Goldie Lui

VIDEO TECHNOLOGY

WHAT IS A CAMERA?

• A camera is an object that was designed to record still images that are transferred onto sheets or films

• There are a many different types of cameras. Some cameras focus on taking good quality photographs whilst some focus on moving images

• TRADITIONAL CAMERA: rolls of black and white or colored film

• DIGITAL CAMERA: memory card

HOW DOES A CAMERA WORK?• Light reflects off the object being photographed

• Light reflects off the object in different directions and hits the lens in different angles

• Lens focus rays of light to a point behind the focus point which then forms a real image

• The shutter temporarily moves from in front of the film and allows light to hit the film

• Light hits the film causing some chemical reaction which expose the film

• The shutter closes

CAMERA FUNCTIONS• EXPOSURE: Exposure is the amount of light being allowed into a camera, which then

affects the film inside. The higher you set the exposure, the brighter the image and vice versa. Exposure is measured in lux seconds. There is something called the exposure triangle:

Aperture: controls the area over where light enters the camera

Shutter Speed: controls how long the film is exposed to light

ISO Speed: controls the sensitivity of your camera’s sensor when light is exposed

• Shutter speed: it can exaggerate or freeze the appearance of an image

Slow shutter speed Fast shutter speed

Information

about shutter

speed:

HOW DO LENS AFFECT A PICTURE• There are many different types of lens for cameras. Lens normally costs way more than

camera because images are affected by the quality of the lens not the camera.

• There are the more popular lens like ‘normal lens’ ‘wide angle lens’ and ‘long focus lens’

And then there are fancier lens like the fish eye lens which is also very popular nowadays which takes images like these:

http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/camera-lenses.htm

ANALOG AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

Digital technology is things that are converted into coding and analog is something that has been physically made to work. Analog technology has been here for decades and normally are of higher quality as when using digital technology, when converting things into coding, you bound to miss some bits out which may result in lacking the full original version

DIGITAL CAMERAS AND ANALOG CAMERASDIGITAL: The lens captures the light of the object you are aiming towards and when you press the shutter release, the shutter opens for 1/10000 of a second to allow the light to come through and hits the sensor/mirror and converts the image into binary code which then saves onto the camera

ANALOG: When you press the shutter, the film inside the camera is exposed to the light and your image is then burned onto the film and depending on how long the film is exposed to the light, the image may be under or over exposed. When taking the film out, make sure you are under dim light because bright lights may effect the image. Depending on how you want your film to look, you will need to:

B&W PHOTOS: soak in water which converts the latent image to metallic silver, a stop bathe with acetic or citric acid then a fixer

COLORED PHOTOS: color developers develop negative image and

QUALITY AND HIGH DEFINITIONNowadays, nearly all digital cameras are high definition and is of decent quality. Different types of cameras capture different types of imagery. If you want to take a high quality video, choosing to invest on a high quality film camera is much better when making videos where as if you buy a camera, it can do both but was not originally made for video recording meaning quality of videos will not turn up as high quality.

The common high definition video mode is 720p, 1080i and 1080p. The number represents the number of horizontal or vertical lines that is displayed on the screen used to make up your image or video. The more lines, the better quality.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 1080i and 1080p?

1080i is ‘interlaced’ meaning it is not as high definition. This is because there are 2 sets of lines where it alternates between each other making the video not look as smooth

1080p is ‘progressive’ and is higher definition as all 1080 lines are displayed at the same time

HARD DRIVE RECORDINGS

SOLID STATE DISC RECORDING

CONNECTION LINE UP AND OPERATION

CABLES AND CORDS• WIRES/CORDS-

• yellow- video

• Composite signal- all video and audio is in one signal- one wire

• component signal- when every things broken up to different signals- more than one wire

• quality degrades the longer the cable

COMPONENT AND COMPOSITE

ASPECT RATIO

BROADCAST SYSTEMS

TERRESTRIAL

DIGITAL TV

CABLE TV

Cable television is a type of broadcasting using radio frequency and through a coaxial cable where its directly connected to your home. Cable was first introduced in the 1920s but quickly spread worldwide and till today, cable tv broadcasting is still used

SATELLITE TV

INTERNET TV

Internet TV is classified as a type of television device where you can watch TV programs as long as you have access to the internet. You can download and stream videos TV shows. This can mean videos and clips, movies or any sort of video content that is available on the internet

MULTIPLEX

FIRST MUSIC PLAYING DEVICEThe first ever music device that was invented was called the “gramophone”. This device allows you to play music using a disc where the needle is tracing sound waves that are engraved onto the disc.

ANALOG-

analog technology- record players- huge discs

-actual sound waves cut into the plastic

1 record can normally only store 1 album- inconvenient

-when you make a copy of a record disc, you have to get another separate piece of tape and plug it into the thing and then record it and normally loses a lot of quality in the music

Difference between an mp3 and record player:

"Sample it"- changes to 48000 bits, each converted into some binary code

analog normally sounds relatively better than digital- analog technology uses actual waves whilst digital is playing something that was converted- something bounds to be lost when converting- sampling parts of it not ALL of it

COMPRESSION- LOSSLESS AND LOSSYCOMPRESSION-lose quality- LOSSLESS AND LOSSY

torrenting- MP3(lossy) FILES OR WAV FILES- difference

-mp3 quality is not as good as wav files e.g. mp3 171MB wav 766MB

mp3 is compressed

laptops dare not music playing devices- really bad quality- you can hear hums because it gives of sounds the laptop gives off as well- speakers

RAW- uncomppressed- best quality massive size used for archiving- if you're gonna edit heavily, shoot in raw because it is uncompressed and you can do a lot to it can still maintain good quality

TIFF- big high quality good for editing

JPG- small compressed extremely versatile good for home use

GIF- Very compressed low quality good for web use

BINARY CODES

Binary codes is a type of computer language which only consists of the digits 0 and 1. It is a way for computers to read text and images. Every 8 digits makes a letter for example ‘01010111’ makes the letter W.

PAL SECAM AND NTSC

HDMI AND DVI

BRORADCAST WAVE FORMAT

DATA TRANSFER

NETWORK

DIGITAL CAMERASThere are a few types of cameras. Each of them are good at different things.

ANALOG DISADVANTAGE:

-its massive

-have to develop the film to see if the footage is ok

PROSUMER- DSLR (digital single lens reflex)

advantages- can be uses for photography and video- swapping lens can zoom further, but its actually made for photography-

chip inside camera- cropped, but you can get full frame cameras

DSLR- disadvantage- movement is bad, do not use handheld camera- capture a lot of light, works from the top to the bottom, image capture speed is too slow, bad at recording sound

in terms of capturing videos, canon 5d and canon 7d is the same

PANASONIC video camera- good at shooting video

shoots in full hd

50 frames per second- good for slow motion

-can't change lens

-shoot 3d movie with it

DSLR

DSLR stands for digital single lens reflex camera. In a dslr camera, there is a mirror inside used to reflect the image you are pointing at in the view finder of the camera. There are many different dslr cameras but most of them do the same things. It is the lens that control how the photograph will look like and the techniques you use when taking pictures.

HOW DOES IT WORK?

When you want to take a picture, you may look through the view finder and when you press the shutter, the mirror flips out of the way to allow the light to pass through the lens diaphragm which then hits the “CCD” or the “CMOS” sensor which then captures the image and is immediately converted into a binary code that then makes up an image

VIDEO CAMERAS• It can shoot 3D

• Good for movement

• Better sound quality then a dslr

ANALOG MUSIC PLAYERS• ANALOG-

• analog technology- record players- huge discs

• -actual sound waves cut into the plastic

• 1 record can normally only store 1 album- inconvenient

• -when you make a copy of a record disc, you have to get another separate piece of tape and plug it into the thing and then record it and normally loses a lot of quality in the music

• Difference between an mp3 and record player:

• "Sample it"- changes to 48000 bits, each converted into some binary code

• analog normally sounds relatively better than digital- analog technology uses actual waves whilst digital is playing something that was converted- something bounds to be lost when converting- sampling parts of it not ALL of it

THE RED ONEThe red digital cinema camera company is a company that made the “red one”. The red one is popular camera used in the professional industry which can shoot in 3D. The quality of the image it captures is outstanding as it has a measurement of 4520x2540 pixels where as normal HD footage that is of 1080p shoots of way lower HD quality.

This camera is a very expensive camera itself and including lens, the price is extremely high. A movie that was shot with this camera was “the hobbit” where the frame rate was very high, 48 frames per second, 4000 lines of HD, resulting in images that were extremely realistic and high quality. Normal movies have 24 frames per second and this is to let the audience have a sense of what is real life and what is not.

TYPES OF VIDEO AND IMAGE FILES

There are over 50 types of file formats and there’s quite a few different video file formats:

VIDEO FILES: .AVI, WMV, 3GP, MP4, FLV, MOV, MKV, ASF, ASX,

IMAGE FILES: JPEG, GIF, SVG, PNG, BITMAP, 3DM, AI, BMP, DXF, JPG, PSD, TIF, QXDmp3 quality is not as good as wav files e.g. mp3 171MB wav 766MB

mp3 is compressed

laptops dare not music playing devices- really bad quality- you can hear hums because it gives of sounds the laptop gives off as well- speakers

RAW- uncomppressed- best quality massive size used for archiving- if you're gonna edit heavily, shoot in raw because it is uncompressed and you can do a lot to it can still maintain good quality

TIFF- big high quality good for editing

JPG- small compressed extremely versatile good for home use

GIF- Very compressed low quality good for web use

MP3 AND WAV AND SOUND FILES• -mp3 quality is not as good as wav files e.g. mp3 171MB wav 766MB

• mp3 is compressed

• laptops dare not music playing devices- really bad quality- you can hear hums because it gives of sounds the laptop gives off as well- speakers

• RAW- uncomppressed- best quality massive size used for archiving- if you're gonna edit heavily, shoot in raw because it is uncompressed and you can do a lot to it can still maintain good quality

• TIFF- big high quality good for editing

• JPG- small compressed extremely versatile good for home use

• GIF- Very compressed low quality good for web use

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE• HARDWARE SOFTWARE

• - first thing you ask? mac or pc? media, they train on macs, its the standard

• -industry standard is mostly mac

• -never been a mac virus- safer to work with

• - software compatibility- e.g final cut pro only runs on macs- first program to have an 'all in one' package- reason why a lot of people use final cut pro

• -adobe premiere pro- too many steps, different program for music, sound etc.- to much converting, a lot of file types etc.

• MAC-tends to make your work flow more convenient

• Mac compared to laptop or pc

• -screen is much bigger

• -speed if processor

• -space

• -only one company makes mac whilst many different companies make pcs- MACS- good thing because if you move things around, it will work the same- disadvantage- you will always have to go back to mac to fix, you always have to go to them to change, fix, upgrade e.g you can't take battery out of iPhone

• Professionals- additional hardware-

• capture deck and multiple monitors

• -non linear and non destructive editing applications- final cut pro and adobe software

MACSApple technology carries macs. Their company is one of the biggest companies in the world and is very popular amongst the professional industry.

ADVANTAGES:• There is less chance of getting viruses• High quality operating system, primary

soft ware and third party operator • Macs normally last way longer• Very easy to update soft wares• Very easy to transfer files to other mac

computers• Work flow is more convenient• Speed of processor is very fast• A lot of internal space

DISADVANTAGES:• It is overpriced• Many softwares won’t work on a mac

unless it is sold by apple• When your mac needs repairing, you

have to go back to apple to fix it• You cannot take batteries out of

things meaning if the battery dies, you will have to go to mac

PCPC stands for personal computer. The first pc was produced by IBM and most brands today like sony, samsung fujitsu etc. make PCs.

ADVANTAGES:• You won’t need to go to your

brand store to buy extras or replacements for your computer as many places would sell the same things

• Memory storage can easily be added on

DISADVANTAGES:• A lot of the time, you will

need to buy a microphone, webcams, usb flash drives, keyboards, monitors, routers etc.

• The industry uses mostly macs

EDITING SOFT WARES

FINAL CUT PRO

Final cut pro is a very popular editing program amongst the industry. The final cut pro (pre x) was mainly targeted towards professionals as it could do a lot with special effects and editing in general. This version took time to get use to and you would have to learn how to use it. The newer final cut pro x is a way easier to use version of the final cut pro (pre x) as it is more similar to imovie. This program is no longer targeted towards professionals as you couldn’t do as much compared to the final cut pro (pre x) and more towards everyone.

ADOBE PREMIEREAdobe premiere and adobe premiere pro are really good editing soft wares for both mac osx and windows. It is the equivalent of final cut pro