock should also be noted on the label.

11.5Caliper should be taken 3 cm above the bud union.

The caliper must govern over the height. Branched means minimum of 3 branches 30 cm long.

Example: Apple McIntosh (M26) 15 mm cal.

All fruit trees should include the type of understock on the label.

ExceptionsThe following height/caliper relationship shall not be deemed applicable in the case of varieties catego-rized to be genetic mutants. Each of these varieties shall be sized according to varietal characteristics.

Example: “Bonanza dwarf peach”

1 year Trees (by caliper only)Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, Plums, Cherries

25 mm whips/branched22 mm whips/branched19 mm whips/branched16 mm whips/branched13 mm whips/branched10 mm whips 7 mm whips

1 year Trees (by height only)Apples, Pears, Quince

19 mm whips/branched 150 cm16 mm whips/branched 140 cm13 mm whips/branched 120 cm10 mm whips 100 cm 7 mm whips 60 cm

All trees grown 2 years or greater shall all be mea-sured by caliper only, provided they are sold to the commercial market. (See Section 11.1)

12. 0 Understock


12.1General Specifications:This section is to cover plants (primarily shade, flow-ering, fruit, and nut trees) graded by caliper generally used for grafting and budding. For plants graded by height see Section 2.5.2 and Section 5.2.2.

12.1.1QualityThe quality of all understock offered is assumed to

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be normal for the species of variety unless otherwise designated. It is essential that the stem be reasonably straight.

12.1.2Method of MeasurementCaliper shall be taken at the collar or ground line unless height is specified by purchaser, who must indicate if he or she wants height only or height and caliper.

Age is not important when caliper is specified; how-ever, it may be requested by purchaser.

12.2 Grading IncrementsInternational specifications will apply as seen in Sec-tion 2.4 of these standards followed by the grading measurement in millimetres.

Example: 1/0 5 mm

1.5 mm 15 mm 3 mm 16 mm 5 mm 20 mm 6 mm 22 mm 8 mm 25 mm 10 mm

12.3Types of Plants

12.3.1Seedlings with LimbsThere will be no limbs on one side of the seedling for at least 5 cm above the collar to ensure a budding or grafting area.

The root system and the plant shall be free of me-chanical, chemical and climatological damage. The plant must have a length of 40 cm including the root system.

One year cuttings must have a one year growth of at least 15 cm.

Two year cuttings must have a growth of 15 cm.

The plants need to be sufficiently straight.

12.3.1.1Root DescriptionsIn case of apple and pear seedlings, where the root descriptions is given as branched or straight, the fol-lowing shall apply:

12.3.1.2Branched Root: Not less than three root branches must be present within 13 cm.

Straight Root: The root shall carry the minimum cali-per of the grade fore not less than 15 cm of the collar.

12.3.2Vegetatively Propagated Plants

From LayeringStem caliper shall be taken 25 cm above the bottom of the layer (basal cut).

Roots - a minimum of 3 root nodes, each node con-taining at least 1 root.

12.3.2.2Hardwood Cuttings

Caliper must be taken at the collar or ground line.

12.3.2.3Softwood or Micro-PropagatedCaliper must be taken at the collar or ground line.

12.3.3UnclassifiedAny root stock not meeting the above specifications should be labelled “unclassified”.

12.4Shade and Flowering Tree SeedlingsShade and Flowering Tree Seedlings, when used for understock, are graded by caliper as per this section.

13.0 Small Fruits


13.1Special care must be taken with small fruit, especially raspberries and strawberries to ensure that stock is free of disease and insect pests. All stock used for propagation purposes should be certified where such plant material is available.

13.2Raspberries

Grading:No. 1 - Suckers, root cuttings and tip plants must be 6 mm and up in caliper at the collar; plants should have 30 cm or more of live tops; and well rooted.


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No. 2 - Suckers, root cuttings and tip plants, must be 4 mm and up in caliper at the collar; suckers and root cuttings should have 20 cm of live tops; tip plants, 15 cm or more of live tops, and all proportionately rooted.

13.3Transplanted Raspberries

Grading:No. 1 - All transplanted raspberries must be 8 mm and up in caliper at the collar, have 40 cm or more of live tops and be well rooted.

13.4Dewberries, Blackberries, Boysenberries

Grading:No. 1 - Root cuttings must caliper 4 mm and sucker plants must caliper 6 mm and up at collar, have 30 cm or more of live tops and be well rooted.

No. 2 - Root cuttings must caliper 2 mm and up and sucker plants must caliper 4 mm and up at collar, have 20 cm or more of live tops and be well rooted.

13.5Transplanted Blackberries

Grading:No. 1 - Must caliper 8 mm and up at collar, have 30 cm or more of live tops and be well rooted.

13.6Currants and GooseberriesGrading:Grading:2 yr. No. 1 - Must measure 40 cm in height with 3 or more canes or equivalent side branches and be well rooted.

2 yr. No. 2 - Must measure 30 cm in height with 2 or more canes or equivalent side branches and be well rooted.

1 yr. No. 1 - Must measure 20 cm in height with 1 or more canes or equivalent side branches and be well rooted.

13.7BlueberriesAll measurements to indicate overall height of plant from crown to tip of plants, all well rooted and well branched in proportion to height. (see below) Low bush blueberries because of their nature will be smaller.

Age of Plant Minimum

1 year rooted cuttings 10 - 15 cm

2 year No. 1 20 - 30 cm

2 year No. 2 15 - 20 cm

3 year No. 1 40 - 50 cm

4 year No.1 50 - 60 cm

13.8Saskatoon Berries (Amelanchier alnifolia)Propagation of variety must be stated:Seedling F1, F2Rooted CuttingTissue Culture

Sizing will be done in accordance with Section 6.0.

13.9Grape VinesGrading:Grading of Grape Vines is based mainly on the root system, and may be trimmed back to 3 buds.

2 yr. No. 1 - The lightest growing varieties must have 40 cm or more of live top at harvest; strong growing varieties should be proportionately larger and all well rooted.

2 yr. No. 2 - The lightest growing varieties must have 25 cm or more of live top at harvest; strong growing varieties should be proportionately larger and well rooted.

1 yr. No. 1 - Same specifications as 2 yr. No. 2.

13.10Strawberry PlantsThe internal crown should be white and healthy with no signs of discolouration.

Minimum Grade - There must be at least ten (10) main roots, not less than 10 cm long, and a minimum crown diameter of 8 mm measured at the base.


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13.11Asparagus CrownsThe internal crown should be white and fleshy with no signs of discolouration.

Grading:2 yr. No. 1 - Must not weigh less than 50 kg per thou-sand plants. Fifty (50%) per cent of the root system shall exceed 20 cm in length.

2 yr. No. 2 - Must not weigh less than 25 kg per thou-sand plants. Fifty (50%) per cent of the root system shall exceed 15 cm in length.

1 yr. No. 1 - Same standards as for 2 yr. No.2.

14.0 Christmas Trees


Conifers grown for the Christmas tree market are not generally suitable for the landscape market because:

• Very sandy soil typical of some plantations generally results in unstable soil balls for shipping and planting.• Root system often coarse when grown in non-culti-vated situations.• Tight shearing not generally appropriate for open-branched conifers for landscape purposes

Specifications for cut Christmas Trees are available from Provincial Christmas Tree Growers Associations.

15.0 Perennials


Standards for Plant GradesI. The horticultural publication of record issued by the Perennial Plant Association should be our guideline for nomenclature. References include:

A. Naamlijst Van Vaste PlantenB. Index Hortensis Volume I PerennialsC. Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of PlantsD. Hortus III

II. Currently accepted scientific names should be used in all instances instead of common names.

III. Wholesale catalogues should include propaga tion methods, the code being:

A. C - CuttingsB. D - DivisionC. S - SeedD. TC - Tissue CultureE. G - GraftedF. RC - Rooted CuttingsG. TC* - Plant division originated in TC

IV. If a plant is originated by tissue culture, that designation should be continued even if the plant is later propagated by division.

V. Glossary The following are examples of terms used to describe some propagaules and the container size suggested for each category.

A. Astilbe - “Eye” is the correct term to describe an Astilbe division.

1. 1-2 eye division - 10 - 12 cm pot size2. 2-3 eye division - 11.5 - 15 cm pot size, or Field Clump (FC)3. 3-5 eye division - #1 to #2 pot size, or FC4. 5 eye and larger - #2 pot size, or FC

B. Dicentra - Bleeding Heart - “Eye” is the cor-rect term to describe a Dicentra division.

1. 1-2 eye division - 10 cm pot size2. 2-3 eye division - 11.5 cm pot size, or FC3. 3-5 eye division - #1 to #2 pot size, or FC4. 5 eye and larger - #2 pot size, or FC

C. Hemerocallis - Daylily - “Fan” is the correct term to describe a daylily division. “Eye” is incorrect.

1. Divisions: a. 1-fan liner (small 1-fan division for growing-on purposes): 10 cm pot size b. 2-fan division, blooming size (incorrectly known as 1-eye division, #1


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division): 10 cm to #1 pot size c. 1-2 fan division, heavy (husky, strong, large blooming size): 10 cm to #2 pot size2. Dwarf and miniature daylilies usually make smaller “fans”.3. Tetraploid daylilies generally make larger “fans”.4. The TC designation should be used when ap plicable.5. The TC* designation should remain even if daylilies are later propagated by division.6. TC does not imply an inferior plant, but it may not be uniform or exactly true to the parent plant.

There are many Hemerocallis classifications. These types vary greatly in their ability to thrive well in various climatic zones. Therefore, it is important to consider the particular climatic area when selecting cultivars.

D. Hosta ssp. - Funkia - “Eye” is the correct term to describe a Hosta division.

1. Divisions: a. Liner(1-eye) for growing-on purposes: 10 - 12 cm pot size b. 1-eye, heavy grade (well rooted): 10 - 15 cm pot size, or FC c. 1-2 eye, heavy division (also known as extra large or FC): 11.5 cm to #2 pot size2. TC designation should be used if applicable.3. TC* designation should be maintained even if Hosta is later propagated by division: Example: Hosta ‘Royal Standard’ TC - Cell Pack Hosta ‘Royal Standard’ TC - 5.5 cm pots Hosta ‘Royal Standard’ TC - 1-eye division

E. Iris - “Fan” is the correct term to describe an Iris division.

1. Iris ensata (Japanese Iris) and Iris Sibirica (Siberian Iris): a. Liner - small 1-fan division for growing- on purposes: 10 - 15 cm pot size

1-2 Eye Division:10 - 11.5 cm pot size

4-5 Eye Division:#1 to #2 pot size

2-3 Eye Division:11.5 - 15 cm pot size

Field Clump (5 eye and up):#2 to #3 pot size

Examples of typical grades forAstilbe, Dicentra, Hosta, and Paeonia

b. 1-2 fan division (at least 1- fan bloom ing size), or FC: 11.5 cm to #1 pot size c. 2-3 Fan, heavy blooming size division, or FC: #1 to #2 pot size

2. Bearded Iris - Dwarf, intermediate and tall classifications a. Liner - Non-blooming size rhizome for growing purposes: 10 cm pot size b. Large blooming size rhizomes: 11.5 cm to #1 pot size

F. Papaver orientale - Oriental Poppy - Desig-nated whether the plants were propagated from seed or root cuttings.


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1-Fan Liner:10 cm pot size

1-Fan Division (Blooming Size):10 cm - #2 pot size

1-2 Fan Division (Heavy):15 cm - #2 pot size

1. 5.5 cm pots 2. Liners (bare root, field-grown): #1 pot size 3. Heavy one-year plants (bare root, field- grown): #1 to #2 pot size

G. Paeonia - Peony - “Eye” is the correct term to describe a Paeonia division. All eyes counted must be flowering eyes, and/or large non-flowering eyes on heavy roots. Small “eye” buds shall not be counted. 1. 2-3 eye division: 11.5 cm pot size, or FC 2. 3-5 eye division (standard):

1. Liners or plugs (smallest size): 10 cm pot size 2. Field-grown transplants: 10 cm to #1 pot size 3. Heavy field-grown transplants (grown 1 full season before harvest ing): 11.5 cm - #2 pot size

I. A Transplant is a rooted seedling or rooted cutting which has been transplanted at least once.

J. A Seedling or Liner is a plant grown from seed and grown in a plug, flat, or field bed.

Perennial Plant Container or Pot SizesThe plant container maximum and minimum dimen-sions (see chart) are the limits recommended for plant containers classed below. The two dimension are height and inside top diameter.

Unclassified: Any container of which any one of the two dimensions does not fall within the above specifi-cations.

Standards for Specifying Herbaceous Perennials in Landscape Designs

IntroductionThe purpose of this work is to aid Landscape Archi-tects, Landscape Designers, and Landscape Contrac-tors in their efforts to utilize herbaceous perennials plants in their designs. As the herbaceous perennial industry is maturing, certain portions are becoming more standardized (i.e. how plants are produced and offered for sale, container sizes, nomenclature). By informing the design portion of our industry of these standardized elements and the way they affect the handling and end-line use of our products, it is our hope designers will find it easier to specify the materi-

Container Class Height (Min. - Max.)

Inside Top Diameter (Min. - Max.)

6 cm 7 - 9 cm 5.5 - 6.5 cm

7.5 cm 7 - 9 cm 7.5 - 9 cm

10 cm 9 - 9.5 cm 9 - 9.5 cm

11 cm 9 - 13 cm 10 - 12 cm

12 cm 14 - 15 cm 12 - 13 cm

15 cm 14 - 17 cm 15 - 16 cm

#1 15 - 18 cm 15 - 19 cm

#2 19 - 23 cm 19 - 23 cm

#3 22 - 26 cm 22 - 26cm

10 - 15 cm pot size, or FC 3. 5-7 eye division: #2 to #3 pot size, or FC 4. 5 eyes and up, or FC: #2 to #3 pot size

H. Perennials in General - Designate whether bare root, field-grown, propagated vegetatively or from seed.

Examples of typical grades forHemerocallis and Iris


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als which more succinctly fit their design needs, and installation contractors will find it easier to procure the specified plants in the specified sizes.

Because the success of any industry is based on the satisfaction of the end-line consumer, it is imperative that the grower, designer, and contractor work togeth-er as a team toward this end. Though an installation should look good the day it has been completed, it is only through time it will mature into the living environ-ment originally conceived by the designer. The ability of the landscape to mature is based on proper instal-lation in properly prepared soil and on continued good maintenance. Toward this end, this work also includes specifications for soil and recommendations of meth-ods which contractors may employ to achieve the desired result.

16.0 Bulbs, Corms and TubersNOTE: Refer to Page 5

16.1GeneralThese standards have used the format from the American Standard for Nursery Stock and adopted the standards for bulbs from the Flowerbulb Centre, Hillegom, Holland.

For various miscellaneous bulbs and tubers not in-cluded here the standards from the Flowerbulb Cen-treDutch are applicable. (Write to: Technical Director, Flowerbulb Centre, PO Box 172, Parklaane 5, 2180 AD, Hillegom, Holland)

Bulbs and corms are generally sold under grade names such as forcing size, top size, large, etc. In the case of Narcissus and Daffodils the designations of “double nose” to indicate a split bulb with probably two flower buds and “rounds” are used.

The following grades conform in substance to gener-ally accepted trade usage. Both grade names and sizes in centimetres should be given; size in centime-tres must be designated.

Offers of bulbs, corms and tubers which cannot reasonably be expected to bloom in the season after planting should not be made to the public. If they are, they should be clearly indicated as “non-blooming” sizes for naturalization or planting for which “non-blooming” sizes might be.

16.2

TulipsTulips are to be measured in centimetres of the cir-cumference.

Top Size 12 cm and upLarge 11 - 12 cmMedium 10 - 11 cmSmall 9 - 10 cm

Note: Some botanical and other species, of tulips are smaller than the above sizes. Bulbs of these species must be identified and sizes given.

16.3HyacinthsDesignated by centimetres of circumference.

Top Exhibition Forcing Size 19 cm and up Large Exhibition Forcing Size 18 - 19 cmMedium Exhibition Forcing Size 17 - 18 cmTop Bedding or Garden Size 16 - 17 cm Large Bedding or Garden Size 15 - 16 cm Medium Bedding and Miniature or Garden Size 14 - 15 cm

16.4Grape Hyacinths (Muscari)Designated by centimetres of circumference.

Top Size 9 - 11 cm and upLarge Size 8 - 9 cmMedium Size 7 - 8 cmSmall Size 6 - 7 cm

16.5Large Flowering CrocusDesignated by centimetres of circumference.

Top Size 9 cm and up Large 8 - 9 cmMedium 7 - 8 cmSmall 6 - 7 cm

16.5.1Other CrocusDesignated by centimetres of circumference

All types 5/6 cm

16.6Narcissus And Daffodils

RD - 1 Top Size RoundRD - 2 Large Size Round


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“Round” means single nosed bulbs which are circular in cross-section and which show evidence of produc-ing one flower. Slabs are not permitted in this grade.

DN-1 Top Size Double NoseDN-2 Large Size Double NoseDN-3 Medium Size Double

“Double Nose” means bulbs that show evidence of producing two or more flowers. Due to double char-acter of bulb, the circumference measurement will vary.

There are certain varieties that normally have smaller bulbs than others. Until size grades are established, name grade designations as indicated and accepted by the trade should be used.

16.7Narcissus (Paper White)Paper White (A type of bulb that is normally smaller than other varieties and consequently is listed sepa-rately). Designated by centimetres of circumference.

Top Size 16 cm and up Large 15 - 16 cmMedium 14 - 15 cmSmall 13 - 14 cm

16.8GladioliDesignated by centimetres of circumference.

Jumbo 14 cm and upLarge No.1 12 - 14 cmLarge No.2 10 - 12 cm

16.9Amaryllis The size of the bulb will determine the quantity of flowerstalks produced, Jumbo size can produce 3 stalks, a 30 cm bulb can produce 2 stalks and a 20 cm bulb will only produce 1 stalk. Each stalk produces between 4 and 6 flowers.

Bulb sizes are designated by centimetres of circum-ference.

Jumbo 36 cm and upExhibition 32 cmFancy 30 cmLarge 26 cmMedium 22 cmSmall 20 cm

16.10LiliesBulb sizes are designated by centimetres of circum-ference. Various types of Lilies produce different size bulbs. These generally fall into two groups: the large bulb types such as “Trumpet”, “Oriental” and “Easter”; and the smaller types such as “Tiger” and “Asiactic”.

Large type bulbs Small bulb types24 cm and up 18 cm and up22 - 24 cm 16 - 18 cm20 - 22 cm 14 - 16 cm18 - 20 cm 12 - 14 cm16 - 18 cm 10 - 12 cm

16.11BegoniasBulb sizes designated by centimetres of diameter.

Giant 6 cm and upExtra Large 5 - 6 cmLarge 4 - 5 cmMedium 3 - 4 cmSmall 2 - 3 cm

16.12DahliasThe tuberous root of the Dahlia are available as;

Division, one small to large tuberous root with a por-tion of live crown with at least one eye or bud.

Clump, a number of small to large tuberous roots with a common live crown with at least one eye or bud.

17.0 Nursery Sod

The following specifications are taken directly from the Ontario Sod Association as a convenience to the user. As climatic conditions vary in different parts of the country it is recommended to check with provincial sod associations when variations occur.

Specifications for Turfgrass Sod in OntarioA complete specification for turfgrass nursery sod will include the quality standard as set out below plus a selection of one of the classifications of turfgrass nursery sod as set out on the following page.

Number One Grade Turfgrass Nursery SodTurfgrass nursery sod is grass that has been seeded and cultivated in nursery sod fields as a turfgrass sod. At the time of sale, Number One Grade Turfgrass


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Nursery Sod should be in healthy condition. Sod of this quality may contain 1 broadleaf weed per 40 square metres and up to 1% native* grasses. Sod should be of sufficient shoot density that no surface soil will be visible from a standing position when mowed to a height of 4 cm. The mowing height range should be 3 to 7 cm with the exception of creeping bentgrass sod where moving height is determined by the end use. The thickness of the soil portion should not exceed 1.5 cm. **

Number One Grade Turfgrass Nursery Sod is recom-mended for locations where an attractive high quality turf is required, such as residential/commercial/office lawns, golf courses, sports fields and institutional grounds.

Commercial Grade Turfgrass Nursery SodCommercial turfgrass nursery sod is grass that has been seeded and cultivated in nursery sod fields as a turfgrass sod. At the time of sale, Commercial Grade Turfgrass Nursery Sod should be in a healthy condi-tion. Sod of this quality may contain up to 5 broadleaf weeds per 40 square metres and up to 20% native* grasses. Sod should be of sufficient shoot density that no surface soil will be visible from a standing posi-tion when mowed to a height of 4 cm. The mowing height range should be 3 to 7 cm with the exception of creeping bentgrass sod where mowing height is determined by the end use. The thickness of the soil portion of the sod should not exceed 1.5 cm.**

Commercial Grade Turfgrass Nursery Sod is suitable for erosion control, roadsides, boulevards and mini-mum maintenance areas.

* Any grass species other than those seeded shall be deemed native.

** Thickness of the soil portion of the sod may vary with field and environmental conditions at time of harvest. Note that the soil portion is generally composed of at least 50% volume of grass roots.

Specifications, Classifications and Use of Turf-grass Sod for Ontario

Classification, Description and Use of Turfgrass Nursery Sod

Kentucky Bluegrass Sod

Nursery sod grown from one or more Kentucky blue-grass cultivars.

Highly recommended by N.S.G.A., this all-purpose sod is a first choice for Ontario climates for use in sunny to slightly shady locations. Its excellent colour and texture make it an attractive, high quality turf especially for residential lawns. Also used for parks, cemeteries, institutional grounds, boulevards, golf courses, sports fields, office and commercial lawns.

An all-purpose sod with moderate shade adaptation. Suitable for residential lawns, parks, cemeteries, institutional grounds, boulevards, golf courses, sports fields, office and commercial lawns.

Kentucky Bluegrass/Fine Fescue Sod*

Nursery sod grown from a seed mixture containing 90-95% by weight of Kentucky bluegrass cultivars and 5-10% by weight of creeping red, chewings or hard fescue cultivars.Nursery sod grown from a seed mixture containing 60-70% by weight of Kentucky bluegrass cultivars and 30-40% by weight of creeping red, chewings or hard fescue cultivars.

A less attractive lower maintenance sod having higher tolerance to shade and drought stresses. Suitable for any turf area requiring shade tolerance and/or minimal maintenance.

Specialty Turfgrass SodNursery sod grown from seed of various species of turfgrass such as:

A. Creeping BentgrassA fine-textured, very dense, low growing spe-cies recommended for use on putting greens, bowling greens, fairways and tees. Usually grown as a mono-stand of a single cultivar.

B. Turf-Type Perennial RyegrassA medium-textured, shiny-leafed, moderately fast growing species exhibiting good wear tol-erance. Lacks cold hardiness in many parts of Ontario. Can be used for lawns, sports fields and fairways. May be grown in a mixture with Kentucky bluegrass.

C. Fine-Leafed Fescues*A less attractive, very fine-textured, shade adapted and drought tolerant species suitable for low maintenance situations. May be grown in a mixture with Kentucky bluegrass. Has lower nitrogen and water requirements.

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D. Turf-Type Tall Fescue* A course-textured, drought resistant and wear tolerant species. Non-recuperative when damaged. Lacks cold hardiness in many parts of Ontario. Suitable for sports fi elds and low maintenance areas mowed at higher heights.

E. Other SpeciesInclude supina bluegrass (a shade and wear tolerant species), weeping alkaligrass (a salt and alkaline pH tolerant species), and other specialized turfgrasses as they may be identi-fi ed.

* Includes creeping red fescue, chewings fes-cue, and sheep fescue.

18.0 Compost

Compost is a periphery product to the Nursery Stan-dards but warrants a reference as an area of emerg-ing importance in the green industry.

There are several quality sources for information on compost standards within Canada. Please refer to the following resources for further information on stan-dards for compost in Canada.

Soil and Compost Use Guidelines - 1st EditionPublished by: Landscape Nova ScotiaPhone: 902-463-0519Web: www.landscapenovascotia.com

Composting Council of CanadaNational Standards and Related InfoPhone: 877-571-GROW (4769)Web: www.compost.org


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19.0 Metric/Imperial Conversions

Plants Sized by Height or Spread

Metric Imperial Equivalent (approximate)

3.175 mm 1/8 in.

4.7625 mm 3/16 in.

6..35 mm 1/4 in.

7.9375 mm 5/16 in.

9.525 mm 3/8 in.

12.7 mm 1/2 in.

15.875 mm 5/8 in.

19.05 mm 3/4 in.

22.225 mm 7.8 in.

25.4 mm 1 in.

30 mm 1 1/4 in.

40 mm 1 1/2 in.

45 mm 1 3/4 in.

50 mm 2 in.

60 mm 2 1/2 in.

70 mm 2 3/4 in.

80 mm 3 in.

90 mm 3 1/2 in.

100 mm 4 in.

115 mm 4 1/2 in.

130 mm 5 in.

140 mm 5 1/2 in.

150 mm 6 in.

General Conversion Chart (approximate)

Metric Imperial1 metre2 1.2 yards2

1 hectare 2.5 acres

1 kilometre2 .39 miles2

1 centimetre 0.4 inches

1 metre 39.37 inches

Plants Sized by Height or Spread

Metric Imperial Equivalent (approximate)

15 cm 6 in.

20 cm 8 in.

25 cm 10 in.

30 cm 12 in.

40 cm 16 in.

50 cm 20 in.

60 cm 24 in.

80 cm 32 in.

90 cm 36 in.

100 cm 40 in.

125 cm 48 in.

150 cm 60 in.

175 cm 72 in.

200 cm 84 in.

250 cm 96 in.

300 cm 120 in.

450 cm 180 in.

Metric Sod Conversions square feet to square metres / square feet x 0.093 = square metres

square yards to square metres / square yards x 0.836 = square metres

General Conversion Chart (approximate)

Imperial Metric1 inch 2.54 centimetres

1 foot 30.4 centimetres

1 yard .9 metres

1 yard2 0.84 metres2

1 acre .4 hectacres

1 mile2 2.59 kilometres2

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Canadian Nursery Landscape Association7856 Fifth Line South, RR#4, Station MainMilton, Ontario L9T 2X8Tel: 1-888-446-3499 Fax: 1-866-833-8603E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.canadanursery.com

BC Landscape and Nursery Association5830 - 176A Street, Suite 101 Surrey, BC V3S 4E3Tel: 604-574-7772 Fax: 604-574-7773 Toll-Free: 1-800-421-7963E-mail: [email protected]: www.bclna.com

Landscape Manitobac/o 808 Muriel Street, Winnipeg, MB R2Y 0Y3Tel: 204-889-5981 Fax: 204-888-0944 E-mail: [email protected]: www.canadanursery.com

New Brunswick Horticultural Trades AssociationBox 742 Saint John, NB E2L 4B3 Tel: (866) PLANTNBFax: (506) 633-1621Email: [email protected] Website: www.nbhta.ca

Landscape Newfoundland and LabradorPO Box 21328St. John’s, NL A1A 5G6 Tel: (709) 726-2000Fax: (709) 726-8441Email: [email protected]: www.landscapenl.org

Landscape Alberta Nursery Trades Association10215 - 176 StreetEdmonton, AB T5S 1M1 Tel: (780) 489-1991Toll free: 1 (800) 378-3198Fax: (780) 444-2152E-mail: [email protected]: www.landscape-alberta.com

Landscape Ontario Horticultural Trades Association7856 Fifth Line SouthMilton, ON L9T 2X8Tel: 905-875-1805 Fax: 905-875-3942 Toll-Free: 1-800-265-5656E-mail: [email protected]: www.landscapeontario.com

Landscape Nova Scotia Horticultural Trades Association65 Celtic Drive, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 3G5Tel: 902-463-0519 Fax: 902-463-6308 E-mail: [email protected]: www.landscapenovascotia.ns.ca


Member Associations

Saskatchewan Nursery Landscape Association10215 - 176 StreetEdmonton, AB T5S 1M1Tel: 780-489-1991 Fax: 780-444-2152 Toll-Free: 1-800-378-3198E-mail: [email protected]: www.landscape-alberta.com

Association Québécoise des Producteur en Pépinière3230, rue Sicotte, Local E-300 OuestSaint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7B3Tel: 450-774-2228Fax: 450-774-3556Email: aqpp@fi hoq.qc.caWebsite: www.arbresetvivaces.com

Custom Soil Application

SOLUTIONSOur experienced team will provide solutions for you for specialty applications, including:

• High Organic Top Dress Blends• Specialty Planting Mixes• Mulches

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