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DC (NF/SW) 92565/3© UCLES 2015 [Turn over

Cambridge International ExaminationsCambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level

*6421640498*

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/11

Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere May/June 2015

1 hour 30 minutes

Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.Write in dark blue or black pen.You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Electronic calculators may be used.You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.

Section AAnswer all questions.Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.

Section BAnswer one question from this section.Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.

At the end of the examination,1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.

For Examiner’s

Use

Section A

1

2

Section B

Total

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Section A

Answer all questions in this section.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1 (a) Look at Fig. 1.1 which shows the location of Java in south east Asia and an enlarged cross section of the plate boundary, labelled as line A to B.

0 500

km

Java SeaIndian Ocean

Sunda Plate

mantledirection of

plate movement(not to scale)

Mount Merapi

magma

Indo – Australian Plate

direction of platemovement

A

A

B

B

Indo – Australian Plate

MountMerapi

SundaPlate

Java

plate boundary

Fig. 1.1

(i) State the type of plate boundary shown in Fig. 1.1.

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(ii) Explain the processes that cause volcanic eruptions along the plate boundary shown in Fig. 1.1.

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(iii) Briefly explain why volcanoes on this type of plate boundary are usually steep-sided.

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(iv) Suggest why volcanically active regions, such as Java, often support high population densities.

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(b) Fig. 1.2 shows the volcanic hazards associated with an eruption of Mount Merapi, one of Java’s most active volcanoes.

farms and villages

direction of flow

Key

city ofYogyakarta

volcanicmudflowscaused byheavy rain

on ash

hot dense ash clouds(nuee ardentes)

gas andash clouds

lava bombs

(not to scale)

lavaflow

Fig. 1.2

Describe how the volcanic hazards which threaten farmers on the slopes of Mount Merapi might be different to those threatening the inhabitants of Yogyakarta.

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(c) Table 1.1 compares the gross domestic product (GDP) of Indonesia with other countries in the Asia-Pacific region that are at risk from natural hazards.

country GDP per person / US$

Japan 46 000

New Zealand 31 000

Indonesia 4800

Philippines 4400

Papua New Guinea 1850

Table 1.1

With reference to Table 1.1, suggest how the level of economic development of a country might affect both short and long term responses to natural hazards derived from plate movements.

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[Total: 20]

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2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows a weather chart for Australia.

1020

1024

1008

996984972

YZ

X

Fig. 2.1

(i) Give the name of the type of pressure system found at:

X ....................................................

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(ii) Describe the general characteristics of weather typically associated with the pressure system at X in Fig. 2.1.

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(iii) Explain why the surface wind direction at Z in Fig. 2.1 is south westerly.

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(iv) State one natural hazard associated with the weather system at Y. Briefly describe the atmospheric processes that contribute to this hazard.

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(b) Fig. 2.2 shows a satellite image of a hurricane called Tropical Cyclone Yasi, approaching the coast of Queensland, Australia in February 2011.

Queensland

tropicalcyclone Yasi

Key

state boundary

Fig. 2.2

Discuss how satellite monitoring of Tropical Cyclone Yasi might have provided useful information on this approaching hazard and enabled the people of the region to prepare.

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[Total: 20]

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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 Fig. 3.1 is a map of the Yamal Peninsula, which is an area of tundra. This subarctic region of Arctic Russia is being rapidly developed for the extraction of large reserves of newly discovered oil and gas.

0 100

km

oil and gas fieldsKey

annual migration routesof people and reindeer

pipeline

railway

furthest extent of summer sea i

ce

summerpastures

winterpastures

Arctic Ocean

Yamal Peninsula

Fig. 3.1

(a) With reference to Fig. 3.1, briefly outline the possible threats to the natural environment and people of the region from oil and gas extraction. [10]

(b) With reference to examples with which you are familiar, evaluate the effectiveness of conservation areas and national parks in protecting the resources of the lithosphere for future generations. [30]

[Total: 40]

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4 Fig. 4.1 is a diagram showing acid deposition from the atmosphere.

acid

par

ticle

s &

gas

es acid snow

acid rain

sea

Fig. 4.1

(a) With reference to Fig. 4.1, outline how human activities and atmospheric processes are responsible for acid deposition. [10]

(b) With reference to examples with which you are familiar, explain why it is difficult to achieve international agreement on reducing atmospheric pollution. [30]

[Total: 40]

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5 Fig. 5.1 shows the factors which affect the formation of a soil.

SOIL climate

topography

parent material

organisms

time

Fig. 5.1

(a) Describe and explain how the characteristics of a soil of your choice reflect the variety of soil forming factors shown in Fig. 5.1. [10]

(b) Referring to examples with which you are familiar, explain how deforestation can result in soil erosion and deterioration. Assess the ways soil quality can be sustainably managed for agriculture. [30]

[Total: 40]

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