Talk Nine: Plants that feed the world Chapter 13 Biology Today (BIOL 109)
Can we talk with plants?
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Transcript of Can we talk with plants?
Can we talk with plants?
How can the plants talk together, with insects and microorganisms?
Go far from me
Food
Hey every body,
come here
How can the microorganisms talk together?
How can the insects talk together?
I love you
Me to
Can we know these languages?
YES
Language!
[email protected]@must.edu.eg
Tel: 00201228188759
ByProf. Ahmed Z. Abdel Azeiz
College of BiotechnologyMUST
All of these languages consist of few words
Each word is a chemical compound
The languages is the way to communicate with the surround
‘Quorum Sensing’ (QS) describes the phenomenon whereby the accumulation of signaling molecules enable a single cell to sense the number of bacteria (cell density).
Microbial language
1- Quorum sensing:
From http://www.advancedhealing.com/quorum-sensing-and-biofilm/
• The single cells of slime molds moves (1mm/hr.) toward one cell to form a plasmodium (ameba like structure).
• The moving signal is cyclic AMP.
= every body, come here
2- Slime molds aggregation:
• Siderophres are chemical compounds produced by a microorganism to bind with metal ions to be available only for this microorganism.
3- Siderophores:
= This ion is mine
Some siderophores structures
Pheromones are substances secreted by an insect or animal to influence the behavior of other animals of the same specie.
It have several types:1-Sexual attractors produced by the females.2- Alarm pheromones.
Insect’s language
1- Insect pheromones:
• Scientists have been able to identify the chemical structure of many insect pheromones.
• It is used mainly in insect traps for control of insect.
• It is used also in the insect repellent pastes.
Structure of some insects pheromones
= The food is in this direction
Monomorine 1
= I’m alive (Don’t carry me)
Ref. Hideo Iida, Yohya Watanabe, Chihiro Kibayash (1986). A stereoselective synthesis of the ant trail pheromone (±)-monomorine .Tetrahedron Letters, 27 ( 45): 5513-5514
Ant’s pheromone:
From http://news.softpedia.com/newsImage/039-Life-Chemicals-039-Tell-Ants-When-to-Bury-Their-Dead-2.jpg/I’m not dead yet. Scientific American 301, 29 (2009)
• Ref. Tania Molina-Jiménez, Ana G. Gutiérrez-García, Carlos M. Contreras. (2013). An alarm pheromone increases the responsivity of amygdaline-hippocampal neurons. Salud Mental, 36:279-284
= Danger2-heptanon
= Danger
Animal’s alarm pheromones
The plant language
Hey my friends, I’m here.
Friends
Ok, we are coming
Enemies
Did you hear that,
let’s go
The plant signals can be produced:• Externally• Internally
Volatile compounds, root exudates, flower colors and shape, toxins,….
Come here my dearest
insect.
1- insects attraction:
Flower colors and shape Odor
The plants attract insects through
Some examples:1- The palm trees attract the red beetle.2- Tomato plants attracts the whitefly.
A red beetle infected palm tree. .
Did you see what can I do? and
you can’t do any thing for me!
The insect trap for the palm beetle control
The whitefly whitefly-transmitted closterovirus in tomatoes
Ref. Gail, et al; (1997). New whitefly-transmitted closterovirus identified in tomatoes California Agriculture 51(2):24-26
Phytoalexins are chemical compounds produced by plants upon microbial or insect infection.
• Upon infection, the plant produces active oxygen species within minutes of interaction, when the plant recognizes the elicitors, cell wall components of the pathogen or the produced enzymes.
• As the active oxygen species accumulate, plant resistance to the pathogen is increased, killing of cells in contact with the pathogen (hypersensitive response) (HR).
2- Phytoalexins:
This oxidative stress directly activates the cell death or hypersensitive response at the site of infection and serve as an amplifier of the alarm signal to the plant cells that are not come into contact with the pathogen,
That is activation of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR). It combined with production of defense proteins called PRP (pathogenesis related proteins).
• Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential signal molecule for the SAR, as it activates a large set of genes that encode pathogenesis-related proteins (PRPs) with antimicrobial and hydrolytic enzymes inhibition activities.
= Attention
Family Properties PR-1 antifungal, 14-17kD
PR-2 endo-beta-1,3-glucanases, 25-35kD PR-3 class I, II, IV, V, VI, and VII endochitinases, about 30kD
PR-4 antifungal, win-like proteins, endochitinase activity, similar to prohevein C-terminal domain, 13-19kD
PR-5 antifungal, thaumatin-like proteins, osmotins, zeamatins, permeatins,
similar to alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors PR-6 protease inhibitors, 6-13kD PR-7 endoproteases PR-8 class III chitinases, chitinase/lysozyme PR-9 peroxidases, peroxidase-like proteins
PR-10 ribonucleases, Bet v 1-related proteins PR-11 endochitinase activity PR-12 plant defensins
PR-13 thionins PR-14 nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (ns-LTPs) PR-15 oxalate oxidase
PR-16 oxalate-oxidase-like proteins
PR-17 unknown
Ref.:Bowles, D.J.: Defense-related proteins in higher plants., Annu. Rev. Biochem., 59, 873-907 (1990).
Classes of PR proteins
PGiP: Polygalacturonase inhibiting proteins are LRR proteins that are present in the apoplast of dicots and some monocots.
Salicylic acid
• Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) is typically activated upon colonization of plant roots by beneficial microorganisms.
• ISR is commonly regulated by jasmonic acid (JA)- and ethylene (ET)-dependent signaling pathways.
= Be readyor
Microbe-plant language
Plant-plant language
• The roots of several plants produce biochemical compounds to attract and activate the benefit microorganisms and inhibit the other enemies.• These compounds can be understood by some enemies such as parasitic weeds.
For example:The roots of Faba bean exudtaes strigolactones and phthalate compounds. These compounds activate the seeds germination of Orobanche plants (a parasitic weed of Faba bean)
The animal language
Voice Body language
The cats and dogs language consist of few voice words. These are to express that they are afraid, want a food, and some the other basic requirements.
The language development
Microorganisms
Insects
Biochemical signals, body language and several voices
Plants
Biochemical signals and some voices
Biochemical signals and colors
Biochemical signals
Animals