CANADIAN ASPARAGUS RESEARCH REPORT

CANADIAN ASPARAGUS RESEARCH REPORT

Ridgetown College Library Ridgetown, Ontario NOP 2C0

Coordinator: Dr. D. Wolyn

Editors: Jennifer Wacasey - Asparagus Research Technician Dr. D. Wolyn

Department of Horticultural Science University of Guelph

Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1

LIST OF CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS

Alberta Agriculture, Brooks, Alberta

Agriculture Canada, Agassiz, B.C

Agriculture Canada, L9Assomption, Quebec

Agriculture Canada, Summerland, B.C

B.C. Dept. of Agriculture, Kamloops, B.C

B.C. Ministry of Agriculture and Food, B.C

Laval University, Laval, Quebec

OMAF, CAT., Kemptville, Ontario

OMAF, Simcoe, Ontario

University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario

University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba

P. Ragan M. Blades

J. A. Freeman

E. A. Hogue

A. L. Oliver P. Falsetta

J.B. Price J. Woods

Y. Desjardins

W. J. Langenberg W. Hossie

R. Baker J. 0' Sullivan B. Bouw

D. Wolyn J. Wacasey

M. Pritchard

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Appreciation for support of this research program is extended to: Agriculture Canada Canadian Horticultural Council Members of the National Asparagus Research Committee Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food The Canadian Food Processors Association The Ontario Asparagus Growers Marketing Board The University of Guelph

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS i

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RESEARCHREPORTS 2

Cultivar Assessment

Asparagus Cultivar Assessment - Guelph, Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Asparagus Cultivar Assessment - Kamloops, B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Asparagus Cultivar Trial, 1986 - Kemptville, Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asparagus Cultivar Trials - Simcoe, Ontario 21

Asparagus Field Evaluation Report 1990 - Portage la Prairie, Manitoba . . . . . . . . 26

Asparagus Variety Trial - Brooks, Alberta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Breeding

Asparagus Breeding Trials - Guelph, Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Evaluation of Field Performance of Asparagus Transplants and Clones Grown Under High CO, and Supplemental Lighting During Greenhouse Raising - Laval, Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Effect of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) on the Establishment and Growth of Asparagus Transplants and Clones - Lavaltrie, Quebec . . . . . . . 49

Determination of the Optimal Field Planting Period for Greenhouse Grown Asparagus Transplants - Lavaltrie, Quebec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Cultural Practices

Herbicide Evaluation of Fall-Seeded Rye in Asparagus - Simcoe, Ontario . . . . . . 52

Postemergence Treatments for Annual Grass Control in Direct Seeded Viking Asparagus - Summerland, B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Postemergence Treatments for Annual Grass Control in One Year Old Viking Asparagus Crowns - Summerland, B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Postemergence Treatments for Broad Spectrum Weed Control in First Year Viking Asparagus Crown Planting - Summerland, B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Early Postemergence Treatments for Annual Weed Control in Two Year Old Viking Asparagus Crowns - Agassiz, B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Postemergence Treatments for Quackgrass Control During Harvest in - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Established Viking Asparagus Agassiz, B.C. 62

Immediate Postharvest Treatments for Weed Control in Established Viking Asparagus - Agassiz, B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Herbicide Treatments Applied During Harvest for Weed Control in Established Viking Asparagus - Agassiz, B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Preemergence Treatments for Weed Control in Direct-Seeded Asparagus Grown under Dryland Conditions - Armstrong, B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Postharvest Treatment for Weed Control in Asparagus Grown Under Imgated Conditions - Armstrong, B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

iii

INTRODUCTION

In 1990, 1,947 hectares of asparagus were grown in Canada, a nine percent decline from 1989.

Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia grew 360, 1373, 28 and 186 hectares, respectively.

Canadian asparagus production in 1989 was 3,879 tonnes, valued at $7.5 million. Domestic

production statistics for the current year are incomplete. Fresh asparagus imports for 1990 were 10,333

tonnes, worth $20.3 million. Processed asparagus imports were 156 tonnes, valued at $0.3 million.

Imports declined six percent from the pervious year.

In 1991, the Ontario Asparagus Growers Marketing Board suspended the unified fresh market sales

plan which operated during the previous two seasons. Also, the Board will work without a secretary-

manager.

The University of Guelph asparagus breeding program is initiating replicated multi-location trials to

evaluate approximately sixteen experimental hybrids and three control cultivars in Ontario and Quebec in

1991 . Observation trials of the same hybrids will be grown at four grower farms in Ontario. More seed

should be available for additional grower trials in 1992. Through testing at several locations a widely

adapted all-male hybrid cultivar better than those currently available may be identified. Then, commercial

release and seed production can commence.

CULTIVAR ASSESSMENT

Asparagus Cultivar Assessment - University of Guelph, Ontario. D. Wolyn and J. Wacasey

Two cultivar trials were tested in 1990 at the Cambridge Research Station. The 1985 Cultivar Trial

evaluated six named cultivars and six clones. The 1987 International Cultivar Trial evaluated 13 cultivars

from breeding programs world-wide.

Methods

For both trials transplants were grown in the greenhouse 8-10 weeks prior to planting in the field,

mid-May to early-June. The 1985 Cultivar Trial was grown as Randomized Complete Block Design

(RCBD) with 2 replications. For named varieties and clones, fifty plants spaced 30 cm and twenty-five

plants spaced 60 cm, respectively, were grown in each plot. Rows were spaced 150 cm. The International

Cultivar Trial was planted as a RCBD with four replications. Plots consisted of 20 plants spaced 30 cm

within the row and 160 cm between rows. Trials were fertilized with 16-8-8 and 0-0-60 before harvest

and 34-0-0 after harvest based on soil tests and standard recommendations. Herbicides were applied pre-

(Gramoxone and Afolan) and post- (Sencor and Gramoxone) harvest. Methoxychlor and Polyram were

sprayed bi-weekly to control insects and disease, respectively.

In 1990 spears were harvested daily or every other day depending upon the rate of growth; from

April 28 to June 14 for the 1985 Cultivar Trial, and from April 27 to June 14 for the International Cultivar

Trial. Spears were graded to reflect industry standards (Table 1). A jumbo category was initiated in 1990

to include any spear with a diameter greater than 25 mm five inches from the tip.

Economic yield of #1 spears was calculated as:

Economic yield #1 = yield #1 spears - 0.5 (yield #2 spears + yield of culls). This index is used

to penalize those high yielding hybrids which produce many culls and #2 spears. The #1 yield is reduced

by one-half the unmarketable yield because the profit one gains from one pound of marketable spears is

offset by the cost to harvest and dispose of two pounds of culls.

Results and Discussion

1985 Cultivar Trial

The 1990 marketable yields were substantially lower than those for 1989 probably as a result of

diminished percent marketable yields (Table 2). Jersey Centennial and Syn 4-56 were the best lines in

the trial yielding significantly better than other cultivars, including Viking KB3, for both the 1990 data

and cumulative yields. The 1989, 1990 and cumulative yields of Jersey Centennial appear greater than

those for Syn 4-56, although the differences are not significant. The clone GI88 yielded nearly 70% of

Jersey Centennial for 1990 and cumulative yields but the difference was not significant. Jersey Centennial

and Syn 4-56 ranked 1 and 2, respectively, for cumulative marketable spear number, comparable to their

ranks for yield (Table 3).

For cumulative economic yield, Jersey Centennial and Syn 4-56, were best, and economic yield

for Jersey Centennial was significantly better than all lines except Syn 4-56 and GI88 (Table 4). Most

lines in the trial had low percentages of jumbo spears (Table 5).

1987 International Cultivar Trial

Gynlim was the best line in 1990, having the greatest marketable yield and percent marketable

yield (Table 6). Its yield was nearly double that for the next best line in the trial.

Syn 4-56 ranked better than Jersey Centennial for marketable yield in 1990 and for cumulative

yield, but the differences were not significant. For economic yield Gynlim was best, yielding nearly

double that of all other lines in 1990 and for cumulative data (Table 7). AII Iines in the triaI had a Iow

percentage jumbo spears (Table 8).

Table 1. 1990 Grading Standards - University of GuelphJCambridge Research Station, Ontario.

GRADING FACTORS MODIFIED CANADIAN NO. 1 GRADE STANDARDS

LENGTH Stalks must be between 15 and 23 centimeters in length.

DIAMETER

SHAPE

Stalks must be at least 8 mm in diameter, when measured at a point 11.5 cm from extreme tip.

Stalks must not be badly deformed such as flattened, doubled or crooked. The tip should curl no more than 45 degrees from the stalk.

SPREADING TIPS Free of spears with any of the upper 213 portion of the tip having an apparent seedy or branched appearance.

BROKEN TIPS No more than the extreme tip may be missing.

DISEASE

Free from white butts, doubles and hollow centres. Trim to meet standard where possible.

Free from spears having more than 2 discoloured bracts or scales resulting from rust.

Free from damage which causes scamng of more than 1.3 cm in diameter in aggregate. Free from presence of eggs or larva.

FROST DAMAGE Free from spears that show signs at tissue break down such as a watery, glazed, discoloured or blanched appearance.

Table 2. Marketable Yield, Percent Marketable Yield and Rank for Lines in the 1985 Cultivar Trial - University of GuelpNCarnbridge Research Station, Ontario.

Marketable Yield #1 (kg/ha) % Marketable Rank

Cultivars/Clones 198T 1988 1989 1990 CumY 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cum 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cum

J. Centennial

Syn 4-56

L u c ~ l l u ~ 1-79-6

Viking KB3

GI88

Franklim

Larac VI

GI27

GI36

GI24

GI82

G273

LSD'

'1987 - harvested 9 days (April 29 - May 22). 1988 - harvested 20 days (May 9 - June 10). 1989 - harvested 39 days (May 10 - June 20). 1990 - harvested 46 days (April 28 - June 14).

YCumulative data. 'Least Significant Difference (P4.05).

Table 3. Number and Percent Marketable Spears for Lines in the 1985 Cultivar Trial - University of Guelph/Cambridge Research Station, Ontario.

% Marketable (#I) No. of Marketable (#I) Spearsb Spears

Cultivars/Clones 1987 1988 1989 1990 CumY 1989 1990 Cum

J. Centennial

Syn 4-56

Viking KB3

Lucullus 1-79-6

Franklim

Lam

GI88

GI27

GI36

GI82

GI24

G273

LSD=

'1987 - harvested 9 days (April 29 - May 22). 1988 - harvested 20 days (May 9 - June 10). 1989 - harvested 39 days (May 10 - June 20). 1990 - harvested 46 days (April 28 - June 14).

yCumulative data. 'Least Significant Difference (P=0.05).

Table 4. Economic Yield #Iz and Rank for Lines in the 1985 Cultivar Trial - University of GueipNCambridge Research Station, Ontario.

Economic Yield #1 (kgha) Rank

Cultivars/Clones 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cum' 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cum

J. Centennial

Syn 4-56

GI88

Viking KB3

GI36

Lucullus 1-79-6

Franklh

G124

GI27

Larac

GI82

G273

LSD"

'Economic Yield #1 = yield #1 spears - OS(yie1d #2 spears + yield of culls). Y1987 - harvested 9 days (April 29 - May 22). 1988 - harvested 20 days (May 9 - June 10). 1989 - harvested 39 days (May 10 - June 20). 1990 - harvested 46 days (April 28 - June 14).

"Cumulative data. "Least Significant Difference (P=0.05).

Table 5. Percent Marketable Jumbo' Spears for Lines in the 1985 Cultivar Trial - University of GuelpNCambndge Research Station, Ontario.

% Jumbo

Cultivars/Clones 1W

GI24

GI27

GI82

G273

Syn 4-56

J . Centennial

Viking KB3

Franklim

LUCLIUUS 1-79-6

GI36

GI88

Larac

weight of marketable spear~25mm % Jumbo -

total marketable weight Y1990 - harvested 46 days (Apnl 28 - June 14).

Table 6. Marketable Yield, Percent Marketable Yield and Rank for Lines in the 1987 International Cultivar Trial - University of GwIpNCambridge Research Station, Ontario.

Marketable Yield #1 (kg/ha) % Marketable Rank

Cultivars 198Y 1990 Cumy 1989 1990 Cum 1989 1990 Cum

Gynlim

Largo 17-3

Lamc

Lucullus 234

Cito

U.C. 157

G.H. 87

Syn 4-56

Lucullus 310

Tainan No. 1

Delrnonte 361

J. Centennial

Franklim

LSV

-- - - -

'1989 - harvested 15 days (May 15 - May 29). 1990 - harvested 47 days (April 27 - June 14).

YCumulative data. "Least Significant Difference (P=0.05).

Table 7. Economic Yield #la and Rank for Lines in the 1987 International Cultivar Trial - University of GuelphJCambridge Research Station, Ontario.

Economic Yield #1 (kgjha) Rank

Cultivars 1989 1990 Cumx 1989 1990 Cum

Gynlim

Largo 17-3

U.C. 157

Tainan No. 1

Delmonte 361

J. Centennial

Syn 4-56

G:H. 87

Larac

Lucullus 234

Lucullus 310

Cito

Franklim

LSDW

---

'Economic Yield #1 = yield #1 spears - OS(yie1d #2 spears + yield of culls). Y1989 - harvested 15 days (May 15 - May 29). 1990 - harvested 47 days (April 27 - June 14).

xCumulative data. '"Least Significant Difference (P=0.05).

Table 8 Percent Marketable Jumboz Spears for Lines in the 1987 International Cultivar Trial - University of GuelphICambridge Research Station, Ontario.

% Jumbo

U.C. 157

Syn 4-56

Delmonte 361

Largo 17-3

Tainan No. 1

J. Centennial

G.H. 87

Cito

z

weight of marketable spears>25mm % Jumbo -

total marketable weight Y1989 - harvested 15 days (May 15 - May 29). 1990 - harvested 47 days (April 27 - June 14).

Asparagus Cultivar Assessment - Kamloops 1990 A. Oliver, P. Falsetta

Two variety trials were assessed in Kamloops during the 1990 season. Plot A, our old (1984) plot,

evaluating 11 varieties was harvested for the final year. Plot B our new international variety trial ,

planted in 1988 with greenhouse grown seedlings and evaluating 15 varieties, was harvested for

the first time in 1990.

Methods Plants were harvested from Plot A from April 14 to May 26,1990 (6 weeks) and Plot B from April

14 to April 27, 1990 (2 weeks). Plot A was started from seed planted in 1983 in a nursery bed and

Plot B (1988) was started from greenhouse transplants grown at Agassiz, B.C. If given a choice

the latter proved to be less work and more advantageous in advancement of the crop. Both plots are

grown on a clay loam soil with irrigation as needed and fertilizer applied according to laboratory

soil tests.

Plants in the new (Plot B) planting are spaced in rows at .3 m and 1.5 m between rows, with guard rows on each side of the plot.

Spears were harvested every day during the picking season, with some picking very light,

depending on the weather. No frost was encountered on either plot in the spring of 1990.

Weeds were controlled in Plot A and B by a pre-emergence spray of Sencor according to

production guide recommendations. Plot A (old) was ploughed up after picking while Plot B was

mechanically weeded after harvest.

Our only minor problems with insects were aphids and thrips. The aphids were controlled by a

large number of ladybugs so no sprays were needed. Stemphyllium was evident in the fall of 1989

and late 1990 but did not affect the harvest in 1990.

P e s u h u d Discussion Plot A (old) stayed the same as previous years with Jersey Giant, 80 x G15 and 8 1 x G4 staying as

the top 3. It appears that there may be some value in retesting both 80 x GI5 and 81 x G4 as they

have been consistently high in yield and quality. Although the varieties Lucullus and Schwetzinger

Meisterschuss were high in yield their tips opened very quickly after emergence. This has been a

consistent fault from year to year. The plot standard, Mary Washington was quite consistently near

the bottom of the varieties when ranked over the course of this trial.

Plot B (new) was our first year at comparison of varieties for yield. The top variety was Jersey

Giant with Tainan Gynlim and Hybrid 10 rounding out the top 4.

There is a tremendous difference in fern height, number of spears, as well as winter hardiness with

these species. The spring of 1989 was a good test as the temperature climbed to + 14OC near the

end of January with no frost for the last 3 days, then plummeted down to -27OC in about 36 hours.

The variety Cito was especially hard hit and although few plants were lost, many were very weak

in 1989 and 1990. We did a visual rating of the varieties on May 15,1990 and the results are given

in Table III later in this *pox-t.

Both Plots A and B were harvested by snapping off, and graded according to the Modified

Canadian No. 1 grade standards given to us by Guelph.

Table 1. Marketable Yield (kglha), Percent Marketable and Rank of Lines in the1984 Variety Trial, Plot A - Kamloops

Marketable Yield (kg/Ha) % Uarketable Rank Cultivar 1 1987'1988 1989 1990 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cum. 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cum. Line

Jersey Giant 5591 7813 4900 5398 23702 95.6 96.4 80.1 84.6 87.0 1

81'G4

804Gl 5

X Luculius

Schwet. Ms.

12 - 82

Rm 202

P6-79

M. Wash.

44'22 (201)

UC 157

z 1987 - harvested 26 days (April 13 - May 8 ) 1988 - harvested 42 days (April 22 - June 2 ) 1989 - harvested 43 days (April 28 - June 9 ) 1990 - harvested 43 days (April 14 - May 26 )

y Cumulative data

x Although Lucullas yielded fairly high and ranked #4 overall the quality of the spears ( open heads ) was poor. Because we picked this plot every second day most of the time we graded somewhat lenient. Very stiff grading would lower its rank considerably. I would not recommend it for this area.

Table 2. Marketable Yield (kglha), Percent Marketable and Rank of Lines in Plot B ( New - 1988 ) Variety Trial - Kamloops

Marketable Yield % Marketable Cu It bar l 1990 1990 Line

Rank 1990

Jersey Giant 1661

Talnan 1 1323

G y nllm 1258

Hybrid 10 938

Glen Smith 847 69 5

Hybrid 18 764

Largo 17-3 748

Lucullus 310 746

Hybrid 22 727

Frankllm 697

Schwetzinger 644 Meisterschuss

Lucullus 234 5 15

Larac 467 42 13

Cito 421 38 14

Delmonte 361 237 71 15

L.S.D. 42 1

z 1990 - harvested 14 days (April 14 - April 27 ) y Least Significant Difference

Table 3. Visual Ratings * of Varieties Compared to Actual Yield Ratings Plot B ( New - 1988 ) Variety Trial - Kamloops

Variety Visual Rating Yield Rating (from table 1 )

Jersey Giant

Hybrid 10

Gyniim

Glen Smith

Tainan 1

Schwetzinger Meisterschuss

Lucullus 310

Hybrid 18

Frankiim

Hybrid 22

Largo 17-3

Lucullus 234

Larac

Cito

Deimonte 361

Visual ratings were done by comparing spear height, number of spears, general consistency of plants in rows,and missing plants. They were rated on a scale of 1-5 (5 - best)

Asparagus Cultivar Trial, 1986 - Kemptville College, Ontario. W.J.Langenberg, W.R.Hossie

Materials and Methods

Harvests of this trial began in 1988. The cultivars were seeded in a

seedbed in 1985, and transplanted as crowns in 1986. The 1990 harvest began on

May 7, and ended on June 8.

This trial was established as a four replicate test, in a randomized block

design. Plant spacing within the rows was 30 cm. for cultivars and breeding

lines, and 60 cm. for clones. Nitrogen at 100 kg/ha and phosphorus and potassium

at 120 kg/ha were applied in earily spring. An additional 74 kg/ha of Nitrogen

was applied after harvest. Weed control was Lorox pre emergence and Sencor after

last harvest. This trial was harvested three times a week, spears sorted into

#l's and unmarketable units.

Discussion

G70 x G207, G52 x 6207, 227C x 22-8, and Jersey Giant continue to be the

top yielders in 1990, with Jersey Giant having the better cumulative yield. G185

seems to be the best performing clone.

Table 1. Marketable Yield, Percent Marketable Yield and Rank for Lines in the 1986 Cultivar Trial - Kemptville, Ontario.

Lines

Marketable Yield #1 (ks/ha) % Marketable Rank

1988' 1989 1990 Cum.Y 1988 1989 1 9 9 0 Cum. 1 9 8 8 1 9 8 9 1 9 9 0 Cum.

Jersey Giant

6 7 0 x G207

6 5 2 x G207

G52 x G205

227C x 22- 8

Viking 2G

L U C U ~ ~ U S 1- 79- 1

Lucullus Mid

D 2 x 22- 8

Franklim

L U C U ~ ~ U S 1-79-6

277E x 22- 8

Viking KB3

G185 Clone

G136 Clone

G171 Clone

J. Centennial

GI82 Clone

Larac

G124 Clone

G193 Clone

LSDx

* I 9 8 8 - harvested for 6 days (May 6 - May 2 4 ) . 1989 - harvested for 9 days (May 1 2 - June 2 ) . 1 9 9 0 - harvested for 1 3 days (May 7 - June 8 ) .

YCumulative data. "Least Significant Difference ( P = 0 . 0 5 ) .

Table 2. lumber and Percent Marketable Spears for Lines in the 1986 Cultivar Trial - Kemptville, Ontario.

- ---

% Marketable

Lines No. of Marketable (#I) Svears/ha (#I) Spears 1988" 1989 1990 Cum.Y 1988 1989 1990 Cum.

Jersey Giant

Lucullus 1-79-1

670 x 6207 Lucullus Mid

Franklim

Viking 2G

652 x G205

D2 x 22-8

227C x 22-8 Lucullus 1-79-6

G185 Clone

2773 x 22-8 Gl82 Clone

G52 x 6207

Viking KB3

G171 Clone

G136 Clone

J. Centennial

Larac

G124 Clone

G193 Clone

'1988 - harvested for 6 days (May 6 - May 24). 1989 - harvested for 9 days (May 12 - June 2). 1990 - harvested for 13 days (May 7 - June 8).


Table 3. Economic Yield #Im and Rank for Line8 in the 1986 Cultivar Trial - Kemptville, Ontario.

Lines Economic Yield #1 Rank 1988Y 1989 1990 Cum." 1988 1989 1990 Cum.

Jersey Giant

G52 x G207

G70 x 6207 227C x 22-8

G52 x G205 Viking 2G

D2 x 22-8 L U C U ~ ~ U S 1-79-1

Lucullus Mid

Franklim

L U C U ~ ~ U S 1-79-6

G136 Clone

2773 x 22-8 Viking KB3

G185 Clone

J. Centennial

6171 Clone

G182 Clone

Larac

G124 Clone

GI93 Clone

"Economic Yield #1 = yield #1 spears - O.S(yield #2 spears + yield of culls).

Y1988 - harvested for 6 days (May 6 - May 24). 1989 - harvested for 9 days (May 12 - June 2). 1990 - harvested for 13 days (May 7 - June 8).


Asparagus Cultivar Trial8 - Horticultural Experiment Station, Simcoe, Ontario R. Baker

Newly released cultivars and breeding lines are being evaluated on an on-

going basis.


Four cultivars x four replications in ten meter long x one meter wide plots

(plant spacing 0.30 m in row), established in 1979 are being evaluated for yield

and grade out of yield for the tenth year.

Eight cultivars x four replications in approximately fifteen meter long x

one meter wide plots (plant spacing 0.30 m in row), established in 1985 are being

evaluated for yield and grade out of yield for the fourth year.

Fertilizer applications of 34-0-0 at 400 kg per hectare rates were applied

as a split application one third pre-harvest and two-thirds at the immediate

post-harvest period. As well, 0-0-60 fertilizer at 400 kg per hectare rate was

applied post-harvest. The fertilizer was applied according to soil analysis

recommendations.

Insect control was applied when required as follows: June 15, Malathion

25% WP at 4.5 kg per hectare rate, Malathion 25% WP at 4.5 kg per hectare. on July

16, Aug. 2, Aug. 16. Fungicide was applied simultaneously on the last 3 dates

(Zineb 80 WP at 2.5 kg per hectare rate). Weed suppression was achieved through

application of Gramoxone at 4 litres per hectare rate and Karmex at 2.2 kg per hectare rate on April 18 pre-harvest. Post-harvest application of Terraklene at

5.0 litres per hectare rate occurred on June 20.

The asparagus crop was harvested as required, not necessarily on a daily

basis.

Results and Discussions

The results expressed in the accompanying tables using the new parameters

reflect only the last two seasons yield data. Hence, there is no cumulative data

for 10 years for the 1979 planting or 4 years for the 1985 planting. The new

parameters do address the expense of highly productive cultivars with an

unusually large percentage of number two and cull grades.

The yields and grade outs were subjected to statistical analysis and the

following tables expressed the results of trials for 1990.

Table 1. Marketable Yield', Percent Marketable Yield and Rank for Lines in the 1979 Cultivar Trial - Simcoe, Ontario.

Marketable Yield (kq/ha) % Marketable Rank

Lines 1989Y 1990 Cum." 1989 1990 Cum. 1989 1990 Cum.

Schwetzinger- 3150 4709 7859 4 8 7 3 6 1 1 1 1 Meisterschuss

Jersey Centennial 2673 3721 6393 5 8 8 4 7 1 2 2 2

Lucullus 1-79 1890 3508 5398 3 3 5 6 4 4 3 3 3

Viking 2G 1190 2128 3318 42 6 8 5 5 4 4 4

'Marketable Yield = No. 1 5"-7" + No. 1 7"-9". y1989 harvested 20 days (May 5 - June 20). 1990 harvested 24 days (April 30 June 20).

"Cumulative data. "Least Significant Difference (P = 0.05).

Table 2. Number and Percent Marketable Spears in the 1979 Cultivar Trial - Simcoe, Ontario.

No. of Marketable % Marketable Spears /ha Spears

Lines 1989' 1990 Cum.Y 1989 1990 Cum.

Schwetzinger 213235 412744 625979 37 6 5 5 1 Meisterschuss

Jersey Centennial 194117 370342 564459 50 7 7 6 4

Viking 2G 102696 216176 318872 32 5 8 4 0

'1989 harvested 20 days (May 5 - June 20). 1990 harvested 24 days (April 30 - June 20).

*Cumulative data. "Least Significant Difference (P = 0.05).

Table 3. Economic Yield #l' and Rank for Lines in the 1979 Cultivar Trial - Simcoe, Ontario.

Lines

Economic Yield #1 (kq/ha) Rank

1989Y 1990 Cum. 1989 1990 Cum.

Schwetzinger 2599 4195 5478 1 1 1 Meisterschuss

Jersey Centennial 2385 3485 5168 2 2 2

Viking 2G 937 1906 2200 4 4 4

yield of culls). Y1989 harvested 20 days (May 15 - June 20). 1990 harvested 24 days (April 30 - June 20).


Table 4. Economic Yield #1 + #2' and Rank for Lines in the 1979 Cultivar Trial -Simcoe, Ontario.

Lines

Economic Yield #lH2 (kq/ha) Rank

1989Y 1990 Cum." 1989 1990 Cum.

Schwetzinger 2724 4624 7348 1 1 1 Meisterschues


Viking 2G 9 9 5 2164 3159 4 4 4

LSD" 1394 1617 2900

'Economic Yield #1 & #2 = yield #1 spears + 0.5 (yield #2 spears) - 0.5 (yield of culls).

Y1989 harvested 20 days (May 5 - June 20). 1990 harvested 24 days (April 30 - June 20).


Table 5. Marketable Yield ', Percent Marketable Yield and Rank of Lines in the 1985 Cultivar Trial - Simcoe, Ontario.

Lines Marketable Yield (kq/ha) % Marketable Rank

1989Y 1990 Cum." 1989 1990 Cum. 1989 1990 Cum.

Lucullus Midseason

Franklim

Jersey Knight

Jersey Titan

Jersey Centennial

Viking KB3

S p 4-56

Viking 2G

LSDw

'Marketable Yield = No. 1 5"-7" + No. 1 7"-9". Y1989 harvested 18 days (May 15 - June 20). 1990 harvested 25 days (April 27 - June 20).


Table 6. lumber and Percent Marketable Spears in the 1985 Cultivar Trial - Simcoe, Ontario.

No. of Marketable % Marketable Spears/ha Spears

Lines 1989' 1990 Cum.Y 1989 1990 Cum.

Lucullus Midseason

Franklim

Jersey Titan

Jersey Knight

Jersey Centennial

Viking KB3

Syn 4-56

Viking 2G

LSD'

'1989 harvested 18 days (May 15 - June 20). 1990 harvested 25 days (April 27 - June 20).

YCumulative data. "Least Significant Difference (P = 0.05).

Table 7. Economic Yield #la and Rank for Linem in the 1985 Cultivar Trial - Simcoe, Ontario.

Economic Yield #1 ( kq/ha 1 Rank

Lines 1989y 1990 Cum." 1989 1990 Cum.

Jersey Knight 2013 4647 6660 1 3 1

Franklim 1364 5189 6553 5 2 2

Lucullus Midseason 939 5274 6213 7 1 3

Jersey Titan 1912 3668 5580 2 4 4


Viking KB3

Syn 4-56

Viking 2G

LSD"

'Economic Yield #1 = yield #1 spears - 0.5 (yield #2 spears + yield of culls).

Y1989 harvested 18 days (May 15 - June 20). 1990 harvested 25 days (April 27 - June 20).

"Cumulative data "Least Significant Difference (P = 0.05).

Table 8. Economic Yield #1 + #2' and Rank for Lines in the 1985 Cultivar Trial - Simcoe, Ontario.

Economic Yield #lM2 ( kq/ha) Rank

Lines 1989Y 1990 Cum." 1989 1990 Cum. - --

Franklim

Lucullus Midseason

Jersey Knight

Jersey titan

Jersey Centennial

Viking KB3

Syn 4-56

Viking 2G

LSDw

Y1989 harvested 18 1990 harvested 25

"Cumulative data. "Least Significant

'Economic Yield #1 + #2 = yield #1 spears + 0.5 (yield #2 spears) - 0.5 (yield of culls).

days (May 15 - June 20). days (April 27 - June 20). Difference (P = 0.05).

Asparagus Field Evaluation Report 1990 - Portage la Prairie (Research Station), Manitoba M. Pritchard


The site was established on June 19, 1985 with the first harvest occuring

in 1988. The 1990 harvest extended from May 25 to June 29 for a total of 5

weeks.

The clones (represented by G) were planted at twice the in-row spacing (0.6

m as opposed to 0.3 m) as the hybrids and standards in the trial.

Soil fertility analysis indicated that no fertilizer application was

necessary for the 1990 season.

The crop was graded according to the Modified Canada No. 1 Grade Standards

as outlined by Guelph.


The first harvest seasons data (1988) was not included in this year's

report due to grading procedure modification in 1989.

Drought conditions and high temperatures in 1989 and 90 may have

contributed to higher than normal variability within the trial and consequently

low economic yield.

There was a high incidence of split, hollow and fused spears this season.

however, no cultivar dependant correlation appeared to be present.

Only Jersey Titan, Jersey centennial, Mary Washington and G70 x G203 had

marketable yield greater than 50%.

Table 1. Marketable Yield, Percent Marketable Yield and Rank for Lines in the 1985 Cultivar Trial - Portage la Prairie (Research Station), Manitoba.

Marketable Yield (kq/ha) % Marketable Yield Rank Lines 1989' 1990 CumY 1989 1990 Cum 1989 1990 Cum

G70 x G203 2730 1415 4145 44 57 4 7 2 5 1

Jersey Titan 2197 1936 4133 55 5 5 5 5 4 1 2

Jersey Giant 2807 1177 3984 3 8 47 4 1 1 8 3

Mary Washington 2305 1063 3368 4 8 56 5 2 3 10 4

Viking KB3 1223 1749 2972 2 6 42 3 4 8 3 5

Jersey Centennial 1601 1366 2967 4 9 6 0 5 4 5 6 6

Franklim 1051 1909 2960 17 3 3 2 5 10 2 7

G52 x G207 1269 1610 2879 2 5 3 3 2 9 7 4 8

G70 x G207 1281 1230 2511 2 4 34 2 9 6 7 9

Larac 1120 1090 2210 2 3 3 8 2 9 9 9 10

G52 x 6205 509 791 1300 2 2 3 6 2 6 11 11 11

LSD= 794 881 1349 10 10

'1989 - harvested 20 days (May 15 - June 21). 1990 - harvested 24 days (May 24 - June 29).


Table 2. Economic Yield #la and Rank for Lines i n 1985 Cultivar Trial - Portage l a Prairie (Research Station), Manitoba.

Economic Yield #1 (kq/ha) Rank Lines 1989Y 1990 Cumx 1989 1990 Cum

Jersey Titan 1259 1155 2414 1 1 1

G70 x G203 1000 851 1851 3 3 2

Mary Washington 1077 7 13 1790 2 4 3


Jersey Giant 544 531 1075 5 6 5

Viking KB3 -523 591 6 8 6 5 6

Larac

G70 x G207 G52 x 6205 G52 x 6207 Franklim -1518 4 8 -1470 11 9 11

'Economic Yield #l=yield #1 spears-0.5(yield #2 spears + yield of culls). Y1989 - harvested 20 days (May 15 - June 21). 1990 - harvested 24 days (May 25 - June 29).


Asparagus Variety Trial - Brooks - 1990

P. Ragan, M. Blades

Nineteen varieties/clones were harvested for 3 weeks for the third year of harvest. A very cold, wet spring delayed spear emergence and early production was lost to frost injury. The first harvest was made May 22, 2 weeks later than usual. A hot summer and frost-free September followed producing very strong fern growth.


Transplanted in 1986, a randomized complete block trial was planted with 4 replications each containing the 19 varieties/clones. Fifteen m long rows were spaced 1.5 m apart with crowns spaced 30 cm apart.

In late April of 1990, 400 lb/ac of 16-20-0 fertilizer was broadcast and incorporated. Weeds were controlled by handhoeing. No disease or insect problems were encountered. All spears were harvested daily, seven days a week beginning May 22 and ending June 14. The grading method outlined by Guelph was used. Irrigation water was applied about every 10 days, approximately 2 to 2% inches per application. Fern growth was cut down October 4 with a forage harvester and then rototilled into the soil.

Discussion

Among :he highest marketable yielding entries, Franklim and Jersey Giant both recorded the highest percentage marketable yield, marketable spear number and percentage marketable spears. Entries Rutgers Beacon, GI06 x G205 and G60 x G207 also produced the highest percentage marketable yield and percentage marketable spears, however, both yield and number of marketable spears were about 40% less than in Franklim and Jersey Giant. Both GI93 and G273 yielded very poorly and G273 in particular was noted for spindly spear growth which resulted in an 80 to 90% reduction in #1 and #1 + #2 economic yields compared to Franklim the highest yielding economic yielding entry.

There was a general increase in mean number of spears per crown with #1 economic yield. The exception occurred with G273 where the spindly sp,ear growth resulted in the highest spear number per crown but the lowest economic yield.

Table 1. Marketable yield (kg/ha) and percent marketable in the 1986 Variety Trial - Brooks.

Marketabl: Yield 1990

% Marketable 1990

Frank1 im

Jersey Giant

MD 10x22-8

J. Titan

Lucullus Mid

Lucullus 513

Viking 2G

G60 x G203

Darbonne No.

Darbonne 231

Larac

Season

3

G72 x G205

G60 x G207

J. Centennial

GI06 x G205

Rutgers Beacon

Tainan No. 1

G273

GI93

LSD. 05

z 1990 - harvested for 24 days (May 22-June 14)

Table 2. Number (spearsfia) and percentage of marketable spears in the 1986 Variety Trial - Brooks.

No. Marketable (#I) Spearsp 1990

% Marketable (#I) Spears/ha

1990

Frank1 im

Jersey Giant

MD 10x22-8

Lucullus Mid Season

G60 X G203

Viking 2G

J. Centennial

Lucullus 513

Darbonne 231

Darbonne No. 3

G72 x G205

G60 x G207

Rutgers Beacon

J. Titan

GI06 x G205

Larac

G273

Tainan No. 1

GI93

LSD. 05

01990 - harvested for 24 days (May 22-June 14).

Table 3. Varieties in the 1986 Variety Trial ranked according to economic yield #lZ (kgfia) - Brooks.

Economic Yield #1 199oy

Frank1 im

Jersey Giant

MD 10x22-8

GI06 x G205

Lucullus Mid Season

G60 x G207

G60 x G203

Viking 2G

G72 x G205

Darbonne 231

Larac

Lucullus 513

Rutgers Beacon

Darbonne No. 3

J. Centennial

Tainan No. 1

J. Titan

G 193

G 273

LSD. 05

z Economic Yield #1 - yield #1 spears - 0.5 (yield #2 spears + yield of culls)

Y1990 - harvested for 24 days (May 22-June 14)

Table 4. Varietiss in the 1986 Variety Trial ranked according to economic yield #1 + #2 (kg/ha) - Brooks.

Economic Yield #1 + #2 199oy

Frank1 im

Jersey Giant

MD 10x22-8

J. Titan

Lucullus Mid Season

GI06 x G205

G60 x G203

Viking 2G

G60 x G207

G72 x G205

Lucullus 513

Rutgers Beacon

Darbonne 231

J. Centennial

Larac

Darbonne No. 3

Tainan NQ. 1

GI93

G273

LSD. 05

z Economic Yield #1 + #2 = yield 111 spears + 0.5 (yield #2 spears) - 0.5 (yield

of culls).

Y1990 - harvested for 24 days (May 22- June 14).

BREEDING

Asparagus Breeding Trials - University of Guelph, Ontario. D. Wolyn and J. Wacasey

The breeding program at the University of Guelph first crossed females selected across Canada

with one male and two supermales from the Rutgers breeding program. Hybrids were planted in the 1985

and 1986 Progeny Trials. Superior females were crossed to supermales identified at Guelph and all-male

hybrids were planted in the 1987 and 1988 Progeny Trials.


Field techniques and Experimental design were as described for the 'Asparagus Cultivar

Assessment' of this report. All progeny trials were planted with two replications.

For all trials in 1990, except the 1988 Progeny Trial, the harvest period was April 27 to June 14.

For the 1988 Progeny Trial all hybrids were harvested for two weeks, April 27 to May 11. Data for the

10 best lines are reported for the 1987 Progeny Trial, while data for the five best lines are reported for

all other trials.


1985 Progeny Trial

The 1990 marketable yields and percent marketable yields were lower than those for 1988 and

1989 (Table 1). The best lines GI50 x G207 and GI50 x G205 yielded (cumulative) 154% and 150%

of the control, respectively, and the differences were significant. The number of marketable spears

(cumulative) was greatest for GI50 x G205, and GI50 x G207 ranked third for this trait (Table 2). G142

x G203 had the best economic yield while GI50 x G207 and GI50 x G205 were second and third

respectively (Table 3). All lines had low percentage jumbo spears (Table 4).

1986 Progeny Trial

The 1986 Progeny Trial was planted without a control (standard) cultivar. Therefore it is difficult

to truly assess the value of the data (Tables 5, 6, 7, 8). The absolute values for marketable yields are not

exceptional as compared with other trials.

1987 Progeny Trial

The best hybrids in the 1987 Progeny Trial G52 x G305, G52 x G319 and GI22 x G329 yielded

(cumulative) 210%, 210% and 177%, respectively, relative to the control, Jersey Centennial (Table 9).

The percent marketable yield was reduced considerably in 1990 as compared to 1989. Spear number for

G52 x G319 was lower than that for other high yielding hybrids (Table 10) indicating a large spear mass.

Otherwise the high yielding hybrids had high spear numbers.

The best line for marketable yield ranked fourth for economic yield (Table 11) because it had a

lower percent marketable yield than other lines. The lines ranking 2,3, and 4 for marketable yield ranked

1, 2, and 3, respectively for economic yield. G52 x G319, the high yielding line with spear numbers

lower than the other good lines, had nearly 10% jumbo spears. The other good lines had less than 2%

jumbo spears.

1988 Progeny Trial

Data from the first harvest of the 1988 Progeny Trial are presented (Tables 13, 14, 15, 16). As

this was the first harvest which spanned two weeks, little can be said about hybrid performance. The lines

had poor percent marketable yield, 31% or less (Table 13) and all values for economic yield were negative

(Table 15).

Table 1. Marketable Yield, Percent Marketable Yield and Rank for the Five Best Hybrids, Plus Control, in the 1985 Progeny Trial - University of GuelphKambridge Research Station, Ontario.

Marketable Yield #1 (keha) % Marketable Rank

Hybrids 1987 1988 1989 1990 CumY 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cum 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cum

GI50 x G207 280 2488 3189 1881 7838 55 73 68 41 59 1 3 1 2 1

GI50 x G205 185 2706 2735 1997 7623 40 74 64 43 59 3 1 3 1 2

GI42 x G203 247 2254 2615 1671 6786 7 1 81 75 57 7 1 2 6 6 3 3

G40 x G205 140 2352 2910 1187 6589 41 69 64 23 49 9 5 2 7 4

GI64 x G205 161 2382 2662 1286 6491 44 72 69 32 57 7 4 4 5 5

J. Centennial 164 1774 2110 1022 5069 63 81 76 48 69 6 10 11 10 11

uw 126 556 615 419 1372

'1987 - 30 hybrids, harvested 8 days (May 11 - May 22). 1988 - 30 hybrids, harvested 26 days (May 7 - June 16). 1989 - 30 hybrids, harvested 39 days (May 10 - June 20). 1990 - 30 hybrids, harvested 47 days (April 27 - June 14).

'Cumulative data. 'Least Significant Difference (P=0.05).

Table 2. Number and Percent Marketable Spears for the Five Best Hybrids, Plus Control, in the 1985 Progeny Trial - University of GuelphICambridge Research Station, Ontario.

% Marketable (#I) No. of Marketable (#I) Spearslha Spears

Hybrids 1987 1988 1989 1990 CumY 1989 1990 Cum

GI50 x G205 8004 173883 129722 117302 428912 55 36 44

G142 x G203 13248 158151 132206 120062 423668 65 48 56

GI50 x G207 12972 156771 143799 104882 418424 58 33 44

G40 x G205 6624 155115 147663 75625 385027 58 21 37

GI64 x G205 6072 157047 135794 83630 382543 62 22 37

J. Centennial 8280 97154 88046 61825 255305 66 41 53

S D i 6174 35124 29419 21659 69079

'1987 - 30 hybrids, harvested 8 days (May 11 - May 22). 1988 - 30 hybrids, harvested 26 days (May 7 - June 16). 1989 - 30 hybrids, harvested 39 days (May 10 - June 20). 1990 - 30 hybrids, harvested 47 days (April 27 - June 14).

YCumulative data. 'Least Significant Difference (P=0.05).

Table 3. Economic Yield #I' and Rank for the Four Best Hybrids, Plus Control in the 1985 Progeny Trial - University of GuelpNCambridge Research Station, Ontario.


Hybrids 1987Y 1988 1989 1990 Cumx 1987 1988 1989 1990 Cum

GI42 x G203 1% 1985 2182 1047 5410 1 3 2 1 1

GI50 x G207 164 2027 2447 506 5145 2 2 1 4 2

GI50 x G205 49 2240 1%6 673 4929 9 1 6 3 3

GI64 x G205 57 1916 2073 -53 3993 7 5 4 10 4

J. Centennial 115 1565 1776 461 3918 3 7 9 5 5

LSDw 120 509 587 543 1199

'Economic Yield #1 = yield #1 spears - OS(yie1d #2 spears + yield of culls). Y1987 - 30 hybrids, harvested 8 days (May 11 - May 22). 1988 - 30 hybrids, harvested 26 days (May 7 - June 16). 1989 - 30 hybrids, harvested 39 days (May 10 - June 20). 1990 - 30 hybrids, harvested 47 days (April 27 - June 14).

'Cumulative data. "Least Significant Difference (P=0.05).

Table 4. Percent Marketable Jumboz Spears for Select Hybrids, Plus Control, in the 1985 Progeny Trial - University of GuelphJCambridge Research Station, Ontario.

Hybrids

% Jumbo

1 w

GI64 x G205

G40 x G205

G142 x G203

GI50 x G205

GI50 x G207

J. Centennial

1


total marketable weight

Y1990 - 3 0 hybrids, harvested 47 days. (April 27 - June 14).

Table 5. Marketable Yield, Percent Marketable Yield and Rank for the Five Best Hybrids in the 1986 Progeny Trial' - University of Guelph/Cambridge Research Station, Ontario.

Marketable Yield #1 (kgha) 9% Marketable Rank

Hybrids 19W 1989 1990 Cum' 1988 1989 1990 Cum 1988 1989 1990 Cum

'No control in this trial. Y1988 - 24 hybrids, harvested 8 days (May 6 - May 20). 1989 - 24 hybrids, harvested 37 days (May 15 - June 20). 1990 - 24 hybrids, harvested 47 days (April 27 - June 14).


Table 6. Number and Percent Marketable Spears for the Five Best Hybrids, in the 1986 Progeny Trial' - University of GuelpIdCambridge Research Station, Ontario.

No. of Marketable (#I) Spearstha % Marketable (#I) Spears

Hybrids 1Wy 1989 1990 Cumx 1989 1990 Cum

'No control in this trial. Y1988 - 24 hybrids, harvested 8 days(May 6 - May 20). 1989 - 24 hybrids, harvested 37 days (May 15 - June 20). 1990 - 24 hybrids, harvested 47 days (April 27 - June 14).


Table 7. Economic Yield #1' and Rank for the Five Best Hybrids in the 1986 Progeny TriaP - University of GuelpIdCambridge Research Station, Ontario.


Hybrids 1988" 1989 1990 Cumw 1988 1989 1990 Cum

'Economic Yield #1 = yield #1 spears - OS(yie1d #2 spears + yield of culls). yNo control in this trial. "988 - 24 hybrids, harvested 8 days(May 6 - May 20). 1989 - 24 hybrids, harvested 37 days (May 15 - June 20). 1990 - 24 hybrids, harvested 47 days (April 27 - June 14).

"Cumulative data. 'Least Significant Difference (P=0.05).

Table 8. Percent Marketable JumboVpears for Select Hybrids in the 1986 Progeny Trial

y - University of Guelph/Cambridge Research Station, Ontario.

% Jumbo

Hybrids 1990"

G24 x G205 0.00

z


total marketable weight Y N ~ control in this trial. "1990 - 24 hybrids, harvested 47 days (April 27 - June 14).

Table 9. Marketable Yield, Percent Marketable Yield and Rank for the Ten Best Hybrids, Plus Control, in the 1987 Progeny Trial (Guelph All-Male Hybrids) - University of GuelpNCambridge Research Station, Ontario.

Marketable Yield #1 (kgha) % Marketable Rank

Hybrids 198Y 1990 CumY 1989 1990 Cum 1989 1990 Cum

G52 x G305

G52 x G319

GI22 x G329

GI36 x G321

G52 x G335

GI36 x G325

G52 x G331

G52 x G333

G60 x G317

GI22 x G305

J. Centennial

LSD=

-- --

'1989 - 78 hybrids, harvested 18 days (May 12 - May 29). 1990 - 78 hybrids, harvested 47 days (April 27 - June 14).


Table 10. Number and Percent Marketable Spears for the Ten Best Hybrids, Plus Control, in the 1987 Progeny Trial (Guelph All- Male Hybrids) - University of GuelpNCambridge Research Station, Ontario.

No. of Marketable (#I) % Marketable (#I) Spears/ha Spears

Hybrids 198Y 1990 Cumy 1989 1990 Cum

GI36 x G307

G52 x G305

GI22 x G329

GI36 x G321

G52 x G335

GI22 x G305

G122 x G313

G52 x G319

GI22 x G309

G40 x G335

J. Centennial

LSW

'1989 - 78 hybrids, harvested 18 days (May 12 - May 29). 1990 - 78 hybrids, harvested 47 days (April 27 - June 14).

YCurnulative data. "Least Significant Difference (P=0.05).

Table 11. Economic Yield #I' and Rank for the Ten Best Hybrids, Plus Control, in the 1987 Progeny Trial (Guelph All-Male Hybrids) - University of GwlphKambridge Research Station, Ontario.

Economic Yield #1 (kgtha) Rank

Hybrids 1989 1990 Cumx 1989 1990 Cum

G52 x G319

GI22 x G329

GI36 x G321

G52 x G305

GI36 x G325

G60 x G317

GI22 x G305

GI22 x G313

J. Centennial

G52 x G331

GI22 x G321

LSD-

'Economic Yield #1 = yield #1 spears - OS(yie1d #2 spears + yield of culls). Y1989 - 78 hybrids, harvested 18 days (May 12 - May 29). 1990 - 78 hybrids, harvested 47 days (April 27 - June 14).

'Cumulative data. '"Least Significant Difference (P=0.05).

Table 12. Percent Marketable Jumbo' Spears for Select Hybrids, Plus Control, in the 1987 Progeny Trial - University of GuelphJCambridge Research Station, Ontario.

Hybrids

% Jumbo

1990y

GI36 x G321

G52 x G331

GI22 x G331

GI22 x G329

G52 x G335

J. Centennial

GI22 x G313

GI22 x G305

G52 x G305

GI36 x G325

G52 x G333

G60 x G317

G52 x G319


total marketable weight Y1990 - 7 8 hybrids, harvested 47 days (April 27 - ~ u i e 14)

Table W. Marketable Yield, Percent Marketable Yield and Rank for the Five Best Hybrids, in the 1988 Progeny Trial' (Guelph All-Male Hybrids) - University of GuelpNCambridge Research Station, Ontario.

Marketable Yield #1 (kgha) % Marketable Rank

Hybrids 1 w 1990 1990

G52 x G355 532 3 1 1

LSD= 223

'No control in this trial. Y1990 - 11 hybrids, harvested 17 days (April 27 - May 11). "Least Significant Difference (P=0.05).

Table 14. Number and Percent Marketable Spears for the Five Best Hybrids, in the 1988 Progeny Trial" (Guelph All- Male Hybrids) - University of GuelpNCambridge Research Station, Ontario.

No. of Marketable (#I) % Marketable S w r s h a (#I) Suears

Hybrids 1 W 1990

LSW 1 4288

'No control in this trial. Y1990 - 11 hybrids, harvested 17 days (April 27 - May 11). "Least Significant Difference (P=0.05).

Table 15. Economic Yield #Iz and Rank for the Five Best Hybrids, in the 1988 Progeny TriaP (Gwlph All-Male Hybrids) - University of Guelph/Cambridge Research Station, Ontario.

Economic Yield #1 (kg/ha) Rank

Hybrids 1990" 1990

'Economic Yield #1 = yield #1 spears - OS(yie1d #2 spears + yield of culls). YNo control in this trial. "1990 - 11 hybrids, harvested 17 days (April 27 - May 11). "Least Significant Difference (P=0.05).

Table 16. Percent Marketable Jumbo' Spears for Select Hybrids in the 1988 Progeny Ttialy - University of GwlpNCambridge Research Station, Ontario.

Hybrids

% Jumbo

1990"

2


total marketable weight YNo control in this trial. "1990 - 11 hybrids, harvested 17 days (April 27 - May 11).

BIOCHEMISTRY / PHYSIOLOGY

Yves Desjardins (UniversitC Laval), Michel Lamarre (Agriculture Canada).

Evaluation of field performance of asparagus transplants and clones grown under high - - - C 0 2 and supplemental lighting during greenhouse raising.

-

Three years after field planting, experimental units were harvested for the first time during the spring of 1990. The harvest was short, only 15 days, but allowed for the determining the long term effect of CO;! and light, provided during transplants raising, on production characteristics after several years in the field. Despite a more important development of plants raised under high C02 concentration (Asparagus research report 1988,89), there was no significant effect of this parameter and of light for total yield, spear number and percent stand (Table 1). However, it is noteworthy that harvest could have been continued for some treatments. In order to prevent reserve exaustion, the harvest was restricted to about 15 picks. We are hopefull that differences will be observed when experimental plot will be harvest for a full season.

Table 1. Long term effect of CO;! enrichment and supplementary lighting on the productivity of asparagus transplants and clones for 1990. F i t harvest. Planting was in 1987. Harvest was 15 days from May 28 to June 18.

Treatments Total yield Spear number % Stand Or*)

Cultivars Clone Viking Lucullus Crown Viking Crown Lucullus

Significance Crown vs transplants

Clone vs transplants

Viking vs Lucullus

c o 2 330 900 1500

Significance

Light 0 85 150 p n ~ l . r n - ~ . s - ~ 1 34

Significance 0.08

Effect of Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) on the establihment and growth of asparagus transplants and clones. Lavaltrie Agriculture Canada Experimental Farm

After three years of growth in the field, the effect of VAM was not as strong as was observed during the two previous years. No interaction of high order were detected for the most of growth parameters (Table 2). The only significant interaction observed was between the genotypes and the miccorrhizae species. This interaction was brought about by the very positive response of tissue cultured plants to the presence of VAM. This observation has also been made during the previous year. In general, VAM did not have a significant effect on the number of spears, but have incresed significantly the fern hight and percent stand (Table 2.3). For these parameters, there was no difference between Glormrr mycorrhizae strains. For all growth parameter measured, transplants surpassed in vitro material. Jersey Giant produced significantly more spears which were longer than those of 'Vicking'. Percent survival was also higher for Jersey Giant than for other varieties. Greenhouse fertilization did not have a strong residual effect on field growth. 150 ppm phosphornus in the greenhouse fertilization has increased slightly the percent survival of plants. However, field fertilization (150 kglha P205) increased significantly the fern height. In this case, their was no effect on the percent stand

Table 2. Analysis of variance of the effect of VA mycorrhizae, of the genotype, and of the phosphorous

fertilization applied during transplants raising and field planting, on growth parameters of

asparagus raised as transplants after 3 seasons in the field at the Lavaltrie Agriculture Canada

Experimental Station (1990)

Treatments Spear number Spear height % survival

Myc- 0 Genotypes (G) Greenhouse fertilization (GF) Field fertilization (FF) Interactions M X G M X GF M X FF G X GF G X FF GFXFF Higher order interaction

Table 3. Effect of VA mycorrhizae on growth parameter of asparagus raised as transplantsafter 3 seasons in the field at the Lavaltrie Apiculture Canada Experimental Station (1990)

Treatment Spear number Spear height (cm) % Survival Mycorrhyzae Control l lSa 144' 45"

Glomus vesiculifer 12.7a 161a 71a

Glomus versiforme 1 1.8a 15ga 71a

Genotype Clone G- 17 1 Jersey Giant .

Viking-2G

Greenhouse fertilization 0 150 ppm

Field fertilization 0 1 1 .5+0.4 150 kgha 12.6k.35

Determination of the optimal field planting period for greenhouse grown asparagus

An experiment has been designed to determine if transplanting of asparagus transplants could be realized at different time during the Summer and to determine if late planted tranaplants would have a comparable productivity than transplants transplanted during early spring. Delaying transplantation could reduce very significantly the costs related to heating during the early Spring. In a completely randomised experimental design, three asparagus cultivars grown has transplants were transplanted at 4 dates (15 July, 18 August, 11 September, and 25 May 1990) at the Lavaltrie Experimental Station. Transplants have been raised at Laval University according to the methodology previously described in the annual report of 1988. Exp6rimental units contained 20 plants and were replicated 4 times. Plants were transplanted when they reached a comparable size (as a function of fresh weight). Growth and survival measurements were taken at regular intervals

Tableau 4. Influence of planting date on growth of asparagus transplants 1 season after planting at the Lavaltrie Agriculture Canada Experimental farm (1990).

Treatment Spear number Spear height % Survival

genotype ns ns ns

Date of planting 15/07/89 7.4f 0 . 3 ~ 18/08/89 8.5f O S a 1 1/09/89 6 . 2 ~ . 4 ~ ~ 25/05/90 6 . 2 ~ . 3 ~

The normal transplanting period for asparagus transplants is normaly between mid and the end of May. Results from the first year in the field show that delayed transplanting, that is during mid June and July, did not affect the percent survival. Transplanting later in mid August, had no significant effect on fern growth but reduced slightly their recovery and survival. September planting was definitely too late and did not allow for transplants recovery in the field. At this transplanting period, survival was only 47 Q. However, plants which survived this treatment, had a growth comparable to that of transplants transplanted the following Spring. It thus appears possible to delay transplanting of asparagus until mid- August without altering significantly subsequent growth. Obviously, irrigation must be provided to alleviate some of the transplanting seess.

Articles related to asparagus production submitted for publication

De Yue, Yves Desjardins, Michel Lamarre and An& Gosselin. (1991) Photosynthesis and transpiration of in vitro-cultured asparagus plantlets. Scientia Horticulturae. (accepted for publication)

De Yue, Yves Desjardins, Michel Lamarre and An& Gosselin. (1991). Growth, photosynthesis and transpiration of in vitro-cultured asparagus plantlets during acclimatization. Can. J. Plant Sci.

CULTURAL PRACTICES

Herbicide Evaluation of Fall-Seeded Rye in Asparagus - Simcoe J. OISullivan and W.J. Bouw

Herbicides were evaluated to see their effects in controlling fall-seeded

rye and wheat used as a companion crop to reduce soil erosion, etc. in asparagus.

Companion crop competition affect and weed control were also investigated.


Experiment location - H.E.S., Simcoe; Cultivar - Lucullus; Soil tvpe - Berrien sandy loam; O.M. - 1.55%; a - 7.0; Sand - 55%; Silt - 30%; - 15%; Fertilizer - 500 kg/ha 13-0-45; Plantina date - 04 30 86; In-row s~acinq - 30 cm; Row width - 1.5 m; Plot size - 7.0 x 1.5 m; Ex~erimental desian - randomized block design; Replicates - 4; Previous crop - Asparagus; AT APPLICATION Date and

method - April 25 - pre, April 25 - post; Eauipment - SCOMOPS; Volume - 260 L/ha; Pressure - 175 kPa; Rve arowth staae - April 25 - 3-4 leaf; Rainfall - 14.8 mrn

5 days before spray applications, 18.0 mm within 10 days after; Date of

assessment - crop injury - June 1, weed count - June 19, weed rating - June 22, harvest - April 25-June 18. Results and Discussion

No reduction in fern growth was observed following application of any

treatment. Gramoxone and Roundup (0.66 kg/ha) resulted in excellent fall rye and

wheat control. Dandelion and plantain were the main weed escapes. There were

no grasses present.

Table 1. Herbicide Evaluation of Fall-Seeded Rye in Asparagus - Simcoe.

Treatments Marketable

Rate Appl iedz % Weedx Yield ( kg/ha Mulch Ratinq t/ha

Kill BLW Grade #l (15-23 cm)

Karmex;Gramoxone

Gramoxone

Karmex;Roundup+2,4D

Karmex

Non-weeded check

Weeded check

Karmex;Gramoxone

Gramoxone

Karmex;Gramoxone

Karmex ; PoastY

Karmex;Excel

Karmex;Roundup

Karmex;HOE 039866

Karmex;Roundup

Karmex;Roundup

Karmex;Roundup+2,4D

pre;post(nt)

post (nt )

pre;post(nt)

pre(cu1t.)

cultivation

cultivation

pre;post(ww)

post (rm) pre;post(rm)

pre;post(rm)

pre;post(rm)

pre;post(rm)

pre;post(rm)

pre;post(rm)

post (rm)

pre;post(rm)

---

3. 2cw

4.5abc

3.5bc

4.6abc

3.8bc

5.3abc

4.7abc

4.2abc

5. labc

6.2a

5. labc

5.4ab

4.3abc

4.5abc

5. Oabc

5.6ab

'nt=no-till; cult.=cultivation; ww=winter wheat; rm=rye mulch. YBCH 890 added at 0.6 L/ha (surfactant). 'BLW=Broadleaf weeds (O=no control; 100=complete control). "Duncans Multiple Range Test at 0.05 level. Numbers followed by the same letter are not significantly different.

Postemergence Treatments for Annual Grass Control in Direct Seeded Viking Asparagus - S-erland, British Columbia. l J.A. Freeman and E.J. Hogue

The object of this experiment was to investigate the level of annual grass

control and crop tolerance of several graminicide treatments when applied to

emerged grass and asparagus seedlings.


The experiment was located at the Summerland Research Station. The soil

texture was sandy loam composed of 74% sand, 3% clay, 23% silt and 2% organic

matter. The soil pH was 7.5. Viking KB3 seed was sown May 10 at a depth of 3

cm. Plot size was 1.2 x 5 m and contained a single row of asparagus. A

randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Barnyard grass

(Echinochloa crus~alli (L.) Beauv.) was sown in each plot to ensure a good

infestation. Yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.), green foxtail

(Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) invaded the

plots.

Treatments were applied June 26 with a plot sprayer using a volume of 500

L/ha and pressure of 140 KPa. Visual ratings for weed control were made July

13 using a scale of 0 (no control) to 9 (complete control). Crop tolerance

ratings were made July 23 using a scale of 0 (no tolerance) to 9 (complete

tolerance). Plant counts and heights were recorded August 12.


The results are presented in Table 1. The assessment on July 13 showed

excellent grass control in all treatments. The crop was not affected

detrimentally by the herbicide treatments.

~ARDSA funded project (Agri-f ood Regional Development Subsidiary Agreement

jointly funded by the Federal Government and the Provincial Government of

B.C. ) .

54

Table 1. Annual Grass Control and Crop Tolerance Provided by Postemergence Herbicide Treatments Used in Seedling Asparagus cv. Viking - Sunnnerland, British Columbia.

Rating (0-9) August 12 Act- Annua 1 Crop Aspara~us

Rate ivity Grass controlZ ~olerancey Shoots Height Treatments kg/ha % July 13 July 23 No/sq m cm

Clethodim + Corn Oil Conc.

Clethodim + Corn Oil Conc.

Clethodim + CC 16255

Propaquizafop + Renex 36

Check (weeded)

Check (weedy)

Z O = no control, 9 = complete control YO - no tolerance, 9 = complete tolerance XEC = emulsifiable concentrate WLeast Significant Difference (P=.05) NS = non-significant

Postemergence Treatments for Annual Grass Control in One Year Old Viking Asparagus Crowns - S-erland, British columbial. J.A. Freeman and E.J. Hogue

I @ P

I' I

I I I 1 I 1 I I ~ARDSA funded project (Agri-food Regional Development Subsidiary Agreement


8 B.C. ) .

56

, I

The object of this experiment was to determine the level of annual grass

control and crop tolerance of several graminicides when applied to a planting

of one year old Viking asparagus crowns when grass and crop have emerged.




matter. The soil pH was 7.5. Viking crowns were planted May 15. Plot size

was 1.2 x 5 m and contained a single row of 15 asparagus crowns. A randomized

complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Barnyard grass (Echinochloa

crusnalli (L.) Beauv.) was sown in each plot to ensure a good infestation.

Yellow foxtail (Setaria plauca (L.) Beauv.), green foxtail (Setaria viridis

(L.) Beauv.) and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) invaded the plots.


L/ha and pressure of 140 KPa. Visual ratings for weed control were made July

13 using a scale of 0 (no control) to 9 (complete control). Crop tolerance

ratings were made July 23 using a scale of 0 (no tolerance) to 9 (complete

tolerance). Plant height and number of emerged shoots were recorded August

12.


The results are presented in Table 2. The assessment on July 13 gave

excellent grass control in all treatments. No herbicide treatments affected

the crop detrimentally.

Table 2. Annual Grass Control and Crop Tolerance Provided by Postemergence Herbicide Treatments Used in One Year Old Viking Asparagus Crowns - Sunnnerland, British Columbia.

rat in^ (0-9) August 12 Act- Annual Crop Asparagus

Rate ivity Grass ControlZ Tolerancey Shoots Height Treatments kg/ha % July 13 July 23 No/sq m cm

Clethodim + CC 16255

Sethoxydim + Merge

Sethoxydim + Merge

Sethoxydim HC + Merge

Sethoxydim HC + Merge

Check (weeded)

Check (weedy)

ZO = no control, 9 = complete control YO = no tolerance, 9 = complete tolerance XEC = emulsifiable concentrate, Sn = solution WLeast Significant Difference (P~0.05) NS - non-significant

Postemergence Treatments for Broad Spectrum Weed Control in First-Year Viking Asparagus Crown Planting - S-erland, British columbial. J.A. Freeman and E.J. Hogue

The object of this experiment is to determine the effectiveness of pyridate

alone and in combination with metribuzin for annual weed control applied

postemergence to asparagus and weeds.




matter. The soil pH was 7.5. Viking crowns were planted May 15. Plot size

was 1.2 x 5 m and contained a single row of 15 asparagus crowns. A randomized

complete block design with 4 replications was used. Barnyard grass

(Echinochloa crus~alli (L.) Beauv.) was sown in each plot. Also present was

henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.), diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa Lam.),

hairy nightshade (Solanum sarachoides Sendt.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium

album L.), stork's bill (Erodium cicutarium (L.) LtHer.), wild buckwheat

(Polygonum convolvulus L.), shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastirus (L.9

Medic.), yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.), green foxtail (Setaria

viridis (L.) Beauv.), and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.).


L/ha and pressure of 140 KPa. Percent reduction of weeds was recorded July 13

and visual ratings for efficacy were recorded on July 23 on the basis of 0 (no

control) to 9 (complete control). Crop tolerance was rated July 23 using a

scale of 0 (no tolerance) to 9 (complete tolerance). Plant counts and heights

were recorded August 12.


The results are presented in Table 3. Pyridate at the 0.09 kg rate

controlled henbit and stork's-bill and partially controlled lamb's-quarters.

At the 1.8 kg rate nightshade and shepherd's-purse were controlled. Neither

rate controlled wild buckwheat. The pyridate-metribuzin mixture gave almost

complete control, only the odd knapweed escaped. All treatments gave good

control of the foxtails but only the mixture gave fair to good control of

~ARDSA funded project (Agri-food Regional Development Subsidiary Agreement


B.C.).

downy brome and barnyard grass. No herbicide treatment affected the crop

detrimentally.

Table 3. Postemergence Treatments for Broad Spectrum Weed Control in One Year Old Viking Asparagus Crowns - Sunnnerland, British columbial.

(Rating 0-9) July 23 Act- Broadleaf Downy Barnyard

Rate ivity Asparagus Weed Foxtail Brome Grass Treatments kg/ha % ~ o l e r a n c e ~ ~ontroly Control Control Control

- - -- -- -

Pyridate 0.9 45 WPX 9.0 8.1 8.3 1.5 1.5

Pyridate 1.8 45 WP 9.0 8.5 8.4 3.3 5.5

Pyridate 0.9 45 WP + Metribuzin 0.25 75 DF 9.0 8.9 8.4 8.3 7.5

Check, weeded - - 8.7 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0

Check, weedy - - 9.0 0 0 0 0

X Stand ReductionW Act- July 17 August 12

Rate tivity Broadleaf Height Treatments kg/ha X Weeds Grass crn #Plants

--

Pyridate 0.9 45 WP 4 1 0

Pyridate 1.8 45 WP 8 9 0

Pyridate 0.9 45 WP + Metribuzin 0.25 75DF 9 7 7 2

Check, weeded - - 9 3 2

Check, weedy - - 0 0

LSD"

ZO = no tolerance, 9 = complete tolerance YO = no control, 9 = complete control XWP = wettable powder, DF = dry flowable WThe reduction in treated plots expressed as a X of the check plots V ~ e a s t Significant Difference (P=.05) NS = non-significant

Early Postemergence Treatments for Annual Weed Control in Two Year Old Viking Asparagus Crowns - Agassiz, British columbial. J.A. Freeman

The object of this experiment was to determine the level of weed control and

crop tolerance when applied early postemergence to the crop and weeds.


The experiment was located at the Agassiz Research Station. The soil

texture was a silt loam composed of 5% sand, 25% clay, 70% silt and 5% organic

matter. The soil pH was 5.5. Two year old asparagus crowns were hand-planted

on April 17 with 16 plants per 5 m row, spaced 30 cm apart. Plot size was 1.2

x 5 m. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Major

weeds present at spraying were chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill), corn

spurry (Spergula arvensis L.), shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.)

Medic.), hairy galinsoga (Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) Blake), redroot pigweed

(Amaranthus retroflexus L.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.),

broadleaved plantain (Planta~o major L.), lady's thumb (Polygonum persicaria

L.) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus~alli (L.) Beauv.).

Treatments were applied June 6 and June 29. The first application was with

a self-propelled bicycle sprayer at a volume of 300 L/ha and pressure of 250

KPa. A repeat spray on June 29 was applied to pyridate treatments using a

knapsack sprayer with a volume of 800 L/ha. Visual ratings were made on June

26 for weed control using a scale of 0 (no control) to 9 (complete control)

and crop tolerance using a scale of 0 (no tolerance) to 9 (complete

tolerance). Plant heights were measured on September 27.


The results are presented in Table 4. Pyridate 0.9 kg/ha controlled redroot

pigweed and hairy galinsoga and partially controlled lamb's-quarters and

shepherd's-purse. Increasing the rate to 1.8 kg/ha controlled

lamb's-quarters and corn spurry. Broadleaved plantain and chickweed were not

controlled. The mixture pyridate-metribuzin gave complete broadleaved weed

control and partial barnyard grass control. Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and Clethodim

+ CC 16255 controlled barnyard grass. The crop was not affected detrimentally

by the herbicide treatments.



B.C.).

Table 4. Early Postemergence Treatments for Annual Weed Control in Two Year Old Viking Asparagus Crowns - Agassiz, British Columbia.

rat in^ (0-9) June 25 Act- Broadleaf Barnyard Crop

Rate ivity Weed Grass Asparagus Height Treatments kg/ha % ControlZ ControlZ Tolerancey cm

Pyridate Pyridate

Pyridate Pyridate

Pyridate 0.9 45 WP + Metribuzin 0.25 75 DF 9.0 5.3 9.0 89.5

Fenoxaprop-P- ethyl N 0.05 7.5 Sn 0

Clethodim 0.045 24 EC + CC 16255 0.5% 0 8.9 9.0 91.5

Check, weeded - - 9.0 9.0 9.0 93.3

ZO = no control, 9 = complete control YO = no tolerance, 9 = complete tolerance XWP = wettable powder, DF = dry flowable, Sn = solution, EC = emulsifiable concentrate WLeast Significant Difference (P = .05) NS = non-significant

Postemergence Treatments for Quackgrass Control During Harvest in Established Viking Asparagus - Agassiz, British columbial. J.A. Freeman

The object of this experiment was to determine the level of quackgrass

control and crop tolerance in established Viking asparagus.




matter. The soil pH was 4 . 9 . Plot size was 1.2 x 5 m. A' randomized complete

block design with 4 replicates was used. There was a heavy infestation of

quackgrass (A~ropyron repens (L.) Beauv.).

Treatments were applied April 30 using a volume of 330 L/ha and pressure of

250 KPa. Visual ratings for quackgrass control were made May 23 and June 26

using a scale of 0 (no control) to 9 (complete control) and crop tolerance

ratings were recorded on June 26 using a scale of 0 (no tolerance) to 9

(complete tolerance). Yields were recorded over a 7 week harvest period.


The results are presented in Table 5. All treatments gave satisfactory to

excellent control of quackgrass. The crop was not affected detrimentally by

any of the herbicide treatments.



Table 5. Postemergence Treatments for Quackgrass Control During Harvest in Established Viking Asparagus - Agassiz, British Columbia.

rat in^ ( 0 - 9 ) May 23 June 26

Act- Quack- Quack- Marketable Rate ivity grass grass Asparagus Yield

Treatments kg /ha % ControlZ Control Tolerancey g/m2

Clethodim 0 . 0 7 5 24 E C ~ + Kornoil Conc. 1 . 0 % 8 . 0 7 . 4 9 . 0 453

Clethodim 0 . 1 5 24 EC + Kornoil Conc. 1 . 0 % 8 . 1 8 . 8 9 . 0 48 2

Propaquizafop 0 . 1 0 24 Sn + Renex 36 0 .25% 8 . 5 9 . 0 9 . 0 384

Propaquizafop 0 . 1 4 24 Sn + Renex 36 0 . 2 5 % 8 . 8 9 . 0 9 . 0 42 7

Check, weedy - - 0 5 . 3 9 .0 40 7

ZO = no control, 9 = complete control YO = no tolerance, 9 = complete tolerance XEC - emulsifiable concentrate, Sn = solution WLeast Significant Difference (P = . 0 5 ) NS = non-significant

Innnediate Postharvest Treatments for Weed Control in Established Viking Asparagus - Agassiz, British columbial. J.A. Freeman

The object of this experiment was to investigate the level of weed control

and crop tolerance when applied to Viking asparagus immediately postharvest.




matter. The soil pH was 4.9. Plot size was 1.2 x 5 m. A randomized complete

block design with 4 replicates was used. Major weeds present were wild

buckwheat (Poly~onum convolvulus L.), lady's thumb (Poly~onum persicaria L.),

dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber), Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.)

Scop), Chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.) and quackgrass (Agropyron repens

(L.) Beauv.).

Treatments were applied May 23 with a knapsack sprayer using a volume of 800

L/ha. All emerge'd asparagus spears were removed immediately before spraying.

Visual ratings for crop tolerance using a scale of 0 (no tolerance) to 9

(complete tolerance) were made June 15 and for weed control using a scale of 0

(no control) to 9 (complete control) on June 15 and August 6.


The results are presented in Table 6. As last year, all herbicide

treatments gave excellent broadleaf weed and quackgrass control with only the

odd Canada thistle and dandelion escaping. The crop was not affected by any

of the herbicide treatments. Similar treatments were applied in 1989 and

these plots were rated on April 26, 1990. The plots still showed good control

of quackgrass.



B.C. ) .

Table 6. Imnediate Postharvest Treatments for Weed Control in Established Viking Asparagus - Agassiz, British Columbia.

Rating (0-9) June 15 AUR 6

Act- Broadleaf Quack- Quack- Rate ivity Asparagus Weed grass grass

Treatments kg/ha % ~ o l e r a n c e ~ ControlY Control Control

Glyphosate 1.5 36 SnX 9.0 8.9 8.9 8.5

Glyphosate 1.5 36 Sn + Metribuzin 0.5 50 EC 9.0 8.5 7.5 7.9

Glyphosate 1.5 36 Sn 2,4-D m i n e 1.0 50 Sn 9.0 8.9 8.3 7.9

Check, weedy - - 0 0 0 8.2

ZO = no tolerance, 9 = complete tolerance YO = no control, 9 = complete control XSn = solution, EC = emulsifiable concentrate

Herbicide Treatments Applied During Harvest for Weed Control in Established Viking Asparagus - Agassiz, British columbial. J.A. Freeman

The object of this experiment was to determine the level of crop tolerance

and weed control when herbicides were applied during the harvest period.




matter. The soil pH was 4.9. Plot size was 1.2 x 5 m. A randomized complete

block design with 4 replicates was used. Major weeds present were clover

(Trifolium pratense L.), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber), Canada

thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop), wild buckwheat (Poly~onum convolvulus

L.), corn spurry (Sper~ula arvensis L.), chickweed (Stellaria media (L.)

Vill.), lady's-thumb (Poly~onum persicaria L.), mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.),

lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), quackgrass (Anropyron repens (L.)

Beauv.) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.).

Treatments were applied during harvest, all emerged spears removed, on May

2. 2,4-D amine treatments were reapplied May 9 while spears were present and

emerged. All herbicides were applied using a knapsack sprayer and a volume of

800 L/ha. Visual ratings for weed control using a scale of 0 (no control) to

9 (complete control) and crop tolerance using a scale of 0 (no tolerance) to 9

(complete tolerance) were made May 23. Yields were recorded from May 7 to May

23.


The results are presented in Table 7. Clopyralid appeared to control wild

buckwheat and Canada thistle, dandelion was controlled at the higher rate.

2,4-D mine controlled all broadleaved weeds but by June 7 some chickweed

appeared in the plots. Glufosinate ammonium initially controlled all weeds

but seedling wild buckwheat, mustard and some dandelion appeared by June 7.

The crop was not affected by any herbicide but there was a trend for weeds to

reduce yields.



B.C.).

Table 7. Postermergence Herbicides Applied for Broad Spectrum Weed Control During Harvest in Viking Asparagus - Agassiz, British Columbia.

Act- Ratinn (0-9) May 23 Marketable Rate ivity Weed Asparagus Yield

Treatments kg/ha X ControlZ Tolerancey g/m2

--

Clopyralid 0.27 36 SnX 3.5 9.0 194

Clopyral id 0.54 36 Sn 4.5 9.0 164

2,4-D amine 2.0 50 Sn 9.0 9.0 2 2 3

Glufosinate ammonium 1.0 20 Sn 9.0 9.0 245

Check (weedy) - 0 9.0 227

ZO = no control, 9 = complete control YO = no tolerance, 9 = complete tolerance XSn = solution WLeast Significant Difference (P = .05) NS = non-significant

Preemergence Treatments for Weed Control in Direct-Seeded Asparagus Grown Under Dryland Conditions - Armstrong, British columbial. J.A. Freeman, J.B. Price, J. Woods

The object of this experiment was to investigate the level of weed control

and crop tolerance of two herbicide treatments when applied to emerged weeds

and preemergence to crop.


The experiment was located at the Keller Farm in Armstrong, B.C. The soil

texture was a sandy loam. Plot size was 1.2 X ' S m and contained a single row

of asparagus. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used.

Weeds present were wild buckwheat (Poly~onum convolvulus L.), wild tomato

(Solanum triflorum Nutt), shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastorus (L.)

Medic.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), bluebur (Lappula echinata

Gilib), stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus

retroflexus L.) and volunteer oats.

Treatments were applied using a plot sprayer with a volume of 406 L/ha and

pressure of 220 KPa. Visual ratings for weed control were made June 19 using

a scale of 0 (no control) to 9 (complete control).


The results are presented in Table 8. Pyridate controlled nightshade,

suppressed wild buckwheat and partially controlled shepherd's-purse,

lamb's-quarters and stinkweed. Glufosinate ammonium controlled all weeds

except oats.



B.C.).

Table 8. Preemergence Treatments for Weed Control in Direct-Seeded Asparagus Grown Under Dryland Conditions - Armstrong, British Columbia.

Treatments Rate kg/ha

Activity %

Ratinn (0-9)= June 19 Broadleaved Weeds

Pyridate 1.35

Glufosinate Ammonium

Check, weeded -

Z O = no control, 9 = complete control YWP = wettable powder, Sn = solution

Postharvest Treatment for Weed Control in Asparagus Grown Under Irrigated Conditions - Armstrong, British ~olumbial. J.A. Freeman, J.B. Price, J. Woods

The object of this experiment was to determine the level of weed control as

postemergence treatments in established asparagus applied postharvest.


The experiment was located at the Kreber Farm in Armstrong, B.C. The soil

texture was a loamy sand. Plot size was 0.72 x 6 m and contained a single row

of asparagus. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used.

Weeds present were redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), asparagus

seelings (Asparagus officinalis L.), shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastorus

(L.) Medic.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), pineappleweed

(Matricaria matricarioides Less. Porter), hairy nightshade (Solanum villosum

Mill), wild tomato (Solanum triflorum Nutt) and prostrate knotweed (Polygonum

aviculare L.).

Treatments were applied using a plot sprayer with a volume of 406 L/ha and

pressure of 220 KPa. Visual ratings for weed control were made July 5 using a

scale of 0 (no control) to 9 (complete control).


The results are presented in Table 9. Pyridate did not control asparagus

seedlings or prostrate knotweed. It suppressed all other weeds. Glufosinate

ammonium gave fair to excellent control of asparagus seedlings, good control

of wild buckwheat and excellent control of all other weeds.

~ARDSA funded project (Agri-f ood Regional Development Subsidiary Agreement


B.C.).

Table 9 . Postharvest Treatments for Weed Control i n Asparagus Grown Under Irrigated Conditions - Armstrong, Br i t i sh Columbia.

Rate Activity Rating (0-9)Z July 5 Treatments kg/ha % Broadleaved Weeds

Pyridate 1.35 45 WPY 5.0

Glufosinate Ammonium

Check, weeded - - 0

ZO = no control, 9 = complete control YWP = wettable powder, Sn = solution

CANADIAN ASPARAGUS RESEARCH REPORT

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