Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?
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Transcript of Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo Basin?
Can we manage forests for multiple uses in the Congo
Basin?
Robert Nasi, Alain Billand, Manuel Guariguata
Yaoundé, 22/05/2013
Timber
• RIL and beyond…
+ Biodiversity
• Use ecology, life history, consider wildlife…
+ Non Timber Forest Products
• Trade-offs but possible
+ Ecosystem services
• Trade-offs but possible; appears in certification schemes (HCV); serious accountability issues…
+ Carbone
• Several risks, trade-offs and issues
…Against threats?
• Climate change, invasive species, land conversion….
The “Compatibility Continuum”
Inactive Active
Coincident
Timber management tools mitigates damage to other uses (roads, skid trails, timber inventorying)
Timber extraction benefits other values (logging gaps, directional felling)
Explicitly manage for both timber and NTFP values
Modes of Interaction
Independent (spatially segregated, or when there is no conflict of use for tree species with NTFP value)
Competitive—e.g., extraction of tree species with both NTFP value for different stakeholders or exclusion of a given group of stakeholders
Complementary—e.g., logging enhances growth/regeneration of NTFP (all else being equal)
Main Issues Many tropical tree species have both timber and
non-timber values that accrue to different stakeholders
Current certification schemes diverge for timber and NTFPs
Forestry education and training biased towards timber
Legal and regulatory frameworks dictated separately for timber and NTFPs
Best harvesting practices/management protocols for NTFPs have little validation
Multiple-uses in the Congo Basin
Wood
Camero
onCAR
Congo DRC
Equato
rial G
uinea
Gabon
17,664
3,200 1,315
75,446
190 1,070
Production Wood energy (x000 m³)
OFAC, State of Forests 2010
Other goods
Fish (catfish and other species)
Gnetum africanum, Gnetum buchholzianum
Acacia senegal, Acacia polyacantha
Bushmeat
Dacryodes edulis
Ricinodendron heudelotii
Cola nitida
Cola acuminata
Beekeeping: bee wax
Tetrapleura tetraptera
Beekeeping: honey
Kigelia africana
Carpolobia lutea, Carpolobia albea
10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 10,000,000 100,000,000 1,000,000,000
613,600,000378,641,309
12,197,5038,089,580
4,040,0002,874,9282,799,330
1,574,661989,504
847,182730,325
585,586430,639
284,013269,083249,938244,420
171,175124,489
94,80361,105
31,50018,000
11,8685,911
78.9
$
Source: OFAC, State of Forests 2010
Timber, management and biodiversity
Land use km2“Ordinary lands” 448,801
Logging concessions 595.381Community forests ≈ 11.000Protected areas 444,973 Source: Nasi et al, 2011
Source: Mégevand, 2013
Selective logging in the Congo Basin
Timber remains the sole managed commodity
Highly selective, few individuals (less than 2) of few commercial species (less than 5) represent more than 75% of the volume harvested (less than 10m3/ha)
Rotation cycles of about 25-30 years; Minimum cutting diameter rules; No post-harvest silviculture
The area under proper management and certification is increasing
Nasi et al. 2006; OFAC, State of Forest 2008, 2010
Impact of certification on harvest intensity
Cerutti et al. 2011
Certified concessions have a significantly reduced harvesting intensity
Harvesting intensity and residual stands
Nasi & Forni, 2006
543210
Are
a im
pact
ed (
%)
30
20
10
0 Rsq = 0.9427
Number of trees harvested/ha
Graphique symétrique(axes F1 et F2 : 54.36 %)
GroupeIndépendant
International
Aménagement en cours
Aménagé
Certifié
Non aménagé
2
3
4 5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
20
21
22
23
26
1
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
F2
(10.
12 %
)
Variables supp. Observations
- Actions concrètes +
+
D
iffic
ulté
s re
nco
ntr
ée
s
-
- Ni les méthodes- Ni les capacités actuellement- Malgré quelques actions
- Vise la certification- Souhaite maintenir ses efforts- > 30 essences exploitéees
Pas encore de résultats
No methodsNo capacitiesLimited activities
Basic intentions, Limited results
Activities limited to legal requirementLimited results
Motivated CEO and some staffLong term effortsEffective field activities
Billand et al. 2009
Pro-biodiversity activities in logging concessions
Only certified concessions show significant activities in favor of biodiversity
Estimates of the value of the bushmeat trade range from US$42 to US$205 million per year in West-Central Africa.
Current harvest in Central Africa alone may well be in excess of 5 million tons annually, could represent more than 20 million ha deforested for pasture!
30 to 80% of the protein intake of many rural populations
Bushmeat hunting in Congo Basin
Why a landscape approach?
High mobility of wildlife (migration, dispersal, extensive territories…)
Conserving Protected areas alone, will not be enough to conserve large sized/highly mobile species with huge ranges (e.g. Elephants) or locally rare plant species
The contribution of production forests to biodiversity conservation is increasingly recognized (e.g. North Congo where gorilla densities are higher in logging concessions than in the neighbouring NP)
Protected areas and logging concessions : surprisingly close neighbors
OFAC, State of Forest 2008
National Parks
Logging Concessions
Hunting areas
Parks, Concessions, Hunting areas : where are flagship species ?Some surprising assessments
Number of ape nests/km2
OFAC, State of Forest 2008
New land-use types
Combine several land use types (e.g. logging concession, protected area, CBFM…) in one land-use management unit that would become an:
Integrated production/conservation landscape
Environmental services
Local incomes
Taxes, fiscal revenues
Sustain rural populationMixed area : protected area and
conservation enterprise
ProtectedArea
Certified logging
concession
Communityforest
Municipalforest
Agro-industry
Hunting,Gathering,Informalsectors
Urban, social space
Billand & Nasi 2006
Realize the economic potential of the conservation side
Manage informal sectors like hunting, fishing or NTFP extraction for local livelihoods
Use part of the income generated by the industrial production side for the conservation area for reciprocal benefits
Foster certification (not limited to timber considerations)
Basic rules
Enabling conditions
Starting funds are needed to cover initial transaction costs
The willingness of the production sector to engage into certification or other biodiversity friendly practices
The willingness of the conservation community to collaborate, share experiences and support the private sector in integrating conservation concerns in management practices
A proactive political support (creating specific land-use units with specific instances for decision making) or, at least, neutral (no undue interference from the State).
Set of key attributes
Complexity
Authenticity
Continuity
Heterogeneity
Proximity
Redundancy
Resilience
Uniqueness
Gustafsson, Laumonier, Nasi 2009
Management principles
Maintain landscape heterogeneity Maintain large structurally complex patches of
natural vegetation Create buffers around sensitive areas Maintain or create corridors and stepping stones Use appropriate disturbance regimes in
management Maintain functional diversity Manage for keystone species Consider endemic, rare and threatened species
The Congo Basin has identified 12 Landscapes designed for shared production and conservation management of forests
Actors (public, private sectors) are aware about the necessity to improve collaboration for concerted or integrated management
But experiences at field level remain limited
Source : Carpe
Some implications for tropical forestry research
“Our major disciplines have long ago ceased to be effective as separate, have in fact
searched for ways of coming together…but are restrained by institutional resistance and
lack of vision” (Ron Burnett 2005)
New disciplines
SocialSciences
BiologicalSciences
“CONSILIENCE: the methods and assumptions of any field of study should be consistent with the known and accepted
facts in other disciplines” E.J. Wilson.
AnthropologyEconomyPolicySociology…
BotanyEcologyGeneticsZoology…
Landscape ecologyEcological economyPolitical ecologyLand use changeHuman ecology
TransdisciplinarySciences
Some final comments Search for a globally accepted definition of sustainable forest
management is pointless Management should be defined by societal demands Outcomes and results should be monitored based on agreed
objectives for management; unrealistic, unachievable or vague targets are of little use
Good management can never be attained through bureaucratic procedures alone.
Best practices require able and motivated managers are available on site to address concerns on a day-to-day basis: capacity building and training are keys!
Sound judgment remains the foundation of good management. Data can inform this judgment, but is not an end in itself
Search for universally agreed definitions is pointless (forests or sustainability)
Strive for continuous improvement to better outcomes when the “best” is unachievable
Scale research appropriately to the research question
Classical forest science has peaked! Grainger (2009) calls for a “new global forest science’” Burley (2004) believes that forest science can be
“restored” with “new interdisciplinary approaches that integrate the work of biophysical scientists and socio-economic researchers”
Research /Science