Campus Utility Infrastructure Technologies

NTAEESeptember 2015

Jon Schwartz, Principal

OnSite Energy& Power

Campus Utility Infrastructure TechnologiesAGENDA

► Impediments to Success

► Considerations / Goals

► Buildings / Demand Side

► Distribution

► Plants

► Renewables

► Implementation Approaches

Impediments to Success► Budget Limitations

► Campus Disruption

► Status Quo is Good Enough

► Administrative Approval Steps

► Needs a Champion / Salesperson

► Not Willing to Acknowledge Issues

► Waiting on Next Technology

► Market Uncertainty / Anxiety

► etc., etc., etc.

Know What You’re Up Against

Considerations / Goals► Equipment or System Renewal

► Capacity

► Efficiency

► Life Cycle Costs

► Reliability

► Resiliency

► Greenhouse Gas Emissions / Carbon Footprint

► PR

► First Cost

► Phasing / Impacts and Disruptions

Varies Campus to Campus / Need to Have an End Game

Buildings / Demand Side► Why Buildings and Demand Side?

• Less Here = Less Distribution and Production Needs; Trickles Down

► More Aggressive Building Standards

• But Have to Hold Designers Accountable

• Beat ASHRAE 90.1 by X%

• Life Cycle Approach to Early Design Phase

• LEED Gold

• Impacts to Future Planning

► Rack and Stack Approach

Buildings / Demand Side► High Performance Labs

• Typically biggest bang for the buck

► High make up rates

► 24 / 7 operation

• Work with Environmental / Health & Safety Groups

► Lower air changes per hour

► Occupied vs. Unoccupied

• VFDs / VAV

• Behavioral Improvements

Buildings / Demand Side► Pressure Independent Control Valves

• DT Improvement, install at AHUs or Branch Lines

► Any Low Hanging Fruit Left?

• Lighting Retrofits

• Water Conservation

• Controls

► Temperature Resets

► Occupancy Sensors

► Variable Flow – air and water

• Scheduling – Rooms and Buildings

• Data Closets – Driving Everything?

Distribution► Central System vs. Local/By Building

• Review load per acre

• Distribution piping is expensive, but…

► Shared Redundancy

► Diversity Benefits

► Improved Aesthetics

► More Local SF available

• Maintenance – Plant vs. Distribution

Distribution► Steam vs. Hot Water

• Steam only for where you truly need steam

• HW - fewer losses (water, chems, energy waste)

• Trap maintenance

• Safety

• Operational experience

► Low Temp Hot Water

• Provides plant opportunities

► Heat Recovery

Distribution► Materials – Steel, Ductile Iron, HDPE

► Tunnels?

► Model for Pumping Efficiency

• Building Pumps vs. Plant Pumps

• Understand DP needs

► Valve Close Off Requirements

• Valve Position vs. Traditional DP

► Pressure Reset at a Minimum

► Don’t Forget Your Electrical System

• “It’s Just a Couple of Wires” – NO!!!

Plants► VFD Chillers

• Not Just When Have Few Chillers

• Significant Opportunity with Colder CW

► Economizers

• Capture heat from the Flue

• Condensing vs. Non-Condensing

► If pull more heat, condenses – need stainless flue

► Some even looking at direct contact – more $, more effic

Plants► Condensing Boilers

• Advertised at 94%+ Efficiency

• Need Cold Return Water

• Must Have Building AHUs aligned for these savings

• Modular

Plants► Condensing Boilers

RETURN

TEMPERATURE

EFFICIENCY

90F 95+%

155F 87%

Plants► Heat Pump Chillers

• Higher Elec (1.6 kw/ton) but No Boiler, No Tower

• Upper Temp Limit 150+F

• Coincident Heating and Cooling Required

► Can Combine with Thermal Storage or Geothermal Wells

Plants► Geothermal Wells

• Uses the ground as a stable heat sink

• Extract heat in the winter

• Deposit heat in the summer

• Manage BTU balance – temperature saturation

► With equipment or well separation

• 200 – 800 feet in depth – varies with $ and soil T

• Most closed loop

• Vertical or horizontal (campus typ vert.)

• Typ approx 2-4 tons per well

• Large cost

• Few campus installations

• Use in tandem with Heat Pump Chillers

Plants► Optimized Chilled Water

• 3rd party protocols – beyond the normal sequence of ops

Plants► Substations

• Take Ownership at Higher Voltage

• Improved Utility Rate

• Better Resiliency

• Combine Meters

► Take Advantage of Peak Diversity to Lower Demand

• Requires Maintenance $

Plants► Thermal Storage

• Store Thermal Energy (typ CHW) when Energy Prices are Low

• Ice and Water

► Stratified Water Most Common for a Campus (if you have the space)

• Capacity Offset

• Energy $ Savings; Limited Energy Savings

• Can be used with Heat Pump Chillers to Balance BTUs

• Billing Demand Reduction, 4CP Avoidance

• DFW Airport – very quiet chiller plant in mid afternoons of summer

Plants► Thermal Storage

Plants► Thermal Storage

Plants► Cogeneration / CHP

• Making Electricity and Capturing the Waste Heat for Additional Benefits

► Via Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) or Jackets

► Heat for Buildings

► Heat for Process (chilling)

► Heat to Make More Electricity (Steam Turbine Generator)

• Balance of Heating Needs and Electric Needs – Must Have Both

► Typ Highest Heating Needs are in the Winter – Lower Elec Typ

► Typ Highest Elec Needs are in the Summer – Lower Heat Typ

• Gas Turbines or Engines

Plants► Cogeneration

• Overall Efficiency 70 – 80% vs. Grid at 33% plus 80% Boilers

• With Duct Firing of HRSG can get Highest Efficiency

• Provides Resiliency – “Keep the Lights On”

• Provides Fuel Flexibility – Make Elec from NG or Buy Elec from Grid

• Big Emissions Reduction Potential

Plants► Cogeneration

Plants► Biomass

• Typ Considered / Easiest when Converting Away from Coal Boilers

• Access to Biomass Stock is Critical – on site is best

• Trucks and Material Handling vs. NG Pipeline

• Woodchips, switchgrass, trash, tires, cornhusks, etc.

• If considering to be “greener”, be sure to consider full process

► Material handling

► Preparation / Processing

► Transportation

Plants► Select Equipment with LCC during Bidding

• Old way

► First cost

► Design point

• New Way

► Life Cycle Cost

► Multiple operating points

► Multiple options and selections

Plants► “Free” Cooling

• Turning Chillers off when Weather is Cold

► Utilize colder condenser water through heat exchanger to make chilled water

• Limits

► Need low WB to make cold enough chilled water

► Approach temperature of towers and HEXs

► Split Towers – if want to use CW for chillers too (2 temps needed)

• Plant space, sf, lost (HEX) for no summer peak capacity

• Chilled water reset can help (easier to make temp with CW)

• Watch fan energy increase vs. chiller savings

► Chiller energy will already be down (colder CW, 0.3 kw/ton)

• Tower freezing, low flow issues

• Consider Series and Parallel configuration

Plants► Water Reduction

• Hybrid Cooling Towers

► Dry and Wet Modes

► Cleaner at CW Chiller (Closed Loop)

► Big First Cost and Footprint Increase

• Reclaimed Water

► Recover off of AHU Coils

► Reuse at buildings (toilets)

► Return to Plant – Cooling Tower Make Up

Plant is often 25%+ of Campus Water Usage

Renewables

► Solar PV

► Solar Thermal (HW)

► Wind

► Often “Demonstration Projects”

► Prices Coming Down

► Utility Grade vs. Local Usage

► Rebates, Incentives

► Partnerships, Leases

Implementation Approaches► Sell It – Presell and “Post-sell”

• Show the Why Before & the Results After

► Have a Roadmap / Utility Master Plan

► Design Guidelines – don’t waver on a “one off” project

► Phasing Plans

• Understand the Impacts and Disruptions

► Share Your Successes

• Major Opportunities - $, Emissions, Reliability, etc.

Thank You for Your Time

Discussion

Jon Schwartz

jschwartz@burnsmcd.com

817-840-1234