CanadaCanada Listeni/ˈkænədə/ is a country in North America consisting of ten provinces and...

8/10/2019 CanadaCanada Listeni/knd/ is a country in North America consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Lo

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Canada i/k n d /is a country in North America consisting often provinces and three territories.Located in the northern part of the

continent, it extends from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northard into the Arctic !cean. At "."# million s$uare kilometres in total, %anada is

the orld&s second'largest country (y total areaand thefourth'largest country (y land area.)ts common (orderith the *nited +tates forms

the orld&s longestland (order.

he land that is no %anada has (een inha(ited for millennia (y variousA(original peoples.-eginning in the late th

century,-ritishand 0rench coloniesere esta(lished on the region&s Atlantic coast. As a conse$uence ofvarious conflicts, the *nited1ingdom gained and lost North American territories until left, in the late #th century, ith hat mostly comprises %anada today. Pursuant to

the-ritish North America Act,on 2uly , #34 three colonies5oinedto form the autonomousfederal dominionof %anada. his (egan

anaccretion of provinces and territoriesto the ne self'governing dominion. )n "6, -ritain granted %anada full independence in most

matters ith the+tatute of 7estminster "6.he %anada Act "#8severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the-ritish parliament.

%anada is afederalparliamentary democracyand aconstitutional monarchy,ith 9ueen:li;a(eth ))as its head of state. %anada is a

mem(er of the%ommonealth of Nations.he country is officially (ilingualat the federal level. )t is one of the orld&s most ethnically diverse

and multiculturalnations, the product of large'scale immigration from many countries, ith a population of approximately 6 million as of

istory

o 8. A(original peoples

o 8.8 :uropean coloni;ation

o 8.6 %onfederation and expansion

o 8.F :arly 8=th century

o 8. Godern times

6 Deography

F Dovernment and politics

o F. La

o F.8 0oreign relations and military

o F.6 )nternational organi;ations

o F.F Provinces and territories

:conomy
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o . +cience and technology

3


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(loodpeople ho originated in the mid'4th century hen 0irst Nations and )nuit people married :uropean settlers. B6=C)n general, the )nuit

had more limited interaction ith :uropean settlers during the coloni;ation period. B6C

European colonization

-en5amin 7est&sThe Death of General Wolfe@44 dramati;es2ames 7olfe&s death during the-attle of the Plains of A(rahamat9ue(ecin 4".

he first knon attempt at:uropean coloni;ation(egan hen Norsemensettled (riefly atL&Anse aux Geadosin Nefoundland around

=== A


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Actof 44F, expanding 9ue(ec&s territory to the Dreat Lakes and!hio alley.)t re'esta(lished the 0rench language, %atholic faith, and

0rench civil la there. his angered many residents of the hirteen %olonies, fuelling anti'-ritish sentiment in the years prior to the 44

out(reak of theAmerican Hevolution.BC

he 4#6 reaty of Parisrecogni;ed American independence and ceded the nely added territories south @(ut not north of the Dreat Lakes

to the ne *nited +tates. BF6CNe -runsickas split from Nova +cotia as part of a reorgani;ation of Loyalist settlements in the Garitimes. o

accommodate :nglish'speaking Loyalists in 9ue(ec, the %onstitutional Act of 4"divided the province into 0rench'speaking Loer

%anada@later9ue(ec and :nglish'speaking*pper %anada@later!ntario, granting each its on elected legislative assem(ly.BFFC

Ho(ert >arris&sFathers of Confederation@##F, an amalgamation of the%harlottetonand9ue(ec conferencesof #3F.BFC

he %anadasere the main front in the7ar of #8(eteen the *nited +tates and -ritain. 0olloing the ar, large'scale immigration to%anada from -ritain and )reland (egan in #.B8C-eteen #8 and #F3, 383,38# :uropean immigrants reportedly landed at %anadian

ports.BF3Chese included)rishimmigrants escaping theDreat )rish 0amineas ell as Daelic'speaking+cotsdisplaced (y the>ighland

%learances.BF4C)nfectious diseases killed (eteen 8 and 66 per cent of :uropeans ho immigrated to %anada (efore #". B8FC

he desire forresponsi(le governmentresulted in the a(ortive He(ellions of #64.he


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government created the Jukon erritory. *nder the Li(eralPrime Ginister7ilfrid Laurier,continental :uropean immigrants settled the

prairies, andAl(ertaand +askatchean(ecame provinces in "=.B6C

Early 20th century

%anadian soldiers and aGark )) tankat the-attle of imy Hidgein "4

-ecause -ritain still maintained control of %anada&s foreign affairs under the %onfederation Act, its declaration of ar in "F automatically

(rought%anada into 7orld 7ar ).olunteers sent to the7estern 0rontlater (ecame part of the%anadian %orps.he %orps played a

su(stantial role in the-attle of imy Hidgeand other ma5or engagements of the ar.B3C!ut of approximately 38,=== %anadians ho servedin7orld 7ar ),around 3=,=== ere killed and another 46,=== ere ounded. B4Che%onscription %risis of "4erupted hen conservative

Prime GinisterHo(ert -orden(rought incompulsory military serviceover the vehement o(5ections of 0rench'speaking 9ue(ecers. he

%onscription %risis, coupled ith disputes over 0rench language schools outside 9ue(ec, deeply alienated 0rancophone %anadians and

temporarily split the Li(eral Party. -orden&s *nionist government included many Anglophone Li(erals, and it sept to a landslide victory

inthe "4 elections. )n "", %anada 5oined theLeague of Nationsindependently of -ritain,B3Cthe"6 +tatute of 7estminsteraffirmed

%anada&s independence.B6C

Montreal Daily Starannounces the end of 7orld 7ar )). Gay 4, "F

hegreat depression in %anadaduring the early "6=s sa an economic donturn, leading to hardship across the country.B#C)n response to

the donturn, the%o'operative %ommonealth 0ederation@%%0 in +askatchean introduced many elements of aelfare state@as

pioneered (yommy


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AtHideau >all,Dovernor Deneralthe iscount Alexander of unis@centre receives the (ill finali;ing the union ofNefoundland and %anada on Garch 6, "F"

he financial crisis of the great depression had led the


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A satellite composite image of %anada.-oreal forestsprevail on the rocky%anadian +hield,hile ice andtundraare prominent in theArctic.Dlaciers are visi(le in

the%anadian Hockiesand%oast Gountains. he flat and fertileprairiesfacilitate agriculture. heDreat Lakesfeed the+t. Larence Hiverin the southeast, here

lolands host much of %anada&s population.

+ince "8, %anada has claimed the portion of the Arctic (eteen3=Oand FO7longitude,B#6C(ut this claim is not universally recogni;ed.

%anada is home to the orld&s northernmost settlement, %anadian 0orces +tation Alert,on the northern tip of:llesmere )sland latitude

#8.ON hich lies #4 kilometres @=# mi from the North Pole.B#FCGuch of the %anadian Arctic is covered (y ice andpermafrost. %anada

has the longest coastline in the orld, ith a total length of 8=8,=#= kilometres @8,4= miEB#8Cadditionally, its (order ith the *nited +tates

is the orld&s longest land (order, stretching #,#" kilometres @,8 mi. B#C

+ince the end of the lastglacial period, %anada has consisted of eight distinct forest regions, including extensive (orealforest on the

%anadian +hield.B#3C%anada has around 6,4== large lakes,B#4Cmore than any other country, containing much of the orld&sfresh ater.B##Chere are also fresh'ater glaciers in the%anadian Hockiesand the%oast Gountains.%anada is geologically active, having many

earth$uakes and potentially active volcanoes, nota(ly Gount Geager,Gount Dari(aldi,Gount %ayley,and the Gount :d;i;a volcanic

complex.B#"Che volcanic eruption of theseax %onein 44 as among %anada&s orst natural disasters, killing 8,=== Nisga&a peopleand

destroying their village in theNass Hivervalley of northern -ritish %olum(ia. he eruption produced a 88.'kilometre @F.= milavaflo, and,

according to Nisga&a legend, (locked the flo of the Nass Hiver.B"=C%anada&s population density, at 6.6 inha(itants per s$uare kilometre

@#./s$ mi, is among the loest in the orld. he most densely populated part of the country is the9ue(ec %ity 7indsor %orridor,situated

in +outhern 9ue(ec and+outhern !ntarioalong the Dreat Lakes and the +t. Larence Hiver.B"C

Average inter and summer hightemperatures across %anadavary from region to region. 7inters can (e harsh in many parts of the country,

particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, hich experience a continental climate, here daily average temperatures are near

Q O%@ O0, (ut can drop (elo QF= O% @QF= O0 ith severe ind chills.B"8C)n noncoastal regions, sno can cover the ground for almost six

months of the year, hile in parts of the north sno can persist year'round. %oastal -ritish %olum(ia has a temperate climate, ith a mild

and rainy inter. !n the east and est coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the lo 8=s O% @4=s O0, hile (eteen the

coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 8 to 6= O% @44 to #3 O0, ith temperatures in some interior locations

occasionally exceeding F= O% @=F O0.B"6C

Government and politicsMain articles:Go!ernment of Canadaand"olitics of Canada

Parliament >illin %anada&s capital city,!ttaa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Rockieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Rockieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_meridian_westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_meridian_westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-West2004-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-West2004-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFS_Alerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFS_Alerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-cia-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-cia-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-88http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-88http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Rockieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Rockieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Rockieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meagerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meagerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Garibaldihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Garibaldihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Garibaldihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Cayleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Cayleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseax_Conehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseax_Conehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseax_Conehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisga'a_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nass_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nass_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Asd-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Asd-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City_%E2%80%93_Windsor_Corridorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City_%E2%80%93_Windsor_Corridorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City_%E2%80%93_Windsor_Corridorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-McMurryShepherd2004-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_chillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian_parliament_MAM.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada-satellite.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Rockieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_meridian_westhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-West2004-83http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFS_Alerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-84http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrosthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-cia-82http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-85http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacial_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-86http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-87http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-88http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Rockieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Mountainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meagerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Garibaldihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Cayleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-89http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tseax_Conehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisga'a_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nass_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Asd-90http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City_%E2%80%93_Windsor_Corridorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ontariohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-McMurryShepherd2004-91http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_chillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-92http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-93http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa


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%anada has a parliamentary systemithin the context of aconstitutional monarchy,themonarchy of %anada(eing the foundation of the

executive, legislative, and5udicial(ranches.B"FCB"CB"3CB"4Che sovereign is 9ueen:li;a(eth )),ho also serves as head of state of other

%ommonealth countriesand each of %anada&s ten provinces. As such, the 9ueen&s representative, theDovernor Deneral of %anada@at

presentouse of %ommonsand chosen and

headed (y the Prime Ginister of %anada@at present+tephen >arper,B=8Cthehead of government. he governor general or monarch may,

though, in certain crisis situations exercise their poer ithout ministerialadvice.B==Co ensure the sta(ility of government, the governor

general ill usually appoint as prime minister the person ho is the current leader of the political party that can o(tain the confidence of

apluralityin the >ouse of %ommons.B=6Che Prime Ginister&s !ffice@PG! is thus one of the most poerful institutions in government,

initiating most legislation for parliamentary approval and selecting for appointment (y the %ron, (esides the aforementioned, the governor

general,lieutenant governors,senators, federal court 5udges, and heads of%ron corporationsand government agencies.B==Che leader of

the party ith the second'most seats usually (ecomes the Leader of >er Ga5esty&s Loyal !pposition@presentlyhomas Gulcairand is part

of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check. B=FC

he+enate cham(erithin the%entre -lockonParliament >ill

:ach of the 6=# mem(ers of parliament in the >ouse of %ommons is elected (y simple plurality in an electoral districtor riding. Deneral

electionsmust (e called (y the governor general, either on the advice of the prime minister, ithin four years of the previous election, or if

the government loses aconfidence votein the >ouse.B=Che = mem(ers of the +enate, hose seats are apportioned on a regional (asis,

serve until age 4.B=3C0ive parties had representatives elected to the federal parliament in the 8= electionsM the%onservative Party of

%anada@governing party, the Ne ouse of %ommons.B=C%anada&s three territories also have

legislatures, (ut these are not sovereign and have feer constitutional responsi(ilities than the provinces.B=4Che territorial legislatures also

differ structurally from their provincial counterparts.B=#C

LawMain article:La# of Canada

he%onstitution of %anadais the supreme la of the country, and consists of ritten text and unritten conventions. he %onstitution Act,

#34 @knon as the-ritish North America Actprior to "#8, affirmed governance (ased on parliamentary precedent and divided poers

(eteen the federal and provincial governments. he +tatute of 7estminster "6granted full autonomy and the%onstitution Act, "#8,

ended all legislative ties to the *1, as ell as adding a constitutional amending formula and the%anadian %harter of Hights and 0reedoms.

he %harter guarantees (asic rights and freedoms that usually cannot (e over'ridden (y any governmentRthough anotithstandingclauseallos the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the %harter for a period of five years. B="C
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-MacLeod16-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Johnstonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Johnstonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-MacLeod16-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Forseyp1-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Montpetit-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Cabinethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Cabinethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Forseyp1-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_(voting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_(voting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Forseyp1-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Forseyp1-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Forseyp1-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mulcairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mulcairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mulcairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Senatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Senatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Senatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Blockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Blockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_electoral_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_electoral_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_electoral_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_votehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_votehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_votehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-GriffithsNerenberg2003-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-GriffithsNerenberg2003-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_political_parties_in_Canada#Historical_parties_that_have_won_seats_in_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_political_parties_in_Canada#Historical_parties_that_have_won_seats_in_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_political_parties_in_Canada#Historical_parties_that_have_won_seats_in_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Montpetit-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Montpetit-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America_Actshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America_Actshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America_Actshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-109http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cansenate.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-94http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-95http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-MacLeod16-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-97http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Johnstonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-98http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-99http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-MacLeod16-96http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Forseyp1-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Montpetit-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Cabinethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-102http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_governmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Forseyp1-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_(voting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-103http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Prime_Minister_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Forseyp1-100http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mulcairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-104http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Senatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Blockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Hillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_electoral_districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_votehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-105http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-GriffithsNerenberg2003-106http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9coishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_political_parties_in_Canada#Historical_parties_that_have_won_seats_in_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assemblies_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territorieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicameralismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-Montpetit-101http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-107http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-108http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America_Actshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_Thirty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedomshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-109


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he )ndian %hiefs Gedal, presented to commemorate theNum(ered reatiesof #4"8

Although not ithout conflict, :uropean %anadians&early interactions ith 0irst Nations and )nuit populations ere relatively peaceful. B=C he

%ron and A(original peoples(egan interactionsduring the :uropean coloniali;ation period. he)ndian Act,various treaties and case las

ere esta(lished to mediate relations (eteen :uropeans and native peoples. BCGost nota(ly, a series of eleven treaties knon as

theNum(ered reatiesere signed (eteen A(originals in %anada and the reigning Gonarch of %anada (eteen #4 and "8. B8Chese

treaties are agreements ith the %anadian%ron'in'%ouncil, administered (y%anadian A(original la, and overseen (y theGinister of

A(original Affairs and Northern


10/12

%anada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of 3#,8= active personnel and approximately F4,=# reserve personnel.B"Che unified %anadian 0orces@%0 comprise the%anadian Army,Hoyal %anadian Navy,andHoyal %anadian Air 0orce.)n 8=,

%anada&smilitary expendituretotalled approximately %S8F. (illion.B8=C

%anada and the *nited +tates share the orld&s longest undefended (order, co'operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each

other&s largest trading partner.B8C%anada nevertheless has an independent foreign policy, most nota(ly maintaining full relations

ith%u(aand declining to officially participate in the8==6 invasion of )ra$.%anada also maintains historic ties to the *nited 1ingdom and

0rance and to other former -ritish and 0rench colonies through %anada&s mem(ership in the %ommonealth of Nationsand

the0rancophonie.B88C%anada is noted for having a positive relationship ith the Netherlands,oing, in part, to its contri(ution to theG%+%egina,a arship of the Hoyal %anadian Navy,near >aaii during the 8==FH)GPA%exercises

)n 8==, %anada deployed troops toAfghanistanas part of the*+ sta(ili;ation forceand the *N'authori;ed, NA!'led)nternational +ecurity

Assistance 0orce.)n all, %anada lost # soldiers, one diplomat, to aid orkers, and one 5ournalist during the ten year mission, B6=Chich

cost approximately %S.6 (illion. B6C

)n 0e(ruary 8==4, %anada, )taly, the *nited 1ingdom,Noray,and Hussia announced their 5oint commitment to a S.'(illion pro5ect to help

develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on other countries to 5oin them. B68C)n August 8==4, %anada&sterritorial claims in the

Arcticere challenged after aHussian underater expeditionto theNorth PoleE%anada has considered that area to (e sovereign territorysince "8.B66C-eteen Garch and !cto(er 8=, %anadian forces participated in a *N'mandated NA! intervention into the8= Li(yan

civil ar.B6FC

nternational organizations

%anada is recogni;ed as amiddle poerfor its role in international affairs ith a tendency to pursue multilateral solutions. B6CAs ell as its

mem(ership of the *nited Nations, the7orld rade !rgani;ationand the !rganisation for :conomic %o'operation and


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!ro"inces and territoriesMain article:"ro!inces and territories of Canada

See also:Canadian federalism

%anada is a federation composed of ten provinces and threeterritories.)n turn, these may (e grouped intofour main regionsM 7estern

%anada, %entral %anada,Atlantic %anada,and Northern %anada @I:astern %anadaI refers to %entral %anada and Atlantic %anada

together. Provinces have more autonomy than territories, having responsi(ility for social programs such ashealth care,education,

and elfare. ogether, the provinces collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost uni$ue structure among federations in the

orld. *sing its spending poers, the federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the %anada >ealth ActE

the provinces can opt out of these, (ut rarely do so in practice.:$uali;ation paymentsare made (y the federal government to ensure that

reasona(ly uniform standards of services and taxation are kept (eteen the richer and poorer provinces. B6#C

A clicka(le map of %anada exhi(iting its ten provinces and three territories, and their capitals.

EconomyMain article:&conomy of Canada
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(administrative_division)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(administrative_division)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(administrative_division)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Health_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Health_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equalization_paymentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equalization_paymentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equalization_paymentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-138http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-138http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Political_map_of_Canada.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(administrative_division)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Health_Acthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equalization_paymentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada#cite_note-138http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Canada


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Nations that have 0ree rade Agreements ith %anada as of 8==" are in dark (lue, hile nations in negotiations are in cyan. %anada is green.

he-ank of %anadais thecentral (ankof the country and governed (y+tephen Polo;.)n addition, theGinister of 0inanceandGinistry of

)ndustryutili;e the+tatistics %anadasystem for financial planning. heoronto +tock :xchangeis the seventh largest exchange in the orld

having ,44 companies listed in 8=8. %anada is the orld&seleventh'largest economy,ith a 8=8nominal Doever, %anada is unusual among developed countries in the

importance of itsprimary sector,in hich the logging andpetroleum industriesare to of the most prominent components.BF3C

%anada is one of the fe developed nations that are net exporters of energy.BF4CAtlantic %anada possesses vastoffshoredeposits of natural

gas, and Al(erta also hosts large oil and gas resources. he vastness of theAtha(asca oil sandsand other assets results in %anada having

6? of the glo(aloil reserves,the orld&s third'largest, afterene;uelaand+audi Ara(ia.BF#C%anada is additionally one of the orld&s largest

suppliers of agricultural productsE the %anadian Prairies are one of the most important glo(al producers of heat, canola,and other grains.BF"C

he Ginistry of Natural Hesourcesin %anada provides statistics regarding their ma5or exports,;incanduranium,and is a leading exporterof many other minerals, such asgold,nickel,aluminum,steel,iron ore,%oking %oal,andlead.BF4CB=CBCGany tons in northern %anada,

here agriculture is difficult, are sustaina(le (ecause of near(y mines or sources of tim(er. %anada also has a si;ea(le manufacturing sector

centred in southern !ntario and 9ue(ec, ith automo(iles andaeronauticsrepresenting particularly important industries.B8C

Hepresentatives of the governments of %anada, Gexico, and the *nited +tates sign theNorth American 0ree rade Agreement@NA0A in ""8.

%anada&s economic integration ith the *nited +tates has increased significantly since7orld 7ar )).heAutomotive Products rade

Agreementof "3 opened %anada&s (orders to trade in the automo(ile manufacturin
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CanadaCanada Listeni/ˈkænədə/ is a country in North America consisting of ten provinces and...

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Transcript of CanadaCanada Listeni/ˈkænədə/ is a country in North America consisting of ten provinces and...