Canada’s Total War
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Transcript of Canada’s Total War
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Canada’s Total War
World War II
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• This war involved most countries in the world as full, participatory combatants
• In Canada, nearly all aspects of life revolved around the war
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Halifax
• Ships were set up in convoys to guide troops and supplies (guns, tanks, shells, food) to Europe
• Germany actively sought to intercept this route and mined and torpedoed the convoys
• German U-boats sank 175 Allied ships, 500 merchant ships and downed 50,000 sailors
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Nazi’s on the St. Lawrence River?
• German attacks on ships went all the way into the St. Lawrence River
• In 1942, U-boats sank a ferry (SS Caribou) going from N.S. to Nfld. (137 deaths and considered to be the worst inshore disaster of the battle)
• U-boats tried and sometimes accomplished landing men in the Gaspe (Quebec)
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Internment
• Following the attack on Pearl Harbour Japanese-Canadians were perceived as threats.
• Under the War Measures Act and Defense of Canada Regulations Japanese Canadians were moved to Internment camps or work farms.
• Approximately 22,000 men, women and children were moved
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Extension Activities
• Reading: The Early Years vs. The War Years
• Short film: http://www.nfb.ca/film/Minoru-Memory-of-Exile
• Artifact Activity• Reading: Rebuilding and Revival
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National Selection Service
• NSS was established to direct workers into needed wartime industries such as Hamilton Steel Plants, Toronto munitions factories, Montreal aircraft factories and Winnipeg munitions and communication technology industries
• Workers who took jobs not designated by NSS were fined $500
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Agriculture
• After the depression, the prairies experienced bumper crops
• High school and university students were sent to Saskatchewan to help harvest the crops that were needed to feed the British and the soldiers
• 800,000 women worked on farms (doing heavy farm work, servicing equipment, running the house and caring for children)
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Industry
• Women 20 – 24 were required to sign up with NSS
• 25,000 worked in aircraft plants, 260,000 in munitions, 4000 in shipbuilding, 4000 in construction
• Women were paid less than men, but the differences were less than in WW1
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Elsie MacGill
1st woman in Canada to earn a degree in electrical engineering
Oversaw design and production of the 1450 Hawker Hurricane airplane during WWII
Queen of the Hurricanes, a comic about Elsie MacGill, was published in the US in1942
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• Veronica Foster worked for the John Inglis Co. Ltd. in Toronto where they produced the Bren Gun
• In a series of propaganda photos from 1941, Foster appears both at work and at play. She was nicknamed Ronnie the Bren Gun Girl.
• Rosie the Riveter didn’t appear in the US until 1942.
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Making uniforms for the soldiers
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• Clip from Canada: A People’s History
• “War Machine” section
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Aboriginals
• While Aboriginals had little reason to be loyal to Britain, they provided military service, money, land for food production and labour in factories
• Over 3,000 Aboriginal men and women volunteered for WWII
• Most volunteers came from western Canada
• Over 200 Aboriginal soldiers lost their lives
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British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
• Many pilots and other support workers in the RAF were trained in Canada
• BCATP provided the biggest training base for pilots from New Zealand, West India, Australia, Canada and Britain
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Aircrew members training for altitudes in excess of 7 miles 1941
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Why do you think Canada served
as a key location for training?
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Espionage
• Camp X (just outside Oshawa) was a top secret training base for spies, secret agents and saboteurs
• Part of Camp X was Station M, where agents were provided with false documents, money, disguises, and specialized training to allow them to “fit in” and be part of the Underground
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Dagger lipstick (left) and Poison gas fountain pen (right)
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Enigma machine (decoding machine)
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Hydra
"HYDRA" would become a direct link between Roosevelt and Churchill, through a series of direct telephone lines in the US, Canada, and the UK. When a leader wanted to speak directly to another the HYDRA system was used.
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A hollowed-out book and a revolver
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Simulation of spies being discovered in a wagon
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Government• C.D. Howe, Minister of
Munitions and Supplies, had the power to direct private enterprise and tell businesses what to produce, where to sell products, and when to deliver
• Crown corporations were established to produce other needed war supplies (e.g. Port Hope secretly produced uranium for atomic bombs)
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Inflation and Rationing
• To guard against inflation, the government controlled taxes, forced savings and sold Victory Bonds
• The Wartime Prices and Trade Board was established for food rationing (sugar, butter, coffee and meat) and froze all prices and wages to prevent further inflation
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Conscription
• Conscription became an issue because PM King had promised no conscription in his election campaign
• In 1940, more people were needed so the government adopted conscription for home service (National Resources Mobilization Act)
• The NRMA was still not enough and King had to go to the public with a plebiscite (asking them to release him from his promise)
• It was passed but further divided English and French Canada
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Promoting Conscription in Toronto April 27, 1942
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Opposition to Conscription