Cambridge Preterm Latin language pack
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Cambridge Preterm Latin language pack This language pack has been designed to help you get (and maintain) a good grasp of Latin before coming to Cambridge. It is based on the vocabulary and grammar the OCR AS/A Level syllabus. Please read this letter carefully. You will be assessed on your comprehension of this material when you arrive at Cambridge. You will be expected to: • identify any Latin word from the AS/A Level vocabulary list included here • write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) also included here (you will be given a starter form) • write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included here (you will be given a starter form) • translate into English some sentences exhibiting this vocabulary and grammar (you will find a checklist of grammatical topics in this pack) This assessment is not designed to intimidate and does not count toward any final grade: it is merely meant to give you something concrete to work on between now and then, and to assist your Director of Studies and us in ensuring that we have got the right people in the right groups from the start. You may have a qualification different from the OCR exam syllabus, but no matter: in order to prepare for this assessment, all the material to be tested is presented here in this packet. As far as supplementing your studies and preparing yourself for term you will find the following resources helpful. We strongly recommend that you purchase a proper reference grammar. Kennedy’s Revised Latin Primer (edited and revised by James Mountford) remains an excellent and inexpensive tool. B. L. Gildersleeve and G. Lodge’s Latin Grammar is more extensive, and C. E. Bennett’s New Latin Grammar is good (available free for Amazon Kindles), as is Allen and Greenough’s New Latin Grammar. (The latter two can both be downloaded for free from textkit.com and archive.org.) For those of you wanting advanced syntactical information, we recommend E. C. Woodcock’s New Latin Syntax. You will find a variety of supplementary online materials at: www.charlieslanguagepage.com There are other, perhaps more user-friendly, school grammars out there that you may already own, but bear in mind that they are not proper reference grammars and simply do not have enough information to help you understand Latin at the level required by your set texts in the Cambridge course. P.T.O.
Transcript of Cambridge Preterm Latin language pack
Cambridge Preterm Latin language pack This language pack has been designed to help you get (and maintain) a good grasp of Latin before coming to Cambridge. It is based on the vocabulary and grammar the OCR AS/A Level syllabus. Please read this letter carefully. You will be assessed on your comprehension of this material when you arrive at Cambridge. You will be expected to: • identify any Latin word from the AS/A Level vocabulary list included here • write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) also included here (you will be given a
starter form) • write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included here (you will be
given a starter form) • translate into English some sentences exhibiting this vocabulary and grammar (you will find a
checklist of grammatical topics in this pack) This assessment is not designed to intimidate and does not count toward any final grade: it is merely meant to give you something concrete to work on between now and then, and to assist your Director of Studies and us in ensuring that we have got the right people in the right groups from the start. You may have a qualification different from the OCR exam syllabus, but no matter: in order to prepare for this assessment, all the material to be tested is presented here in this packet. As far as supplementing your studies and preparing yourself for term you will find the following resources helpful. We strongly recommend that you purchase a proper reference grammar. Kennedy’s Revised Latin Primer (edited and revised by James Mountford) remains an excellent and inexpensive tool. B. L. Gildersleeve and G. Lodge’s Latin Grammar is more extensive, and C. E. Bennett’s New Latin Grammar is good (available free for Amazon Kindles), as is Allen and Greenough’s New Latin Grammar. (The latter two can both be downloaded for free from textkit.com and archive.org.) For those of you wanting advanced syntactical information, we recommend E. C. Woodcock’s New Latin Syntax. You will find a variety of supplementary online materials at:
www.charlieslanguagepage.com
There are other, perhaps more user-friendly, school grammars out there that you may already own, but bear in mind that they are not proper reference grammars and simply do not have enough information to help you understand Latin at the level required by your set texts in the Cambridge course.
P.T.O.
In order to deal more ably with the grammatical concepts you will meet in your work you may find these volumes helpful: • A Student’s Introduction to English Grammar, by Rodney Huddleston • English Grammar for Students of Latin, by Norma Goldman As far as dictionaries go, we strongly recommend C. T. Lewis’ Elementary Latin Dictionary (Oxford University Press), though Penguin, Collins and Cassells produce good ones as well. Lewis and Short’s old and very large Latin Dictionary remains a valuable resource; the research standard today is the huge Oxford Latin Dictionary. ‘Lewis & Short’ can be downloaded for free via a PC and Mac application called ‘Diogenes’ that’s online (just search for it) and even loaded into an iPhone or iPad via an app called ‘SPQR’ (by Paul Hudson) from the Apple App Store, where you may find other good apps as well. Android users will find SPQR in the Google Play store as well. You will find in this pack: • a checklist of grammatical topics • a vocabulary list • paradigms, etc. • a list of verb principal parts
Good luck with your studies and see you soon!
checklist of grammar topics for Latin students
On arriving at Cambridge you will be assessed on the following topics. The assessment will fall into four parts (in each part you will be
given some choice):
Section A: Vocabulary: you will be expected to know the vocbulary of the AS Level list (supplied here)
Section B: Accidence: you will be expected to write down from memory any word-table (or paradigm) of any word supplied in the
pack (you will not be tested on archaic forms)
Section C: Principal Parts: you will be expected write down from memory the principal parts of the verbs in the list included in
this pack
Section D: Syntax: you will be expected to translate from Latin into English a few sentences that exhibit the points of syntax as
specified below
The assessment will take form as an hour-long online test. Many elements of the test will be generated randomly by computer, so each test will be unique. Some elements will be very simple and some will be more challenging. The test will be marked out of 100 points and only you and your Director of Studies will be given the results. The test is merely designed as a diagnostic tool and will not count towards any final mark or grade at all.
adjectives and nouns, etc. • understanding of gender, case, and number in nouns and adjectives
• noun and adjective declension of all five patterns of the words that appear in the AS vocabulary list
• form and use of demonstratives
• form and use of personal, reflexive, and relative pronouns
• form and use of comparatives, including irregulars
• form and use of gerunds and gerundives
verbs • understanding of the formation and function of person, number, tense, voice and mood in verbs
• understanding of verbal ‘aspect’
• conjugation of regular verbs in all tenses, voices and moods, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)
• conjugation of the main irregular verbs in in all tenses, voices and moods, including participles and infinitives (supplied in pack)
syntax • understanding of case usage and prepositions (documents supplied in pack)
• constructions with comparative expressions
• form and use of participles, including participles used adverbially (= circumstantially or predicatively)
• understanding of verbs that take infinitives , e.g. uolo
• understanding of independent mood usage, such as potential, deliberative and contrafactual subjunctives
• understanding of the sequence of tenses
• understanding of indirect speech, command and question structures
• a general understanding of the variety of subordinate clauses in Latin (documents supplied in pack)
N.B. The tables and documents are meant to be fairly comprehensive and of use for future reference (e.g. when reading poetic and
archaic texts). Sometimes long marks (macra ¯) and short marks (breuia ˘) have been printed over vowels as an aid in distinguishing
certain elements; in some paradigms such marks are given in the leading word only. Note too that U is employed for V throughout:
this is standard scholarly Latin practice today and will be found in the University exams.
Latin nouns: twenty-nine key paradigms
1st declension 2nd declension sing. plur. sing. plur. sing. plur. sing. plur. 1) m!nsa f. table 2) annus m. year 3) puer m. boy 4) bellum n. war
nom. m!nsa m!nsae annus ann" puer puer" bellum bella voc. m!nsa m!nsae anne ann" puer puer" bellum bella acc. m!nsam m!ns#s annum ann$s puerum puer$s bellum bella gen. m!nsae m!ns#rum ann" ann$rum puer" puer$rum bell" bell$rum dat. m!nsae m!ns"s ann$ ann"s puer$ puer"s bell$ bell"s abl. m!ns# m!ns"s ann$ ann"s puer$ puer"s bell$ bell"s archaic gen. -!" & -!s (s.) and -um
(pl.); dat. & abl. -!bus archaic nom. -os acc. -om after -u-; gen. pl. sometimes -um
3rd declension 5) f"lius m. son 6) u%r m. man (cf. u"s) 7) deus m. god 8) r!x m. king nom. f"lius f"li" uir uir" deus d" or de" or di" r!x r!g!s voc. f"l" f"li" uir uir" deus d" or de" or di" r!x r!g!s acc. f"lium f"li$s uirum uir$s deum de$s r!gem r!g!s gen. f"l" or f"li" f"li$rum uir" uir$rum or uirum de" de$rum or deum r!gis r!gum dat. f"li$ f"li"s uir$ uir"s de$ d"s or de"s or di"s r!g" r!gibus abl. f"li$ f"li"s uir$ uir"s de$ d"s or de"s or di"s r!ge r!gibus voc. is a contraction of f"lie 9) m"l&s m. soldier 10) caput n. head 11) fl$s m. flower 12) opus n. work nom. m"les m"lit!s caput capita fl$s fl$r!s opus opera voc. m"les m"lit!s caput capita fl$s fl$r!s opus opera acc. m"l%tem m"lit!s caput capita fl$rem fl$r!s opus opera gen. m"litis m"litum capitis capitum fl$ris fl$rum operis operum dat. m"lit" m"litibus capit" capitibus fl$r" fl$ribus oper" operibus abl. m"lite m"litibus capite capitibus fl$re fl$ribus opere operibus older hon#s etc. become honor etc. 13) amor m. love 14) hom$ m.&f. human being 15) c"uis m.&f. citizen 16) u"s f. force (cf. u%r) nom. amor am$r!s hom$ homin!s c"uis c"u!s u"s u"r!s voc. amor am$r!s hom$ homin!s c"uis c"u!s u"s u"r!s acc. am$rem am$r!s hominem homin!s c"uem c"u"s or c"u!s uim u"r!s or u"r"s (rare) gen. am$ris am$rum hominis hominum c"uis c"uium uis rare u"rium dat. am$r" am$ribus homin" hominibus c"u" c"uibus u" rare u"ribus abl. am$re am$ribus homine hominibus c"ue or c"u" c"uibus u" u"ribus 4th declension 17) mons m. mountain 18) nubes f. cloud 19) cub"le n. couch 20) gradus m. step nom. m$ns mont!s n'b!s n'b!s cub"le cub"lia gradus grad's voc. m$ns mont!s n'b!s n'b!s cub"le cub"lia gradus grad's acc. montem mont!s or mont"s n'bem n'b!s or n'b"s cub"le cub"lia gradum grad's gen. montis montium n'bis n'bium cub"lis cub"lium grad's graduum dat. mont" montibus n'b" n'bibus cub"l" cub"libus gradu" gradibus abl. monte montibus n'be n'bibus cub"le cub"libus grad' gradibus dat. & abl. -$bus with some words 5th declension 21) genu n. knee 22) domus f. house 23) di!s m. day 24) r!s f. thing nom. gen' genua domus dom's di!s di!s r!s r!s voc. gen' genua domus dom's di!s di!s r!s r!s acc. gen' genua domum dom$s or dom's diem di!s rem r!s gen. gen's genuum dom's or dom" dom$rum di!" di!rum re" r!rum dat. gen' genibus domu" or dom$ domibus di!" di!bus re" r!bus abl. gen' genibus dom$ domibus di! di!bus r! r!bus dat. & abl. -$bus with some words locative dom" can be feminine as “fixed day” gen. sometimes r%" Greek words etc. 25) h!r$s m. hero 26) Aen!#s 27) Atr"d!s or Atr"da 28) D"d$ 29) I'ppiter nom. h!r$s h!r$es Aen!#s Atr"d!s or Atr"da D"d$ I'ppiter (I'piter or I(uis rare) voc. h!r$s h!r$es Aen!# Atr"d! or Atr"d# or Atr"d) D"d$ I'ppiter acc. h!r$a or h!r$em h!r$as Aen!#n Atr"d!n D"d$ or D"d$nem I(uem gen. h!r$is h!r$um Aen!ae Atr"dae D"d$nis or D"d's I(uis dat. h!r$" h!r$ibus Aen!ae Atr"dae D"d$n" or D"d$ (both rare) I(u" abl. h!r$e h!r$ibus Aen!# Atr"d! or Atr"d# Eliss# (D"d$ne rare) I(ue plurals like m%nsae, etc. Elis(s)ae usu. in gen. and dat.
Latin adjectives: eight key paradigms
singular plural singular plural
masc. fem. neut. masc. fem. neut. masc. fem. neut. masc. fem. neut.
bonus good tener soft
nom. bonus bona bonum bon! bonae bona tener tenera tenerum tener! tenerae tenera
voc. bone bona bonum bon! bonae bona tener tenera tenerum tener! tenerae tenera
acc. bonum bonam bonum bon"s bon#s bona tenerum teneram tenerum tener"s tener#s tenera
gen. bon! bonae bon! bon"rum bon#rum bon"rum tener! tenerae tener! tener"rum tener#rum tener"rum
dat. bon" bonae bon" bon!s bon!s bon!s tener" tenerae tener" tener!s tener!s tener!s
abl. bon" bon# bon" bon!s bon!s bon!s tener" tener# tener" tener!s tener!s tener!s
adjectives in -ius: voc. -ie, gen. -i!; archaic fem. gen. in -"!
dat. & abl. -i!s sometimes -!s; archaic fem. dat. & abl. -"bus
tr!stis sad #cer sharp
nom. tr!stis tr!stis tr!ste tr!st$s tr!st$s tr!stia #cer #cris #cre #cr$s #cr$s #cria
voc. tr!stis tr!stis tr!ste tr!st$s tr!st$s tr!stia #cer #cris #cre #cr$s #cr$s #cria
acc. tr!stem tr!stem tr!ste tr!st$s or tr!st!s
tr!st$s or tr!st!s tr!stia #crem #crem #cre #cr$s or
#cr!s #cr$s or #cr!s #cria
gen. tr!stis tr!stis tr!stis tr!stium tr!stium tr!stium #cris #cris #cris #crium #crium #crium
dat. tr!st! tr!st! tr!st! tr!stibus tr!stibus tr!stibus #cr! #cr! #cr! #cribus #cribus #cribus
abl. tr!st! or tr!ste
tr!st! or tr!ste
tr!st! or tr!ste tr!stibus tr!stibus tr!stibus #cr! or
#cre #cr! or #cre
#cr! or #cre #cribus #cribus #cribus
abl. sometimes -e, chiefly poetry; use -! for attribution and -e for predication and substantives
archaic nom. pl. -!s; gen. sometimes -um, chiefly poetry
abl. sometimes -e, chiefly poetry; use -! for attribution and -e for predication and substantives
archaic nom. pl. -!s; gen. sometimes -um, chiefly poetry
f$l!x lucky ing$ns huge (so present active participles, e.g. am#ns)
nom. f$l!x f$l!x f$l!x f$l!c$s f$l!c$s f$l!cia ing$ns ing$ns ing$ns ingent$s ingent$s ingentia
voc. f$l!x f$l!x f$l!x f$l!c$s f$l!c$s f$l!cia ing$ns ing$ns ing$ns ingent$s ingent$s ingentia
acc. f$l!cem f$l!cem f$l!x f$l!c$s or f$l!c!s
f$l!c$s or f$l!c!s f$l!cia ingentem ingentem ingens ingent$s or
ingent!s ingent$s or ingent!s ingentia
gen. f$l!cis f$l!cis f$l!cis f$l!cium f$l!cium f$l!cium ingentis ingentis ingentis ingentium ingentium ingentium
dat. f$l!c! f$l!c! f$l!c! f$l!cibus f$l!cibus f$l!cibus ingent! ingent! ingent! ingentibus ingentibus ingentibus
abl. f$l!c! or f$l!ce
f$l!c! or f$l!ce
f$l!c! or f$l!ce f$l!cibus f$l!cibus f$l!cibus ingent! or
ingente ingent! or ingente
ingent! or ingente ingentibus ingentibus ingentibus
abl. sometimes -e, chiefly poetry; use -! for attribution and -e for predication and substantives
archaic nom. pl. -!s; gen. sometimes -um, chiefly poetry
abl. sometimes -e, chiefly poetry; use -! for attribution and -e for predication and substantives
archaic nom. pl. -!s; gen. sometimes -um, chiefly poetry
uetus old melior better
nom. uetus uetus uetus ueter$s ueter$s uetera melior melior melius meli"r$s meli"r$s meli"ra
voc. uetus uetus uetus ueter$s ueter$s uetera melior melior melius meli"r$s meli"r$s meli"ra
acc. ueterem ueterem uetus ueter$s ueter$s uetera meli"rem meli"rem melius meli"r$s meli"r$s meli"ra
gen. ueteris ueteris ueteris ueterum ueterum ueterum meli"ris meli"ris meli"ris meli"rum meli"rum meli"rum
dat. ueter! ueter! ueter! ueteribus ueteribus ueteribus meli"r! meli"r! meli"r! meli"ribus meli"ribus meli"ribus
abl. uetere uetere uetere ueteribus ueteribus ueteribus meli"re or meli"r!
meli"re or meli"r!
meli"re or meli"r!
meli"ribus meli"ribus meli"ribus
abl. occasionally -! archaic nom. pl. -!s; -ia sts for -a archaic nom. -ios
Latin comparative adjectives 1. regular comparative adjective forms: positive comparative superlative e.g. -us, -a, -um -ior, -ior, -ius -issimus, -a, -um (archaic -issumus) 2. important irregular comparative adjective forms:
A. stems in -er (1&2 or 3) show superlatives in -rimus (archaic -rumus): !cer sharp !crior !cerrimus celer swift celerior celerrimus miser wretched miserior miserrimus pulcher beautiful pulchrior pulcherrimus tener soft tenerior tenerrimus
B. stems in -ili show superlatives in -limus (archaic -lumus): facilis easy facilior facillimus difficilis hard difficilior difficillimus gracilis slender gracilior gracillimus humilis low humilior humillimus similis like similior simillimus dissimilis unlike dissimilior dissimillimus
C. irregular comparatives: bonus good melior optimus archaic optumus d"u#s rich d"uitior / d"tior d"uitissimus / d"tissimus fr$g" (indeclin.) honest fr$g!lior fr$g!lissimus iuuenis young i$nior / n!t$ minor n!t$ minimus magnus great m!ior m!ximus arch. m!xumus malus bad p#ior pessimus arch. pessumus multus much pl$s pl$rimus n#quam worthless n#quior n#quissimus paruus small minor minimus arch. minumus senex old senior / n!t$ m!ior n!t$ m!ximus uetus old ueterior / uetustior ueterrimus
D. the declension of pl!s (in singular as a defective neuter substantive only):
singular plural masc.&fem. neut. masc.&fem. neut. nom. n/a pl$s pl$r#s pl$ra voc. n/a pl$s pl$r#s pl$ra acc. n/a pl$s pl$r#s pl$ra gen. n/a pl$ris pl$rium pl$rium dat. n/a n/a pl$ribus pl$ribus abl. n/a pl$re (v. rare) pl$ribus pl$ribus
for pl$ria see Aulus Gellius NA 5.21
E. adjectives with degrees lacking or preserved only in *rare (or irregular) adjectival or adverbial forms: ante before anterior (late) n/a *citer adv. citr! on this side citerior citimus d# down d#terior d#terrimus *exter(us) adv. extra outside exterior extr#mus / extimus *"nferus adv. "nfr! below "nferior "nfimus / "mus intr! within interior intimus arch. intumus Gk %&'( swift )cior )cissimus *posterus adv. post after posterior postr#mus / postumus prae before prior pr"mus prope near propior proximus arch. proxumus secus otherwise sequior n/a *superus adv. supr! above superior supr#mus / summus *ulter adv. ultr! beyond ulterior ultimus arch. ultumus
Latin adverbs (Kennedy §§85a–87 & 162–170; Gildersleeve and Lodge §§91–93)
1. Many adverbs are formed from 2nd declension (sometimes 3rd) forms, adding ablatival -![d] or -"[d] to the stem of the word, e.g.: aegr! aequ! am"c! b#n# cert! cert$ c%t&
citr$ dign! e$ extempl$ fals$ fer! ferm!
fort# h'm(n! lent! m)l# miser! m&d& oppid$
pulchr! qu$ r(r! r(r$ rect! r#pent! s(n!
subit$ t't$ uald! u!r! u!r$ ultr$ uulg$
2. -iter, -ter, and -er appear in 3rd declension (sometimes 2nd) forms, e.g.:
aliter audacter breuiter
celeriter constanter fall(citer
fer$citer fortiter h'm(niter
largiter molliter pr'denter
sapienter similiter uehementer
3. Some adverbs are the accusative singular neuter of the adjective (this is regular for comparative adverbs, e.g. melius), e.g.:
aliquantum c!terum dulce
facile imp'ne multum
nimium parum paulum
pl!rumque postr!mum potissimum
pr"mum quantum tr"ste
4. Some originate in feminine forms, e.g.:
ali(s aliquam bif(riam clam
c$ram dextr( h(c iam
palam perperam qu( quam
rect( sinistr( tam 'n(
5. -tim, originally an accusative form, becomes an adverbial suffix, e.g:
aceru(tim articul(tim caesim cateru(tim centuri(tim cert(tim c$nf!stim
cursim f'rtim gener(tim grad(tim greg(tim gutt(tim inc"sim
interim membr(tim min't(tim partim passim paul(tim pedetemptim
praesertim pr"u(tim raptim saltim usu. saltem s!nsim s!par(tim singul(tim
statim strictim summ(tim trib'tim uicissim uir"tim 'niuersim
6. -tus is originally ablatival, then becomes a suffix, e.g.:
ant"qu%tus d"u"n%tus
fund%tus (< fundus farm, land) intus
p#n%tus r(d"c%tus
7. -uorsum adverbs show an originally accusative uersum (< uerto) attached as a suffix, e.g:
aduorsum > aduersum (also aduersus) ali$uorsum > aliorsum (also aliorsus) d!uorsum > d#orsum (also d#orsus) qu$uorsum > quorsum (also quorsus)
pr$uorsum > prorsum (also prorsus) retr$uorsum > retr$(r)sum (also retr$(r)sus) reuersum > r'rsum (also r'rsus) subuersum > s'rsum (also s'rsus)
8. tenus is an old accusative noun (“a stretching”) that becomes a suffix (and a preposition), e.g.:
aliqu(tenus e(tenus h(ctenus qu(tenus
9. A range of other suffixes and adverbial formations can be found, e.g. i-bi, in-de, quan-d", d#-dum, com-minus, n#-per (< nouom-per cf. sem-per).
10. Comparatives are formed by the neuter accusative of the adjective, superlatives normally in -issim!. Some important forms: b#n# melius opt%m! (archaic opt*m!) di' di'tius di'tissim! intus interius intim! magnopere magis maxim! (maxume) m)l# p!ius pessim! (pessume) multum pl's pl'rimum (plurumum) n!quiter n!quius n!quissim! $citer (rare) $cius $cissim! paulum minus minim! (minume) post / post#( posterius postr!m$ pote (rare as adv.) potius potissimum or potissim! (rare and late) (potissumum) prae (archaic as adv.) prius pr"mum or pr"m$ prope propius proxim! (proxume) saepe saepius saepissim!
Latin pronouns: eleven key paradigms singular plural singular plural
I you we you 3rd person reflexive pronoun
nom. ego t! n"s u"s n/a n/a
acc. m# t# n"s u"s s# or s#s# s# or s#s#
gen. me$ tu$ nostr$ (obj.) or nostrum (part.)
uestr$ (obj.) or uestrum (part.) su$ su$
dat. mihi or mih$ or m$ tibi or tib$ n"b$s u"b$s sibi or sib$ sibi or sib$
abl. m# t# n"b$s u"b$s s# s#
possessives in meus and tuus; -met for emphasis
possessives in noster and uester; -met for emphasis possessive in suus; -met for emphasis
masc. fem. neut. masc. fem. neut. masc. fem. neut. masc. fem. neut.
is he, she, it $dem the same (< is-dem)
nom. is ea id i$ or e$ or $ eae ea $dem eadem idem $dem or e$dem or i$dem eaedem eadem
acc. eum eam id e"s e%s ea eundem eandem idem e"sdem e%sdem eadem
gen. #ius #ius #ius e"rum e%rum e"rum #iusdem #iusdem #iusdem e"rundem e%rundem e"rundem
dat. e$ e$ e$ i$s or e$s or $s
i$s or e$s or $s
i$s or e$s or $s e$dem e$dem e$dem $sdem or e$sdem $sdem or
e$sdem $sdem or e$sdem
abl. e" e% e" i$s or e$s or $s
i$s or e$s or $s
i$s or e$s or $s e"dem e%dem e"dem $sdem or e$sdem $sdem or
e$sdem $sdem or e$sdem
see Gildersleeve and Lodge §103.1 for archaic variations see Gildersleeve and Lodge §103.2 for archaic variations ipse self h$c this
nom. ipse ipsa ipsum ips$ ipsae ipsa h$c haec h"c h$ hae haec
acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ips"s ips%s ipsa hunc hanc h"c h"s h%s haec
gen. ips$us ips$us ips$us ips"rum ips%rum ips"rum h!ius h!ius h!ius h"rum h%rum h"rum
dat. ips$ ips$ ips$ ips$s ips$s ips$s hu$c hu$c hu$c h$s h$s h$s
abl. ips" ips% ips" ips$s ips$s ips$s h"c h%c h"c h$s h$s h$s
see Gildersleeve and Lodge §103.3 for archaic variations see Gildersleeve and Lodge §104 I for archaic variations; h!c can combine with -ce and -ne for emphatic and interrogative forms respectively
iste this, that of yours ille that
nom. iste ista istud ist$ istae ista ille illa illud ill$ illae illa
acc. istum istam istud ist"s ist%s ista illum illam illud ill"s ill%s illa
gen. ist$us ist$us ist$us ist"rum ist%rum ist"rum ill$us ill$us ill$us ill"rum ill%rum ill"rum
dat. ist$ ist$ ist$ ist$s ist$s ist$s ill$ ill$ ill$ ill$s ill$s ill$s
abl. ist" ist% ist" ist$s ist$s ist$s ill" ill% ill" ill$s ill$s ill$s
see Gildersleeve and Lodge §104 II for archaic variations; iste can combine with -ce and -ne for emphatic and interrogative forms respectively archaic ollus etc. is found for ille; see Gildersleeve and Lodge §104 III for variations;
ille can combine with -ce and -ne for emphatic and interrogative forms respectively qu$ who (relative pronoun and adjective) quis who? or any (interrogative and indefinite pronoun)
nom. qu$ quae quod qu$ quae quae quis quis interr. qua indef. quid qu$ quae quae interr.
qua indef.
acc. quem quam quod qu"s qu%s quae quem quem quid qu"s qu%s quae
gen. c!ius c!ius c!ius qu"rum qu%rum qu"rum c!ius c!ius c!ius qu"rum qu%rum qu"rum
dat. cu$ cu$ cu$ quibus quibus quibus cu$ cu$ cu$ quibus quibus quibus
abl. qu" qu% qu" quibus quibus quibus qu" qu% qu" quibus quibus quibus
see Gildersleeve and Lodge§105 for archaic variations, e.g. qu!s for quibus the interrogative and indefinite adjective declines like qu$
alter one of the two • alius, alteruter, neuter, n"llus, s#lus, t#tus, "llus, "nus all decline like alter • the gen. sing. can be-!us or -$us in poetry • alius shows an original alis and alid in Catullus and Lucretius • alius frequently uses alterı !us as its gen. sing., or ali!; al!us is rare • alius shows aliud in the neuter • -ae is occasionally found in fem. gen. and dat. sing. of these words • n"ll ı !us and n"ll# function as the gen. and abl. sing. of n%m#
nom. alter altera alterum alter$ alterae altera
acc. alterum alteram alterum alter"s alter%s altera
gen. alterı !us alterı !us alterı !us alter"rum alter%rum alter"rum
dat. alter$ alter$ alter$ alter$s alter$s alter$s
abl. alter" alter% alter" alter$s alter$s alter$s
table of Latin correlative pronouns, adjectives and adverbs interrogative
indefinite 1
indefinite 2 dem
onstrative
distributive relative
indefinite (a.k.a. “universal”) relative
(freq. with s!
(these double the w
ord or add -(cum)que;
separate)
-u!s or -libet m
ay also be appended) quis who? (pron.)
(ali)quis
s!quis
is, iste, h!c, ille
quisque
qu!
quisquis or quicumque
qu! which? (adj.)
(ali)qu!
s!qu!
(also "nusquisque)
(also ecquis and
(also qu!dam, quispiam
, quisquam
quisnam)
qu!u!s and qu!libet)
qu"lis of what sort? qu"lis
t"lis
qu"lis
qu"lisqu"lis or qu"liscumque
quantus of what number?
(ali)quantus
tantus
quantus quantus quantus or quantuscum
que (also qu#tus and qu#tusquisque)
(t#tus v. rare)
ubı !! where? (also when?)
alicubı !
s!cubı !!
e#, ist#, h!c, ill!c, ibı ! ub!qu$
qu# (also tum
) ubı!ubı !! or ubı!cum
que uter which of two?
uter
alteruter alter
uterque
utercumque
und% from where?
alicund%
s!cund%
hinc, illinc, istinc
und&qu% und%
unde unde or und%cum
que
unde (late) ut or ut! how?
&t', s!c
ut
ut ut or utcumque (ut$que “in any case”)
qu" by what way?
aliqu"
s!qu"
e", ist", h"c, ill"
qu"
qu"qu" or qu"cumque (qu%qu& rare)
quam how?
aliquam
tam
quam
[=> conj. quamquam
and quamu!s]
(quamde archaic)
qu# to what place? aliqu#
s!qu#
ist(c, h(c, ill(c
qu#
qu#qu# or qu#cum
que quand# when?
(ali)quand#
s!quand# tum
, tunc
quand#
quand#que! or quand#cumque
quand#que!
qu! or qu# how?
(ali)qu! or s!qu#
e#, ist#, h#c, ill#
qu! or qu#
qu#cumque
aliqu#
qu)t how many?
aliqu)t
t)t
qu)t
qu)tqu)t or qu)tcumque
qu)t&$(n)s how frequently? aliqu)t&$(n)s
t)t&$(n)s
qu)t&$(n)s
qu)t&$ns(cum)que
Latin prepositions (Kennedy §§171–175 & 284–287; Gildersleeve and Lodge §§412–418) !, ab, abs + abl. from, by (cf. Gk "#$; abs normally with te) absque + abl. without (archaic, cf. sine and praeter) ad + acc. towards, to, at aduersus + acc. towards, against (also an adverb) (also aduersum) ante + acc. before (also an adverb) apud + acc. at, near, among, at the house of caus! + gen. for the sake of (normally after its noun; simply the abl. of causa) circum + acc. around (also an adverb) circ! + acc. about (also an adverb) circiter + acc. about (also an adverb; rare as prep.) c%s + acc. on this side of (rare) cı !tr! + acc. on this side of (also an adverb) clam + abl. & acc. unknown to (also an adverb; Terence has clanculum) contr! + acc. against (also an adverb) c&ram + abl. in the presence of (also an adverb) cum + abl. with (frequently after a personal pronoun, e.g. m!cum) d' + abl. from, concerning erg! + acc. towards (mainly of feelings towards a person) erg& + gen. on account of (normally after its noun; archaic as prep., normally a particle) ex, ' + abl. out of, from extr! + acc. outside of, without, except (also an adverb) f(n) (f(n() + gen. up to (simply the abl. of f(nis) gr!t%! + gen. for the sake of (normally after its noun; simply the abl. of gr!tia) in + abl. in, within, on (cf. Gk *+—denotes rest) in + acc. into, against (cf, Gk ,-. < *+-.—denotes motion) (nfr! + acc. below (also an adverb) inter + acc. between, among (rare as adverb) intr! + acc. within (also an adverb) i/xt! + acc. next to, beside (also an adverb) ob + acc. before, on account of (cf. Gk *#0) palam + abl. openly, in sight of (also an adverb) penes + acc. in the power of, with, at the house of per + acc. through (cf. Gk #123) p&n) + acc. behind (also an adverb) post + acc. behind, after (also an adverb) prae + abl. before, in front of (also an adverb) praeter + acc. beside, past (also an adverb) pr& + abl. before, for, on behalf of (as adverb with pro quam and pro ut: “just as”) pr4cul + abl. far from (properly an adverb; freq. with ab) pr4p) + acc. near (also an adverb) propter + acc. near, on account of (also an adverb) secundum + acc. next, along, according to (< sequor; rare as adverb) simul + abl. with (properly an adverb; freq. with cum; cf. semel and Gk 561) s%n) + abl. without (old form s!(d)) sub + abl. under, at, in time of (cf. Gk 7#$ + dat. or gen.—denotes rest) sub + acc. up to, near to (cf. Gk 7#$ + acc.—denotes motion) subter + abl. & acc. below, underneath (also an adverb; denotes rest with abl. or motion with acc.) (archaic supter) s8per + abl. & acc. over, upon (also an adverb; cf. Gk 7#92—denotes rest with abl. or motion with acc.) su !pr! + acc. above, beyond, over, before (also an adverb) tenus + gen. & abl. as far as, reaching to (frequently after its noun) tr!ns + acc. across ultr! + acc. beyond (also an adverb; uls v. rare and archaic) uersus + acc. towards (thought to be an adverb only: see L&S s.v. verto) (also uersum; archaic uorsus and uorsum) prepositions found only in compound words: ambi-, amb-, am-, an- around e.g. ambio red-, re- back, again e.g. redeo, refero dis-, d(- apart e.g. dissoluo s'- apart e.g. separo porr-, por-, pol- before e.g. porrigo, polliceor u'- out e.g. u'cors, u)h)mens, V'iouis
case usage in Ancient Greek and Latin: some major categories For the fullest accounts in English see Smyth and Woodcock (fuller than the just adequate Goodwin and Kennedy), if you have even a little German see Schwyzer vol. 2 for Ancient Greek and Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr for Latin. This list is not meant to cover specific words that govern particular cases e.g. plenus with the genitive or ablative or καταγιγνώσκω with acc. rei (‘accusative of the matter’) and gen. pers. (‘genitive of the person’). accusative can be said to fall into four major uses:
1. direct object (and also as subject of noun clauses, e.g. in Indirect Speech) 2. marking motion or extent (of time or place): Romam, quattor dies 3. cognate accusative: vitam vivo, δίκας δικάζομαι (a.k.a. figura etymologica) 4. adverbial accusative (≈ accusative of respect): quid, τι: ‘somewhat’, ‘in respect of something’; quid?, τί: ‘why?’
genitive (= Eng. ‘of’) N.B. Schwyzer’s Gk categories: 1. ABLATIVE 2. PARTITIVE 3. OF BELONGING (‘Pertinentiv’) 4. SYNCRETISTIC 1. ‘adnominals’ are any genitives that ‘qualify’ or depend on nouns: fratris mors = mors fraterna 2. ‘adverbials’ are e.g. genitive of the charge, memory (and forgetting), source of emotion 3. possessive: τὸ βίβλιον αὐτοῦ; N.B. hominis errare est, ἀνδρὸς ἀγαθοῦ περὶ τῶν μεγίστων συμβουλεύειν 4. subjective: amor Dei (= amat Deus) 5. objective: amor Dei (= amamus Deum) 6. partitive: tantum pecuniae, εἰς τοσοῦτον ὕβρεως 7. of definition (‘appositional’): Τροίης ἱερὸν πτολίεθρον, virtus iustitiae (Eng. ‘the city of London’ but Lat. urbs Roma) 8. of description: homo eius modi 9. of price and value: magni facio, (περί) πολλοῦ ἂν τοῦτο ποιησαίμην 10. ‘time within which’: anni, ἐνιαυτοῦ or ἔτους 11. ‘of the sphere’ or ‘respect’: ὦ δυστάλαινα τῆς ἐμῆς αὐθαδίας Eur. Med. 1028 (does this cover ‘verbs of forgetting’, etc.?) 12. Gk only: of separation (Lat. abl.) (normally with prepositions or prepositional prefixes) 13. Gk only: of comparison (Lat. abl.) dative (= Eng. ‘to’ and ‘for’) N.B. Schwyzer’s Gk categories: 1. ‘TRUE’ DATIVE 2. LOCATIVE 3. INSTRUMENTAL 4. SYNCRETISTIC
1. of the indirect object: librum mihi da 2. of reference or advantage (or disadvantage): me tibi exorno 3. of agent: mihi faciendum est (only with gerundives) or πεποίηταί μοι (Gk perfects only) 4. ethic: quid mihi Celsus agit? ‘Tell me, what is Celsus up to?’ (cf. Gk τοι ‘I tell you’—freq. in Homer and Plato) 5. of possession: est mihi liber: we normally find esse or εἶναι here (or implied), but not always 6. predicative or purpose + reference: LARGELY SPECIAL TO LATIN: saluti urbi fuit, praesidio mihi es
7. Gk only: of instrument (Lat. abl.) 8. Gk only: of degree of difference: πολλῷ μείζων (Lat. abl.) 9. Gk only: of time and place (Lat. abl.) 10. Gk only: comitative: χρόνῳ ‘with time’ (Lat. abl.) (n.b. special idiom w/ dat. αὐτός) 11. Gk only: of manner: σπουδῇ, σιγῇ (Lat. abl.) 12. Gk only: of cause: νόσῳ ἀποθανεῖν (Lat. abl.) 13. Gk only: of specification (or respect) (Lat. abl.) ablative (= Eng. ‘from’, ‘with’, ‘by’, ‘in’) N.B. L-H-S’s Lat. categories: 1. ‘TRUE’ ABLATIVE 2. INSTRUMENT 3. LOCATIVE 1. of separation or ‘true’ ablative (Gk gen.): libera me metu 2. of agent: with ab in Latin (= ὑπό in Greek) 3. of material (with ex or de in Classical Latin) 4. of comparison: be sure NOT to use quam or ἤ as well! (Gk gen.) 5. of cause: morbo perire (Gk dat. and gen.) 6. of association (or ‘comitative’): normally with cum: this is the origin of abl. abs. (Gk dat. and gen.), a.k.a. ‘attendant circumstance’ 7. of instrument: distinguish carefully from agent (Gk dat.) 8. of description: vir magna sapientia (compare the genitive of description) 9. of specification (or respect): mirabile dictu, umero saucius 10. of degree of difference: multo maior (Gk dat.) 11. of manner: magno (cum) studio (Gk dat.) 12. of place or time: die tertio (Gk dat.) Leumann-Hofmann-Szantyr Lateinische Grammatik (1965/1972) Schwyzer, E. Griechische Grammatik5 (1988) Woodcock, E. A new Latin syntax (1959)
INDICATIVE 1st conjugation 2nd conjugation 3rd conjugation 4th conjugation mixed conjugation present !m" m#n!" r$g" aud%" c!p%" indicative am&s mon's regis aud(s capis amat monet regit audit capit am&mus mon'mus regimus aud(mus capimus am&tis mon'tis regitis aud(tis capitis amant monent regunt N.B. archaic -ont audiunt capiunt after -u- future am&b" mon'b" regam audiam capiam indicative am&bis mon'bis reg's audi's capi's am&bit mon'bit reget audiet capiet am&bimus mon'bimus reg'mus audi'mus capi'mus am&bitis mon'bitis reg'tis audi'tis capi'tis am&bunt mon'bunt regent audient capient imperfect am&bam mon'bam reg'bam audi'bam capi'bam indicative am&b&s mon'b&s reg'b&s audi'b&s capi'bas am&bat mon'bat reg'bat audi'bat capi'bat am&b&mus mon'b&mus reg'b&mus audi'b&mus capi'b&mus am&b&tis mon'b&tis reg'b&tis audi'b&tis capi'b&tis am&bant mon'bant reg'bant audi'bant capi'bant perfect !m&u( m#n)( r'x( aud(u( c!p" etc. indicative am&uist( monuist( r'xist( aud(uist( N.B. synco- am&uit monuit r'xit aud(uit pated forms am&uimus monuimus r'ximus aud(uimus e.g. am#st" am&uistis monuistis r'xistis aud(uistis am&u'runt* or amau're monu'runt or monu're r'x'runt or r'x're aud(u'runt or aud(u're future am&u$r" monu$r" r'x$r" aud(u$r" perfect am&ueris monueris r'xeris aud(ueris indicative** am&uerit monuerit r'xerit aud(uerit N.B. synco- am&uerimus monuerimus r'xerimus aud(uerimus pated forms am&ueritis monueritis r'xeritis aud(ueritis e.g. am#ris am&uerint monuerint r'xerint aud(uerint pluperfect am&u$ram monu$ram r'x$ram aud(u$ram indicative am&uer&s monuer&s r'xer&s aud(uer&s N.B. synco- am&uerat monuerat r'xerat aud(uerat pated forms am&uer&mus monuer&mus r'xer&mus aud(uer&mus e.g. am#r#s am&uer&tis monuer&tis r'xer&tis aud(uer&tis am&uerant monuerant r'xerant aud(uerant SUBJUNCTIVE present amem moneam regam audiam capiam subjunctive am's mone&s reg&s audi&s capi&s amet moneat regat audiat capiat am'mus mone&mus reg&mus audi&mus capi&mus am'tis mone&tis reg&tis audi&tis capi&tis ament moneant regant audiant capiant imperfect am&rem mon'rem reg$rem aud(rem cap$rem subjunctive am&r's mon'r's reger's aud(r's caper's am&ret mon'ret regeret aud(ret caperet am&r'mus mon'r'mus reger'mus aud(r'mus caper'mus am&r'tis mon'r'tis reger'tis aud(r'tis caper'tis am&rent mon'rent regerent aud(rent caperent perfect am&u$rim monu$rim r'x$rim aud(u$rim c!perim etc. subjunctive** am&uer(s monuer(s r'xer(s aud(uer(s N.B. synco- am&uerit monuerit r'xerit aud(uerit pated forms am&uer(mus monuer(mus r'xer(mus aud(uer(mus e.g. am#r"s am&uer(tis monuer(tis r'xer(tis aud(uer(tis am&uerint monuerint r'xerint aud(uerint pluperfect am&uissem monuissem r'xissem aud(uissem subjunctive am&uiss's monuiss's r'xiss's aud(uiss's N.B. synco- am&uisset monuisset r'xisset aud(uisset pated forms am&uiss'mus monuiss'mus r'xiss'mus aud(uiss'mus e.g. am#ss!s am&uiss'tis monuiss'tis r'xiss'tis aud(uiss'tis am&uissent monuissent r'xissent aud(uissent IMPERATIVE
2nd am& or am&t"
am&te or am&t"te
mon' or mon't"
mon'te or mon't"te
reg$ or reg%t"
reg%te or regit"te
aud( or aud(t"
aud(te or aud(t"te
cap$ or cap%t"
cap%te or capit"te
3rd am&t" amant" mon't" monent" regit" regunt" aud(t" audiunt" capit" capiunt" INFINITIVE present am&re mon're reg$re aud(re cap$re perfect am&uisse monuisse r'xisse aud(uisse c'pisse future am&t*rus esse mon%t*rus esse r'ct*rus esse aud(t*rus esse capt*rus esse GERUND amandum monendum regendum audiendum captum SUPINE am&tum, am&t* mon%tum, mon%t* r'ctum, r'ct* aud(tum, aud(t* captum, capt* PARTICIPLES present am&ns mon'ns reg'ns audi'ns capi'ns future am&t*rus, -a, -um mon%t*rus, -a, -um r'ct*rus, -a, -um aud(t*rus, -a, -um capt*rus, -a, -um * -!runt can scan as -$runt in poetry. ** The -i- in the perfect subjunctive and future perfect suffixes can be long or short in poetry.
INDICATIVE 1st conjugation 2nd conjugation 3rd conjugation 4th conjugation mixed conjugation present ămŏr mŏnĕŏr rĕgŏr audĭŏr căpĭŏr indicative amāris or amāre monēris or monēre regĕris or regĕre audīris or audīre capĕris or capĕre
amātur monētur regĭtur audītur capĭtur amāmur monēmur regĭmur audīmur capĭmur amāmĭnī monēmĭnī regĭmĭnī audīmĭnī capĭmĭnī amantur monentur reguntur audiuntur capiuntur
future amābor monēbor regar audiar capiar indicative amābĕris or amābĕre monēbĕris or monēbĕre regēris or regēre audiēris or audiēre capiēris or capiēre
amābitur monēbitur regētur audiētur capiētur amābimur monēbimur regēmur audiēmur capiēmur amābiminī monēbiminī regēminī audiēminī capiēminī amābuntur monēbuntur regentur audientur capientur
imperfect amābar monēbar regēbar audiēbar capiēbar indicative amābāris or amābāre monēbāris or monēbāre regēbāris or regēbāre audiēbāris or audiēbāre capiēbāris or capiēbāre
amābātur monēbātur regēbātur audiēbātur capiēbātur amābāmur monēbāmur regēbāmur audiēbāmur capiēbāmur amābāminī monēbāminī regēbāminī audiēbāminī capiēbāminī amābantur monēbantur regēbantur audiēbantur capiēbantur
perfect amātus (a, um) sum (fuī) monĭtus (a, um) sum (fuī) rēctus (a, um) sum (fuī) audītus (a, um) sum (fuī) captus (a, um) sum etc. indicative amātus es (fuistī) monitus es (fuistī) rēctus es (fuistī) audītus es (fuistī) (pleonastic amātus est (fuit) monitus est (fuit) rēctus est (fuit) audītus est (fuit) form in amātī sumus (fuimus) monitī sumus (fuimus) rēctī sumus (fuimus) audītī sumus (fuimus) brackets) amātī estis (fuistis) monitī estis (fuistis) rēctī estis (fuistis) audītī estis (fuistis)
amātī sunt (fuērunt) monitī sunt (fuērunt) rēctī sunt (fuērunt) audītī sunt (fuērunt)
future amātus erō (fuerō) monitus erō (fuerō) rēctus erō (fuerō) audītus erō (fuerō) perfect amātus eris (fueris) monitus eris (fueris) rēctus eris (fueris) audītus eris (fueris) indicative amātus erit (fuerit) monitus erit (fuerit) rēctus erit (fuerit) audītus erit (fuerit)
amātī erimus (fuerimus) monitī erimus (fuerimus) rēctī erimus (fuerimus) audītī erimus (fuerimus) amātī eritis (fueritis) monitī eritis (fueritis) rēctī eritis (fueritis) audītī eritis (fueritis) amātī erunt (fuerint) monitī erunt (fuerint) rēctī erunt (fuerint) audītī erunt (fuerint)
pluperfect amātus eram (fueram) monitus eram (fueram) rēctus eram (fueram) audītus eram (fueram) indicative amātus erās (fuerās) monitus erās (fuerās) rēctus erās (fuerās) audītus erās (fuerās)
amātus erat (fuerat) monitus erat (fuerat) rēctus erat (fuerat) audītus erat (fuerat) amātī erāmus (fuerāmus) monitī erāmus (fuerāmus) rēctī erāmus (fuerāmus) audītī erāmus (fuerāmus) amātī erātis (fuerātis) monitī erātis (fuerātis) rēctī erātis (fuerātis) audītī erātis (fuerātis) amātī erant (fuerant) monitī erant (fuerant) rēctī erant (fuerant) audītī erant (fuerant)
SUBJUNCTIVE present amer monear regar audiar capiar subjunctive amēris or amēre moneāris or moneāre regāris or regāre audiāris or audiāre capiāris or capiāre
amētur moneātur regātur audiātur capiātur amēmur moneāmur regāmur audiāmur capiāmur amēminī moneāminī regāminī audiāminī capiāminī amentur moneantur regantur audiantur capiantur
imperfect amārer monērer regĕrer audīrer capĕrer subjunctive amārēris or amārēre monērēris or monērēre regerēris or regerēre audīrēris or audīrēre caperēris or caperēre
amārētur monērētur regerētur audīrētur caperētur amārēmur monērēmur regerēmur audīrēmur caperēmur amārēminī monērēminī regerēminī audīrēminī caperēminī amārentur monērentur regerentur audīrentur caperentur
perfect amātus sim (fuerim) monĭtus sim (fuerim) rēctus sim (fuerim) audītus sim (fuerim) captus sim etc. subjunctive amātus sīs (fuerīs) monitus sīs (fuerīs) rēctus sīs (fuerīs) audītus sīs (fuerīs)
amātus sit (fuerit) monitus sit (fuerit) rēctus sit (fuerit) audītus sit (fuerit) amātī sīmus (fuerīmus) monitī sīmus (fuerīmus) rēctī sīmus (fuerīmus) audītī sīmus (fuerīmus) amātī sītis (fuerītis) monitī sītis (fuerītis) rēctī sītis (fuerītis) audītī sītis (fuerītis) amātī sint (fuerint) monitī sint (fuerint) rēctī sint (fuerint) audītī sint (fuerint)
pluperfect amātus essem (fuissem) monitus essem (fuissem) rēctus essem (fuissem) audītus essem (fuissem) subjunctive amātus essēs (fuissēs) monitus essēs (fuissēs) rēctus essēs (fuissēs) audītus essēs (fuissēs) (also with amātus esset (fuisset) monitus esset (fuisset) rēctus esset (fuisset) audītus esset (fuisset) forem etc.) amātī essēmus (fuissēmus) monitī essēmus (fuissēmus) rēctī essēmus (fuissēmus) audītī essēmus (fuissēmus)
amātī essētis (fuissētis) monitī essētis (fuissētis) rēctī essētis (fuissētis) audītī essētis (fuissētis) amātī essent (fuissent) monitī essent (fuissent) rēctī essent (fuissent) audītī essent (fuissent)
IMPERATIVE
2nd amāre or amātor
amāmĭnī monēre or monētor
monēmĭnī regĕre or regĭtor
regĭmĭnī audīre or audītor
audīmĭnī capĕre or capĭtor
capĭmĭnī
3rd amātor amantor monētor monentor regĭtor reguntor audītor audiuntor capĭtor capĭuntor INFINITIVE present amārī (archaic amārĭĕr) monērī (archaic monērĭĕr) regī (archaic regĭĕr) audīrī (archaic audīrĭĕr) capī (archaic capĭĕr) perfect amātus esse (fuisse) monitus esse (fuisse) rēctus esse (fuisse) audītus esse (fuisse) captus esse (fuisse) future amātum īrī monitum īrī rēctum īrī audītum īrī captum īrī PARTICIPLES perfect amātus, -a, -um monitus, -a, -um rēctus, -a, -um audītus, -a, -um captus, -a, -um future amandus, -a, -um monendus, -a, -um regendus, -a, -um audiendus, -a, -um capiendus, -a, -um
INDICATIVE sum e! fi! fer! active feror passive present sum e! f"! fer! feror indicative es "s f"s fers ferris or ferre est it fit fert fertur sumus "mus [f"mus] not attested ferimus ferimur estis "tis [f"tis] not attested fertis ferimin" sunt eunt f"unt ferunt feruntur future er! "b! f"am feram ferar indicative eris "bis f"#s fer#s fer#ris or fer#re erit "bit f"et feret fer#tur erimus "bimus f"#mus fer#mus fer#mur eritis "bitis f"#tis fer#tis fer#min" erunt "bunt f"ent ferent ferentur imperfect eram "bam f"#bam fer#bam fer#bar indicative er$s "b$s f"#b$s fer#b$s fer#b$ris or fer#b$re erat "bat f"#bat fer#bat fer#b$tur er$mus "b$mus f"#b$mus fer#b$mus fer#b$mur er$tis "b$tis f"#b$tis fer#b$tis fer#b$min" erant "bant f"#bant fer#bant fer#bantur perfect fu" i" ("ui forms rare) use sum for “I have become” tul" l$tus sum (fu") indicative fuist" "st" ("uist"; -iist" in cmpnds) or factus sum for “I have tulist" l$tus es (fuist") fuit iit ("uit) been made” tulit l$tus est (fuit) fuimus iimus ("uimus) tulimus l$t" sumus (fuimus) fuistis "stis ("uistis; -iistis in cmpnds) tulistis l$t" estis (fuistis) fu#runt or fu#re i#runt or i#re ("uerunt) tul#runt or tul#re l$t" sunt (fu#runt) future fuer! "er! ("uer!) use er! or factus er!, tuler! l$tus er! (fuer!) perfect fueris "eris ("uer"s) etc. tuleris l$tus eris (fueris) indicative fuerit "erit ("uerit) tulerit l$tus erit (fuerit) fuerimus "erimus ("uer"mus) tulerimus l$t" erimus (fuerimus) fueritis "eritis ("uer"tis) tuleritis l$t" eritis (fueritis) fuerint "erint ("uerint) tulerint l$t" erunt (fuerint) pluperfect fueram "eram ("ueram) use eram or factus eram, tuleram l$tus eram (fueram) indicative fuer$s "er$s ("uer$s) etc. tuler$s l$tus er$s (fuer$s) fuerat "erat ("uerat) tulerat l$tus erat (fuerat) fuer$mus "er$mus ("uer$mus) tuler$mus l$t" er$mus (fuer$mus) fuer$tis "er$tis ("uer$tis) tuler$tis l$t" er$tis (fuer$tis) fuerant "erant ("uerant) tulerant l$t" erant (fuerant) SUBJUNCTIVE present sim (arch. fuam & siem) eam f"am feram ferar subjunctive s"s (fu$s, si#s) e$s f"$s fer$s fer$ris or fer$re sit (fuat, siet) eat f"at ferat fer$tur s"mus e$mus f"$mus fer$mus fer$mur s"tis e$tis f"$tis fer$tis fer$min" sint (fuant, sient) eant f"ant ferant ferantur imperfect essem (forem) "rem fierem ferrem ferrer subjunctive ess#s (for#s) "r#s fier#s ferr#s ferr#ris or ferr#re esset (foret) "ret fieret ferret ferr#tur ess#mus "r#mus fier#mus ferr#mus ferr#mur ess#tis "r#tis fier#tis ferr#tis ferr#min" essent (forent) "rent fierent ferrent ferrentur perfect fuerim ierim (iuerim) use sim or factus sim, tulerim l$tus sim (fuerim) subjunctive fuer"s ier"s (iuer"s) etc. tuler"s l$tus s"s (fuer"s) fuerit ierit (iuerit) tulerit l$tus sit (fuerit) fuer"mus ier"mus (iuer"mus) tuler"mus l$t" s"mus (fuer"mus) fuer"tis ier"tis (iuer"tis) tuler"tis l$t" s"tis (fuer"tis) fuerint ierint (iuerint) tulerint l$t" sint (fuerint) pluperfect fuissem "ssem (iissem, "uissem) use essem or factus essem, tulissem l$tus essem (fuissem) subjunctive fuiss#s "ss#s (iiss#s, "uiss#s) etc. tuliss#s l$tus ess#s (fuiss#s) fuisset "sset (iisset, "uisset) tulisset l$tus esset (fuisset) fuiss#mus "ss#mus (iiss#mus, "uiss#mus) tuliss#mus l$t" ess#mus (fuiss#mus) fuiss#tis "ss#tis (iiss#tis, "uiss#tis) tuliss#tis l$t" ess#tis (fuiss#tis) fuissent "ssent (iissent, "uissent) tulissent l$t" essent (fuissent) IMPERATIVE
2nd es or est!
este or est!te
" or "t! "te or "t!te f" or f"t!
f"te fer or fert!
ferte or fert!te
ferre
ferimin"
3rd est! sunt! "t! eunt! n/a n/a fert! ferunt! n/a n/a INFINITIVE present esse "re fier" ferre ferr" perfect fuisse "sse (iisse & iuisse rare) esse or factus esse tul"sse l$tus esse future fut%rus esse (fore) it%rus esse fore or factum "r" l$t%rus esse l$tum "r" GERUND not attested eundum not attested ferendum SUPINE not attested itum, it% not attested l$tum, l$t% PARTICIPLES present -#ns only in compounds i#ns not attested fer#ns perfect l$tus future fut%rus, -a, -um it%rus, -a, -um fut%rus or faciendus l$t%rus ferendus
INDICATIVE possum uol! n!l! m"l! present possum uol! n!l! m"l! (arch. mauol!) indicative potes u#s n!n u#s (arch. neu#s) m"u#s potest uult also uolt n!n uult (neuolt) m"uult possumus uolumus n!lumus m"lumus potestis uultis also uoltis n!n uultis m"uultis possunt uolunt n!lunt m"lunt (mauolunt) future poter! uolam n!lam m"lam indicative poteris uol$s n!l$s m"l$s poterit uolet n!let m"let (mauolet) poterimus uol$mus n!l$mus m"l$mus poteritis uol$tis n!l$tis m"l$tis poterunt uolent n!lent m"lent imperfect poteram uol$bam n!l$bam m"l$bam indicative poter"s uol$b"s n!l$b"s m"l$b"s poterat uol$bat n!l$bat m"l$bat poter"mus uol$b"mus n!l$b"mus m"l$b"mus poter"tis uol$b"tis n!l$b"tis m"l$b"tis poterant uol$bant n!l$bant m"l$bant perfect potu# uolu# n!lu# m"lu# indicative potuist# uoluist# n!luist# m"luist# potuit uoluit n!luit m"luit potuimus uoluimus n!luimus m"luimus potuistis uoluistis n!uistis m"luistis potu$runt or potu$re uolu$runt or uolu$re n!lu$runt or n!lu$re m"lu$runt or m"lu$re future potuer! uoluer! n!luer! m"luer! perfect potueris uolueris n!lueris m"lueris indicative potuerit uoluerit n!luerit m"luerit potuerimus uoluerimus n!luerimus m"luerimus potueritis uolueritis n!lueritis m"lueritis potuerint uoluerint n!luerint m"luerint pluperfect potueram uolueram n!lueram m"lueram indicative potuer"s uoluer"s n!luer"s m"luer"s potuerat uoluerat n!luerat m"luerat potuer"mus uoluer"mus n!luer"mus m"luer"mus potuer"tis uoluer"tis n!luer"tis m"luer"tis potuerant uoluerant n!luerant m"luerant SUBJUNCTIVE present possim (arch. possiem) uelim n!lim m"lim (mauelim) subjunctive poss#s (possi$s) uel#s n!l#s m"l#s (mauel#s) possit (possiet) uelit n!lit m"lit (mauelit) poss#mus uel#mus n!l#mus m"l#mus poss#tis uel#tis n!l#tis m"l#tis possint uelint n!lint m"lint imperfect possem uellem n!llem m"llem (mauellem) subjunctive poss$s uell$s n!ll$s m"ll$s posset uellet n!llet m"llet poss$mus uell$mus n!ll$mus m"ll$mus poss$tis uell$tis n!ll$tis m"ll$tis possent uellent n!llent m"llent perfect potuerim uoluerim n!luerim m"luerim subjunctive potuer#s uoluer#s n!luer#s m"luer#s potuerit uoluerit n!luerit m"luerit potuer#mus uoluer#mus n!luer#mus m"luer#mus potuer#tis uoluer#tis n!luer#tis m"luer#tis potuerint uoluerint n!luerint m"luerint pluperfect potuissem uoluissem n!luissem m"luissem subjunctive potuiss$s uoluiss$s n!luiss$s m"luiss$s potuisset uoluisset n!luisset m"luisset potuiss$mus uoluiss$mus n!luiss$mus m"luiss$mus potuiss$tis uoluiss$tis n!luiss$tis m"luiss$tis potuissent uoluissent n!luissent m"luissent IMPERATIVE
2nd [potis es] [potis este] [fac uel#s] [facite uel#tis] n!l# or n!l#t! n!l#te or n!l#t!te [fac m"l#s] [facite m"l#tis] 3rd [potis est!] [potis sunt!] [facit! uelit] [faciunt! uelint] n!l#t! n!lunt! [facit! m"lit] [faciunt! m"lint]
INFINITIVE present posse uelle n!lle m"lle perfect potuisse uoluisse n!luisse m"luisse future not attested not attested not attested not attested GERUND not attested uolendum late nolendum late not attested SUPINE not attested not attested not attested not attested PARTICIPLES present pot$ns uol$ns n!l$ns m"l$ns late future not attested not attested not attested not attested
conspectus of Ancient Greek and Latin subordinate clauses Subordinate or dependent clauses are traditionally (Smyth §2189 and Kennedy §410) classified in three ways:
1. substantival clauses behave like nouns 2. adverbial clauses disclose information that is adverbial (i.e. predicate) to the action at hand 3. adjectival clauses disclose information that is adjectival (i.e. attributive) to the agent or item at hand
This classification is based on an analogy: c lauses are being compared to words . Subordinate clauses are taken to modify the main clause like nouns, adverbs, and adjectives: 1a. Jim annoys me. 1b. The fact that Jim does that annoys me. 1c. I can't stand Jim. 1d. I can't stand the fact that Jim does that. 2a. Jim ran quickly. 2b. Jim ran when he realized he was late. 2c. Jim ran because he realized he was late. 2d. Jim ran although he didn't need to. 3a. I've made an unforgivable mistake. 3b. I've made a mistake which is unforgivable. In each of these examples, a clause underlined in a (b), (c) or (d) sentence plays the same role as the word underlined in the (a) sentence. Each kind of clause has further subclasses:
1. substantival clauses a. relative clauses (best treated as adjectival—see below) b. indirect speech c. indirect question d. indirect command
2. adverbial clauses a. purpose (a.k.a. "final") clauses b. object clauses (really belong under substantives but resemble purpose clauses very closely) —with verbs of effort —with verbs of fear c. causal clauses d. result (a.k.a. "consecutive") clauses e. proviso clauses f. conditional clauses g. concessive clauses h. temporal clauses i. comparison
3. adjectival clauses: relative clauses a. definite b. indefinite [c. "conditional" relative clauses in Gk]
a survey of Latin conjunctions (Kennedy §§176–179)
1. COORDINATING (some are conjunctive particles or adverbs)
a. connective: ac etiam n!c
atque and "tem also neque nor
et qu#qu! n$ue
-que (also neu)
et…et nec…nec
-que…-que both…and neque…neque neither…nor -que…et n$ue…n$ue
(also neu)
b. separative: aut s%ue whether, or s%ue…s%ue whether…or uel or, either seu seu…seu
-ue
c. adversative: d. causal: at (archaic ast) enim (usu. postpositive)
attamen enimu$r& (prepositive)
autem (postpositive) etenim for, etc.
c$terum but, etc. nam (prepositive in prose)
sed namque
u$rum u$rumtamen
u$r&
e. conclusive: erg& qu'r$
itaque therefore quamobrem for which (or this) reason igitur qu'propter
qu&circ'
2. SUBORDINATING
a. consecutive or resultative (freq. with s%c, ita, tam, ade&, t'lis and tantus, etc. leading): ut so that ut n&n so that not qu%n that not (also used with negated expressions of prevention)
b. final or purposive:
qu& whereby, in order that n$ lest, so that not ut in order that n$ue or neu and lest, and that not
qu&minus “by which the less” (also with positive expressions
c. causal: of prevention)
c(m + subj.
quand&qu"dem + ind.
qu") + ind. for facts, subj. for assumptions
quippe + ind. and subj. , freq. with qui because, since, insofar as etc.
quod usu. + subj. for alleged cause
qu#n"am + ind. and subj. , for grounds
s%quidem + ind. (also “if indeed”)
d. temporal: cum + ind. or subj. antequam before d&nec usu.
quand& pr"usquam dum while +
quoti$ns when, qu#ad indic.,
s"m(l ac what time, postquam after qu'tenus until +
(bı !! etc. subj.
ut
these are frequently in tmesis, i.e.: prius…quam; post…quam
e. conditional: s% + ind. or subj. if n"s" (n%) unless s%ue (seu) whether s% n&n if not s%n but if (dum)m#d# provided that (tantum)m#d# only, just f. concessive: g. comparative: cum + subj. ceu
ets% although, quam, qu)s" etiams% however, etc. quemadmodum, qu&m#d# as, as if, quamquam (usu. + ind. with facts, s%c(t, s%c(t% as though,
quamu%s + subj. with hypotheses) tamquam how, etc.
utut (archaic) u!l(t, u!l(t%, uelut s% (t, ut%, ut s% utp#t!
N.B. relative forms (e.g. qui) can express result, purpose, cause, condition, concession and comparison, particularly + subj.
101 critical Latin principal parts
1 s. pres. ind. pres. inf. 1 s. pf. ind. supine English gloss !piscor (more freq.
ad-ipiscor) !pisc" (3) aptus sum get
!g# !g$re (3) %g" &ctum do arc$# arc%re (2) arc'" ——— keep off arcess# also accers# arcess$re (3) (also
arcess"re [4]) arcess"u" arcess"tum send for
c!d# c!d$re (3) c$c(d" c&sum fall caed# caed$re (3) c$c"d" caesum beat c%d# c%d$re (3) cess" cessum yield cern# cern$re (3) cr%u" cr%tum sift c)l# c)l$re (3) c)l'" cultum cultivate
10 cresc# cresc$re (3) cr%u" cr%tum grow (intransitive) in-c'b#
(cf. r$c'b# etc.) inc'b&re (1) inc'b'" inc'b(tum lie on (intransitive)
in-cumb# (cf. r$cumb# etc.) incumb$re (3) inc'b'" inc'b(tum lay oneself upon
disc# disc$re (3) d(d(c" ——— learn d)c$# d)c%re (2) d)c'" doctum teach $d# %sse (3) %d" %sum eat %d# %d$re (3) %d(d" %d(tum bring forth $g$# $g%re (2) $g'" ——— need $m# $m$re (3) %m" %mptum buy fall# fall$re (3) f$fell" falsum trick
20 f!t$or f!t%r" (2) fassus sum confess f!u$o f!u%re (2) f&u" fautum favour -fend# simplex of
d%-fendo and of-fendo etc.
-fend$re (3) -fend" -fensum strike
f"d# f"d$re (3) f"sus sum ——— trust f"g# f"g$re (3) f"x" f"xum fix findo find$re (3) f(d" fissum split fingo fing$re (3) finx" fictum form f)u$# f)u%re (3) f#u" f#tum warm f)r f&r" (1) f&tus sum speak fr'or fr'" (3) fr*ctus sum enjoy
30 f'g(# f'g$re (3/4) f*g" f'g(tum flee f'g# f'g&re (1) f'g&u" f'g&tum rout fund# fund$re (3) f*d" f*sum pour fund# fund&re (1) fund&u" fund&tum found fungor fung" (3) f*nctus sum perform i!c$# i!c%re (2) i!c'" [fut. ptcp. i!c(t*rus] lie i!c(# i!c$re (3/4) i%c" iactum hurl iung# iung$re (3) i*nx" i*nctum join i'u# i'u&re (1) i*u" i*tum help l&bor (cf. l!bor work) l&b" (3) lapsus sum glide
40 l$g# (d%ligo, d"ligo) l$g$re (3) l%g" l%ctum collect l%g# l%g&re (1) l%g&u" l%g&tum appoint l(g# (r$l"go, subl(go) l(g&re (1) l(g&u" l(g&tum bind ment(or ment"r" (4) ment"tus sum deceive m%t(or (syn. m%tor
[1]) m%t"r" (4) m%nsus sum measure
m$t# m$t$re (3) mess'" messum reap m#l(or m#l"r" (4) m#l"tus sum exert oneself m)r(or m)r" (3/4) mortuus sum [fut. ptcp. morit*rus] die m)ror m)r&r" (1) m)r&tus sum delay nanciscor nancisc" (3) na(n)ctus sum obtain
50 nascor nasc! (3) n"tus sum be born n#t$% (cf. &-niteo &
&nitescor) n#t&re (2) [&-n#t'!] ——— shine
n!tor n!t! (3) n!sus (nixus) sum lean on opp$r#or (cf.
ex-perior) opp$r!r! (4) opper(!)tus sum wait for
ord#or ord!r! (4) orsus sum begin (r#or (r!r! (4 but sts as 3) ortus sum arise pand% pand$re (3) pand! passum spread
pang% pang$re (3) p$p#g! or p&g! pactum (also for paciscor agree)
fix
parc% parc$re (3) p$p$rc! parsum spare p"r$% p"r&re (2) p"r'! p"r#tum come forth or obey
60 p)r#% (aperio, operio & reperio) p)r$re (3/4) p$p$r! partum produce
p)r% p)r"re (1) p)r"u! p)r"tum prepare p"sc% (also pascor) p"sc$re (3) p"u! p"stum feed p)t$% p)t&re (2) p)t'! ——— lie open p)t#or pat! (3/4) passus sum suffer pend$% pend&re (2) p$pend! ——— hang (intransitive) pend% pend$re (3) p$pend! pensum hang (transitive) porr#g% (contr. porg%;
cf. porr!g% dandruff) porr#g$re (3) porr&x! porr&ctum stretch forth
p(t#or p(t!r! (4) p(t!tus sum acquire quaer% quaer$re (3) quaes!u! or quaes#! quaes!tum seek
70 que% qu!re (4 but sts as 2) qu!u! or qu#! qu#tum be able qu$ror qu$r! (3) questus sum complain r$or r&r! (2) r)tus sum think r'% r'$re (3) r'! r'tum rush or fall scand% scand$re (3) [a-scend!] [a-scensum] climb scind% scind$re (3) sc#d! scissum tear s$r% (cf. s&ro ! late) s$r$re (3) s&u! s)tum sow s$r% s$r$re (3) s$r'! sertum weave seru#% seru!re (4) seru!u! or seru#! seru!tum be a slave seru% seru"re (1) seru"u! seru"tum preserve
80 s#n% s#n$re (3) s!u! s#tum allow sist% sist$re (3) st#t! st)tum stand (usu. transitive) st)t'% st)t'$re (3) st)t'! st)t*tum to set up st% st)re (1) st$t! [-st#t! in cmpds] st)tum stand (intransitive) stringo string$re (3) strinx! strictum draw tight or graze str'% str'$re (3) strux! structum build tang% tang$re (3) t$t#g! tactum touch t$g% t$g$re (3) tex! tectum cover terg$% (also tergo [3]) terg&re (2) ters! tersum wipe tex% tex$re (3) tex'! textum weave
90 tend% tend$re (3) t$tend! tentum or tensum stretch t$n$% t$n&re (3) t$n'! tentum hold t$r% t$r$re (3) tr!u! tr!tum rub ting% (also ting'%) ting$re (3) tinx! tinctum moisten u$h% ueh$re (3) uex! uectum carry uersor (also uorsor;
mid. of uers% [1]) uers"r! (1) uers"tus sum be (engaged in)
uert% (also uort%) uert$re (3) uert! uersum turn uinc#% uinc!re (4) uinx! uinctum bind uinc% uinc$re (3) u!c! uictum conquer u!u% u!u$re (3) u!x! u!ctum live 100 uolu% uolu$re (3) uolu! u(l*tum roll
*tor *t! (3) *sus sum use
AS Latin: Vocabulary List • this document has been created verbatim from the OCR online materials for Latin • the list comprises 799 words (gratias ago appears twice in the original 800); the gender of ignis (m.) has been corrected here • links to online flashcards etc. can be found at www.charlieslanguagepage.com
a; ab + abl from; by; (in compounds) away (preposition; topic: general) absum abesse afui be out; be absent; be away; be distant (verb irreg; topic: general) ac; atque (indeclinable) and (conjunction; topic: general) accido accidere accidi happen (verb 3; topic: general) accipio accipere accepi acceptus accept; take in; receive (verb 3; topic: general) acer acris acre keen; sharp; fierce (adjective; topic: general) acies aciei f. line; battle line; army (noun 5; topic: military) ad + acc to; towards; at; about; near (preposition; topic: general) addo addere addidi additus add; join (verb 3; topic: general) adeo (indeclinable) so much; so greatly (adverb; topic: general) adhuc (indeclinable) till now; still (adverb; topic: general) adipiscor adipisci adeptus sum obtain (verb 3 dep; topic: general) adiuvo adiuvare adiuvi adiutus help (verb 1; topic: general) adsum adesse adfui be here; be present (verb irreg; topic: general) advenio advenire adveni arrive (verb 4; topic: general) aedificium aedificii n. building (noun 2; topic: general) aedifico aedificare aedificavi aedificatus build (verb 1; topic: general) aequus aequa aequum equal; fair; favourable; calm (adjective; topic: general) ager agri m. field; land; territory (noun 2; topic: general) aggredior aggredi aggressus sum attack; approach (verb 3 dep; topic: military) agmen agminis n. column of men; army; procession (noun 3; topic: military) agnosco agnoscere agnovi agnitus recognise (verb 3; topic: general) ago agere egi actus do; act; drive (verb 3; topic: general) agricola agricolae m. farmer (noun 1; topic: general) aliquis aliquid someone; something (pron; topic: general) alius alia aliud other; one; another; else (pron. / adjective; topic: general) alter altera alterum the other; one (of two); another; a second (pron. / adjective; topic: general) altus alta altus high; deep (adjective; topic: general) ambulo ambulare ambulavi walk (verb 1; topic: general) amicus amici m. friend (noun 2; topic: general) amitto amittere amisi amissus lose (verb 3; topic: general) amo amare amavi amatus love; like (verb 1; topic: general) amor amoris m. love (noun 3; topic: general) an (indeclinable) or (conjunction; topic: general) ancilla ancillae f. slave-girl; slave-woman (noun 1; topic: domestic) animus animi m. spirit; soul; mind; courage (noun 2; topic: general) annus anni m. year (noun 2; topic: general) ante + acc before; in front of (preposition; topic: general) antea (indeclinable) before; previously (adverb; topic: general) antequam (indeclinable) before (conjunction; topic: general) aperio aperire aperui apertus open; reveal (verb 4; topic: general) appareo apparere apparui appear (verb 2; topic: general) appropinquo appropinquare appropinquavi + dat approach; come near to (verb 1; topic: general) apud + acc among; at the house of; according to (preposition; topic: domestic) aqua aquae f. water (noun 1; topic: general) ara arae f. altar (noun 1; topic: religious) arbor arboris f. tree (noun 3; topic: general) arcesso arcessere arcessivi arcessitus summon; send for (verb 3; topic: general) arma armorum n.pl. arms; weapons; armour (noun 2; topic: military)
bibo bibere bibi drink (verb 3; topic: domestic) bonus bona bonum good (adjective; topic: general) brevis breve short; brief (adjective; topic: general) cado cadere cecidi casus fall; perish (verb 3; topic: general) caedes caedis f. slaughter; killing; murder (noun 3; topic: military) caelum caeli n. sky; heaven (noun 2; topic: religious) canis canis m. dog (noun 3; topic: domestic) canto cantare cantavi cantatus sing; chant (verb 1; topic: general) capio capere cepi captus take; catch; capture; choose (verb 3; topic: military) captivus captivi m. captive; prisoner (noun 2; topic: military) caput capitis n. head (noun 3; topic: general) carmen carminis n. song; poem; spell (noun 3; topic: general) carus cara carum dear (adjective; topic: domestic) castra castrorum n. pl. camp (noun 2; topic: military) causa causae f. cause; reason; case (noun 1; topic: legal) caus! gen + for the sake of (noun 1; topic: general) caveo cavere cavi cautus beware (of); take care (verb 2; topic: general) celer celeris celere quick (adjective; topic: general) celo celare celavi celatus hide (verb 1; topic: general) cena cenae f. dinner (noun 1; topic: domestic) centum (indeclinable) a hundred (adjective; topic: general) centurio centurionis m. centurion (noun 3; topic: military) certamen certaminis n. contest; battle; struggle (noun 3; topic: military) certus certa certum certain; sure (adjective; topic: general) certiorem facere inform (verb phrase; topic: general) ceteri ceterae cetera the rest; the others (adjective; topic: general) cibus cibi m. food (noun 2; topic: domestic) circum + acc around (preposition; topic: general) civis civis m.f. citizen (noun 3; topic: pol) civitas civitatis f. citizenship; state; city (noun 3; topic: pol) clades cladis f. disaster; loss; defeat (noun 3; topic: military) clamo clamare clamavi clamatus shout; exclaim; proclaim (verb 1; topic: general) clamor clamoris m. shout; uproar; noise (noun 3; topic: general) clarus clara clarum clear; famous; distinguished (adjective; topic: general) coepi coepisse coeptus began (verb defective; topic: general) cogito cogitare cogitavi cogitatus think; consider (verb 1; topic: general) cognosco cognoscere cognovi cognitus get to know; find out; learn (verb 3; topic: general) cogo cogere coegi coactus force; compel; drive; assemble (verb 3; topic: general) cohors cohortis f. cohort; company (noun 3; topic: military) colo colere colui cultus cultivate; worship; honour (verb 3; topic: general) comes comitis m.f. comrade; companion (noun 3; topic: military) committo committere commisi commissus commit; fight (verb 3; topic: military) comparo comparare comparavi comparatus prepare; provide; obtain; compare (verb 1; topic: general) con- col- com- cor- (in compounds) together (prefix; topic: general) condemno condemnare condemnavi condemnatus convict; condemn (verb 1; topic: legal) confero conferre contuli conlatus collect; compare; confer (verb irreg; topic: general) conficio conficere confeci confectus complete; wear out (verb 3; topic: general) confido confidere confisus sum trust; believe; have confidence (verb 3; topic: general) coniunx coniugis m.f. husband; wife; spouse (noun 3; topic: domestic) conor conari conatus sum try (verb 1 dep; topic: general) consilium consilii n. council; plan; advice; prudence (noun 2; topic: pol) consisto consistere constiti constitus halt; stand; stand firm (verb 3; topic: military) conspicio conspicere conspexi conspectus notice; observe; see (verb 3; topic: general) constituo constituere constitui constitutus decide; establish (verb 3; topic: general) consul consulis m. consul (noun 3; topic: pol) consulo consulere consului consultus consult; consider; advise (verb 3; topic: general) consumo consumere consumpsi consumptus eat; consume; spend (verb 3; topic: general) contendo contendere contendi contentus hurry; march; contend (verb 3; topic: military) contra + acc against (preposition; topic: military) copiae copiarum f.pl. troops; forces; supplies (noun 1; topic: military) corpus corporis n. body (noun 3; topic: general) corripio corripere corripui correptus seize; carry off (verb 3; topic: military) cotidie (indeclinable) every day; daily (adverb; topic: general) cras (indeclinable) tomorrow (adverb; topic: general) credo credere credidi creditus + dat believe; trust; entrust (verb 3; topic: general) crimen criminis n. accusation; charge; crime (noun 3; topic: legal) crudelis crudele cruel (adjective; topic: general) cubiculum cubiculi n. bedroom (noun 2; topic: domestic) culpa culpae f. fault; blame (noun 1; topic: general) culpo culpare culpavi culpatus blame (verb 1; topic: general)
cum (indeclinable) when; since; although (conjunction; topic: general) cum + abl with (preposition; topic: general) cunctus cuncta cunctum all; whole (adjective; topic: general) cupidus cupida cupidum eager; greedy (adjective; topic: general) cupio cupere cupivi cupitus desire; wish; want (verb 3; topic: general) cur? (indeclinable) why? (adverb; topic: general) cura curae f. care; charge; anxiety (noun 1; topic: general) curro currere cucurri cursus run (verb 3; topic: general) custodio custodire custodivi custoditus guard (verb 4; topic: military) custos custodis m.f. guard (noun 3; topic: military) de + abl about; from; down from (preposition; topic: general) dea deae f. goddess (noun 1; topic: religious) debeo debere debui debitus owe; ought (verb 2; topic: general) decipio decipere decepi deceptus deceive (verb 3; topic: general) defendo defendere defendi defensus defend (verb 3; topic: military) defessus defessa defessum tired (adjective; topic: general) deinde (indeclinable) then; next; afterwards (adverb; topic: general) deleo delere delevi deletus destroy (verb 2; topic: military) denique (indeclinable) at last; finally (adverb; topic: general) densus densa densum thick; dense; crowded (adjective; topic: general) descendo descendere descendi descensus descend; come down (verb 3; topic: general) desino desinere desii desitus cease (verb 3; topic: general) despero desperare desperavi desperatus despair (verb 1; topic: general) deus dei m. god; deity (noun 2; topic: religious) dextra dextrae f. right hand; right side (noun 1; topic: general) dico dicere dixi dictus say; speak; tell (verb 3; topic: general) dies diei m. day (noun 5; topic: general) difficilis difficile difficult (adjective; topic: general) dignitas dignitatis f. rank; dignity; importance; honour (noun 3; topic: pol) dignus digna dignum + abl worthy (of); deserving (of) (adjective; topic: general) diligens diligentis careful; diligent (adjective; topic: general) dimitto dimittere dimisi dimissus dismiss; scatter (verb 3; topic: military) dirus dira dirum dreadful (adjective; topic: general) discedo discedere discessi depart; leave (verb 3; topic: general) disco discere didici learn (verb 3; topic: general) dissimilis dissimile different (adjective; topic: general) diu (indeclinable) for a long time (adverb; topic: general) dives divitis rich (adjective; topic: general) divitiae divitiarum f.pl. riches; wealth (noun 1; topic: general) divido dividere divisi divisus divide; separate (verb 3; topic: general) divus diva divum divine (adjective; topic: religious) do dare dedi datus give (verb 1; topic: general) doceo docere docui doctus teach; inform (verb 2; topic: general) doleo dolere dolui hurt; be in pain; lament (verb 2; topic: general) dolor doloris m. pain; sorrow; anger (noun 3; topic: general) dolus doli m. trick; fraud (noun 2; topic: general) domina dominae f. mistress (noun 1; topic: domestic) dominus domini m. master (noun 2; topic: domestic) domus domus f. house; home (noun 4; topic: domestic) donum doni n. gift; present (noun 2; topic: general) donec (indeclinable) until (conjunction; topic: general) dormio dormire dormivi sleep (verb 4; topic: domestic) dubito dubitare dubitavi dubitatus doubt; hesitate (verb 1; topic: general) duco ducere duxi ductus lead; take; marry; consider (verb 3; topic: military) dulcis dulce sweet; pleasant (adjective; topic: general) dum (indeclinable) while; until (conjunction; topic: general) durus dura durum hard; harsh; rough (adjective; topic: general) dux ducis m. leader; general; ruler (noun 3; topic: military) e; ex + abl from; out of; (in compounds) out (preposition; topic: general) ecce! (indeclinable) look; behold; see; here is (adverb; topic: general) efficio efficere effeci effectus carry out; accomplish (verb 3; topic: general) effugio effugere effugi escape (verb 3; topic: military) ego mei I; me (pron; topic: general) egredior egredi egressus sum go out; come out (verb 3 dep; topic: general) emo emere emi emptus buy (verb 3; topic: general) enim (indeclinable) for (conjunction; topic: general) eo ire i(v)i go (verb irreg; topic: general) epistula epistulae f. letter (noun 1; topic: general) eques equitis m. knight; horseman; (pl.) cavalry (noun 3; topic: military) equus equi m. horse (noun 2; topic: military)
ergo (indeclinable) therefore (adverb; topic: general) erro errare erravi erratus wander; make a mistake (verb 1; topic: general) et (indeclinable) and; both (conjunction; topic: general) etiam (indeclinable) also; even; still (adverb; topic: general) etsi (indeclinable) although (conjunction; topic: general) excipio excipere excepi exceptus receive; take; welcome (verb 3; topic: general) excito excitare excitavi excitatus wake; rouse; excite (verb 1; topic: general) exercitus exercitus m. army (noun 4; topic: military) exilium exilii n. exile (noun 2; topic: pol) exitium exitii n. ruin; destruction (noun 2; topic: general) exspecto exspectare exspectavi exspectatus wait for; expect (verb 1; topic: general) extra + acc outside (preposition; topic: general) fabula fabulae f. story; play (noun 1; topic: general) facilis facile easy (adjective; topic: general) facinus facinoris n. crime; outrage; deed (noun 3; topic: legal) facio facere feci factus make; do (verb 3; topic: general) fama famae f. rumour; fame; glory (noun 1; topic: general) familia familiae f. family; household (noun 1; topic: domestic) faveo favere favi + dat favour; support (verb 2; topic: general) felix felicis fortunate; happy; prosperous (adjective; topic: general) femina feminae f. woman (noun 1; topic: general) fere (indeclinable) nearly; about (adverb; topic: general) fero ferre tuli latus bear; carry; say (verb irreg; topic: general) ferox ferocis fierce; cruel; brave (adjective; topic: military) ferrum ferri n. iron; sword (noun 2; topic: military) festino festinare festinavi hurry (verb 1; topic: general) fidelis fidele trustworthy; faithful; loyal (adjective; topic: general) fides fidei f. trust; faith; confidence; loyalty (noun 5; topic: general) filia filiae f. daughter (noun 1; topic: domestic) filius filii m. son (noun 2; topic: domestic) finis finis m. end; boundary (noun 3; topic: general) fio fieri factus become; be made; happen (verb irreg; topic: general) flamma flammae f. blaze; flame; passion (noun 1; topic: general) flos floris m. flower (noun 3; topic: general) flumen fluminis n. river (noun 3; topic: general) foedus foederis n. treaty; agreement (noun 3; topic: military) fortasse (indeclinable) perhaps (adverb; topic: general) forte (indeclinable) by chance (adverb; topic: general) fortis forte brave; strong; bold (adjective; topic: military) fortuna fortunae f. fate; luck; fortune (good or bad) (noun 1; topic: religious) forum fori n. forum; market place (noun 2; topic: general) frango frangere fregi fractus break; crush (verb 3; topic: general) frater fratris m. brother (noun 3; topic: domestic) frumentum frumenti n. corn; grain (noun 2; topic: general) frustra (indeclinable) in vain (adverb; topic: general) fuga fugae f. flight; escape (noun 1; topic: military) fugio fugere fugi flee; run away; avoid (verb 3; topic: military) fundo fundere fudi fusus pour; shed; rout (verb 3; topic: military) fur furis m. thief (noun 3; topic: legal) furor furoris m. rage; fury; madness; passion (noun 3; topic: general) gaudeo gaudere gavisus sum rejoice (verb 2; topic: general) gaudium gaudii n. joy; delight (noun 2; topic: general) gens gentis f. race; people; family; tribe (noun 3; topic: general) genus generis n. race; descent; birth; kind (noun 3; topic: general) gero gerere gessi gestus bear; wear; wage; manage (verb 3; topic: military) gladius gladii m. sword (noun 2; topic: military) gratia gratiae f. favour; thanks (noun 1; topic: general) gratias ago thank; give thanks (verb phrase; topic: general) gravis grave heavy; serious (adjective; topic: general) habeo habere habui habitus have; hold (noun 2; topic: general) habito habitare habitavi habitatus live; dwell (verb 1; topic: domestic) hasta hastae f. spear (noun 1; topic: military) haud (indeclinable) not (adverb; topic: general) heri (indeclinable) yesterday (adverb; topic: general) hic haec hoc this (pron; topic: general) hic (indeclinable) here (adverb; topic: general) hiems hiemis f. winter; storm (noun 3; topic: general) hinc (indeclinable) from here; hence; henceforth (adverb; topic: general) hodie (indeclinable) today (adverb; topic: general) homo hominis m. man; person (noun 3; topic: general)
hora horae f. hour (noun 1; topic: general) hortor hortari hortatus sum urge; encourage (verb 1 dep; topic: military) hortus horti m. garden (noun 2; topic: domestic) hospes hospitis m. guest; host (noun 3; topic: domestic) hostis hostis m. enemy (noun 3; topic: military) huc (indeclinable) here; to this place (adverb; topic: general) humus humi f. ground; earth (noun 2; topic: general) iaceo iacere iacui lie (verb 2; topic: general) iacio iacere ieci iactus (in compounds -icio) throw (verb 3; topic: military) iam (indeclinable) now; already (adverb; topic: general) non iam (indeclinable) no longer (adverb; topic: general) ianua ianuae f. door (noun 1; topic: domestic) ibi (indeclinable) there; then (adverb; topic: general) idem eadem idem the same (pron; topic: general) igitur (indeclinable) therefore; and so (adverb; topic: general) ignavus ignava ignavum cowardly; lazy (adjective; topic: military) ignis ignis m. fire (noun 3; topic: general) ille illa illud that; he; she; it (pron; topic: general) illic (indeclinable) there (adverb; topic: general) impedio impedire impedivi impeditus delay; hinder; prevent (verb 4; topic: military) imperator imperatoris m. emperor; general; leader (noun 3; topic: pol) imperium imperii n. command; power; empire (noun 2; topic: pol) impero imperare imperavi imperatus + dat order; command (verb 1; topic: military) impetus impetus m. attack; impulse (noun 4; topic: military) in + abl in; on (preposition; topic: general) in + acc into; onto; at; against (preposition; topic: general) incendo incendere incendi incensus burn; set on fire; inflame (verb 3; topic: general) incipio incipere incepi inceptus begin (verb 3; topic: general) incito incitare incitavi incitatus urge on; arouse; encourage (verb 1; topic: military) infelix infelicis unlucky; unhappy (adjective; topic: general) ingenium ingenii n. character; ability (noun 2; topic: general) ingens ingentis huge (adjective; topic: general) ingredior ingredi ingressus sum enter; undertake (verb 3 dep; topic: general) iniquus iniqua iniquum unfair; unjust; unfavourable (adjective; topic: general) initium initii n. beginning (noun 2; topic: general) iniuria iniuriae f. injustice; injury; wrong (noun 1; topic: legal) inquam inquit inquiunt say (verb irreg; topic: general) insidiae insidiarum f.pl. ambush; trap; trick (noun 1; topic: military) insignis insigne distinguished; glorious (adjective; topic: general) inspicio inspicere inspexi inspectus look at; inspect; examine (verb 3; topic: military) instruo instruere instruxi instructus draw up; prepare (verb 3; topic: military) insula insulae f. island; block of flats (noun 1; topic: domestic) intellego intellegere intellexi intellectus understand; perceive; realise (verb 3; topic: general) inter + acc between; among (preposition; topic: general) interea (indeclinable) meanwhile (adverb; topic: general) interficio interficere interfeci interfectus kill (verb 3; topic: military) intra + acc inside; within (preposition; topic: general) intro intrare intravi intratus enter (verb 1; topic: general) invenio invenire inveni inventus find; discover (verb 3; topic: general) invito invitare invitavi invitatus invite (verb 1; topic: general) invitus invita invitum unwillling; reluctant (adjective; topic: general) ipse ipsa ipsum -self (pron; topic: general) ira irae f. anger (noun 1; topic: general) iratus irata iratum angry (adjective; topic: general) is ea id this; that; he; she; it (pron; topic: general) iste ista istud that (pron; topic: general)
lacrimo lacrimare lacrimavi cry (verb 1; topic: general) laedo laedere laesi laesus hurt; injure; harm (verb 3; topic: military) laetus laeta laetum happy; glad (adjective; topic: general) latus lata latum wide; broad (adjective; topic: general) latus lateris n. side; wing (noun 3; topic: military) laudo laudare laudavi laudatus praise (verb 1; topic: general) lectus lecti m. couch; bed (noun 2; topic: domestic) legatus legati m. (legionary) commander; ambassador; envoy (noun 2; topic: military) legio legionis f. legion (noun 3; topic: military) lego legere legi lectus read; choose (verb 3; topic: general) lentus lenta lentum slow (adjective; topic: general) leo leonis m. lion (noun 3; topic: general) levis leve light; slight (adjective; topic: general) libens libentis willing; glad (adjective; topic: general) liber libera liberum free (adjective; topic: general) liber libri m. book (noun 2; topic: general) liberi liberorum m. pl. children (noun 2; topic: domestic) libero liberare liberavi liberatus free (verb 1; topic: legal) libertas libertatis f. freedom (noun 3; topic: legal) libertus liberti m. reedman; ex-slave (noun 2; topic: legal) littera litterae f. (usually plural with singular meaning) letter (noun 1; topic: general) litus litoris n. sea-shore; beach (noun 3; topic: general) locus loci m. place; position; situation (noun 2; topic: general) longus longa longum long (adjective; topic: general) loquor loqui locutus sum peak; talk (verb 3 dep; topic: general) ludus ludi m. game; school (noun 2; topic: general) lumen luminis n. light (noun 3; topic: general) luna lunae f. moon (noun 1; topic: general) lux lucis f. light; daylight (noun 3; topic: general) magis (indeclinable) more; rather (adverb comp; topic: general) magister magistri m. teacher; master (noun 2; topic: general) magnopere (indeclinable) very much; greatly (adverb; topic: general) magnus magna magnum big; large; great (adjective; topic: general) malo malle malui prefer (verb irreg; topic: general) malus mala malum evil; bad (adjective; topic: general) mando mandare mandavi mandatus commit; entrust; command (verb 1; topic: general) mane (indeclinable) in the morning; early (adverb; topic: general) maneo manere mansi remain; stay; (verb 2; topic: general) manus manus f. hand; band (noun 4; topic: military) mare maris n. sea (noun 3; topic: general) maritus mariti m. husband (noun 2; topic: domestic) mater matris f. mother (noun 3; topic: domestic) medius media medium middle (of) (adjective; topic: general) mens mentis f. mind (noun 3; topic: general) mensa mensae f. table (noun 1; topic: domestic) mercator mercatoris m. merchant (noun 3; topic: general) metus metus m. fear (noun 4; topic: general) meus mea meum my (adjective; topic: general) miles militis m. soldier (noun 3; topic: military) mille pl. milia thousand (noun irreg; topic: general) minor minari minatus sum + dat threaten (verb 1 dep; topic: military) mirabilis mirabile strange; wonderful (adjective; topic: general) miser misera miserum miserable; wretched; sad (adjective; topic: general) mitto mittere misi missus send; throw (verb 3; topic: general) modo (indeclinable) just; now; only (adverb; topic: general) modus modi m. manner; way; kind (noun 2; topic: general) moenia moenium n. pl. city walls; city (noun 3; topic: military) mollis molle soft; tender; gentle (adjective; topic: general) moneo monere monui monitus warn; advise; teach (verb 2; topic: general) mons montis m. mountain (noun 3; topic: general) monstro monstrare monstravi monstratus show; point out; indicate; instruct (verb 1; topic: general) mora morae f. delay (noun 1; topic: general) morbus morbi m. sickness; disease (noun 2; topic: general) morior mori mortuus sum die (verb 3 dep; topic: military) moror morari moratus sum delay (verb 1 dep; topic: general) mors mortis f. death (noun 3; topic: military) mos moris m. habit; custom; (pl.) character; morals (noun 3; topic: general) moveo movere movi motus move (verb 2; topic: general) mox (indeclinable) soon (adverb; topic: general) mulier mulieris f. woman (noun 3; topic: general)
multitudo multitudinis f. crowd; multitude (noun 3; topic: general) multus multa multum much; many (adjective; topic: general) munio munire munivi munitus fortify; defend; guard (verb 4; topic: military) murus muri m. all (noun 2; topic: general) muto mutare mutavi mutatus change; alter (verb 1; topic: general) nam (indeclinable) for (conjunction; topic: general) narro narrare narravi narratus tell; relate (verb 1; topic: general) natura naturae f. nature (noun 1; topic: general) nauta nautae m. sailor (noun 1; topic: military) navigo navigare navigavi sail (verb 1; topic: military) navis navis f. ship (noun 3; topic: military) -ne (indeclinable) (introduces question) (partic; topic: general) ne (indeclinable) lest; that not (conjunction; topic: general) ne…quidem (indeclinable) not…even (adverb; topic: general) nec; neque (indeclinable) and not; nor; neither (conjunction; topic: general) neco necare necavi necatus kill (verb 1; topic: military) neglego neglegere neglexi neglectus neglect; disregard (verb 3; topic: general) nego negare negavi negatus say no; deny; refuse (verb 1; topic: general) negotium negotii n. business (noun 2; topic: general) nemo nullius no one; nobody (noun irreg; topic: general) nescio nescire nescivi not know (verb 4; topic: general) nihil (indeclinable) nothing (noun irreg; topic: general) nimis (indeclinable) too; too much (adverb; topic: general) nisi (indeclinable) unless; if not; except (conjunction; topic: general) nobilis nobile noble; famous (adjective; topic: pol) noceo nocere nocui hurt; harm (verb 2; topic: general) nolo nolle nolui not want; be unwilling; refuse (verb irreg; topic: general) nomen nominis n. name (noun 3; topic: general) non (indeclinable) not (adverb; topic: general) nondum (indeclinable) not yet (adverb; topic: general) nonne? (indeclinable) surely? (adverb; topic: general) nonnullus nonnulla nonnullum some; several (adjective; topic: general) nos nostrum we; us (pron; topic: general) noster nostra nostrum our (pron; topic: general) notus nota notum known; well-known; famous (adjective; topic: general) novus nova novum new; fresh; recent (adjective; topic: general) nox noctis f. night (noun 3; topic: general) nullus nulla nullum no; none; not any (adjective; topic: general) num (indeclinable) surely…not; whether (partic; topic: general) numerus numeri m. number (noun 2; topic: general) numquam (indeclinable) never (adverb; topic: general) nunc (indeclinable) now (adverb; topic: general) nuntio nuntiare nuntiavi nuntiatus announce; report (verb 1; topic: general) nuntius nuntii m. messenger; message; news (noun 2; topic: military) nuper (indeclinable) recently (adverb; topic: general) nusquam (indeclinable) nowhere (adverb; topic: general) ob + acc because of; on account of (preposition; topic: general) obliviscor oblivisci oblitus sum forget (verb 3 dep; topic: general) obsideo obsidere obsedi obsessus besiege; blockade (verb 2; topic: military) obviam eo ire i(v)i + dat meet; go to meet; oppose; resist (verb phrase; topic: military) occasio occasionis f. opportunity; occasion (noun 3; topic: general) occido occidere occidi occisus kill (verb 3; topic: military) occupo occupare occupavi occupatus seize; take possession of; occupy (verb 1; topic: military) oculus oculi m. eye (noun 2; topic: general) odi odisse hate (verb irreg; topic: general) offero offerre obtuli oblatus present; offer (verb irreg; topic: general) officium officii n. duty; task; function (noun 2; topic: pol) olim (indeclinable) once; formerly; one day (adverb; topic: general) omitto omittere omisi omissus neglect; disregard; make no mention of (verb 3; topic: general) omnis omne all; every (adjective; topic: general) onus oneris n. burden; load (noun 3; topic: general) opera operae f. work; effort; attention (noun 1; topic: general) oportet oportere oportuit be necessary; ought; must (verb 2 impersonal; topic: general) oppidum oppidi n. town (noun 2; topic: military) opprimo opprimere oppressi oppressus overwhelm; crush; weigh down (verb 3; topic: military) oppugno oppugnare oppugnavi oppugnatus attack (verb 1; topic: military) opus operis n. work; toil; construction (noun 3; topic: general) opus est esse fuit + abl here is need (of) (verb phrase impersonal; topic: general) ora orae f. coast (noun 1; topic: general) oratio orationis f. speech (noun 3; topic: legal)
orior oriri ortus sum rise; start; originate (verb 4 deponent; topic: general) orno ornare ornavi ornatus adorn; decorate (verb 1; topic: general) oro orare oravi oratus beg (verb 1; topic: general) os oris n. mouth; face (noun 3; topic: general) ostendo ostendere ostendi ostentus show; point out; indicate (verb 3; topic: general) otium otii n. leisure; idleness (noun 2; topic: general) paene (indeclinable) almost; nearly (adverb; topic: general) par paris equal (adjective; topic: general) parco parcere peperci + dat spare (verb 3; topic: military) parens parentis m.f. parent; (pl.) relations (noun 3; topic: domestic) pareo parere parui + dat obey (verb 2; topic: general) paro parare paravi paratus prepare; provide (verb 1; topic: general) pars partis f. part; some; direction (noun 3; topic: general) parvus parva parvum small (adjective; topic: general) pater patris m. father (noun 3; topic: domestic) patior pati passus sum suffer; endure; allow (verb 3 dep; topic: general) patria patriae f. homeland; native land (noun 1; topic: pol) pauci paucae pauca few; a few (adjective plural; topic: general) paulatim (indeclinable) gradually; little by little (adverb; topic: general) paulisper (indeclinable) for a short time (adverb; topic: general) pauper pauperis poor (adjective; topic: general) pavor pavoris m. fear; terror (noun 3; topic: general) pax pacis f. peace (noun 3; topic: military) pecunia pecuniae f. money (noun 1; topic: general) pedes peditis m. infantry (noun 3; topic: military) pello pellere pepuli pulsus push; drive; rout (verb 3; topic: military) per + acc through; throughout; along (preposition; topic: general) perdo perdere perdidi perditus destroy; lose (verb 3; topic: general) pereo perire perii die; perish; be ruined (verb irreg; topic: general) perficio perficere perfeci perfectus bring about; complete; perfect (verb 3; topic: general) periculum periculi n. danger (noun 2; topic: general) permitto permittere permisi permissus hand over; entrust; permit; allow (verb 3; topic: general) persuadeo persuadere persuasi + dat persuade (verb 2; topic: general) perterritus perterrita perterritum terrified (adjective; topic: general) pervenio pervenire perveni reach; arrive (verb 4; topic: general) pes pedis m. foot; paw (noun 3; topic: general) peto petere petivi petitus seek; ask for; make for; attack (verb 3; topic: general) pilum pili n. javelin (noun 2; topic: military) placet placere placuit please; suit (verb 2 impersonal; topic: general) plebs plebis f. the people; common people (noun 3; topic: pol) plenus plena plenum full; filled (adjective; topic: general) poena poenae f. punishment; penalty (noun 1; topic: legal) poeta poetae m. poet (noun 1; topic: general) pono ponere posui positus put; place; put up (verb 3; topic: general) pons pontis m. bridge (noun 3; topic: general) populus populi m. people; nation (noun 2; topic: pol) porta portae f. gate (noun 1; topic: general) porto portare portavi portatus carry; bear; take (verb 1; topic: general) portus portus m. harbour; port (noun 4; topic: general) posco poscere poposci demand; ask for (verb 3; topic: general) possum posse potui can; be able (verb irreg; topic: general) post (indeclinable) afterwards; next (adverb; topic: general) post + acc behind; after (preposition; topic: general) postea (indeclinable) afterwards; then (adverb; topic: general) postquam (indeclinable) after; when (conjunction; topic: general) postremus postrema postremum last (adjective; topic: general) postridie (indeclinable) on the next day (adverb; topic: general) postulo postulare postulavi postulatus demand; ask (verb 1; topic: general) potestas potestatis f. power; authority (noun 3; topic: pol) potius (indeclinable) rather; more (adverb; topic: general) praebeo praebere praebui praebitus provide; give; show (verb 2; topic: general) praeda praedae f. booty; plunder (noun 1; topic: military) praemium praemii n. prize; reward (noun 2; topic: general) praesidium praesidii n. protection; garrison; fortification (noun 2; topic: military) praeter + acc beyond; except; besides (preposition; topic: general) praeterea (indeclinable) besides; moreover; in addition (adverb ; topic: general) praetor praetoris m. praetor (noun 3; topic: pol) precor precari precatus sum pray; pray to; beg (verb 1 dep; topic: religious) pretium pretii n. price; value (noun 2; topic: general) primus prima primum first; chief (adjective; topic: general)
princeps principis m. emperor; chief; chieftain (noun 3; topic: pol) prior prioris previous; former; superior (adjective; topic: general) prius (indeclinable) before; previously (adverb ; topic: general) priusquam (indeclinable) before; until (conjunction; topic: general) pro + abl in front of; for; on behalf of; in return for (preposition; topic: general) procedo procedere processi advance; proceed (verb 3; topic: general) procul (indeclinable) far away; distant (adverb; topic: general) proelium proelii n. battle (noun 2; topic: military) proficiscor proficisci profectus sum set out; depart (verb 3 dep; topic: general) progredior progredi progressus sum advance; proceed (verb 3 dep; topic: general) promitto promittere promisi promissus promise (verb 3; topic: general) prope + acc near (preposition; topic: general) propter + acc on account of; because of (preposition; topic: general) provincia provinciae f. province (noun 1; topic: pol) proximus proxima proximum nearest; next; last (adjective; topic: general) publicus publica publicum public; common (adjective; topic: pol) pudor pudoris m. shame; modesty; honour; disgrace (noun 3; topic: general) puella puellae f. girl (noun 1; topic: general) puer pueri m. boy (noun 2; topic: general) pugna pugnae f. fight; battle (noun 1; topic: military) pugno pugnare pugnavi fight (verb 1; topic: military) pulcher pulchra pulchrum beautiful; handsome; fine (adjective; topic: general) punio punire punivi punitus punish (verb 4; topic: legal) puto putare putavi putatus think; consider; reckon (verb 1; topic: general) quaero quaerere quaesivi quaesitus search for; ask for; ask; inquire (verb 3; topic: general) qualis quale what sort of (adjective; topic: general) quam (indeclinable) how; than; as (adverb; topic: general) quamquam (indeclinable) although (conjunction; topic: general) quando? (indeclinable) when? (adverb; topic: general) quantus? quanta quantum how big? how much? (adjective; topic: general) quasi (indeclinable) as if; just as; nearly (adverb; topic: general) -que (indeclinable) and (conjunction; topic: general) queror queri questus sum complain (verb 3 dep; topic: general) qui quae quod who; which (pron; topic: general) quia (indeclinable) because (conjunction; topic: general) quidam quaedam quoddam one; a certain; some (pron; topic: general) quidem (indeclinable) indeed; in fact; however (adverb; topic: general) quies quietis f. rest; peace; quiet (noun 3; topic: general) quis? quid who? what? any (pron; topic: general) quisquam quicquam anyone; anything (pron; topic: general) quisque quaeque quidque each; each one; every (pron; topic: general) quisquis quicquid whoever; whatever (pron; topic: general) quo? (indeclinable) where to? (adverb; topic: general) quod (indeclinable) because; (as to) the fact that (conjunction; topic: general) quomodo? (indeclinable) how? in what way? (adverb; topic: general) quoniam (indeclinable) since (conjunction; topic: general) quoque (indeclinable) also; too (conjunction; topic: general) quot? (indeclinable) how many? (adjective; topic: general) quotiens (indeclinable) how often? as often as (adverb; topic: general) rapio rapere rapui raptus seize; grab; carry off; plunder (verb 3; topic: military) ratio rationis f. account; reckoning; manner; reason (noun 3; topic: general) re- (indeclinable) (in compounds) back; again (prefix; topic: general) recens recentis recent; fresh (adjective; topic: general) recipio recipere recepi receptus regain; receive; welcome (verb 3; topic: general) se recipere retreat; withdraw (verb phrase; topic: military) recito recitare recitavi recitatus recite; read aloud (verb 1; topic: general) reddo reddere reddidi redditus give back; restore; hand over; make (verb 3; topic: general) redeo redire redii return; go back; come back (verb irreg; topic: general) refero referre rettuli relatus bring back; report; refer (verb irreg; topic: general) reficio reficere refeci refectus repair; restore; refresh (verb 3; topic: general) regina reginae f. queen (noun 1; topic: pol) regnum regni n. kingdom; reign; rule (noun 2; topic: pol) rego regere rexi rectus rule; direct (verb 3; topic: pol) regredior regredi regressus sum go back; return (verb 3 dep; topic: general) relinquo relinquere reliqui relictus leave; leave behind; abandon (verb 3; topic: general) reliquus reliqua reliquum the rest of; the other (adjective; topic: general) repente (indeclinable) suddenly (adverb; topic: general) res rei f. thing; affair; matter; business (noun 5; topic: general) res publica rei publicae f. state; republic (noun phrase; topic: pol) resisto resistere restiti + dat resist; oppose (verb 3; topic: military)
respondeo respondere respondi responsus answer; reply (verb 2; topic: general) responsum responsi n. answer; reply (noun 2; topic: general) retineo retinere retinui retentus hold back; restrain; keep (verb 2; topic: general) rex regis m. king (noun 3; topic: pol) rideo ridere risi laugh; smile (verb 2; topic: general) ripa ripae f. bank (noun 1; topic: general) rogo rogare rogavi rogatus ask; ask for (verb 1; topic: general) rumpo rumpere rupi ruptus break; burst; break through (verb 3; topic: general) ruo ruere rui rush; collapse (verb 3; topic: general) rursus (indeclinable) back; again (adverb; topic: general) rus ruris n. country (noun 3; topic: general) sacerdos sacerdotis m.f. priest; priestess (noun 3; topic: religious) saepe (indeclinable) often (adverb; topic: general) saevus saeva saevum savage; cruel (adjective; topic: general) salus salutis f. health; safety; greeting (noun 3; topic: general) saluto salutare salutavi salutatus greet (verb 1; topic: general) salve salvete hello (verb imperative; topic: general) sanguis sanguis m. blood (noun 3; topic: general) sapiens sapientis wise; sensible (adjective; topic: general) sapientia sapientiae f. wisdom; good sense (noun 1; topic: general) satis (indeclinable) enough (adjective; topic: general) saxum saxi n. rock (noun 2; topic: general) scelus sceleris n. crime; wickedness (noun 3; topic: legal) scio scire scivi scitus know (verb 4; topic: general) scribo scribere scripsi scriptus write (verb 3; topic: general) scutum scuti n. shield (noun 2; topic: military) se sui himself; herself; itself; themselves (pron; topic: general) secundus secunda secundum following; next; second; favourable (adjective; topic: general) sed (indeclinable) but (conjunction; topic: general) sedeo sedere sedi sit (verb 2; topic: general) sedes sedis f. seat; temple; home (noun 3; topic: domestic) semper (indeclinable) always (adverb; topic: general) senator senatoris m. senator (noun 3; topic: pol) senatus senatus m. senate (noun 4; topic: pol) senex senis m. old man (noun 3; topic: general) sententia sententiae f. opinion; judgement; sentence (noun 1; topic: legal) sentio sentire sensi sensus feel; notice; hear; judge (verb 4; topic: general) sequor sequi secutus sum follow; pursue; attend (verb 3 dep; topic: general) servo servare servavi servatus save; protect; keep (verb 1; topic: general) servus servi m. slave (noun 2; topic: domestic) si (indeclinable) if (conjunction; topic: general) sic (indeclinable) thus; in this way (adverb; topic: general) sicut (indeclinable) just as; like; as; as if (adverb; topic: general) signum signi n. sign; signal; standard (noun 2; topic: military) silentium silentii n. silence (noun 2; topic: general) silva silvae f. wood; forest (noun 1; topic: general) similis simile similar; like (adjective; topic: general) simul (indeclinable) at the same time; together (adverb; topic: general) simulac simulatque as soon as (conjunction; topic: general) sine + abl without (preposition; topic: general) sinistra sinistrae f. left hand; left side (noun 1; topic: general) sino sinere sivi situs allow; permit (verb 3; topic: general) sive seu or if; whether (conjunction; topic: general) socius socii m. ally; comrade; companion (noun 2; topic: military) sol solis m. sun; sunlight (noun 3; topic: general) soleo solere solitus sum be accustomed (verb 2; topic: general) solum (indeclinable) only (adverb; topic: general) solus sola solum alone; only; alone (adjective; topic: general) somnus somni m. sleep (noun 2; topic: general) sonus soni m. noise; sound (noun 2; topic: general) soror sororis f. sister (noun 3; topic: domestic) specto spectare spectavi spectatus look at; watch (verb 1; topic: general) sperno spernere sprevi spretus despise; reject; scorn (verb 3; topic: general) spero sperare speravi speratus hope; expect (verb 1; topic: general) spes spei f. hope (noun 5; topic: general) statim (indeclinable) at once; immediately (adverb; topic: general) sto stare steti stand; stand firm (verb 1; topic: general) studium studii n. eagerness; study; devotion (noun 2; topic: general) stultus stulta stultum stupid; foolish (adjective; topic: general) suavis suave sweet; pleasant (adjective; topic: general)
sub + abl or + acc under; beneath (preposition; topic: general) subito (indeclinable) suddenly (adverb; topic: general) sum esse fui be (verb irreg; topic: general) summus summa summum highest; greatest; top (of) (adjective; topic: general) sumo sumere sumpsi sumptus take; take up (verb 3; topic: general) superbus superba superbum proud; arrogant (adjective; topic: general) supero superare superavi superatus overcome; overpower (verb 1; topic: military) supremus suprema supremum highest; last; final; supreme (adjective; topic: general) surgo surgere surrexi get up; stand up; rise (verb 3; topic: general) suscipio suscipere suscepi susceptus take up; undertake; begin; bear (verb 3; topic: general) suspicor suspicari suspicatus sum mistrust; suspect (verb 1 dep; topic: legal) suus sua suum his (own); her (own); its (own); their (own) (pron; topic: general) taberna tabernae f. shop; inn (noun 1; topic: general) taceo tacere tacui be quiet; be silent (verb 2; topic: general) tacitus tacita tacitum quiet; silent; in silence (adjective; topic: general) talis tale such (adjective; topic: general) tam (indeclinable) so (adverb; topic: general) tamen (indeclinable) however; nevertheless; yet (adverb; topic: general) tamquam (indeclinable) just as; like; as; as if (adverb; topic: general) tandem (indeclinable) at last; finally (adverb; topic: general) tango tangere tetigi tactus touch (verb 3; topic: general) tantum (indeclinable) only (adverb; topic: general) tantus tanta tantum so great; such a great; so much (adjective; topic: general) telum teli n. weapon; javelin; missile (noun 2; topic: military) tempestas tempestatis f. weather; storm; time (noun 3; topic: general) templum templi n. temple (noun 2; topic: religious) tempus temporis n. time (noun 3; topic: general) teneo tenere tenui tentus hold; keep; maintain (verb 2; topic: general) tergum tergi n. back; rear (noun 2; topic: military) terra terrae f. ground; land; earth (noun 1; topic: general) terreo terrere terrui territus frighten (verb 2; topic: general) terror terroris m. terror (noun 3; topic: general) timeo timere timui fear; be afraid (verb 2; topic: general) tollo tollere sustuli sublatus raise; lift up; remove (verb 3; topic: general) tot (indeclinable) so many (adjective; topic: general) totus tota totum the whole; entire; all (adjective; topic: general) trado tradere tradidi traditus hand over; entrust; hand down (verb 3; topic: general) traho trahere traxi tractus pull; drag; draw (verb 3; topic: general) trans + acc across; over (preposition; topic: general) tristis triste sad; gloomy; grim (adjective; topic: general) tu tui you (singular) (pron; topic: general) tum (indeclinable) then; next (adverb; topic: general) tumultus tumultus m. uproar; disturbance; civil war (noun 4; topic: military) turba turbae f. crowd; mob; disturbance; multitude (noun 1; topic: general) tutus tuta tutum safe (adjective; topic: military) tuus tua tuum your; yours (pron; topic: general) ubi (indeclinable) where? where; when (adverb; topic: general) ullus ulla ullum any (adjective; topic: general) ultimus ultima ultimum furthest; last; utmost (adjective; topic: general) umquam (indeclinable) ever (adverb; topic: general) una (indeclinable) together (adverb; topic: general) unda undae f. wave (noun 1; topic: general) unde (indeclinable) from where; whence (adverb; topic: general) undique (indeclinable) from all sides; on all sides (adverb; topic: general) urbs urbis f. city; town; Rome (noun 3; topic: general) usque (indeclinable) all the way; right up to; continuously (adverb; topic: general) ut (indeclinable) + indic. as; where; when; how (adverb; topic: general) ut (indeclinable) + subjunc. that; so that (conjunction; topic: general) uter? utra utrum which (of two)? (pron; topic: general) uterque utraque utrumque each (of two); both (pron; topic: general) utrum (indeclinable) whether (adverb; topic: general) utor uti usus sum + abl use; enjoy (verb 3 dep; topic: general) uxor uxoris f. wife (noun 3; topic: domestic) vale valete goodbye; farewell (verb imperative; topic: general) validus valida validum strong; powerful (adjective; topic: general) -ve (indeclinable) or (conjunction; topic: general) vehementer (indeclinable) violently; loudly; strongly (adverb; topic: general) veho vehere vexi vectus carry; bear; convey (verb 3; topic: general) vel (indeclinable) or; either (conjunction; topic: general) velut (indeclinable) just as; like; as; as if (adverb; topic: general)
vendo vendere vendidi venditus sell (verb 3; topic: general) venio venire veni come (verb 4; topic: general) ventus venti m. wind (noun 2; topic: general) verbum verbi n. word (noun 2; topic: general) vereor vereri veritus sum fear; be afraid (verb 2 deponent; topic: general) vero (indeclinable) indeed; in fact; however (adverb; topic: general) verto vertere verti versus turn (verb 3; topic: general) verus vera verum true; real (adjective; topic: general) vester vestra vestrum your; yours (pron; topic: general) vestis vestis f. clothes (noun 3; topic: general) veto vetare vetui vetitus forbid; order…not (verb 1; topic: general) vetus veteris old (adjective; topic: general) via viae f. street; road; way; path (noun 1; topic: general) victor victoris m. victor; conqueror (noun 3; topic: military) victoria victoriae f. victory (noun 1; topic: military) video videre vidi visus see (verb 2; topic: general) videor videri visus sum seem; appear; be seen (verb 2 deponent; topic: general) villa villae f. country-house; estate; farm (noun 1; topic: domestic) vinco vincere vici victus conquer; defeat; win; be victorious (verb 3; topic: military) vinum vini n. wine (noun 2; topic: general) vir viri m. man; husband (noun 2; topic: general) virtus virtutis f. courage; virtue (noun 3; topic: military) vis pl. vires f. force; violence; (pl.) strength; forces (noun irreg; topic: military) vita vitae f. life (noun 1; topic: general) vito vitare vitavi vitatus avoid (verb 1; topic: general) vivo vivere vixi live; be alive (verb 3; topic: general) vivus viva vivum alive; living (adjective; topic: general) vix (indeclinable) hardly; scarcely; with difficulty (adverb; topic: general) voco vocare vocavi vocatus call; summon; invite; name (verb 1; topic: general) volo velle volui want; wish; be willing; intend (verb irreg; topic: general) volvo volvere volvi volutus turn; roll; consider (verb 3; topic: general) vos vestrum you (plural) (pron; topic: general) vox vocis f. voice; shout; word (noun 3; topic: general) vulnero vulnerare vulneravi vulneratus wound; injure (verb 1; topic: military) vulnus vulneris n. wound; injury (noun 3; topic: military) vultus vultus m. face; expression (noun 4; topic: general)
