Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray [email protected] Director &...

83
Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray [email protected] Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Transcript of Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray [email protected] Director &...

Page 1: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Camera Technology

Basics Overview

Basics of Camera Technology

Saugaato [email protected]

Director & CEOSATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Page 2: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Camera Technology ConceptsImage acquisition, processing, encoding

– Lenses

– Raster scanning

– CCD technology

– Image processing

– Video signals

Output

Image

AcquisitionProcess Encoding

Light

LensLens

Optical Optical BlockBlock

ImagerImager

GainGainGammaGamma

Color BalanceColor BalanceWhite ClipWhite Clip

Enhancement Enhancement

Analog / Digital OutputAnalog / Digital Output

Format Format ConversionConversion

& Digitization

Page 3: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image Acquisition

• Lenses

• Optical block

• Imager

Page 4: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Lenses

•Zoom/Focus Control

–Fixed – e.g.- SNC-P1.

–Manual => Vari-focal- eg- CS-50P, DF-40P.

–Auto Zoom and Focus –eg - SNC-RZ30P.

Page 5: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Imager

• Sensor– CCD / CMOS

• Scanning– Interlaced / progressive

Page 6: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

CCD vs. CMOS

CCD CMOS

Advantage

* High sensitivity

* High Quality

* Low power consumption

* High speed read-out

* Smear-less

* Easiness of consolidating chip

* Low Cost

Disadvantage

* Smear

* External pulse for the drive

* Larger in size.

* More power consumption.

* Noisy

* Low Image Quality.

* Low Sensitivity.

Page 7: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

CCD Imagers

• CCD’s (Charge Coupled Devices) made their first commercial appearance in a camera in 1981. It uses solid-state technology

• There are three types of CCD imagers viz IT (Interline Transfer), FIT (Frame Interline Transfer) & FT (Frame Transfer)

• FIT sensors are the most expensive to produce & are primarily used in high end broadcast cameras. Now Sony has IT CCD with technology which give better results as FIT.

Page 8: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Miniaturization and SensitivityU

nit

cell

area

[um

]2

Pixels

1/4TypeDiagonal 4.5mm

1/2TypeDiagonal 11mm

1/3TypeDiagonal 6mm

Larger the size of CCD, more is the Sensitivity.

Page 9: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

The size of an imager greatly determines the overall potential quality of an image.

The larger the area of any given type of CCD, the better the image quality.

Imager SizeImager Size

The imager size is the

diameter of the circle

Page 10: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Scanning

odd lines

Field one

even lines

Field two

Frame

All linesInterlaced Scanning --- odd lines and even lines scanned separately

Page 11: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

PAL Scanning

25 frames per second2 fields per frame

50 fields per second

625 lines per frame312.5 lines per field

Page 12: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Processing technology

• Exposure

• White Balance

• Gamma Correction

• Day / Night

• DynaView

Page 13: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Exposure

Exposure is affected by• Mechanical Iris• Electronic shutter

– CCD Iris [auto shutter function]

• Electronic gain

Dark Bright

AGC

Incoming

Iris

or

gain

leve

l

Mechanical IrisElectronic shutter

Page 14: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Electronic Shutter

Time

Exp

osur

e In

tens

ity

Shutter

Slow <<< >>> Fast

Exposure time

Page 15: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Electronic Gain

Gain-up Output signal level

6 dB 2 times

9 dB 3 times

12 dB 4 times

18 dB 8 times

24 dB 16 times

As the Gain increases, the S/N ratio decreases !!

Page 16: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

~ Sample picture ~

24dB gain up0dB (no gain up)

Page 17: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

AGC (Automatic Gain Control)

• Circuitry that automatically adjusts the electronic amplification of the video signal to compensate for varying levels of scene illumination.

Page 18: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

White Balance

Levels BalancedLevels UnbalancedCombination of R, G & B gives White, properly balanced RGB levels

gives perfect white.

Page 19: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Picture Sample

Before After

Properly BalancedWhite Level ..

Page 20: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Gamma Correction

Light Directed onto Camera Imager

Light Directed onto Camera Imager

Display System Gamma

Display System Gamma

Camera GammaCamera Gamma

CRT Brightness

CRT Brightness

Page 21: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Day/Night Mode

B/W mode Color mode

<--- Automatic ---><----- Manual ----->

Remove IR Cut Filter

Sensitivity Improvement technology

• IR light has high content of heat. During daylight it hampers image of ccd.• IR filter comes in place during Daylight, cutting off IR spectrum.• At night it is automatically removed to improve sensitivity of CCD.

Page 22: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

DynaView

DynaView = One picture at One picture at Normal Shutter picture + high speed shutter picture

Normal Shutter speed: 1/60 or 1/50

High speed: 1/500 ~ approx 1/8000

Camera show a high light picture with about x8~10 brightness.

Page 23: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Technology Definition Minimum Illumination

• A measure of the least illumination that will produce an image at the highest Gain of the camera with the lens aperture set to full open.– Minimum Illumination specifications will be affected

by the lens used.

– Because the highest Gain is used, the image quality is affected by lower S/N Ratio.

Page 24: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Technology Definition Resolution

• A measure of the ability to image picture detail.– Vertical Resolution is limited to the number of scan lines

that make up the image. This theoretical limit for a PAL Video signal is 483 lines.(525 Lines - 42 lines of the Vertical Interval)

– Horizontal Resolution is the number of alternating black and white lines which can be imaged across 75% of the width of the picture. (Assuming PAL Video with a 4:3 Aspect Ratio)

– Horizontal resolution increases with size of the CCD and with the number of CCD sensors used in the camera.

Page 25: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

What is the difference

• Sensitivity

• Image Quality

• Why Larger Imager is good

• About Lens

• PAL / NTSC

Page 26: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Imaging cell size– Day / Night function– Super HAD, Exwave HAD technology– With or Without Color filter– Signal gain-up

Page 27: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Imaging cell size

The bigger imager cell size become,

The Higher sensitivity goes.

Page 28: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Imaging cell size

The bigger imager size become,

The Higher sensitivity goes.

Here is a question….

Page 29: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity• Sensitivity Depends on

– Imaging cell size

The bigger imager size become,

The Higher sensitivity goes.

Q. Which has higher sensitivity

A. 1/3 inch 30k Pixels

B. 1/3 inch 60k Pixels

Page 30: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Imaging cell size

The bigger imager size become,

The Higher sensitivity goes.

Q. Which has higher sensitivity

A. 1/3 inch 30k Pixels

B. 1/3 inch 60k Pixels

Page 31: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Day / Night function

Normal Color Imager has IR filter

Page 32: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Day / Night function

Normal Color Imager has IR filter

Without IR filter,

Tone of color will collapse

Imager will be easily affected by heat.

( IR is a heat ray )

Page 33: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity• Sensitivity Depends on

– Day / Night function

Day / Night function cuts off the IR filter

in the night time

We can see image in very dark circumstances

(Notice : In Night mode, Image goes to B/W)

Page 34: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Super HAD, Exwave HAD technology

One of Imager structure technology

Page 35: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Super HAD, Exwave HAD technology

( Imager structure )

• Super HAD

• Exwave HAD

• Super Exwave

Page 36: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Super HAD, Exwave HAD technology

( Imager structure )

• Super HAD– Higher Efficiency Micro lens Array before imager

– Good on both Day mode and Night mode

• Exwave HAD

• Super Exwave

Page 37: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Super HAD, Exwave HAD technology

( Imager structure )

• Super HAD– Higher Efficiency Micro lens Array before imager

– Good on both Day mode and Night mode

• Exwave HAD– Higher Sensitivity to Infrared

– Good on night mode

• Super Exwave

Page 38: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity• Sensitivity Depends on

– Super HAD, Exwave HAD technology( Imager structure )

• Super HAD– Higher Efficiency Micro lens Array before imager

– Good on both Day mode and Night mode

• Exwave HAD– Higher Sensitivity to Infrared

– Good with Day / Night function

• Super Exwave– Much higher sensitivity to Infrared

– Better with Day / Night function

Page 39: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Comparison of Hyper HAD CCD and Super HAD CCD Sensor Structure

On-chip Micro lens of Conventional CCD On-chip Micro lens of Super HAD CCD

Hyper HAD CCD Sensor Structure Super HAD CCD Sensor Structure

Page 40: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Exwave HAD

Wave Length [nm]

Rel

ativ

e R

espo

nse

The past CCD vs. Exwave HAD Spectral Sensitivity

The past CCD Exwave HAD

Page 41: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Super Exwave

Exwave HAD vs. Super Exwave

Exwave HAD Super Exwave

Page 42: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Exwave HAD vs. Super Exwave

     

< Exwave HAD> 0.7lx

     

< Super Exwave>0.55lx

illumination

High

Low

Page 43: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– With or Without Color Filter

Color Imager = B / W Imager + Color Filter

Page 44: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– With or Without Color Filter

Color Imager = B / W Imager + Color Filter

Color Imager is just like B/W with Sunglasses

Page 45: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– With or Without Color Filter

Color Imager = B / W Imager + Color Filter

Color Imager is just like B/W with Sunglasses

The reason why color imager has lower sensitivity

Page 46: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Signal gain-up

Page 47: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Signal gain-up

• Some camera has more gain-up capacity.

Page 48: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Signal gain-up

• Some camera has more gain-up capacity.

( Gain-up is amplification of signal from imager )

Page 49: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Signal gain

• Some camera has more gain-up capacity.

( Gain-up is amplification of signal from imager )

• Even though Image may be noisy,we can get image in darker situation.

Page 50: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity Depends on– Imaging cell size– Day / Night function– Imager structure– With or Without Color filter– DSP gain up

Page 51: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image quality

• Image quality Depends on– Imaging cell number– With or Without DynaView Technology– With or Without Variable Gamma Curve

Page 52: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image quality

• Image quality Depends on– Imaging cell number

Page 53: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image quality

• Image quality Depends on– Imaging cell number

The more imaging cell become,

the higher image resolution goes.

Page 54: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image quality

• Image quality Depends on– Imaging cell number

The more imaging cell become,

the higher image resolution goes.

(Notice : Higher resolution Imager have less

sensitivity.)

Page 55: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image quality

• Image quality Depends on– With or Without DynaView Technology

Page 56: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image quality

• Image quality Depends on– With or Without DynaView Technology

prevents dark area from going to absolute black,

While preventing bright area from going to absolute white.

Page 57: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image quality

• Image quality Depends on– With or Without DynaView Technology

prevents dark area from going to absolute black,

While preventing bright area from going to absolute white.

By taking picture twice in one frame period.

Page 58: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image quality

• Image quality Depends on– With or Without DynaView Technology

prevents dark area from going to absolute black,

While preventing bright area from going to absolute white.

By taking picture twice in one frame period.

1st. At slower shutter speed for dark area to be bright.

Page 59: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image quality

• Image quality Depends on– With or Without DynaView Technology

prevents dark area from going to absolute black,

While preventing bright area from going to absolute white.

By taking picture twice in one frame period.

1st. At slower shutter speed for dark area to be bright.

2nd.At faster shutter speed for bright area to be dark.

Page 60: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image quality

• Image quality Depends on– With or Without Variable Gamma Curve

Page 61: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image quality

• Image quality Depends on– With or Without Variable Gamma Curve

• Enhancing Vividness of Image

Page 62: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image quality

• Image quality Depends on– With or Without Variable Gamma Curve

• Enhancing Vividness of Image

– Taking brightest pixel of image to absolute white

– Taking darkest pixel of image to absolute black

Page 63: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Image quality

• Image quality Depends on– With or Without Variable Gamma Curve

• Enhancing Vividness of Image

– Taking brightest pixel of image to absolute white

– Taking darkest pixel of image to absolute black

– Taking reddest pixel of image to absolute red

– Enhancing solidity of object.

Page 64: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Why Larger Imager is good

• To achieve higher sensitivity,

The imaging cell must be larger.

• To achieve higher resolution

More imaging cell is needed.

Page 65: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Why Larger Imager is good

• To achieve higher sensitivity,

The imaging cell must be larger.

• To achieve higher resolution

More imaging cell is needed.

• What would you do,

if you want both sensitivity and resolution?

Page 66: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Why Larger Imager is good

• To achieve higher sensitivity, the imaging cell must be larger.

• To achieve higher resolution, more imaging cell is needed.

• What would you do,

if you want both sensitivity and resolution?

• Larger imager can achieve both of these.

Page 67: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Why Larger Imager is good

• To achieve higher sensitivity, the imaging cell must be larger.

• To achieve higher resolution, more imaging cell is needed.

• What would you do, if you want both sensitivity and resolution?

• Larger imager can achieve both of these.

• This is why larger imager is good.

Page 68: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Why Larger Imager is good

• To achieve higher sensitivity, the imaging cell must be larger.

• To achieve higher resolution, more imaging cell is needed.

• What would you do, if you want both sensitivity and resolution?

• Larger imager can achieve both sensitivity and resolution,

even though Larger imager is more expensive.

Page 69: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

Why Larger Imager is good

• To achieve higher sensitivity, the imaging cell must be larger.

• To achieve higher resolution, more imaging cell is needed.

• What would you do, if you want both sensitivity and resolution?

• Lager imager can achieve both sensitivity and resolution,

even though Lager imager is more expensive.

1/3 > 1/4 > 1/6

Page 70: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

About Lens

• Brightness

• Image Angle

• Iris Servo

Page 71: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

About Lens

• Brightness

The smaller F value goes….

Page 72: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

About Lens

• Brightness

The smaller F value goes….

the brighter

the lens become.

Page 73: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

About Lens

• Brightness

The smaller F value goes….

the brighter

the bigger

the lens become.

Page 74: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

About Lens

• Brightness

The smaller F value goes….

the brighter

the bigger

the more expensive

the lens become.

Page 75: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

About Lens

• Image Angle

The smaller f value goes….

Page 76: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

About Lens

• Image Angle

The smaller f value goes….

the wider

image angle become.

Page 77: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

About Lens

• Image Angle

The smaller f value goes….

the wider

image angle become.

Wide Angle Lens..

Page 78: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

About Lens

• Image Angle

The larger the f value goes….

Page 79: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

About Lens

• Image Angle

The larger the f value goes….

the narrower

image angle become.

Page 80: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

About Lens

• Image Angle

The larger the f value goes….

the narrower

image angle become.

Tele-Photo Lens..

Page 81: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

About Lens• Image Angle

Vari-focal Lens can Change Image angle

like zoom lens.

Page 82: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

About Lens

• Image Angle

Vari-focal Lens can Change Image angle

like zoom lens.

( With Vari-focal Lens,

Image will go out of focus, after changing Image Angle,

while image don’t go out of focus with ordinary zoom lens.

Vari-focal Lens is cheaper than ordinary zoom lenses)

Page 83: Camera Technology Basics Overview Basics of Camera Technology Saugaato Ray ray@satmac.com Director & CEO SATMAC INFOSYS LTD.

End.