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Canada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of over 67,000 regular personnel

and approximately 43,000 reserve personnel, including supplementary reserves.[119]The

unifiedCanadian Forces(CF) comprise theCanadian Army,Royal Canadian Navy, andRoyal

Canadian Air Force. In 2011, Canada'smilitary expendituretotalled approximately C$24.5 billion.[120]

Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on militarycampaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner.[121]Canada nevertheless has

an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations withCubaand declining to

officially participate in the2003 invasion of Iraq. Canada also maintains historic ties to the United

Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's membership

in theCommonwealth of Nationsand theFrancophonie.[122]

Canada is noted for having a

positiverelationship with the Netherlands, owing, in part, to its contribution to the Dutch liberation

during World War II.[60]

Canada's strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in

British military efforts in theSecond Boer War, World War I and World War II. Since then, Canada has

been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration withother nations.

[123][124]Canada was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945 and ofNATOin

1949. During theCold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in theKorean Warand

founded theNorth American Aerospace Defense Command(NORAD) in cooperation with the United

States to defend against potential aerial attacks from the Soviet Union.[125]

Canadian Armysoldiers from theRoyal 22nd Regimentdeploying duringUNITASexercises in April 2009

During theSuez Crisisof 1956, future Prime MinisterLester B. Pearsoneased tensions by proposing

the inception of theUnited Nations Peacekeeping Force, for which he was awarded the 1957Nobel

Peace Prize.[126]As this was the first UN peacekeeping mission, Pearson is often credited as the

inventor of the concept. Canada has since served in 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN

peacekeeping effort until 1989,[56]and has since maintained forces in international missions

inRwanda, the formerYugoslavia, and elsewhere; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over its

involvement in foreign countries, notably in the 1993Somalia Affair.[127]

Canada joined theOrganization of American States(OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General

Assembly inWindsor, Ontario, in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in

April 2001.[128]

Canada seeks to expand its ties toPacific Rimeconomies through membership in

theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperationforum (APEC).[129]

TheHalifax-classfrigateHMCS Regina, a warship of theRoyal Canadian Navy, nearHawaiiduring the

2004RIMPACexercises

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In 2001, Canada deployed troops toAfghanistanas part of theUS stabilization forceand the UN-

authorized, NATO-ledInternational Security Assistance Force. Starting in July 2011, Canada began

withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan. In all, Canada lost 158 soldiers, one diplomat, two aid

workers, and one journalist during the mission,[130]which cost approximately C$11.3 billion.[131]

In February 2007, Canada, Italy, the United Kingdom,Norway, and Russia announced their jointcommitment to a $1.5-billion project to help develop vaccines for developing nations, and called on

other countries to join them.[132]

In August 2007, Canada'sterritorial claims in the Arcticwere

challenged after aRussian underwater expeditionto theNorth Pole; Canada has considered that area

to be sovereign territory since 1925.[133]Between March and October 2011, Canadian forces

participated in a UN-mandated NATO intervention into the2011 Libyan civil war.[134]

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