Can Canola meal replace Soybean meal?

A.C. Edwards

ACE Livestock Consulting Pty Ltd PO Box 108 Cockatoo Valley SA Australia 5351

Characterisation of the Australian Livestock Feeding Industry

• Utilizes a broad range of feedstuffs

• Composition of diets varies widely x region x time

• Competition between commodities

• End users very flexible in what they use

• Market complicated by geographic dislocation and export

Traditional protein sources

• Meat and bone meal, blood meal• Soybean meal (imported)• Grain legumes (peas, lupins, faba beans)• Local oilseed meals (sunflower, cotton, linseed,

safflower, rapeseed)• Fish meal (imported)• Synthetic amino acids

Canola is now the dominant domestic vegetable protein

nil1116Glucosinolates (u mol/g)

(1.55)(2.0)4.0Phytic acid %

Nil1.51.0Sinapine%

1.5Tannins %

33.0Total dietary fibre %

11.7926.621.2Neutral detergent fibre %

7.0516.917.2Acid detergent fibre %

5.411.912.0Crude Fibre %

14.7Insoluble NSP %

1.4Soluble NSP %

16.1Non-starch polysaccharides %

2.3Oligosaccharides

4.6Cellulose %

5.465.2Starch %

9.178.0Sugars %

6.026.1Ash %

(0.6)0.580.6Linoleic acid %

(3.0)2.93.5Oil %

(14.0)-35.0Rumen bypass (%of prot)

47.037.035.0Crude protein% (Nx6.25)

12.011.010.0Moisture

USA deAustralia bcCanada a

Soybean meal

Canola meal*Component

* Refers to solvent extracted meal

Expeller and cold press meals have higher oil content with concurrent dilution of the other components

a = Canola Council of Canada – Feed

Industry guide

b = Perez-Maldonado 2003

c = Department of Primary Industries

d = American Soybean Association

e = NRC

Table 2

Nutrient composition of canola meal relative to soybean meal

9.8210.728.3011.108.117.145.94Arginine

0.890.801.121.261.301.331.38Tryptophan

3.913.993.493.093.964.383.95Isoleucine

3.523.373.143.193.483.904.31Threonine

2.351.903.183.213.822.934.41M + C

0.910.601.531.522.141.421.97Methionine

6.844.583.144.013.255.955.58Lysine

PeasLupinsSafflowerCottonSunflowerSoybeanCanola

Table 3 Comparative Amino Acid Profiles – AA’s as % of protein

(main essential amino acids)

(Degussa, 2001)

848886898884Arginine

708068818076Isoleucine

687761727566Threonine

718177929091Methionine

828455818677Lysine

PeasLupinsCottonSunflowerSoybeanCanola

Table 4 Apparent ileal digestibility (%) of amino acids in several vegetable proteins for poultry

(Ravindran, 1998)

Cattle

* Solvent extracted, 10% moisture

150010001560252013252575-2400Cottonseed meal

11906101130192012302010-1543Sunflower meal 30%

18101332193528352020368524852440Soybean meal

1410900144023601695287520702000Canola meal*

Kcal/kgKcal/kgKcal/kgKcal/kgKcal/kgKcal/kgKcal/kgKcal/kg

NEcNEgNEmMENEDETMEnAMEn

PigChicken

Table 5 Energy values for Canola meal relative to other

vegetable protein meals (NRC)

Canola meal in poultry diets

• Poultry are the largest consumers of canola in Australia

• Although lower in energy, protein, and amino acid digestibility than soybean meal it remains cost competitive

• Generally used in combination with soy and other protein source rather than as the sole protein meal

1.44487699Digest AA Canola meal 20.0%

1.40492689Digest AA Canola meal 13.33%

1.41471664Digest AA Canola meal 6.66%

1.49456678Total AA Canola meal 20.0%

1.49458684Total AA Canola meal 13.33%

1.45469678Total AA Canola meal 6.66%

1.42472668Control (wheat/sorghum/soya)

F.C.R.Weight Gain (gm/bird)

Feed Intake (gm/bird)

Treatment

Table 6 Response to canola meal in broiler diets based on total or digestible amino acids (5-19 days).

Ravindran et al (1998)

0.2352.2491.73723354055Canola meal 40%

--1.71324504196Canola meal 30%

0.1832.001.73524604267Canola meal 20%

--1.72725354377Canola meal 10%

0.1722.0261.8225194555Control(wheat/soya)

Pancreas Weight (gm/100gm L. Wt.)

Liver weight (gm/100gm L.Wt.)

F.C.R.Weight Gain (gm/bird)

Feed Intake (gm/bird)

Treatment

Table 7 Response to graded inclusion of canola meal in broiler diets (1-41 days of age).

Perez - Maldonado et al (2001)

1.66923743963Canola meal 40%1.64325014111Canola meal 30%1.66425554251Canola meal 20%1.70925394340Control (sorghum/wheat/soya)

Overall (4-42 d)1.85115292831Canola meal 40%1.84816052923Canola meal 30%1.85516343016Canola meal 20%1.90116193074Control (sorghum/wheat/soya)

Finisher (25-42d)1.3488451132Canola meal 40%1.3958961188Canola meal 30%1.3399211235Canola meal 20%1.3829201266Control (sorghum/wheat/soya)

Starter (4-25 d)

F.C.R.Weight Gain (gm/bird)

Feed Intake (gm/bird)Treatment

Table 8 Maximum inclusion rates of canola meal in broiler diets basedon digestible amino acids (4 - 42 days of age).

Perez - Maldonado et al (2002)

2.222.186129.159.463.993.1Canola meal 30%

2.222.173125.958.163.591.4Canola meal 20%

2.202.186124.857.463.690.1Canola meal 10%

2.202.141127.959.965.291.8Control (Sorghum/wheat/soya)

Hen Weight (kg)

F.C.R. (g/g)

Feed Intake (g/d)

Egg Mass (gm)

Egg Weight (gm)

Egg Prod. %Treatment

Table 9 Response in laying hens to low glucosinolate canola meal (Hi-Sex Brown Layers, 26 - 40 weeks of age).

Trappett et al (2001)

Historical problems with rapeseed are no longer an issue with canola

• Glucosinolates, erucic acid

• Tibial dischondroplasia (sulphur, electrolyte balance)

• Fatty liver/ haemorrhage

• Phytate content (phytase)

However some prejudice still remains among older nutritionists

Canola meal in pig diets

• Now used widely across full spectrum of diets

• Confidence to use relatively high rates

• No apparent limitations to use other than oil content

Canadian Feeding Trials (Hickling, 1994)Grower pigs (20 – 100 kg L. Wt) – Canola replacing soya

107107107Carcass backfat index

787878Dressing %

3.103.133.08FCR

795798799ADG g/d

2.4652.4982.461ADFI kg/d

10/ 15 %6/ 8 %20/ 16 %

Hi Canola meal

Med Canola meal

Soyabeanmeal

Responses to increasing canolameal level in grower pigs (28 – 70 kg L.Wt.)

- Bunge Meat Industries (1995)Canola meal replacing lupin kernels and other proteins

75.010.01.961.8694421

74.810.01.991.8593314

74.811.02.121.979307

74.710.52.071.989580

Dressing %P2 backfat mm

FCRADFI(kg/d)

ADG(g/d)

Canola meal inclusion (%)

Canola meal replacing lupins in pig grower diets (20 – 90 kg L. Wt.)

p<.058.21b8.26b6.55a7.13a5.04aThyroid g/kg L.Wt

NS34.834.636.233.534.3Eye muscle area

NS14.114.914.214.413.6P2 backfat mm

NS68.569.768.468.467.3Dressing %

NS2.752.722.692.742.65Feed:gain

NS7577.61767766793ADG g/d

20:515:1010:155:200:25

Treatment (Canola:lupin)

Ranford et al 1995

Canola meal in dairy cattle diets

• Australian dairy industry mainly pasture based (grazing)

• Supplementary feeding now significant (1.5 – 2.0 tonne/cow/year)

• Supplement supplies energy, protein, minerals, additives

• Protein component needs to address balance between rumen degradable and bypass components – role for canola meal

FOOD

Protein Non-protein N

Digested in small

intestine

Degradable proteinUndegradable protein Non-protein N

Peptides

Amino acids Ammonia

Microbial protein

RUMEN

SALIVARY GLANDS

LIVER

NH3 UREA

KIDNEY

Excreted in urine

Digestion and metabolism of nitrogenous

compounds in the rumen

Critical features of a successful by-pass protein

• A significant proportion must escape rumen degradation

• The escaped protein must be digestible in the abomasum

• The amino acids released need to be appropriate to meet the animals needs for production

• Relative to most other sources canola meal best meets these prerequisites

Rumen degradable (RDP and undegraded (UDP) protein requirements (g/day) of standard cow weighing 500 kg,

producing milk with fat 40 g/kg. No allowance is made for change in body weight. (ARC 1991)

850615370240110UDP196515451135935740550360RDP0.7

55032020080UDP16251195985780575380RDP0.6

26515545UDP12651040825610395RDP0.5

403020151050Milk yield (kg/day)Form

of protein

ME/GE(q)

Canola 37% = $300/tonne

Cotton 42% = $350/tonne

Lupin 30% = $220/tonne

Soya 48% = $420/tonneAssumes costs of

5.1= 15.83X 5.32X 0.85X 351000 gm canola protein

10.5= 7.92X 3.96X 0.5X 401000 gm cotton protein

35.9= 2.04X 4.58X 0.9X 51000 gm lupin protein

11.7= 7.50X 5.95X 0.9X 141000 gm soya protein

Cost per gm Lysine

(c)

GmsLysine

Delivered

Lysine Content

(% of protein)

DigestRumen Bypass

(%)Protein Source

Table 10 Relative value of bypass protein sources

3.83.23.52.74.33.14.45.0Tyrosine

5.04.43.74.85.35.14.94.9Phenylanin

4.84.93.94.75.55.26.06.6Valine

7.15.912.010.33.95.05.23.5Arginine

1.31.41.11.21.11.11.31.3Tryptophan

4.44.04.03.44.43.75.75.6Isoleucine

3.94.33.43.23.63.35.44.4Threonine

1.52.61.51.61.82.21.21.0Cystine

1.42.00.71.51.61.62.42.4Methionine

(5.4)(4.3)(3.5)(1.2)(2.1)(3.2)(8.0)-(Avail Lysine)

6.05.64.63.82.43.78.58.4Lysine

SoyaCanola LupinsCotton SorghumBarleyMicrobialProtein Milk

Table 11 The essential amino acid profile (g/16g N) of the protein of milk, rumen microbial protein and selected feedstuffs.

Factors likely to increase canola meal usage in Australia

• GMO restrictions (poultry/ dairy)

• Bio-diesel production from canola oil

• Recognition of the nutritive value/ freedom from problems

• Agronomic adaptability

• Ease of handling

Conclusions 1

• Canola has stepped away from the problems of rapeseed

• Canola meal now viewed as a quality protein meal competitive with soybean meal (and others) with great flexibility for liberal use across most animal species

• Sinapine levels remain an issue for brown-egg layers but hopefully can be reduced by plant breeding

Conclusions 2

• Can canola replace soyabean meal?

It already has in many instances, but the inclusion of canola is not necessarily at the expense of soya in Australia.

Canola has assumed a prominent role as a source of protein in animal feeds and will consolidate this position as long as it remains price competitive.