Camera Principleszmatt.net/files/intro1.pdf · Single-lens reex (SLR) cameras Magic with mirrors!...
Transcript of Camera Principleszmatt.net/files/intro1.pdf · Single-lens reex (SLR) cameras Magic with mirrors!...
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PHOTOGRAPHY
Goal: record an image onto a recording medium
First attempt:
Problem: light from everywhere arrives at every point
Solution: put film in an enclosed box with only one entrance(camera obscura: dark chamber, or camera for short)
PHOTOGRAPHY 2
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THE PINHOLE CAMERA
Problems:➜ Long exposure necessary
(not much light passes through pinhole)
➜ Poor quality due to diffraction effects
Solution: the lens, which collects light from a larger area
THE PINHOLE CAMERA 3
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THE MODERN CAMERA
THE MODERN CAMERA 4
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ASIDE
How can the photographer tell what the camera sees?➜ Twin-lens cameras (includes most compact cameras)
Photographer looks through a second lens, which approximatesthe camera’s field of view
➜ Single-lens reflex (SLR) camerasMagic with mirrors!
➜ Electronic viewfinder (EVF)/Live previewDigital sensor constantly takes preview pictures
ASIDE 5
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BASIC CAMERA SETTINGS
➜ Focal length➜ Focus distance➜ ISO speed (sensitivity)➜ Shutter speed➜ Aperture
BASIC CAMERA SETTINGS 6
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FOCAL LENGTH
Focal length: Controls field of view (“zoom” to a layperson)
In terms of 35mm film:➜ Around 50mm focal length is called normal
(similar to field of view of eye)
➜ Shorter focal lengths are called wide angle
➜ Longer focal lengths are called telephoto
Actual numbers may be different for other cameras, but it is
common to refer to 35mm equivalent focal length.
Prime lenses have a fixed focal length (e.g. 50mm)Zoom lenses can be set to a range of focal lengths (e.g.16-35mm, 80-200mm). Some consumer cameras specify amultiplication factor instead (e.g. 4x zoom).
FOCAL LENGTH 7
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FOCAL LENGTH
Also affects perspective!
telephoto (300mm) wide angle (28mm)
FOCAL LENGTH 8
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FOCUS DISTANCE
FOCUS DISTANCE 9
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OUT OF FOCUS
OUT OF FOCUS 10
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DEPTH OF FIELD
DEPTH OF FIELD 11
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ISO SPEED (SENSITIVITY)
ISO Speed: Sensitivity of recording medium
➜ Film: Property of the film used
➜ Digital: Camera setting (gain of digital sensor)
Darker environments and fast motion may require higher ISOspeeds, at the expense of more noise/grain.
ISO SPEED (SENSITIVITY) 12
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SHUTTER SPEED
Shutter speed: Amount of time shutter is open
Beware of camera shake when handholding!
Rule of thumb (1/f rule):
When handholding the camera, at a focal length of N mm,use shutter speed of at least 1/N s.
e.g. for 50mm lens, use at least 1/50s.
SHUTTER SPEED 13
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SHUTTER SPEED
Can be used for creative control
1/50s 1.3s
SHUTTER SPEED 14
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APERTURE
Aperture: Diameter of light-admitting hole in lens
Usually described as a ratio of focal length (e.g. f/4)
Smaller number means larger aperture!!!
Stops: 1, 1.4 (√
2), 2 (√
4), 2.8 (√
8), 4 (√
16), 5.6 (√
32), 8 (√
64),11 (
√
128), 16 (√
256), 22 (√
512), 32 (√
1024)
Maximum aperture determined by lens.
Each stop halves the amount of light.
Most cameras allow setting in half-stop or one-third-stopincrements.
APERTURE 15
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APERTURE
Affects depth of field
f/2.8 (large aperture) f/8 (smaller aperture)
APERTURE 16
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OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING DEPTH OF FIELD
➜ Focal length (at given subject distance)Longer focal length reduces DoF
➜ Subject distance (at given focal length)Closer subject distance reduces DoF
➜ Size of output imageLarger print reduces DoF
OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING DEPTH OF FIELD 17
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THE EXPOSURE TRIANGLE
➜ Shutter speed and aperture both affect the amount of lightreaching the recording medium.
➜ ISO speed affects the sensitivity of the recording medium.
These settings need to be balanced to create the rightexposure!
THE EXPOSURE TRIANGLE 18
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UNDEREXPOSURE
UNDEREXPOSURE 19
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OVEREXPOSURE
OVEREXPOSURE 20
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EXPOSURE EXAMPLES
ISO100 f/2.8 1/160s ISO100 f/8 1/20s
EXPOSURE EXAMPLES 21
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EXPOSURE EXAMPLES
ISO100 f/22 1.3s ISO400 f/5.6 1/50s
EXPOSURE EXAMPLES 22
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METERING
Luckily, modern cameras have built-in metering to help you➜ Measures the amount of light reaching the camera
➜ Camera can guess some or all exposure settings
➜ More detailed information in Part II !
METERING 23
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FULLY AUTOMATIC (2) MODE
All three parameters (and more) are chosen automatically.
FULLY AUTOMATIC (2) MODE 24
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PROGRAM (P) MODE
The camera chooses the shutter speed and aperture.
PROGRAM (P) MODE 25
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APERTURE-PRIORITY (AV) MODE
You choose aperture, the camera chooses shutter speed.
APERTURE-PRIORITY (AV) MODE 26
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SHUTTER-PRIORITY (TV) MODE
You choose the shutter speed, the camera chooses aperture.
SHUTTER-PRIORITY (TV) MODE 27
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MANUAL (M) MODE
Parameters manually set. Camera just gives you an opinion.
MANUAL (M) MODE 28
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REVIEW
Exposure parameters➜ ISO speed
➜ Shutter speed
➜ Aperture
Choose shooting mode depending on which of theseparameters you want manual control over.
Other parameters discussed➜ Focal length
➜ Focus distance
REVIEW 29
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QUESTIONS
QUESTIONS 30