Cambridge English Grammar in Use (Intermediate Incl Answers)[A4]

8/11/2019 Cambridge English Grammar in Use (Intermediate Incl Answers)[A4]

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UNIT 1. Present continuous (I am doing) A. Study this example situation: Ann is in her car. She is on her ay to or!.

She is dri"ing to or!.

This means: she is dri"ing no# at the time o$ spea!ing. The action is not $inished.

Am%is%are &ing is the present continuous:

I am(' I m) dri"ing

he%she%it is(he s etc.) or!ing

e%you%they are( e re etc.) doing etc.

. I am doing something ' I m in the middle o$ doing something* I "e started doing it and I ha"en t $inishedyet.

+$ten the action is happening at the time o$ spea!ing:

, Please don t ma!e so much noise. I m or!ing. (not I or! )

, -here s argaret/ She s ha"ing a 0ath. (not she has a 0ath )

, et s go out no . It isn t raining any more. (not it doesn t rain )

, (at a party) 2ello# 3ane. Are you en4oying the party/ (not do you en4oy )

, I m tired. I m going to 0ed no . 5oodnight6

ut the action is not necessarily happening at the time o$ spea!ing. 7or example:

Tom and Ann are tal!ing in a ca$e. Tom says:

T+ : I m reading an interesting 0oo! at the moment. IT lend it to you hen I "e $inished it.

Tom is not reading the 0oo! at the time o$ spea!ing. 2e means that he has started it 0ut not $inished it yet.

2e is in the middle o$ reading it.

Some more examples:

, 8atherine ants to or! in Italy# so she is learning Italian. (0ut perhaps she isn t learning Italian exactly at

the time o$ spea!ing)

, Some $riends o$ mine are 0uilding their o n house. They hope it ill 0e $inished 0e$ore next summer.

8. -e use the present continuous hen e tal! a0out things happening in a period around no ($or

example# today%this ee!%this e"ening etc.):

, 9ou re or!ing hard today. 9es# I ha"e a lot to do. (not you or! hard today )

, Is Susan or!ing this ee!/ No# she s on holiday.

-e use the present continuous hen e tal! a0out changes happening around no :

, The population o$ the orld is rising "ery $ast. (not rises )

, Is your nglish getting 0etter/ (not does your nglish get 0etter )

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1.1 8omplete the sentences ith one o$ the $ollo ing "er0s in the correct $orm:

come get happen loo! ma!e start stay try or!

1. 9ou re or!ing hard today. 9es# I ha"e a lot to do. ?. I @@@ $or 8hristine. o you !no here she is/ Am loo!ing

<. It @@@ dar!. Shall I turn on the light/ is getting

B. They ha"en t got any here to I "e at the moment. They @@@ ith $riends until they $ind some here.

Are staying

C. Are you ready# Ann/ 9es# I @@@. am coming

D. 2a"e you got an um0rella/ It @@@ to rain. Is starting

E. 9ou @@@ a lot o$ noise. 8ould you 0e Fuieter/ I @@@ to concentrate. Are ma!ing# am trying

G. -hy are all these people here/ -hat @@@/ Is happening

1.? Use the ords in 0rac!ets to complete the Fuestions.

1. Is 8olin or!ing this ee!/ No# he s on holiday. (8olin% or!)

?. -hy @@@ at me li!e that/ -hat s the matter/ (you%loo!) are you loo!ing

<. 3enny is a student at uni"ersity. Is she/ -hat @@@ / (she%study) is she studying

B. @@@ to the radio or can I turn it o$$/ (any0ody%listen) Is any0ody listening

C. 2o is your nglish/ @@@ 0etter/ (it%get) Is it getting

1.< Put the "er0 into the correct $orm. Sometimes you need the negati"e (I m not doing etc.).

1. I m tired. I m going (go) to 0ed no . 5oodnight6

?. -e can go out no . it isn t raining (rain) any more.

<. 2o is your ne 4o0/ Not so good at the moment. I @@@ (en4oy) it "ery much. Hm not en4oying

B. 8atherine phoned me last night. She s on holiday in 7rance. She @@@ (ha"e) a great time and doesn t ant

to come 0ac!. Hs ha"ing

C. I ant to lose eight# so this ee! I @@@ (eat) lunch. Hm not eating

D. Angela has 4ust started e"ening classes. She @@@ (learn) 5erman. Hs learning

E. I thin! Paul and Ann ha"e had an argument. They @@@ (spea!) to each other. Aren t spea!ing

1.B >ead this con"ersation 0et een rian and Sarah. Put the "er0s into the correct $orm.

SA>A2: rian6 2o nice to see you6 -hat (1) @@@ (you%do) these days/

>IAN: I (?) @@@ (train) to 0e a supermar!et manager.

SA>A2: >eally/ -hat s it li!e/ (<) @@@ (you%en4oy) it/

>IAN: It s all right. -hat a0out you/

SA>A2: -ell# actually I (B) @@@ (not% or!) at the moment.

I (C) @@@ (try) to $ind a 4o0 0ut it s not easy.



ut I m "ery 0usy. I (D) @@@ (decorate) my $lat.

>IAN: (E) @@@ (you%do) it alone/

SA>A2: No# some $riends o$ mine (G) @@@ (help) me.

1.C 8omplete the sentences using one o$ these "er0s: get change rise $all increase

9ou don t ha"e to use all the "er0s and you can use a "er0 more than once.

1. The population o$ the orld is rising "ery $ast.

?. Jen is still ill 0ut he @@@ 0etter slo ly.

<. The orld @@@. Things ne"er stay the same.

B. The cost o$ li"ing @@@. "ery year things are more expensi"e.

C. The economic situation is already "ery 0ad and it @@@ orse.

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UNIT ?. Present simple (I do) A. Study this example situation:

Alex is a 0us dri"er# 0ut no he is in 0ed asleep. So: 2e is not dri"ing a 0us. (2e is asleep.) 0ut 2e dri"es a

0us. (2e is a 0us dri"er.)

ri"e(s)% or!(s)%do(es) etc. is the present simple:

I% e%you%they dri"e% or!%do etc.

he%she%it dri"es% or!s%does etc.

. -e use the present simple to tal! a0out things in general. -e are not thin!ing only a0out no . -e use it

to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly# or that something is true in general. It is not

important hether the action is happening at the time o$ spea!ing:

, Nurses too! a$ter patients in hospitals.

, I usually go a ay at ee!ends.

, The earth goes round the sun.

>emem0er that e say: he%she%it @s. on t $orget the s:

I or! ... 0ut 2e or!s ... They teach ... 0ut y sister teaches ...

7or spelling (@s or @es)# see Appendix D.

8. -e use do%does to ma!e Fuestions and negati"e sentences:

do I% e%you%they or!/%come/%do/

does he%she%it or!/%come/%do/

I% e%you%they don t or!%come%do

he%she%it doesn t or!%come%do

, I come $rom 8anada. -here do you come $rom/



, -ould you li!e a cigarette/ No# than!s. I don t smo!e.

, -hat does this ord mean/ (not -hat means this ord/ )

, >ice doesn t gro in cold climates. In the $ollo ing examples do is also the main "er0:

, -hat do you do/ (' -hat s your 4o0/) I or! in a shop.

, 2e s so laKy. 2e doesn t do anything to help me. (not 2e doesn t anything )

. -e use the present simple hen e say ho o$ten e do things:

, I get up at G o cloc! e"ery morning. (not I m getting )

, 2o o$ten do you go to the dentist/ (not 2o o$ten are you going/ )

, Ann doesn t drin! tea "ery o$ten.

, In summer 3ohn usually plays tennis once or t ice a ee!. . I promise%I apologise etc.

Sometimes e do things 0y saying something. 7or example# hen you promise to do something# you can

say I promise ... * hen you suggest something# you can say 3 suggest ... . -e use the present simple

(promise%suggest etc.) in sentences li!e this:

, I promise I on t 0e late. (not I m promising )

, -hat do you suggest I do/ I suggest that you ...

In the same ay e say: I apologise ...%I ad"ise ...%I insist ...%I agree ... %I re$use ... etc.

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?.1 8omplete the sentences using one o$ the $ollo ing:

cause(s) close(s) drin!(s) li"e(s) open(s) spea!(s) ta!e(s) place

1. Ann spea!s 5erman "ery ell.

?. I ne"er @@@ co$$ee.drin!

<. The s imming pool @@@ at L o cloc! and @@@ at 1G.<M e"ery day. +pens# closes

B. ad dri"ing @@@ many accidents. causes

C. y parents @@@ in a "ery at small $lat. li"e

D. The +lympic 5ames @@@ e"ery $our years. Ta!e place

?.? Put the "er0 into the correct $orm.

1. 3ane doesn t drin! (not%drin!) tea "ery o$ten.

?. -hat time @@@ (the 0an!s%close) in ritain/ o the 0an!s close

<. -here @@@ ( artin%come) $rom/ 2e s Scottish. oes artin come

B. -hat @@@ (you%do)/ I m an electrical engineer. do you do

C. It @@@ (ta!e) me an hour to get to or!. 2o long @@@ (it%ta!e) you/ ta!e# does it ta!e

D. I @@@ (play) the piano 0ut I @@@ (not%play) "ery ell. Play # don t play

E. I don t understand this sentence. -hat @@@ (this ord%mean)/ oes this ord mean



?.< Use one o$ the $ollo ing "er0s to complete these sentences. Sometimes you need the negati"e:

0elie"e eat $lo go gro ma!e rise tell translate

1. The earth goes round the sun. ?. >ice doesn t gro in ritain.

<. The sun @@@ in the east. rises

B. ees @@@ honey. @ ma!e

C. Oegetarians @@@ meat. don t eat

D. An atheist @@@ in 5od. doesn t 0elie"e

E. An interpreter @@@ $rom one language into another. translates

G. A liar is someone ho @@@ the truth. oes not tell

L. The >i"er AmaKon @@@ into the Atlantic +cean. $lo s ?.B As! iK Fuestions a0out hersel$ and her $amily.

1. 9ou !no that iK plays tennis. 9ou ant to !no ho o$ten. As! her.

2o o$ten do you play tennis/

?. Perhaps iK s sister plays tennis too. 9ou ant to !no . As! iK.

@@@ your sister @@@ @ does your sister play tennis/

<. 9ou !no that iK reads a ne spaper e"ery day. 9ou ant to !no hich one. As! her.

@@@ -hich ne spaper do you read e"eryday/

B. 9ou !no that iK s 0rother or!s. 9ou ant to !no hat he does. As! iK.

@@@ @ hat does your 0rother do/

C. 9ou !no that iK goes to the cinema a lot. 9ou ant to !no ho o$ten. As! her.

@@@ 2o o$ten do you go to the cinema/

D. 9ou don t !no here iK s mother li"es. As! iK.

@@@ -here does your mother li"e /

?.C 8omplete using one o$ the $ollo ing.

I apologise I insist I promise I recommend I suggest

1. It s a nice day. I suggest e go out $or a al!.

?. I on t tell any0ody hat you said. @@@. I promise

<. (in a restaurant) 9ou must let me pay $or the meal. @@@. I insist

B. @@@ $or hat I said a0out you. It asn t true and I shouldn t ha"e said it. I apologiKe

C. The ne restaurant in 2ill Street is "ery good @@@ it. I recommend

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UNIT <. Present continuous and present simple (1) (I am



doing and I do) A. Study the explanations and compare the examples: Present continuous (I am doing)

Use the continuous $or something that is happening at or around the time o$ spea!ing.

The action is not $inished.

I am doing (no )

, The ater is 0oiling. 8an you turn it o$$/

, isten to those people. -hat language are they spea!ing/

, et s go out. It isn t raining no .

, on t distur0 me. I m 0usy. -hy/ -hat are you doing/ , I m going to 0ed no . 5oodnight6

, aria is in ritain at the moment. She s learning nglish.

Use the continuous $or a temporary situation :

, I m li"ing ith some $riends until I $ind a $lat.

, 9ou re or!ing hard today. 9es# I "e got a lot to do.

See Unit I $or more in$ormation.

Present simple (I do)

Use the simple $or things in general or things that happen repeatedly.

I do

, -ater 0oils at 1MM degrees celsius.

, xcuse me# do you spea! nglish/

, It doesn t rain "ery much in summer.

, -hat do you usually do at ee!ends/

, -hat do you do/ (' -hat s your 4o0/)

, I al ays go to 0ed 0e$ore midnight.

, ost people learn to s im hen they are children.

Use the simple $or a permanent situation:

, y parents li"e in ondon. They ha"e li"ed there all their li"es.

, 3ohn isn t laKy. 2e or!s "ery hard most o$ the time.

See Unit ? $or more in$ormation.

. I al ays do and I m al ays doing Usually e say I al ays do something (' I do it e"ery time):

, I al ays go to or! 0y car. (not I m al ays going )

9ou can also say I m al ays doing something # 0ut this has a di$$erent meaning. 7or example:

I "e lost my !ey again. I m al ays losing things.



I m al ays losing things does not mean that I lose things e"ery time. It means that I lose things too o$ten#

more o$ten than normal.

9ou re al ays &ing means that you do something "ery o$ten# more o$ten than the spea!er thin!s is normalor reasona0le.

, 9ou re al ays atching tele"ision. 9ou should do something more acti"e.

, 3ohn is ne"er satis$ied. 2e s al ays complaining.

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<.1 Are the underlined "er0s right or rong/ 8orrect the "er0s that are rong.

1. -ater 0oils at 1MM degrees celsius. >I52T

?. The ater 0oils. 8an you turn it o$$/ ->+N5: is 0oilling <. oo!6 That man tries to open the door o$ your car. @@@ rong# is trying

B. 8an you hear those people/ -hat do they tal! a0out/ @@@ rong# are they tal!ing

C. The moon goes round the earth. @@@right

D. I must go no . It gets late. @@@ rong# is getting

E. I usually go to or! 0y car. @@@ right

G. 2urry up6 It s time to lea"e. +J# I come. @@@ rong# am coming

L. I hear you "e got a ne 4o0. 2o do you get on/ @@@ rong# are you getting on

<.? Put the "er0 in the correct $orm# present continuous or present simple.

1. et s go out. It isn t raining (not%rain) no .

?. 3ulia is "ery good at languages. She spea!s (spea!) $our languages "ery ell.

<. 2urry up6 "ery0ody @@@ ( ait) $or you. is aiting

B. @@@ (you%listen) to the radio/ No# you can turn it o$$. Are you listening

C. @@@ (you%listen) to the radio e"ery day/ No# 4ust occasionally. o you listen

D. The >i"er Nile @@@ ($lo ) into the editerranean. @ $lo s

E. oo! at the ri"er. It @@@ ($lo ) "ery $ast today @ much $aster than usual. is $lo ing

G. -e usually @@@ (gro ) "egeta0les in our garden 0ut this year e @@@ (not%gro ) any. gro # are not gro ing

L. 2o is your nglish/ Not 0ad. It @@@ (impro"e) slo ly. Is impro"ing

1M. >on is in ondon at the moment. 2e @@@ (stay) at the Par! 2otel. 2e @@@ (al ays%stay) there hen he s in

ondon. is staying# al ays stays

11. 8an e stop al!ing soon/ I @@@ (start) to $eel tired. am starting

1?. 8an you dri"e/ I @@@ (learn). y $ather @@@ (teach) me. am learning# is teaching

1<. Normally I @@@ ($inish) or! at C.MM# 0ut this ee! I @@@ ( or!) until D.MM to earn a 0it more money. $inish#

am or!ing

1B. y parents @@@ (li"e) in ristol. They ere 0orn there and ha"e ne"er li"ed any here else. -here @@@

(your parents%li"e)/ i"e# do your parents li"e



1C. Sonia @@@ (loo!) $or a place to li"e. She @@@ (stay) ith her sister until she $inds some here.

@ is loo!ing # is staying

1D. -hat @@@ (your $ather%do)/ 2e s an architect 0ut he @@@ (not% or!) at the moment.@ does your $ather do# is not or!ing

1E. (at a party) Usually I @@@ (en4oy) parties 0ut I @@@ (not%en4oy) this one "ery much.

@ en4oy# am not en4oying

1G. The train is ne"er late. It @@@ (al ays%lea"e) on time.

Al ays lea"es

1L. 3im is "ery untidy. 2e @@@ (al ays%lea"e) his things all o"er the place.

@ is al ays lea"ing

<.< 7inish s sentences. Use al ays &ing (see Section ).

1. A: I m a$raid I "e lost my !ey again.

: Not again6 9ou re al ays losing your !ey.

?. A: The car has 0ro!en do n again.

: That car is useless6 It @@@

Is al ays 0rea!ing do n

<. A: oo!6 9ou "e made the same mista!e again.

: +h no# not again6 I @@@

Am al ays ma!ing the same mista!e

B. A: +h# I "e le$t the lights on again.

: Typical6 9ou @@@ are al ays lea"ing the lights on

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UNIT B. Present continuous and present simple (?) (I am doingand I do) A. -e use continuous tenses only $or actions and happenings (they are eating%it is raining etc.).

Some "er0s ($or example# !no and li!e) are not action "er0s. 9ou cannot say I am !no ing or #they are

li!ing * you can only say I !no # they li!e .

The $ollo ing "er0s are not normally used in continuous tenses:

li!e lo"e hate ant need pre$er !no realise suppose mean understand 0elie"e remem0er 0elong

contain consist depend seem

, I m hungry. I ant something to eat. (not I m anting )

, o you understand hat I mean/

, Ann doesn t seem "ery happy at the moment.

-hen thin! means 0elie"e # do not use the continuous:



, -hat do you thin! (' 0elie"e) ill happen/ (not hat are you thin!ing )

0ut , 9ou loo! serious. -hat are you thin!ing a0out/ (' -hat is going on in your mind/)

, I m thin!ing o$ gi"ing up my 4o0. (' I am considering) -hen ha"e means possess etc.# do not use the continuous (see Unit 1E):

, -e re en4oying our holiday. -e ha"e a nice room in the hotel. (not e re ha"ing )

0ut , -e re en4oying our holiday. -e re ha"ing a great time.

. See hear smell taste

-e normally use the present simple (not continuous) ith these "er0s:

, o you see that man o"er there/ (not are you seeing )

, This room smells. et s open a indo .

-e o$ten use can see%hear%smell%taste: , isten6 8an you hear something/

ut you can use the continuous ith see (I m seeing) hen the meaning is ha"ing a meeting ith

(especially in the $uture@@see Unit 1LA):

, I m seeing the manager tomorro morning.

8. 2e is sel$ish and 2e is 0eing sel$ish

The present continuous o$ 0e is I am 0eing%he is 0eing%you are 0eing etc.

I m 0eing ' I m 0eha"ing%I m acting . 8ompare:

, I can t understand hy he s 0eing so sel$ish. 2e isn t usually li!e that. (0eing sel$ish ' 0eha"ing sel$ishly at

the moment)

0ut , 2e ne"er thin!s a0out other people. 2e is "ery sel$ish. (not he is 0eing ) (' he is sel$ish generally# not

only at the moment)

-e use am%is%are 0eing to say ho some0ody is 0eha"ing. It is not usually possi0le in other sentences:

, It s hot today. (not it is 0eing hot )

, Sarah is "ery tired. (not is 0eing tired )

. oo! and $eet

9ou can use the present simple or continuous hen you say ho some0ody loo!s or $eels no :

, 9ou too! ell today. or 9ou re loo!ing ell today.

, 2o do you $eel no / or 2o are you $eeling no /

0ut , I usually $eel tired in the morning. (not I m usually $eeling )

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B.1 Are the underlined "er0s right or rong/ 8orrect the ones that are rong.

1. I m seeing the manager tomorro morning. >I52T

? . I m $eeling hungry. Is there anything to eat/ @@@ rong# I $eel hungry

<. Are you 0elie"ing in 5od/ @@@ rong# do you 0elie"e in 5od/ no I m an atheist



B. This sauce is great. It s tasting really good. @@@ @ rong# it tastes really good.

C. I m thin!ing this is your !ey. Am I right/ @@@ rong# I thin!

B.? oo! at the pictures. Use the ords in 0rac!ets to ma!e sentences. (9ou should also study Unit < 0e$ore

you do this exercise.)

1. (you%not%seem%"ery happy today) 9ou don t seem "ery happy today.

?. ( hat%you%do/) @@@ hat are you doing/

e Fuiet6 (I%thin!) @@@I m thin!ing

<. ( ho%this um0rella%0elong to/) @@@ To hom does this um0rella 0elong /

I "e no idea.

B. (the dinner%smell%good) @@@The dinner smells good. C. xcuse me. (any0ody%sit%here/) @@@Is any0ody sitting here/

No# it s $ree

D. 8an you ring me 0ac! in hal$ an hour/ (I%ha"e%dinner) @@@I m ha"ing dinner

B.< Put the "er0 into the correct $orm# present continuous or present simple.

1. Are you hungry/ o you ant something to eat/ (you% ant)

?. 3ill is interested in politics 0ut she @@@ to a political party. (not%0elong) does not 0elong to

<. on t put the dictionary a ay. I @@@ it. (use) I m using it

B. on t put the dictionary a ay. I @@@ it. (need) I need it.

C. -ho is that man/ -hat @@@/ (he% ant) does he ant

D. -ho is that man/ -hy @@@ at us/ (he%loo!) is he loo!ing

E. 5eorge says he s GM years old 0ut no0ody @@@ him. (0elie"e) @ 0elie"es

G. She told me her name 0ut I @@@ it no . (not%remem0er) don t remem0er

L. I @@@ o$ selling my car. (thin!) -ould you 0e interested in 0uying it/ Am thin!ing

1M. I @@@ you should sell your

car. (thin!) 9ou @@@ it "ery o$ten. (not%use) thin!# don t use

11. I used to drin! a lot o$ co$$ee 0ut these days I @@@ tea. (pre$er) pre$er

1? . Air @@@ mainly o$ nitrogen and oxygen. (consist) consists

B.B 8omplete the sentences using the most suita0le $orm o$ 0e. Sometimes you must use the simple

(am%is%are) and sometimes the continuous is more suita0le (am%is%are 0eing).

1. I can t understand hy he s 0eing so sel$ish. 2e isn t usually li!e that.

?. 3ac! @@@ "ery nice to me at the moment. I onder hy. as 0eing

<. 9ou ll li!e 3ill hen you meet her. She @@@ "ery nice. @ is

B. Normally you are "ery sensi0le# so hy @@@ so silly a0out this matter/ Are you 0eing



C. -hy isn t Sarah at or! today/ @@@ ill/ Is she 0eing

;p1M UNIT C. Past simple (I did)

A. Study this example:

-ol$gang Amadeus oKart as an Austrian musician and composer. 2e li"ed $rom 1ECD to 1EL1. 2e started

composing at the age o$ $i"e and rote more than DMM pieces o$ music. 2e as only <C years old hen he

died.

i"ed%started% rote% as%died are all past simple.

. Oery o$ten the past simple ends in @ed (regular "er0s):

, I or! in a tra"el agency no . e$ore that I or!ed in a shop. , -e in"ited them to our party 0ut they decided not to come.

, The police stopped me on my ay home last night.

, She passed her examination 0ecause she studied "ery hard.

7or spelling (stopped# studied etc.)# see Appendix D.

ut many "er0s are irregular. The past simple does not end in @ed. 7or example:

rite @Q rote

, oKart rote more than DMM pieces o$ music.

see @Q sa

, -e sa >ose in to n a $e days ago.

go @Q ent

, I ent to the cinema three times last ee!.

shut @Q shut

, It as cold# so I shut the indo .

7or a list o$ irregular "er0s# see Appendix 1.

8. In Fuestions and negati"es e use did%didn t in$initi"e (en4oy%see%go etc.):

I%she%they: en4oyed%sa % ent

id: you%she%they: en4oy/%see/%go/

I%she%they: didn t: en4oy%see%go

, A: id you go out last night/

: 9es# I ent to the cinema 0ut I didn t en4oy the $ilm much.

, -hen did r Thomas die/ A0out ten years ago.

, They didn t in"ite her to the party# so she didn t go.

, id you ha"e time to rite the letter/ No# I didn t.

e care$ul hen do is the main "er0 in the sentence:

, -hat did you do at the ee!end/ (not hat did you at the ee!end )



, I didn t do anything. (not I didn t anything )

. The past o$ 0e (am%is%are) is as% ere:

I%he%she%it as% asn t e%you%they ere% eren t

as I%he%she%it/

ere e%you%they/

Note that e do not use did in negati"es and Fuestions ith as% ere:

, I as angry 0ecause they ere late.

, -as the eather good hen you ere on holiday/

, They eren t a0le to come 0ecause they ere so 0usy.

, id you go out last night or ere you too tired/ ;p11

= >8IS S

C.1 >ead hat Sharon says a0out a typical or!ing day:

S2A>+N

I usually get up at E o cloc! and ha"e a 0ig 0rea!$ast. I al! to or!# hich ta!es me a0out hal$ an hour. I

start or! at G.BC. I ne"er ha"e lunch. I $inish or! at C o cloc!. i m al ays tired hen I get home. I usually

coo! a meal in the e"ening. I don t usually go out. I go to 0ed at a0out 11 o cloc!. I al ays sleep ell.

9esterday as a typical or!ing day $or Sharon. -rite she did or didn t do yesterday.

1. She got up at E o cloc!.

?. She @@@ a 0ig 0rea!$ast.

<. She @@@.

B. It @@@ to get to or!.

C. @@@ at G.BC.

D. @@@ lunch.

E. @@@ at C o cloc!.

G. @@@ tired hen @@@ home.

L. @@@ a meal yesterday e"ening.

1M. @@@ out yesterday e"ening.

11. @@@ at 11 o cloc!.

1?. @@@ ell last night.

C.?C Put one o$ these "er0s in each sentence:

0uy catch cost drin! $all hurt sell spend teach thro in rite

1. oKart rote more than DMM pieces o$ music.

?. 2o did you learn to dri"e/ y $ather @@@ me.

<. -e couldn t a$$ord to !eep our car# so e @@@ it.



B. I as "ery thirsty. I @@@ the ater "ery Fuic!ly.

C. Paul and I played tennis yesterday. 2e s much 0etter than me# so he @@@ easily.

D. on @@@ do n the stairs this morning and @@@ his lag. E. 3im @@@ the 0all to Sue# ho @@@ it.

G. Ann @@@ a lot o$ money yesterday. She @@@ a dress hich @@@ l1MM.

C.< A $riend has 4ust come 0ac! $rom holiday. 9ou as! him a0out it. -rite your Fuestions.

1. ( here%go/) -here did you go/

?. (go alone/) @@@

<. ($ood%good/) @@@

B. (ho long%stay there/) @@@

C. (stay%at a hotel/) @@@ D. (ho %tra"el/) @@@

E. (the eather%$ine/) @@@

G. ( hat%do in the e"enings/) @@@

L. (meet any0ody interesting/) @@@

C.B 8omplete the sentences# Put the "er0 into the correct $orm# positi"e or negati"e.

1. It as arm# so I Rtoo!R o$$ my coat. (ta!e)

?. The $ilm asn t "ery good. I didn t en4oy it "ery much. (en4oy)

<. I !ne Sarah as "ery 0usy# so I @@@ her. (distur0)

B. I as "ery tired# so I @@@ to 0ed early. (go)

C. The 0ed as "ery uncom$orta0le. I @@@ "ery ell. (sleep)

D. Sue asn t hungry# so she @@@ anything. (eat)

E. -e ent to Jate s house 0ut she @@@ at home. (0e)

G. It as a $unny situation 0ut no0ody @@@ (laugh)

L. The indo as open and a 0ird @@@ into the room. ($ly)

1M. The hotel asn t "ery expensi"e. It @@@ "ery much. (cost)

11. I as in a hurry# so I @@@ time to phone you. (ha"e)

1?. It as hard or! carrying the 0ags. They @@@ "ery hea"y. (0e)

;p1?

UNIT D. Past continuous (I as doing)

A. Study this example situation:

9esterday Jaren and 3im played tennis. They 0egan at 1M o cloc! and $inished at 11.<M. So# at 1M.<M they

ere playing tennis.

They ere playing ' they ere in the middle o$ playing . They had not $inished playing.



-as% ere &ing is the past continuous:

I%he%she%it as playing%doing% or!ing etc.

e%you%they ere playing%doing% or!ing etc. . -e use the past continuous to say that some0ody as in the middle o$ doing something at a certain

time. The action or situation had already started 0e$ore this time 0ut had not $inished:

, This time last year I as li"ing in raKil.

, -hat ere you doing at 1M o cloc! last night/

, I a"ed to her 0ut she asn t loo!ing.

8. 8ompare the past continuous (I as doing) and past simple (I did):

Past continuous (in the middle o$ an action)

, I as al!ing home hen I met a"e. (' in the middle o$ al!ing home) , Ann as atching tele"ision hen the phone rang.

Past simple (complete action)

, I al!ed home a$ter the party last night. (' all the ay# completely)

, Ann atched tele"ision a lot hen she as ill last year.

. -e o$ten use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the

middle o$ something else:

, Tom 0urnt his hand hen he as coo!ing the dinner.

, I sa you in the par! yesterday. 9ou ere sitting on the grass and reading a 0oo!.

, -hile I as or!ing in the garden# I hurt my 0ac!.

ut e use the past simple to say that one thing happened a$ter another:

, I as al!ing along the road hen I sa a"e. So I stopped and e had a chat.

8ompare:

, -hen Jaren arri"ed# e ere ha"ing dinner. (' -e had already started dinner 0e$ore Jaren arri"ed.)

, -hen Jaren arri"ed# e had dinner. (' 7irst Jaren arri"ed and then e had

dinner.)

. There are some "er0s ($or example# !no % ant%0elie"e) that are not normally used in the continuous

(see Unit BA):

, -e ere good $riends. -e !ne each other ell. (not e ere !no ing )

, I as en4oying the party 0ut 8hris anted to go home. (not as anting )

;p1<

= >8IS S

D.1 -hat ere you doing at the $ollo ing times/ -rite one sentence as in the examples. The past

continuous is not al ays necessary (see the second example).

1. (at G o cloc! yesterday e"ening)

I as ha"ing dinner ith some $riends.



?. (at C o cloc! last Saturday)

I as on a train on my ay to ondon.

<. (at 1M.1C yesterday morning) B. (at B.<M this morning)

C. (at E.BC yesterday e"ening)

D. (hal$ an hour ago)

D.? Use your o n ideas to complete these sentences. Use the past continuous.

1. Tom 0urnt his hand hile he as coo!ing the dinner.

?. The door0ell rang hile I @@@

<. -e sa an accident hile e @@@

B. ary $ell asleep hile she @@@ C. The tele"ision as on 0ut no0ody @@@

D.< Put the "er0s into the correct $orm# past continuous or past simple.

1. I sa (see) Sue in to n yesterday 0ut she @@@ (loo!) the other ay.

?. I @@@ (meet) Tom and Ann at the airport a $e ee!s ago. They @@@ (go) to erlin and I @@@ (go) to adrid.

-e @@@ (ha"e) a chat hile e @@@ ( ait) $or our $lights.

<. I @@@ (cycle) home yesterday hen suddenly a man @@@ (step) out into the road in $ront o$ me. I @@@ (go) Fuite

$ast 0ut luc!ily I @@@ (manage) to stop in time and @@@ (not%hit) him.

D.B Put the "er0s into the correct $orm# past continuous or past simple.

1. 3ane as aiting ( ait) $or me hen I arri"ed (arri"e).

?. -hat @@@ (you%do) this time yesterday/ I as asleep.

<. @@@ (you%go) out last night/ No# I as too tired.

B. -as 8arol at the party last night/ 9es# she @@@ ( ear) a really nice dress.

C. 2o $ast @@@ (you%dri"e) hen the accident @@@ (happen)/

D. 3ohn @@@ (ta!e) a photograph o$ me hile I @@@ (not%loo!).

E. -e ere in a "ery di$$icult position. -e @@@ (not%!no ) hat to do.

G. I ha"en t seen Alan $or ages. -hen I last @@@ (see) him# he @@@ (try) to $ind a 3o0 in ondon.

L. I @@@ ( al!) along the street hen suddenly I @@@ (hear) $ootsteps 0ehind me. Some0ody @@@ ($ollo ) me. I

as $rightened and I @@@ (start) to run.

1M. -hen I as young# I @@@ ( ant) to 0e a 0us dri"er.

;p1B

UNIT E Present per$ect (1) (I ha"e done)


Tom is loo!ing $or his !ey. 2e can t $ind it. 2e has lost his !ey. 2e has lost his !ey ' 2e lost it and he still

hasn t got it.



2a"e%has lost is the present per$ect simple:

I% e%they%you ha"e (' I "e etc.) $inished%lost%done%0een etc.

he%she%it has (' he s etc.) $inished%lost%done%0een etc. The present per$ect simple is ha"e%has past participle. The past participle o$ten ends in @ed

($inished%decided etc.)# 0ut many important "er0s are irregular (lost%done%0een% ritten etc.). 7or a list o$

irregular "er0s# see Appendix 1.

. -hen e use the present per$ect there is al ays a connection ith no . The action in the past has a

result no :

, -here s your !ey/ 3 don t !no . I "e lost it. (I ha"en t got it no )

, 2e told me his name 0ut I "e $orgotten it. (I can t remem0er it no )

, Is Sally here/ No# she s gone out. (she is out no ) , I can t $ind my 0ag. 2a"e you seen it/ (do you !no here it is no /)

-e o$ten use the present per$ect to gi"e ne in$ormation or to announce a recent happening:

, + 6 I "e cut my $inger.

, The road is closed. There s 0een (' there has 0een) an accident.

, ($rom the ne s) The police ha"e arrested t o men in connection ith the ro00ery.

8. 9ou can use the present per$ect ith 4ust# already and yet:

3ust ' a short time ago:

, -ould you li!e something to eat/ No# than!s. I "e 4ust had lunch.

, 2ello. 2a"e you 4ust arri"ed/

-e use already to say that something happened sooner than expected (see also Unit 11M ).

, on t $orget to post the letter# ill you/ I "e already posted it.

, -hat time is ar! lea"ing/ 2e s already gone.

9et ' until no and sho s that the spea!er is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in Fuestions

and negati"e sentences (see also Unit 11M8):

, 2as it stopped raining yet/

, I "e ritten the letter 0ut I ha"en t posted it yet.

. Note the di$$erence 0et een gone (to) and 0een (to):

, 3im is a ay on holiday. 2e has gone to Spain. (' he is there no or on his ay there)

, 3ane is 0ac! home $rom holiday no . She has 0een to Italy. (' she has no come 0ac! $rom Italy)

7or 0een (to) see also Units G and 1?C .

;p1C

= >8IS S

E.1 9ou are riting a letter to a $riend. In the letter you gi"e ne s a0out yoursel$ and other people. Use the

ords gi"en to ma!e sentences. Use the present per$ect.

ear 8hris#



ots o$ things ha"e happened since I last rote to you.

1. I%0uy%a ne car

I "e 0ought a ne car. ?. my $ather%start%a ne 4o0

<. I%gi"e up%smo!ing

B. 8harles and Sarah%go%to raKil

C. SuKanne%ha"e%a 0a0y

E.? >ead the situations and rite sentences. 8hoose one o$ the $ollo ing:

arri"e 0rea! go up gro impro"e lose

1. i!e is loo!ing $or his !ey. 2e can t $ind it. 2e has lost his !ey.

?. argaret can t al! and her leg is in plaster. She @@@ <. aria s nglish asn t "ery good. No it is much 0etter. @@@

B. Tim didn t ha"e a 0eard last month. No he has a 0eard. @@@

C. This morning I as expecting a letter. No I ha"e it. @@@

D. ast ee! the 0us $are as GM pence. No it is LM. @@@

E.< 8omplete s sentences. Use the "er0 in 0rac!ets 4ust%already%yet (as s0o n).

1. A: -ould you li!e something to eat/

: No# than!s. I "e 4ust had lunch. (4ust%ha"e)

?. A: o you !no here 3ulia is/

: 9es# I @@@ her. (4ust%see)

<. A: -hat time is a"id lea"ing/

: 2e @@@ (already%lea"e)

B. A: -hat s in the ne spaper today/

: I don t !no . I @@@ (not%read%yet)

C. A: Is Ann coming to the cinema ith us/

: No# she @@@ the $ilm. (already%see)

D. A: Are your $riends here yet/

: 9es# they @@@ (4ust%arri"e)

E. A: -hat does Tim thin! a0out your plan/

: I @@@ (not%tell%yet)

E.B >ead the situations and rite sentences ith 4ust# already or yet.

1. A$ter lunch you go to see a $riend at her house. She says -ould you li!e something to eat/

9ou say: No# than! you. I "e 4ust had lunch. (ha"e lunch)

?. 3oe goes out. 7i"e minutes later# the phone rings and the caller says 8an I spea! to 3oe/

9ou say: I m a$raid @@@ (go out)

<. 9ou are eating in a restaurant. The aiter thin!s you ha"e $inished and starts to ta!e your plate a ay.



9ou say: -ait a minute6 @@@ (not%$inish)

B. 9ou are going to a restaurant this e"ening. 9ou phone to reser"e a ta0le. ater your $riend says Shall I

phone to reser"e a ta0le/ 9ou say: No @@@ it. (do)

C. 9ou !no that a $riend o$ yours is loo!ing $or a 4o0. Perhaps she has 0een success$ul. As! her.

9ou say: @@@/ ($ind)

D. Ann ent to the 0an!# 0ut a $e minutes ago she returned. Some0ody as!s Is Ann still at the 0an!/

9ou say: No# @@@ (come 0ac!)

E.C Put in 0een or gone.

1. 3im is on holiday. 2e s gone to Italy.

?. 2ello6 I "e 4ust @@@ to the shops. I "e 0ought lots o$ things. <. Alice isn t here at the moment. She s @@@ to the shop to get a ne spaper.

B. Tom has. @@@ out. 2e ll 0e 0ac! in a0out an hour.

C. Are you going to the 0an!/ No# I "e already @@@ to the 0an!.

;p1D

UNIT G. Present per$ect (?) (I ha"e done)

A. Study this example con"ersation:

AO : 2a"e you tra"elled a lot# 3ane/

3AN : 9es# I "e 0een to lots o$ places.

AO : >eally/ 2a"e you e"er 0een to 8hina/

3AN : 9es# I "e 0een to 8hina t ice.

AO : -hat a0out India/

3AN : No# I ha"en t 0een to India.

-hen e tal! a0out a period o$ time that continues $rom the past until no # e use the present per$ect (ha"e

0een%ha"e tra"elled etc.). 2ere# a"e and 3ane are tal!ing a0out the places 3ane has "isited in her li$e ( hich

is a period that continues until no ).

, 2a"e you e"er eaten ca"iar/ (in your li$e)

, -e "e ne"er had a car.

, 2a"e you read 2amlet/ No# I ha"en t read any o$ Sha!espeare s plays.

, Susan really lo"es that $ilm. She s seen it eight times6

, -hat a 0oring $ilm6 It s the most 0oring $ilm I "e e"er seen.

In the $ollo ing examples too the spea!ers are tal!ing a0out a period that continues until no (recently%in

the last $e days%so $ar%since 0rea!$ast etc.):

, 2a"e you heard $rom 5eorge recently/

, I "e met a lot o$ people in the last $e days.



, "erything is going ell. -e ha"en t had any pro0lems so $ar.

, I m hungry. I ha"en t eaten anything since 0rea!$ast. (' $rom 0rea!$ast until no )

, It s nice to see you again. -e ha"en t seen each other $or a long time. . -e use the present per$ect ith today%this morning%this e"ening etc. hen these periods are not $inished

at the time o$ spea!ing (see also Unit 1B ):

, I "e drun! $our cups o$ co$$ee today. (perhaps I ll drin! more 0e$ore today is $inished)

, 2a"e you had a holiday this year (yet)/

, I ha"en t seen Tom this morning. 2a"e you/

, >on hasn t or!ed "ery hard this term.

8. Note that e say It s the $irst time something has happened (present per$ect). 7or example:

on is ha"ing a dri"ing lesson. 2e is "ery ner"ous and unsure 0ecause it is his $irst lesson. , It s the $irst time he has dri"en a car. (not dri"es ) or 2e has ne"er dri"en a car 0e$ore.

, inda has lost her passport again. It s the second time this has happened. (not happens )

, This is a lo"ely meal. It s the $irst good meal I "e had $or ages. (not I ha"e )

, ill is phoning his girl$riend again. That s the third time he s phoned her this e"ening.

;p1E

= >8IS S

G.1 9ou are as!ing some0ody Fuestions a0out things he or she has done. a!e Fuestions $rom the ords in

0rac!ets.

1. (e"er%ride%horse/)

2a"e you e"er ridden a horse/

?. (e"er%0e%8ali$ornia/)

<. (e"er%run%marathon/)

B. (e"er%spea!%$amous person/)

C. (al ays%li"e%in this to n/)

D. (most 0eauti$ul place%e"er%"isit/) -hat

G.? 8omplete s ans ers. Some sentences are positi"e and some negati"e. Use a "er0 $rom this list:

0e 0e cat happen ha"e meet play read see see try

1 A: -hat s 5eorge s sister li!e/

: I "e no idea. I "e ne"er met her.

?. A: 2o is Amy these days/

: I don t !no . I @@@ her recently.

<. A: Are you hungry/

: 9es. I @@@ much today.

B. A: 8an you play chess/

: 9es# 0ut @@@ $or ages.



C. A: id you en4oy your holiday/

: 9es# it s the 0est holiday @@@ $or a long time.

D. A: -hat s that 0oo! li!e/ : I don t !no @@@

E. A: Is russels an interesting place/

: I "e no idea @@@ there.

G. A: i!e as late $or or! again today.

: Again/ 2e @@@ e"ery day this ee!.

L. A: o you li!e ca"iar/

: I don t !no @@@

1M. A: The car 0ro!e do n again yesterday. : Not again6 That s the second time @@@ this ee!.

11. -ho s that oman 0y the door)

: I don t !no @@@ 0e$ore.)

G.< 8omplete these sentences using today%this year%this term etc.

1. I sa Tom yesterday 0ut I ha"en t seen him today.

?. I read a ne spaper yesterday 0ut I @@@ today.

<. ast year the company made a pro$it 0ut this year @@@

B. Tracy or!ed hard at school last term 0ut @@@

C. It sno ed a lot last inter 0ut @@@

D. +ur $oot0all team on a lot o$ games last season 0ut e @@@

G.B >ead the situations and rite sentences as sho n in the examples.

1. 3ac! is dri"ing a car 0ut he s "ery ner"ous and not sure hat to do.

9ou as!: 2a"e you dri"en a car 0e$ore/

?. en is playing tennis. 2e s not "ery good and he doesn t !no the rules.

9ou as!: 2a"e @@@

<. Sue is riding a horse. She doesn t loo! "ery con$ident or com$orta0le.

9ou as!: @@@

She says: @@@

B. aria is in ondon. She has 4ust arri"ed and it s "ery ne $or her.

9ou as!: @@@

She says: @@@

;p1G

UNIT L. Present per$ect continuous (I ha"e 0een doing)

A. It has 0een raining. Study this example situation:



Is it raining/ No# 0ut the ground is et.

It has 0een raining.

2a"e%has 0een &ing is the present per$ect continuous: I% e%they%you ha"e (' I "e etc.) 0een doing% aiting%playing etc.

he%she%it has (' he s etc.) 0een doing% aiting%playing etc.

-e use the present per$ect continuous $or an acti"ity that has recently stopped or 4ust stopped. There is a

connection ith no :

, 9ou re out o$ 0reath. 2a"e you 0een running/ (you re out o$ 0reath no )

, Paul is "ery tired. 2e s 0een or!ing "ery hard. (he s tired no )

, -hy are your clothes so dirty/ -hat ha"e you 0een doing/

, I "e 0een tal!ing to 8arol a0out the pro0lem and she thin!s that ... . It has 0een raining $or t o hours. Study this example situation:

It is raining no . It 0egan raining t o hours ago and it is still raining.

2o long has it 0een raining/

It has 0een raining $or t o hours.

-e o$ten use the present per$ect continuous in this ay# especially ith ho long# $or ... and since ... The

acti"ity is still happening (as in this example) or has 4ust stopped.

, 2o long ha"e you 0een learning nglish/ (you re still learning nglish)

, Tim is still atching tele"ision. 2e s 0een atching tele"ision all day.

, -here ha"e you 0een/ I "e 0een loo!ing $or you $or the last hal$ hour.

, 5eorge hasn t 0een $eeling ell recently.

9ou can use the present per$ect continuous $or actions repeated o"er a period o$ time:

e00ie is a "ery good tennis player. She s 0een playing since she as eight.

"ery morning they meet in the same ca$e. They "e 0een going there $or years.

8. 8ompare I am doing (see Unit 1) and I ha"e 0een doing:

I am doing (present continuous) @Q no

, on t distur0 me no . I m or!ing.

, -e need an um0rella. It s raining.

, 2urry up6 -e re aiting.

I ha"e 0een doing (present per$ect continuous)

, I "e 0een or!ing hard# so no I m going to ha"e a rest.

, The ground is et. It s 0een raining.

, -e "e 0een aiting $or an hour.

;p1L

= >8IS S

L.1 -hat ha"e these people 0een doing or hat has 0een happening/



1. They ha"e 0een shopping.

?. She @@@

<. They @@@ B. 2e @@@

L.? -rite a Fuestion $or each situation.

1. 3ohn loo!s sun0urnt. 9ou as!: (you%sit in the sun/) 2a"e you 0een sitting in the sun/

?. 9ou ha"e 4ust arri"ed to meet a $riend ho is aiting $or you. 9ou as!: (you% ait%long/)

<. 9ou meet a $riend in the street. 2is $ace and hands are "ery dirty. 9ou as!: ( hat%you%do/)

B. A $riend o$ yours is no li"ing in a!er Street. 9ou ant to !no 2o long .../ 9ou as!: (ho

long%you%li"e%in a!er Street/)

C. A $riend tells you a0out his 4o0@@he sells computers. 9ou ant to !no 2o long .../ 9ou as!: (holong%you%sell%computers/)

L.< >ead the situations and complete the sentences.

1. The rain started t o hours ago. It s still raining no . It has 0een raining $or t o hours.

?. -e started aiting $or the 0us ?M minutes ago. -e re still aiting no .

-e @@@ $or ?M minutes.

<. I started Spanish classes in ecem0er. I m still learning Spanish no .

I @@@ since ecem0er.

B. Ann 0egan loo!ing $or a 4o0 six months ago. She s still loo!ing no .

@@@ $or six months.

C. ary started or!ing in ondon on 1G 3anuary. She s still or!ing there no .

@@@ since 1G 3anuary.

D. 9ears ago you started riting to a pen@$riend. 9ou still rite to each other regularly no .

-e @@@ $or years.

L.B Put the "er0 into the present continuous (I am &ing etc.) or present per$ect continuous (I ha"e 0een &ing

etc.).

1. aria has 0een learning (learn) nglish $or t o years.

?. 2ello# Tom. I @@@ (loo!) $or you all morning. -here ha"e you 0een/

<. -hy @@@ (you%too!) at me li!e that/ Stop it6

B. -e al ays go to Ireland $or our holidays. -e @@@ (go) there $or years.

C. I @@@ (thin!) a0out hat you said and I "e decided to ta!e your ad"ice.

D. Is Ann on holiday this ee!/ No# she @@@e ( or!).

E. Sarah is "ery tired. She @@@ ( or!) "ery hard recently.

;p?M

UNIT 1M. Present per$ect continuous and simple (I ha"e 0een doing and I ha"e done)



A. Study these example situations:

Ann s clothes are co"ered in paint. She has 0een painting the ceiling.

2as 0een Painting is the present per$ect -e are interested in the acti"ity. It does not matter hether something has 0een $inished or not. In this

example# the acti"ity (painting the ceiling) has not 0een $inished.

The ceiling as hite. No it is 0lue. She has painted the ceiling.

2as painted is the present per$ect simple.

2ere# the important thing is that something has 0een $inished. 2as painted is a completed action. -e are

interested in the result o$ the acti"ity (the painted ceiling)# not in the acti"ity itsel$.

8ompare these examples: , y hands are "ery dirty. I "e 0een repairing the car. The car is +J again no . I "e repaired it.

, She s 0een smo!ing too much recently. She should smo!e less. Some0ody has smo!ed all my cigarettes.

The pac!et is empty.

, It s nice to see you again. -hat ha"e you 0een doing since e last met/ -here s the 0oo! I ga"e you/

-hat ha"e you done ith it/

, -here ha"e you 0een/ 2a"e you 0een playing tennis/ 2a"e you e"er played tennis/

. -e use the continuous to as! or say ho long ($or an acti"ity that is still happening):

, 2o long ha"e you 0een reading that 0oo!/

, ary is still riting letters. She s 0een riting letters all day.

, They "e 0een playing tennis since ? o cloc!.

-e use the simple to as! or say ho much# ho many or ho many times (completed actions):

, 2o many pages o$ that 0oo! ha"e you read/

, ary has ritten ten letters today.

, They "e played tennis three times this ee!.

8. There are some "er0s ($or example# !no%li!e%0elie"e) that are normally not used in the continuous:

, I "e !no n a0out it $or a long time. (not I "e 0een !no ing )

7or a list o$ these "er0s# see Unit BA.

;p?1

= >8IS S

1M.1 >ead the situations and rite t o sentences using the ords in 0rac!ets.

1. Tom started reading a 0oo! t o hours ago. 2e is still reading it and no he is on page C<.

(read%$or t o hours) 2e has 0een reading $or t o hours.

(read%C< pages so $ar) 2e has read C< pages so $ar.

?. inda is $rom Australia. She is tra"elling round urope at the moment. She 0egan her tour three months

ago.



(tra"el%$or three months) She @@@

("isit%six countries so $ar) @@@

<. 3immy is a tennis player. 2e 0egan playing tennis hen he as ten years old. This year he is nationalchampion again@@$or the $ourth time.

( in%the national championship $our times)

(play%tennis since he as ten)

B. -hen they le$t college# ary and Sue started ma!ing $ilms together. They still ma!e $ilms.

(ma!e%ten $ilms since they le$t college) They @@@

(ma!e%$ilms since they le$t college)

1M.? 7or each situation# as! a Fuestion using the ords in 0rac!ets.

1. 9ou ha"e a $riend ho is learning Ara0ic. 9ou as!: (ho long%learn%Ara0ic/) 2o long ha"e you 0eenlearning Ara0ic/

?. 9ou ha"e 4ust arri"ed to meet a $riend. She is aiting $or you. 9ou as!: (ho long% ait/)

<. 9ou see some0ody $ishing 0y the ri"er. 9ou as!: (ho many $ish%catch/)

B. Some $riends o$ yours are ha"ing a party next ee!. 9ou as!: (ho many people%in"ite/)

C. A $riend o$ yours is a teacher. 9ou as!: (ho long%reach/)

D. 9ou meet some0ody ho is a riter. 9ou as!: (ho many 0oo!s% rite/)

(ho long% rite%0oo!s/)

E. A $riend o$ yours is sa"ing money to go on holiday. 9ou as!: (ho long%sa"e/)

(ho much money%sa"e/)

1M.< Put the "er0 into the more suita0le $orm# present per$ect simple (I ha"e done etc.) or continuous (I ha"e

0een doing etc.).

1. -here ha"e you 0een/ 2a"e you 0een playing (you%play) tennis/

?. oo!6 Some0ody @@@ (0rea!) that indo .

<. 9ou loo! tired. @@@ (you% or!) hard/

B. @@@ (you%e"er% or!) in a $actory/ No# ne"er.

C. 3ane is a ay on holiday. +h# is she/ -here @@@ (she%go)/

D. y 0rother is an actor. 2e @@@ (appear) In se"eral $ilms.

E. Sorry I m late. That s all right. I @@@ (not% ait) long.

G. Is it still raining/ No# it @@@ (stop).

L. I @@@ (lose) my address 0oo!. @@@ (you%see) it any here/

1M. I @@@ (read) the 0oo! you lent me 0ut I @@@ (not%$inish) it yet.

11. I @@@ (read) the 0oo! you lent me# so you can ha"e it 0ac! no .

;p??

UNIT 11. 2o long ha"e you (0een) .../




o0 and Alice are married. They got married exactly ?M years ago# so today is their ?Mth edding

anni"ersary. They ha"e 0een married $or ?M years.

-e say: They are married. (present)

0ut 2o long ha"e they 0een married/ (present per$ect) (not 2o long are they married/ )

They ha"e 0een married $or ?M years. (not They are married $or ?M years )

-e use the present per$ect to tal! a0out something that 0egan in the past and still continues no . 8ompare

the present and the present per$ect:

, Amy is in hospital.

0ut She has 0een in hospital since onday. (not Amy is in hospital since onday ) , -e !no each other "ery ell.

0ut -e ha"e !no n each other $or a long time. (not e !no )

, Are you aiting $or some0ody/

0ut 2o long ha"e you 0een aiting/

. I ha"e 0een doing something (present per$ect continuous) ' I started doing something in the past and I

am still doing it (or ha"e 4ust stopped) :

, I "e 0een learning nglish $or a long time. (not I am learning )

, Sorry I m late. 2a"e you 0een aiting long/

, It s 0een raining since I got up this morning.

The action can 0e a repeated action:

, 2o long ha"e you 0een dri"ing/ Since I as 1E.

8. I ha"e done (simple) or I ha"e 0een doing (continuous)

The continuous is more usual ith ho long# since and $or (see also Unit 1M ):

, I "e 0een learning nglish $or a long time. (not usually I "e learnt )

9ou can normally use either the continuous or simple ith li"e and or!:

, 3ohn has 0een li"ing%has li"ed in ondon $or a long time.

, 2o long ha"e you 0een or!ing%ha"e you or!ed here/

ut e use the simple ith al ays:

, 3ohn has al ays li"ed in ondon. (not has al ays 0een li"ing )

9ou can use the continuous or the simple $or actions repeated o"er a long period:

, I "e 0een collecting%I "e collected stamps since I as a child.

Some "er0s ($or example# !no %li!e%0elie"e) are not normally used in the continuous:

, 2o long ha"e you !no n 3ane/ (not ha"e you 0een !no ing )

, I "e had a pain in my stomach since I got up this morning.

7or a list o$ these "er0s# see Unit BA. 7or ha"e see Unit 1E.



. -e use the present per$ect simple in negati"e sentences li!e these:

, I ha"en t seen Tom since onday. (' onday as the last time I sa him)

, 3ane hasn t phoned me $or t o ee!s. (' the last time she phoned as t o ee!s ago) ;p?<

= >8IS S

11.1 Are the underlined "er0s right or rong/ 8orrect them i$ they are rong.

1. o0 is a $riend o$ mine. RI !no himR "ery ell. >I52T

?. o0 is a $riend o$ mine. RI !no himR $or a long time. ->+N5: I "e !no n him.

<. Sue and Alan Rare marriedR since 3uly. @@@

B. The eather is a $ul. RIt s rainingR again. @@@

C. The eather is a$ul. RIt s rainingR all day. @@@ D. I li!e your house. 2o long Rare you li"ingR there/ @@@

E. 5raham Ris or!ingR in a shop $or the last $e months. @@@

G. I m going to Paris tomorro . RI m stayingR there until next 7riday. @@@

L. o you still smo!e/ No# I ga"e it up. RI don t smo!eR $or years. @@@

1M. That s a "ery old 0icycle. 2o long Rdo you ha"eR it/ @@@

11.? >ead the situations and rite Fuestions $rom the ords in 0rac!ets.

1. 3ohn tells you that his mother is in hospital. 9ou as! him:

(ho long%0e%in hospital/)

2o long has your mother 0een in hospital/

?. 9ou meet a oman ho tells you that she teaches nglish. 9ou as! her:

(ho long%teach% nglish/)

<. 9ou !no that 3ane is a good $riend o$ 8arol s. 9ou as! 3ane:

(ho long%!no %8arol/)

B. 9our $riend s 0rother ent to Australia some time ago and he s still there. 9ou as! your $riend:

(ho long%0e%in Australia/)

C. Tim al ays ears the same 4ac!et. It s a "ery old 4ac!et. 9ou as! him:

(ho long%ha"e%that 4ac!et/)

D. 9ou are tal!ing to a $riend a0out Alan. Alan no or!s at the airport. 9ou as! your $riend:

(ho long% or!%at the airport/)

E. A $riend o$ yours is ha"ing dri"ing lessons. 9ou as! him:

(ho long%ha"e%dri"ing lessons/)

G. 9ou meet some0ody on a train. She tells you that she li"es in 5lasgo . 9ou as! her:

(al ays%li"e%in 5lasgo /)

11.< 8omplete s ans ers to A s Fuestions.

1. A: Amy is in hospital# isn t she/



: 9es# she has 0een in hospital since onday.

?. A: o you see Ann "ery o$ten/

: No# I ha"en t seen her $or three months. <. A: Is argaret married/

. 9es# she @@@ married $or ten years.

B. A: Are you aiting $or me/

: 9es# I @@@ $or the last hal$ hour.

C. A: 9ou !no inda# don t you/

: 9es# e @@@ each other $or ages.

D. A: o you still play tennis/

: No# I @@@ tennis $or years. E. A: Is 3im atching TO/

: 9es# he @@@ TO all e"ening.

G. A: o you atch TO a lot/

: No# I @@@ TO $or a long time.

L. 2a"e you got a headache/

: 9es# I @@@ a headache all morning.

1M. A: 5eorge is ne"er ill# is he/

: No# he @@@ ill since I "e !no n him.

11. A: Are you $eeling ill/

: 9es# I @@@ ill since I got up.

1?. Sue li"es in ondon# doesn t she/

: 9es# she @@@ in ondon $or the last $e years.

1<. o you still go to the cinema a lot/

: No# I @@@ to the cinema $or ages.

1B. -ould you li!e to go to Ne 9or! one day/

: 9es# I @@@ to go to Ne 9or!. (use al ays% ant)

;p?B

UNIT1?. -hen .../ and 2o long .../ 7or and since

A. 8ompare -hen .../ ( past simple) and 2o long .../ ( present per$ect):

A: -hen did it start raining/

: It started raining an hour ago%at 1 o cloc!.

A: 2o long has it 0een raining/

: It s 0een raining $or an hour%since 1 o cloc!.

A: -hen did 3oe and 8arol $irst meet/



: They $irst met a long time ago% hen they ere at school.

A: 2o long ha"e 3oe and 8arol !no n each other/

: They "e !no n each other $or a long time.%since they ere at school. . -e use 0oth $or and since to say ho long something has 0een happening.

-e use $or hen e say a period o$ time (t o hours# six ee!s etc.):

, I "e 0een aiting $or t o hours.

$or t o hours

t o hours ago @Q no

t o hours%a ee!%?M minutes%CM years%$i"e days%a long time%six months%ages

, Sally s 0een or!ing here $or six months. (not since six months )

, I ha"en t seen Tom $or three days. (not since three days )

-e use since hen e say the start o$ a period (G o cloc!# onday# 1LGC etc.):

, I "e 0een aiting since G o cloc!.

since G o cloc!

G o cloc! @Q no

since

G o cloc!%1LEE% onday%8hristmas%1? ay%lunchtime%April%they ere at school

, Sally s 0een or!ing here since April. (' $rom April until no )

, I ha"en t seen Tom since onday. (' $rom onday until no )

It is possi0le to lea"e out $or (0ut not usually in negati"e sentences):

, They "e 0een married ($or) ten years. ( ith or ithout $or)

, They ha"en t had a holiday $or ten years. (you must use $or)

-e do not use $or all ... (all day%all my li$e etc.):

, I "e li"ed here all my li$e. (not $or all my li$e )

8. -e say It s (a long time%t o years etc.) since something happened :

, It s t o years since I last sa 3oe. (' I ha"en t seen 3oe $or t o years%the last time I sa 3oe as t o

years ago)

, It s ages since e ent to the cinema. (' -e ha"en t 0een to the cinema $or ages)

The Fuestion is 2o long is it since .../

, 2o long is it since you last sa 3oe/ (' -hen did you last see 3oe/)

, 2o long is it since rs 2ill died/ (' -hen did rs 2ill die/)

;p?C

= >8IS S

1?.1 -rite Fuestions ith ho long and hen.

1. It s raining.



(ho long/) 2o long has it 0een raining/

( hen/) -hen did it start raining/

?. Jate is learning Italian. (ho long%learn/)

( hen%start%learn/)

<. I !no artin.

(ho long%!no /)

( hen%$irst%meet/)

B. o0 and Alice are married.

(ho long/)

( hen/)

1?.? >ead the situations and complete the sentences 0eginning in the ay sho n.

1. (It s raining no . It s 0een raining since lunchtime.) It started raining at lunchtime.

?. (Ann and I are $riends. -e $irst met years ago.) -e "e !no n each other $or years.

<. ( ar! is ill. 2e 0ecame ill on Sunday.) 2e has @@@

B. ( ar! is ill. 2e 0ecame ill a $e days ago.) 2e has @@@

C. (Sarah is married. She s 0een married $or t o years.) She got @@@

D. (9ou "e got a camera. 9ou 0ought it ten years ago.) I "e @@@

E. (Sue has 0een in 7rance $or the last three ee!s.) She ent @@@

G. (9ou re or!ing in a hotel. 9ou started in 3une.) I "e @@@

1?.< Put in $or or since.

1. It s 0een raining since lunchtime.

?. Tom s $ather has 0een doing the same 4o0 @@@ ?M years.

<. 2a"e you 0een learning nglish @@@a long time/

B. Sarah has li"ed in ondon @@@ 1LGC.

C. @@@ 8hristmas# the eather has 0een Fuite good.

D. Please hurry up6 -e "e 0een aiting @@@ an hour.

E. Je"in has 0een loo!ing $or a 4o0 @@@ he le$t school.

G. The house is "ery dirty. -e ha"en t cleaned it @@@ ages.

L. I ha"en t had a good meal @@@ last Tuesday.

1?.B -rite s sentences using the ords in 0rac!ets.

1. A: o you o$ten go on holiday/

: (no%$i"e years) No# I ha"en t had a holiday $or $i"e years.

?. A: o you o$ten eat in restaurants/

: (no%ages) No# I @@@



<. A: o you o$ten see Sarah/

: (no%a0out a month) @@@

B. A: o you o$ten go to the cinema/ : (no%a long time) @@@

No rite s ans ers again. This time use It s ... since...

C. (1) No# it s $i"e years since I had a holiday.

D. (?) No# it s @@@

E. (<) No# @@@

G. (B) @@@

;p?D UNIT 1<. Present per$ect and past (1) (I ha"e done and I did)


Tom is loo!ing $or his !ey. 2e can t $ind it.

2e has lost his !ey. (present per$ect)

This means that he doesn t ha"e his !ey no .

Ten minutes later:

No Tom has $ound his !ey. 2e has it no .

2as he lost his !ey/ (present per$ect)

No# he hasn t. 2e has $ound it.

id he lose his !ey/ (past simple)

9es# he did.

2e lost his !ey (past simple)

0ut no he has $ound it. (present per$ect)

The present per$ect is a present tense. It al ays tells us something a0out no . Tom has lost his !ey ' he

doesn t ha"e his !ey no (see Unit E).

The past simple tells us only a0out the past. I$ some0ody says Tom lost his !ey # e don t !no hether he

has it no or not. -e only !no that he lost it at some time in the past.

T o more examples:

, 3ac! gre a 0eard 0ut no he has sha"ed it o$$. (so he doesn t ha"e a 0eard no )

, They ent out a$ter lunch and they "e 4ust come 0ac!. (so they are 0ac! no )

. o not use the present per$ect i$ there is no connection ith the present ($or example# things that

happened a long time ago):

, The 8hinese in"ented printing. (not ha"e in"ented )

, 2o many plays did Sha!espeare rite/ (not has Sha!espeare ritten )



, eetho"en as a great composer. (not has 0een )

8ompare:

, Sha!espeare rote many plays. , y sister is a riter. She has ritten many 0oo!s. (she still rites 0oo!s)

8. -e use the present per$ect to gi"e ne in$ormation (see Unit E). ut i$ e continue to tal! a0out it# e

normally use the past simple:

, A: + 6 I "e 0urnt mysel$.

: 2o did you do that/ (not ha"e you done )

A: I pic!ed up a hot dish. (not ha"e pic!ed )

, A: oo!6 Some0ody has spilt mil! on the carpet.

: -ell# it asn t me. I didn t do it. (not hasn t 0een ... ha"en t done ) A: I onder ho it as then. (not ho it has 0een )

;p?E

= >8IS S

1<.1 -hat has happened in these situations/

1. 3ac! had a 0eard. No he hasn t got a 0eard. 2e has sha"ed o$$ his 0eard.

?. inda as here $i"e minutes ago. o she s in 0ed. She @@@

<. The temperature as ?C degrees. No it is only 1E. The temperature @@@

B. The light as o$$. No it is on. Some0ody @@@

C. The tree as only three metres high. No it is $our. The tree @@@

D. The plane as on the run ay a $e minutes ago. No it is in the air.

The plane @@@

1<.? Put the "er0s in 0rac!ets in the correct $orm# present per$ect or past simple.

1. -here s your !ey/ I don t !no . I "e lost it. (lose)

?. I as "ery tired# so I lay do n on the 0ed and ent to sleep. (0e)

<. ary @@@ to Australia $or a hile 0ut she s 0ac! again no . (go)

B. -here s Jen/ 2e @@@ out. 2e ll 0e 0ac! in a0out an hour. (go)

C. I did 5erman at school 0ut I @@@ most o$ it. ($orget)

D. I meant to phone iane last night 0ut I @@@ ($orget)

E. I @@@ a headache earlier 0ut I $eel $ine no . (ha"e)

G. oo!6 There s an am0ulance o"er there. There @@@ an accident. (0e)

L. They re still 0uilding the ne road. They @@@ it. (not%$inish)

1M. Is 2elen still here/ No# she @@@ out. (4ust%go)

11. The police @@@ three people 0ut later they let them go. (arrest)

1?. Ann @@@ me her address 0ut I m a$raid I @@@ it. (gi"e# lose)

1<. -here s my 0i!e/ It @@@ outside the house. It @@@ (0e# disappear)



1B. -hat do you thin! o$ my nglish/ o you thin! I @@@/ (impro"e)

1<.< Are the underlined parts o$ these sentences right or rong/ 8orrect the ones that are rong.

1. o you !no a0out Sue/ RShe s gi"en upR her 4o0. >I52T ?. The 8hinese Rha"e in"entedR printing. ->+N5: The 8hinese in"ented

<. 2o many plays Rhas Sha!espeare ritten/R @@@

B. R2a"e you readR any o$ Sha!espeare s plays/ @@@

C. Aristotle Rhas 0eenR a 5ree! philosopher. @@@

D. + 6 RI "e cutR my $inger. It s 0leeding. @@@

E. y grandparents Rha"e gotR married in ondon. @@@

G. -here Rha"e you 0een 0orn/R @@@

L. ary isn t at home. RShe s gone shopping.R @@@ 1M. Al0ert instein has 0een the scientist ho Rhas de"elopedR the theory o$ relati"ity. @@@

1<.B (Section 8) Put the "er0 into the most suita0le $orm# present per$ect or past simple.

1. A: oo!6 Some0ody has split (spill) co$$ee on the carpet.

: -ell# it asn t (not%0e) me. I didn t do (not%do) it.

?. A: en @@@ (0rea!) his leg.

: >eally/ 2o @@@ (that%happen)/

A: 2e @@@ ($all) o$$ a ladder.

<. A: 9our hair loo!s nice. @@@ (you%ha"e) a haircut/

: 9es.

A: -ho @@@ (cut) it/ @@@ (you%go) to the hairdresser/

: No# a $riend o$ mine @@@ (do) it $or me.

;p?G

UNIT 1B. Present per$ect and past (?) (I ha"e done and I did)

A. o not use the present per$ect (I ha"e done) hen you tal! a0out a $inished time ($or example#

yesterday%ten minutes ago%in 1LGC% hen I as a child). Use a past tense:

, The eather as nice yesterday. (not has 0een nice )

, They arri"ed ten minutes ago. (not ha"e arri"ed )

, I ate a lot o$ s eets hen I as a child. (not ha"e eaten )

, A: id you see the ne s on tele"ision last night/ (not 2a"e you seen )

: No# I ent to 0ed early. (not ha"e gone )

Use a past tense to as! -hen .../ or -hat time .../:

, -hen did they arri"e/ (not ha"e they arri"ed )

, -hat time did you $inish or!/

8ompare:



Present per$ect

, Tom has lost his !ey. 2e can t get into the house.

2ere# e are not thin!ing o$ the past action. -e are thin!ing o$ the present result o$ the action: Tom doesn tha"e his !ey no .

Past simple

, Tom lost his !ey yesterday. 2e couldn t get into the house.

2ere# e are thin!ing o$ the action in the past. -e don t !no $rom this sentence hether Tom has his !ey

no .

. 8ompare present per$ect and past:

Present per$ect (ha"e done)

, I "e done a lot o$ or! today. -e use the present per$ect $or a period o$ time that continues $rom the past until no . 7or example# today#

this ee!# since 1LGC.

, It hasn t rained this ee!.

, 2a"e you seen Ann this morning/ (it is still morning)

, 2a"e you seen Ann recently/

, I don t !no here Ann is. I ha"en t seen her. (' I ha"en t seen her recently)

, -e "e 0een aiting $or an hour. ( e are still aiting no )

, Ian li"es in ondon. 2e has li"ed there $or se"en years.

, I ha"e ne"er played gol$. (in my li$e)

The present per$ect al ays has a connection ith no . See Units E@1?.

Past simple (did)

, I did a lot o$ or! yesterday.

-e use the past simple $or a $inished time in the past. 7or example# yesterday# last ee!# $rom 1LGC to

1LL1.

, It didn t rain last ee!.

, id you see Ann this morning/ (it is no a$ternoon or e"ening)

, id you see Ann on Sunday/

, A: -as Ann at the party on Sunday/

: I don t thin! so. I didn t see her.

, -e aited (or ere aiting) $or an hour. ( e are no longer aiting)

, Ian li"ed in Scotland $or ten years.

No he li"es in ondon.

, I didn t play gol$ hen I as on holiday last summer.

The past simple tells us only a0out the past. See Units C@D.

;p?L



= >8IS S

1B.1 Are the underlined parts o$ these sentences right or rong/ 8orrect the ones that are rong.

1. RI "e lostR my !ey. I can t $ind it any here. >I52T ?. R2a"e you seenR the ne s on tele"ision last night/ ->+N5: id you see

<. RI "e 0oughtR a ne car. o you ant to see it/ @@@

B. RI "e 0oughtR a ne car last ee!. @@@

C. -here Rha"e you 0eenR yesterday e"ening/ @@@

D. 3enny Rhas le$tR school in 1LL1. @@@

E. I m loo!ing $or i!e. R2a"e you seenR him/ @@@

G. I m "ery hungry. RI ha"en t eatenR anything today. @@@

L. iane Rhasn t 0eenR at or! yesterday. @@@ 1M. -hen Rhas this 0oo! 0eenR pu0lished/ @@@

1B.? a!e sentences $rom the ords in 0rac!ets. Use the present per$ect or past simple.

1. (it%not%rain%this ee!) It hasn t rained this ee!.

?. (the eather%0e%cold%recently) The eather @@@

<. (it cold%last ee!) It @@@

B. (I not%read%a ne spaper yesterday) I @@@

C. (I not%read%a ne spaper today)

D. (Ann%earn%a lot o$ money%this year)

E. (she not%earn%so much%last year)

G. (you ha"e%a holiday recently/)

1B.< Put the "er0 into the correct $orm# present per$ect or past simple.

1. I don t !no here Amy is. 2a"e you seen (you%see) her/

?. -hen I @@@ (get) home last night# I @@@ (0e) "ery tired and I @@@ (go) straight to 0ed.

<. 9our car loo!s "ery clean @@@ (you% ash) it/

B. 5eorge @@@ (not%0e) "ery ell last ee!.

C. r 8lar! @@@ ( or!) in a 0an! $or 1C years. Then he ga"e it up.

D. olly li"es in u0lin. She @@@ (li"e) there all her li$e.

E @@@ (you%go) to the cinema last night/ 9es# 0ut it @@@ (0e) a mista!e. The $ilm (0e) a $ul.

G. y grand$ather @@@ (die) <M years ago. I @@@ (ne"er%meet) him.

L. I don t !no 8arol s hus0and. I @@@ (ne"er%meet%him).

1M. A: Is your $ather at home/

: No# I m a$raid he @@@ (go) out.

A: -hen exactly @@@ (he%go) out/ : A0out ten minutes ago.

11. A: -here do you li"e/

: In oston.



A: 2o long @@@ (you%li"e) there/

: 7i"e years.

A: -here @@@ (you%li"e) 0e$ore that/ : In 8hicago.

A: And ho long @@@ (you%li"e) in 8hicago/

: T o years.

1B.B -rite sentences a0out yoursel$ using the ideas in 0rac!ets.

1. (something you ha"en t done today)

I ha"en t eaten any $ruit today.

?. (something you ha"en t done today)

<. (something you didn t do yesterday) B. (something you did yesterday e"ening)

C. (something you ha"en t done recently)

D. (something you "e done a lot recently)

;p<M

UNIT 1C. Past per$ect (I had done)


Sarah ent to a party last ee!. Paul ent to the party too 0ut they didn t see each other. Paul ent home

at 1M.<M and Sarah arri"ed at 11 o cloc!. So:

-hen Sarah arri"ed at the party# Paul asn t there. 2e had gone home.

2ad gone is the past per$ect (simple):

I% e%they%you or he%she%it had (' I d etc.%he d etc.) gone%seen%$inished etc.

The past per$ect simple is had past participle (gone%seen%$inished etc.). 7or a list o$ irregular "er0s# see

Appendix 1.

Sometimes e tal! a0out something that happened in the past:

, Sarah arri"ed at the party.

This is the starting point o$ the story. Then# i$ e ant to tal! a0out things that happened 0e$ore this time# e

use the past per$ect (had ... ):

, -hen Sarah arri"ed at the party# Paul had already gone home.

Some more examples:

, -hen e got home last night# e $ound that some0ody had 0ro!en into the $lat.

, Jaren didn t ant to come to the cinema ith us 0ecause she had already seen the $ilm.

, At $irst I thought I d done the right thing# 0ut I soon realised that I d made a serious mista!e.

, The man sitting next to me on the plane as "ery ner"ous. 2e hadn t $lo n 0e$ore.%2e had ne"er $lo n

0e$ore.



. 2ad done (past per$ect) is the past o$ ha"e done (present per$ect). 8ompare:

present per$ect

, -ho is that oman/ I "e ne"er seen her 0e$ore. , -e aren t hungry. -e "e 4ust had lunch.

, The house is dirty. They ha"en t cleaned it $or ee!s.

past per$ect

, I didn t !no ho she as. I d ne"er seen her 0e$ore. (' 0e$ore that time)

, -e eren t hungry. -e d 4ust had lunch.

, The house as dirty. They hadn t cleaned it $or ee!s.

8. 8ompare the past per$ect (I had done) and past simple (I did):

, -as Tom at the party hen you arri"ed/ No# he had already gone home. 0ut -as Tom there hen you arri"ed/ 9es# 0ut he ent home soon a$ter ards.

, Ann asn t at home hen I phoned. She as in ondon.

0ut Ann had 4ust got home hen I phoned. She had 0een in ondon.

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= >8IS S

1C.1 >ead the situations and rite sentences $rom the ords in 0rac!ets.

1. 9ou ent to 3ill s house 0ut she asn t there. (she%go%out) She had gone out.

?. 9ou ent 0ac! to your home to n a$ter many years. It asn t the same as 0e$ore.

(it%change%a lot)

<. I in"ited >achel to the party 0ut she couldn t come.

(she%arrange%to do something else)

B. 9ou ent to the cinema last night. 9ou arri"ed at the cinema late.

(the $ilm%already%0egin)

C. I as "ery pleased to see tim again a$ter such a long time.

(I%not%see%him $or $i"e years)

D. I o$$ered Sue something to eat 0ut she asn t hungry.

(she%4ust%ha"e%0rea!$ast)

1C.? >ead the situations and rite sentences ending ith 0e$ore. Use the "er0 gi"en in 0rac!ets.

1. The man sitting next to me on the plane as "ery ner"ous. It as his $irst $light.

($ly) 2e had ne"er $lo n 0e$ore. +> 2e hadn t $lo n 0e$ore.

?. A oman al!ed into the room. She as a complete stranger to me.

(see) I @@@ 0e$ore.

<. Simon played tennis yesterday. 2e asn t "ery good at it 0ecause it as his $irst game.

(play) 2e @@@

B. ast year e ent to enmar!. It as our $irst time there (0e) -e @@@



1C.< Use the sentences on the le$t to complete the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the

order in hich they happened @ so (1) happened 0e$ore (?)# (?) 0e$ore (<) etc. ut your paragraph 0egins ith

the underlined sentence# so sometimes you need the past per$ect. 1. (1) Some0ody 0ro!e into the o$$ice during the night.

(?) R-e arri"ed at or! in the morning.R

(<) -e called the police

-e arri"ed at or! in the morning and $ound that some0ody had 0ro!en into the o$$ice during the night. So

e @@@

?. (1) Ann ent out.

(?) RI tried to phone herR this morning.

(<) There as no ans er. I tried to phone Ann this morning 0ut @@@ no ans er. She @@@ out.

<. (1) 3im came 0ac! $rom holiday a $e days ago.

(?) RI met him the same day.R

(<) 2e loo!ed "ery ell.

I met 3im a $e days ago. 2e @@@ 4ust @@@ 2e @@@

B. (1) Je"in rote to Sally many times.

(?) She ne"er replied to his letters.

(<) R9esterday he had a phone call $rom her.R

(B) 2e as "ery surprised.

9esterday Je"in @@@ 2e @@@ "ery surprised. 2e @@@ many times 0ut she @@@

1C.B Put the "er0 into the correct $orm# past per$ect (I had done etc.) or past simple (I did etc.).

1. -as Tom at the party hen you arri"ed/ No# he had gone (go) home.

?. I $elt "ery tire hen I got home# so I @@@ (go) straight to 0ed.

<. The house as "ery Fuiet hen I got home. "ery0ody @@@ (go) to 0ed.

B. Sorry I m late. The car @@@ (0rea!) do n on my ay here.

C. -e ere dri"ing along the road hen e @@@ (see) a car hich. @@@ (0rea!) do n# so e @@@ (stop) to see i$

e could help.

;p<?

UNIT 1D. Past per$ect continuous (I had 0een doing)


9esterday morning I got up and loo!ed out o$ the indo . The sun as shining 0ut the ground as "ery et.

It had 0een raining.

It as not raining hen I loo!ed out o$ the indo * the sun as shining. ut it had 0een raining 0e$ore.

That s hy the ground as et.



2ad 0een &ing is the past per$ect continuous:

I% e%you%they had(' I d etc.) 0een doing% or!ing%playing etc.

he%she%it had (' he d etc.) 0een doing% or!ing%playing etc. Some more examples:

, -hen the 0oys came into the house# their clothes ere dirty# their hair as untidy and one o$ them had a

0lac! eye. They d 0een $ighting.

, I as "ery tired hen I arri"ed home. I d 0een or!ing hard all day.

. 9ou can say that something had 0een happening $or a period o$ time 0e$ore something else happened:

, +ur game o$ tennis as interrupted. -e d 0een playing $or a0out hal$ an hour hen it started to rain "ery

hea"ily.

, Jen ga"e up smo!ing t o years ago. 2e d 0een smo!ing $or <M years. 8. 2ad 0een &ing (past Per$ect continuous) is the past o$ ha"e 0een &ing (present per$ect continuous).

8ompare:

present per$ect continuous

, I hope the 0us comes soon. I "e 0een aiting $or ?M minutes. (0e$ore no )

, 2e s out o$ 0reath. 2e has 0een running.

past per$ect continuous

, At last the 0us came. I d 0een aiting $or ?M minutes. (0e$ore the 0us came)

, 2e as out o$ 0reath. 2e had 0een running.

. 8ompare had 0een doing and as doing (past continuous):

, It asn t raining hen e ent out. The sun as shining. ut it had 0een raining# so the ground as et.

, Ann as sitting in an armchair atching tele"ision. She as tired 0ecause she d 0een or!ing "ery hard.

. Some "er0s ($or example# !no and ant) are not normally used in the continuous:

, -e ere good $riends. -e had !no n each other $or years. (not had 0een !no ing )

7or a list o$ these "er0s# see Unit BA.

;p<<

= >8IS S

1D.1 >ead the situations and ma!e sentences $rom the ords in 0rac!ets.

1. I as "ery tired hen I arri"ed home.

(I% or!%hard all day)

I had 0een or!ing hard all day.

?. The t o 0oys came into the house. They had a $oot0all and they ere 0oth "ery tired.

(they%play%$oot0all)

<. There as no0ody in the room 0ut there as a smell o$ cigarettes.

(some0ody%smo!e%in the room)

B. Ann o!e up in the middle o$ the night. She as $rightened and didn t !no here she as.



(she%dream)

C. -hen I got home# i!e as sitting in $ront o$ the TO. 2e had 4ust turned it o$$.

(he% atch%TO) 1D.? >ead the situations and complete the sentences.

1. -e played tennis yesterday. 2al$ an hour a$ter e 0egan playing# it started to rain.

-e had 0een playing $or hal$ an hour hen it started to rain.

?. I had arranged to meet Tom in a restaurant. I arri"ed and aited $or him. A$ter ?M minutes I suddenly

realised that I as in the rong restaurant.

I @@@ $or ?M minutes hen I @@@

<. Sarah got a 4o0 in a $actory. 7i"e years later the $actory closed do n.

At the time the $actory @@@# Sarah @@@ there $or $i"e years. B. I ent to a concert last ee!. The orchestra 0egan playing. A$ter a0out ten minutes a man in the audience

suddenly 0egan shouting.

The orchestra @@@ hen @@@

C. This time ma!e your o n sentence:

I 0egan al!ing along the road. I @@@ hen @@@

1D.< Put the "er0 into the most suita0le $orm# past continuous (I as doing)# past per$ect (I had done) or

past per$ect continuous (I had 0een doing).

1. It as "ery noisy next door. +ur neigh0ours ere ha"ing (ha"e) a party.

?. -e ere good $riends. -e had !no n (!no ) each other $or a long time.

<. 3ohn and I ent $or a al!. I had di$$iculty !eeping up ith him 0ecause he @@@ ( al!) so $ast.

B. ary as sitting on the ground. She as out o$ 0reath. She @@@ (run)

C. -hen I arri"ed# e"ery0ody as sitting round the ta0le ith their mouths $ull. They @@@ (eat).

D. -hen I arri"ed# e"ery0ody as sitting round the ta0le and tal!ing. Their mouths ere empty 0ut their

stomachs ere $ull. They @@@ (eat).

E. 3im as on his hands and !nees on the $loor. 2e @@@ (loo!) $or his contact lens.

G. -hen I arri"ed# Jate @@@ ( ait) $or me. She as rather annoyed ith me 0ecause I as late and she @@@

( ait) $or a "ery long time.

L. I as sad hen I sold my car. I @@@ (ha"e) it $or a "ery long time.

1M. -e ere extremely tired at the end o$ the 4ourney. -e @@@ (tra"el) $or more than ?B hours.

;p<B

UNIT 1E. 2a"e and ha"e got

A. 2a"e and ha"e got (' possess# o n etc.)

-e o$ten use ha"e got rather than ha"e alone. So you can say:

, -e "e got a ne car. or -e ha"e a ne car.



, Ann has got t o sisters. or Ann has t o sisters.

-e use ha"e got or ha"e $or illnesses# pains etc.:

, I "e got a headache. or I ha"e a headache. In Fuestions and negati"e sentences there are three possi0le $orms:

2a"e you got any money/ I ha"en t got any money.

o you ha"e any money/ I don t ha"e any money.

2a"e you any money/ (less usual) I ha"en t any money. (less usual)

2as she got a car/ She hasn t got a car.

oes she ha"e a car/ She doesn t ha"e a car.

2as she a car/ (less usual) She hasn t a car. (less usual)

-hen ha"e means possess etc.# you cannot use continuous $orms (is ha"ing%are ha"ing etc.): , I ha"e%I "e got a headache. (not I m ha"ing )

7or the past e use had (usually ithout got ):

, Ann had long $air hair hen she as a child. (not Ann had got )

In past Fuestions and negati"e sentences e normally use did%didn t:

, id they ha"e a car hen they ere li"ing in ondon/

, I didn t ha"e a atch# so I didn t !no the time.

, Ann had long $air hair# didn t she/

. 2a"e 0rea!$ast%ha"e a 0ath%ha"e a good time etc.

2a"e (0ut not ha"e got ) is also used $or many actions and experiences. 7or example:

ha"e 0rea!$ast%dinner%a cup o$ co$$ee%a cigarette etc.

ha"e a 0ath%a sho er%a s im%a rest%a party%a holiday%a nice time etc.

ha"e an accident%an experience%a dream etc.

ha"e a loo! (at something)%a chat ( ith some0ody)

ha"e a 0a0y (' gi"e 0irth to a 0a0y)

ha"e di$$iculty%trou0le%$un

, 5ood0ye6 I hope you ha"e a nice time.

, ary had a 0a0y recently.

2a"e got is not possi0le in these expressions. 8ompare:

, I usually ha"e a sand ich $or my lunch. (ha"e ' eat @ not ha"e got )

0ut , I "e got some sand iches. -ould you li!e one/

In these expressions# ha"e is li!e other "er0s. 9ou can use continuous $orms (is ha"ing are ha"ing etc.)

here suita0le:

, I had a postcard $rom 7red this morning. 2e s on holiday. 2e says he s ha"ing a

onder$ul time. (not he has a onder$ul time )

, The phone rang hile e ere ha"ing dinner. (not hile e had )



In Fuestions and negati"e sentences e normally use do%does%did:

, I don t usually ha"e a 0ig 0rea!$ast. (not I usually ha"en t )

, -hat time does Ann ha"e lunch/ (not has Ann lunch ) , id you ha"e any di$$iculty $inding some here to li"e/

;p<C

= >8IS S

1E.1 -rite negati"e sentences ith ha"e. Some are present (can t) and some are past (couldn t).

1. I can t ma!e a phone call. (any change)

I ha"en t got any change.

?. I couldn t read the notice. (my glasses)

I didn t ha"e my glasses. <. I can t clim0 up onto the roo$. (a ladder)

I @@@

B. -e couldn t "isit the museum. (enough time)

-e @@@

C. 2e couldn t $ind his ay to our house. (a map)

D. She can t pay her 0ills. (any money)

E. They can t get into the house. (a !ey)

G. I couldn t ta!e any photographs. (a camera)

1E.? 8omplete these Fuestions ith ha"e. Some are present and some are past.

1. xcuse me# ha"e you got a pen I could 0orro /

?. -hy are you holding your $ace li!e that/ @@@ a toothache/

<. @@@ a 0icycle hen you ere a child/

B. @@@ the time# please/ 9es# it s ten past se"en.

C. -hen you did the exam# @@@ time to ans er all the Fuestions/

D. I need a stamp $or this letter. @@@ one/

E. It started to rain hile I as al!ing home. id it/ @@@ an um0rella/

1E.< In this exercise you ha"e to rite sentences a0out yoursel$. 8hoose $our o$ the $ollo ing things (or you

can choose something else):

a car a 0icycle a moped a guitar a computer a camera a dri"ing licence a 4o0 a dog%a cat (or another

animal)

2a"e you got these things no / id you ha"e them ten years ago/ -rite t o sentences each time using

I "e got%I ha"en t got and I had%I didn t ha"e.

no ten years ago (or $i"e i$ you re too young)

1. I "e got a car. I didn t ha"e a car.

?. @@@ @@@



<. @@@ @@@

B. @@@ @@@

1E.B 8omplete these sentences. Use an expression $rom the list and put the "er0 into the correct $ormhere necessary.

ha"e lunch ha"e a s im ha"e a nice time ha"e a chat ha"e a cigarette ha"e a rest ha"e a good $light

ha"e a 0a0y ha"e a sho er ha"e a party ha"e a loo!

1. I don t eat much during the day. I ne"er Rha"e lunch.R

?. a"id li!es to !eep $it# so he @@@ e"ery day.

<. -e @@@ last Saturday. It as great @ e in"ited lots o$ people.

B. xcuse me# can I @@@ at your ne spaper# please/

C. -here s 3im/ 2e @@@ in his room. 2e s "ery tired. D. I met Ann in the supermar!et yesterday. -e stopped and @@@.

E. I ha"en t seen you since you came 0ac! $rom holiday @@@/

G. SuKanne @@@ a $e ee!s ago. It s her second child.

L. I don t usually smo!e 0ut I as $eeling "ery ner"ous# so I @@@.

1M. The phone rang 0ut I couldn t ans er it 0ecause I @@@.

11. 9ou meet Tom at the airport. 2e has 4ust arri"ed. 9ou say:

2ello# Tom. @@@/

;p<D

UNIT 1G. Used to (do)


ennis stopped smo!ing t o years ago. 2e doesn t smo!e any more.

ut he used to smo!e.

2e used to smo!e BM cigarettes a day.

2e used to smo!e ' he smo!ed regularly $or some time in the past# 0ut he doesn t smo!e no . 2e as a

smo!er# 0ut no he isn t

. Something used to happen ' something happened regularly in the past 0ut no longer happens:

, I used to play tennis a lot 0ut I don t play "ery o$ten no .

, iane used to tra"el a lot. These days she doesn t go a ay so o$ten.

, o you go to the cinema "ery o$ten/ Not no # 0ut I used to. (' I used to go ...)

-e also use used to... $or something that as true 0ut is not true any more:

, This 0uilding is no a $urniture shop. It used to 0e a cinema.

, I used to thin! he as un$riendly 0ut no I realise he s a "ery nice person.

, I "e started drin!ing co$$ee recently. I ne"er used to li!e it 0e$ore.

, 3anet used to ha"e "ery long hair hen she as a child.



8. I used to do something is past. There is no present $orm. 9ou cannot say I use to do . To tal! a0out the

present# use the present simple (I do).

8ompare: past: he used to smo!e e used to li"e there used to 0e

present: he smo!es e li"e there is

, -e used to li"e in a small "illage 0ut no e li"e in ondon.

, There used to 0e $our cinemas in the to n. No there is only one.

. The normal Fuestion $orm is did (you) use to .../:

, id you use to eat a lot o$ s eets hen you ere a child/

The negati"e $orm is didn t use to ... (used not to ... is also possi0le)

, I didn t use to li!e him. (or I used not to li!e him.) . 8ompare I used to do and I as doing (see Unit D):

, I used to atch TO a lot. (' I atched TO regularly in the past# 0ut I no longer do this)

, I as atching TO hen the phone rang. (' I as in the middle o$ atching TO)

7. o not con$use I used to do and I am used to doing (see Unit DM). The structures and meanings are

di$$erent:

, I used to li"e alone. (' I li"ed alone in the past 0ut I no longer li"e alone)

, I am used to li"ing alone. (' I li"e alone and I don t $ind it strange or ne 0ecause I "e 0een li"ing alone $or

some time)

;p<E

= >8IS S

1G.1 8omplete these sentences ith use(d) to ... a suita0le "er0.

1. ennis ga"e up smo!ing t o years ago. 2e used to smo!e BM cigarettes a day.

?. iK @@@ a motor0i!e# 0ut last year she sold it and 0ought a car.

<. -e came to li"e in anchester a $e years ago. -e @@@ in Nottingham.

B. I rarely cat ice cream no 0ut I @@@ it hen I as a child.

C. 3im @@@ my 0est $riend 0ut e aren t $riends any longer.

D. It only ta!es me a0out BM minutes to get to or! since the ne road as opened. It @@@ more than an hour.

E. There @@@ a hotel opposite the station 0ut it closed a long time ago

G. -hen you li"ed in ondon# @@@ to the theatre "ery o$ten/

1G.? rian changed his li$estyle. 2e stopped doing some things and started doing other things:

2e stopped studying hard%going to 0ed early%running three miles e<"ery morning

2e started smo!ing%going out in the e"ening%spending a lot o$ money

-rite sentences a0out rian ith used to and didn t use to.

1. 2e used to smo!e.

?. 2e didn t use to smo!e.



<. @@@

B. @@@

C. @@@ D. @@@

1G.< 8ompare hat 8arol said $i"e years ago and hat she says today:

7IO 9 A>S A 5+

I tra"el a lot#

I play the piano.

I m "ery laKy.

I don t li!e cheese.

I "e got a dog. I m a hotel receptionist.

I "e got lots o$ $riends.

I ne"er read ne spapers.

I don t drin! tea.

I go to a lot o$ parties.

T+ A9

I eat lots o$ cheese no .

I or! "ery hard these days.

I don t !no in people these days.

I or! in a 0oo!shop no.

I don t go a ay much these days.

y dog died t o years ago.

I read a ne spaper e"ery day no .

I ha"en t 0een to a party $or ages.

I ha"en t played piano $or years.

Tea s great6 I li!e it no .

No rite sentences a0out 0o 8arol has changed. Use used to%didn t use to%ne"er used to in the $irst part

o$ your sentence.

1 She used to tra"el a lot 0ut she doesn t go a ay much these days.

?. She used @@@ 0ut @@@

<. @@@ 0ut @@@

B. @@@ 0ut @@@

C. @@@ 0ut @@@

D. @@@ 0ut @@@

E. @@@ 0ut @@@



G. @@@ 0ut @@@

L. @@@ 0ut @@@

1M. @@@ 0ut @@@

;p<G

UNIT 1L. Present tenses (I am doing%I do) $or the $uture

A. Present continuous 3 am doing) ith a $uture meaning

Study this example situation:

This is Tom s diary $or next ee!.

2e is playing tennis on onday a$ternoon.

2e is going to the dentist on Tuesday morning. 2e is ha"ing dinner ith Ann on 7riday.

In all these examples# Tom has already decided and arranged to do these things.

Use the present continuous to say hat you ha"e already arranged to do. o not use the present simple 3

do):

, A: -hat are you doing on Saturday e"ening/ (not hat do you do )

: I m going to the theatre. (not I go )

, A: -hat time is 8athy arri"ing tomorro /

: At 1M.<M. I m meeting her at the station.

, I m not or!ing tomorro # so e can go out some here.

, Ian isn t playing $oot0all on Saturday. 2e s hurt his leg.

(I m) going to (do) is also possi0le in these sentences:

, -hat are you going to do on Saturday e"ening/

ut the present continuous is more natural $or arrangements. See also Unit ?M .

o not use ill to tal! a0out hat you ha"e arranged to do:

, -hat are you doing this e"ening/ (not hat ill you do )

, Alex is getting married next month. (not ill get )

. Present simple (I do) ith a $uture meaning

-e use the present simple hen e tal! a0out timeta0les# programmes etc. ($or example# $or pu0lic

transport# cinemas etc.):

, The train lea"es Plymouth at 11.<M and arri"es in ondon at 1B.BC.

, -hat time does the $ilm 0egin/

, It s -ednesday tomorro .

9ou can use the present simple $or people i$ their plans are $ixed li!e a timeta0le:

, I start my ne 4o0 on onday.

, -hat time do you $inish or! tomorro /



ut the continuous is more usual $or personal arrangements:

, -hat time are you meeting Ann tomorro / (not do you meet )

8ompare: , -hat time are you lea"ing tomorro /

0ut , -hat time does the train lea"e tomorro /

, I m going to the cinema this e"ening.

0ut , The $ilm starts at G.1C (this e"ening).

;p<L

= >8IS S

1L.1 A $riend o$ yours is planning to go on holiday soon. 9ou as! her a0out her plans. Use the ords in

0rac!ets to ma!e your Fuestions. 1. ( here%go/) -here are you going/ Scotland.

?. (ho long%stay/) Ten days.

<. ( hen%go/) Next 7riday.

B. (go%alone/) No# ith a $riend o$ mine.

C. (tra"el%0y car/) No# 0y train.

D. ( here%stay/) In a hotel.

1L.? Tom ants you to "isit him 0ut you are "ery 0usy. oo! at your diary $or the next $e days and explain

to him hy you can t come.

T+ : 8an you come on onday e"ening/

9ou: Sorry 0ut I m playing "olley0all. (1)

T+ : -hat a0out Tuesday e"ening then/

9ou: No# not Tuesday I @@@ (?)

T+ : And -ednesday e"ening/

9+U: @@@ (<)

T+ : -ell# are you $ree on Thursday/

9+U: I m a$raid not. @@@ (B)

1L.< 2a"e you arranged to do anything at these times/ -rite (true) sentences a0out yoursel$.

1. (this e"ening) I m going out this e"ening. or I m not doing anything this e"ening. or I don t !no hat I m

doing this e"ening.

?. (tomorro morning) I @@@

<. (tomorro e"ening)

B. (next Sunday)

C. (choose another day or time)

1L.B Put the "er0 into the more suita0le $orm# present continuous or present simple.

1. I m going (go) to the theatre this e"ening.



?. oes the $ilm 0egin (the $ilm%0egin) at <.<M or B.<M/

<. -e @@@ (ha"e) a party next Saturday. -ould you li!e to come/

B. The art exhi0ition @@@ (open) on < ay and @@@ ($inish) on 1C 3uly. C. I @@@ (not%go) out this e"ening. I @@@ (stay) at home.

D. @@@ (you%do) anything tomorro morning/ No# I m $ree. -hy/

E. -e @@@ (go) to a concert tonight. It @@@ (0egin) at E.<M.

G. 9ou are on the train to ondon and you as! another passenger:

xcuse me. -hat time @@@ (this train%get) to ondon/

L. 9ou are tal!ing to Ann:

Ann# I @@@ (go) to to n. @@@ (you%come) ith me/

1M. Sue @@@ (come) to see us tomorro . She @@@ (tra"el) 0y train and her train @@@ (arri"e) at 1M.1C. I @@@ (meet)her at the station.

11. I @@@ (not%use) the car this e"ening# so you can ha"e it.

1?. 9ou and a $riend are atching tele"ision. 9ou say:

I m 0ored ith this programme. -hen @@@ (it%$inish)/

;pBM

UNIT ?M. (I m) going to (do)

A. I am going to do something ' I ha"e already decided to do it# I intend to do it:

, A: There s a $ilm on tele"ision tonight. Are you going to atch it/

: No# I m tired. I m going to ha"e an early night.

, A: I hear >uth has on some money. -hat is she going to do ith it/

: She s going to 0uy a ne car.

, A: 2a"e you made the co$$ee yet/

: I m 4ust going to ma!e it. (4ust ' right at this moment)

, This $ood loo!s horri0le. I m not going to eat it.

. I am doing and I am going to do

-e normally use I am doing (present continuous) hen e say hat e ha"e arranged to do $or example#

arranged to meet some0ody# arranged to go some here (see Unit 1LA):

, -hat time are you meeting Ann this e"ening/

, I m lea"ing tomorro . I "e got my plane tic!et.

I am going to do something ' I "e decided to do it (0ut perhaps not arranged to do it):

, The indo s are dirty. 9es# I !no . I m going to clean them later. (' I "e decided to clean them 0ut I

ha"en t arranged to clean them)

, I "e decided not to stay here any longer. Tomorro I m going to loo! $or some here else to stay.

+$ten the di$$erence is "ery small and either $orm is possi0le.



8. 9ou can also say that something is going to happen in the $uture. 7or example:

The man can t see here he s al!ing. There is a hole in $ront o$ him.

2e is going to $all into the hole. -hen e say that something is going to happen # the situation no ma!es us 0elie"e this. The man is

al!ing to ards the hole no # so he is going to $all into it.

, oo! at those 0lac! clouds6 It s going to rain. (the clouds are there no )

, I $eel terri0le. I thin! I m going to 0e sic!. (I $eel terri0le no )

. I as going to (do something) ' I intended to do it 0ut didn t do it:

, -e ere going to tra"el 0y train 0ut then e decided to go 0y car instead.

, A: id Peter do the examination/

: No# he as going to do it 0ut he changed his mind. , I as 4ust going to cross the road hen some0ody shouted Stop6

9ou can say that something as going to happen (0ut didn t happen):

, I thought it as going to rain 0ut then the sun came out.

;pB1

= >8IS S

?M.1 Ans er the Fuestions. 9ou are going to do all these things 0ut you ha"en t done them yet. Use going to

and the ord(s) in 0rac!ets.

1. 2a"e you cleaned the car/ (tomorro ) Not yet. I m going to clean it tomorro .

?. 2a"e you phoned Sally/ (later) Not yet. @@@

<. 2a"e you done the shopping/ (this a$ternoon) Not yet. @@@

B. 2a"e you read the paper/ (a$ter dinner) Not @@@

C. 2a"e you had dinner/ (4ust) @@@

?M.? -rite a Fuestion ith going to $or each situation.

1. 9our $riend has on some money. 9ou as!:

( hat%do ith it/) -hat are you going to do ith it/

?. 9our $riend is going to a party tonight. 9ou as!:

( hat% ear/)

<. 9our $riend has 4ust 0ought a ne ta0le. 9ou as!:

( here%put it/)

B. 9our $riend has decided to ha"e a party. 9ou as!:

( ho%in"ite/)

?M.< >ead the situations and complete the dialogues. Use going to.

1. 9ou ha"e decided to rite some letters this e"ening.

7>I N : Are you going out this e"ening/ 9ou: No# I m going to rite some letters.

?. 9ou are a smo!er 0ut you ha"e decided to gi"e it up soon.



7>I N : Smo!ing is "ery 0ad $or you.

9+U: I !no . @@@

<. 9ou ha"e 0een o$$ered a 4o0 0ut you ha"e decided not to ta!e it. 7>I N : I hear you "e 0een o$$ered a 4o0.

9+U: That s right# 0ut @@@

B. 9ou are in a restaurant. The $ood is a $ul and you "e decided to complain.

7>I N : This $ood is a $ul# isn t it/

9+U: 9es# it s disgusting. @@@

?M.B -hat is going to happen in these situations/ Use the ords in 0rac!ets.

1. There are a lot o$ 0lac! clouds in the s!y. (rain) It s going to rain.

?. It is G.<M. 3ac! is lea"ing his house. 2e has to 0e at or! at G.BC 0ut the 4ourney ta!es <M minutes. (late)2e @@@

<. There is a hole in the 0ottom o$ the 0oat. A lot o$ ater is coming in through the hole. (sin!) The 0oat @@@

B. mma is dri"ing. There is "ery little petrol le$t in the tan!. The nearest petrol station is a long ay a ay.

(run out) She @@@

?M.C 8omplete the sentences ith as% ere going to one o$ these "er0s:

gi"e up ha"e phone play tra"el

1. -e ere going to tra"el 0y train 0ut then e decided to go 0y car instead.

?. -e @@@ tennis yesterday 0ut it rained all day.

<. I @@@ 3im# 0ut I decided to rite him a letter instead.

B. -hen I last sa Tim# he @@@ his 4o0 0ut in the end he decided not to.

C. -e @@@ a party last ee! 0ut some o$ our $riends couldn t come# so e cancelled it.

;pB?

UNIT ?1. -ill%shall (1)

A. -e use I ll (' I ill) hen e decide to do something at the time o$ spea!ing:

, +h# I "e le$t the door open. I ll go and shut it.

, -hat ould you li!e to drin!/ I ll ha"e an orange 4uice# please.

, id you phone >uth/ +h no# I $orgot. I ll phone her no .

9ou cannot use the present simple (I do%I go etc.) in these sentences:

, I ll go and shut the door. (not I go and shut )

-e o$ten use I thin! I ll ... and I don t thin! I ll ...:

, I $eel a 0it hungry. I thin! I ll ha"e something to cat.

, I don t thin! I ll go out tonight. I m too tired.

In spo!en nglish the negati"e o$ ill is usually on t (' ill not):

, I can see you re 0usy# so I on t stay long.



. o not use ill to tal! a0out hat you ha"e already decided or arranged to do (see Units 1L@?M):

, I m going on holiday next Saturday. (not I ll go )

, Are you or!ing tomorro / (not ill you or! ) 8. -e o$ten use ill in these situations:

+$$ering to do something

, That 0ag loo!s hea"y. I ll help you ith it. (not I help )

Agreeing to do something

, A: 9ou !no that 0oo! I lent you. 8an I ha"e it 0ac! i$ you "e $inished ith it/

: +$ course. I ll gi"e it to you this a$ternoon. (not I gi"e )

Promising to do something

, Than!s $or lending me the money. I ll pay you 0ac! on 7riday. (not I pay ) , I on t tell anyone hat happened. I promise.

As!ing some0ody to do something (-ill you .../)

, -ill you please 0e Fuiet/ I m trying to concentrate.

, -ill you shut the door# please/

9ou can use on t to say that some0ody re$uses to do something:

, I "e tried to ad"ise her 0ut she on t listen. (' she re$uses to listen)

, The car on t start. I onder hat s rong ith it. (' the car re$uses to start)

. Shall I .../ Shall e .../

Shall is used mostly in the Fuestions shall I .../%shall e .../

-e use shall I .../%shall e .../ to as! some0ody s opinion (especially in o$$ers or suggestions):

, Shall I open the indo / (' do you ant me to open the indo /)

, I "e got no money. -hat shall I do/ (' hat do you suggest/)

, Shall e go/ 3ust a minute. I m not ready yet.

, -here shall e go this e"ening/

8ompare shall I .../ and ill you .../:

, Shall I shut the door/ (' do you ant me to shut it/)

, -ill you shut the door/ (' I ant you to shut it)

;pB<

= >8IS S

?1.1 8omplete the sentences ith I ll a suita0le "er0.

1. I m too tired to al! home. I thin! I ll get a taxi.

?. It s a 0it cold in this room. Is It/ @@@ on the heating then.

<. -e ha"en t got any mil!. +h# ha"en t e/ @@@ and get some.

B. o you ant me to do the ashing@up/ No# it s all right. @@@ it.

C. I don t !no ho to use this computer. +J# @@@ you.



D. -ould you li!e tea or co$$ee/ @@@ co$$ee# please.

E. 5ood0ye6 2a"e a nice holiday. Than!s. @@@ you a postcard.

G. Than! you $or lending me your camera. @@@ it 0ac! to you on onday# +J/ L. Are you coming ith us/ No# I thin! @@@ here.

?1.? >ead the situations and rite sentences ith I thin! I ll ... or I don t thin! I ll ...

1. It s a 0it cold. 9ou decide to close the indo . 9ou say: I thin! I ll close the indo .

?. 9ou are $eeling tired and it s Fuite late. 9ou decide to go to 0ed. 9ou say: I thin! @@@

<. A $riend o$ yours o$$ers you a li$t in his car 0ut you decide to al!. 9ou say: Than! you 0ut @@@

B. 9ou arranged to play tennis today. No you decide that you don t ant to play. 9ou say: I don t thin! @@@

C. 9ou ere going to go s imming. No you decide that you don t ant to go. @@@

?1.< -hich is correct/ (I$ necessary# study Units 1L@?M $irst.) 1. id you phone >uth/ +h no# I $orgot. RI phone (=)%I ll phone (+)R her no . (I ll phone is correct)

?. I can t meet you tomorro a$ternoon. RI m playing (+)%I ll play (=)R tennis. (I m playing is correct)

<. R I meet%I ll meetR you outside the hotel in hal$ an hour# +J/ 9es# that s $ine.

B. I need some money. +J# RI m lending%I ll lendR you some. 2o much do you need/

C. RI m ha"ing%I ll ha"eR a party next Saturday. I hope you can come.

D. >emem0er to 0uy a ne spaper hen you go out. +J. RI don t $orget%I on t $orget. R

E. -hat time Rdoes your train lea"e% ill your train lea"eR tomorro /

G. I as!ed Sue hat happened 0ut she Rdoesn t tell% on t tellR me.

L. R Are you doing%-ill you doR anything tomorro e"ening/ No# I m $ree. -hy/

1M. I don t ant to go out alone. R o you come%-ill you comeR ith me/

11. It s a secret 0et een us. I promise RI don t tell%I on t tellR any0ody.

?1.B -hat do you say in these situations/ -rite sentences ith shall I .../ or shall e .../

1. 9ou and a $riend ant to do something this e"ening 0ut you don t !no hat. 9ou as! your $riend. -hat

shall e do this e"ening/

?. 9ou try on a 4ac!et in a shop. 9ou are not sure hether to 0uy it or not. 9ou as! a $riend $or ad"ice. @@@ it/

<. It s Ann s 0irthday next ee!. 9ou ant to gi"e her a present 0ut you don t !no hat. 9ou as! a $riend $or

ad"ice. -hat @@@

B. 9ou and a $riend are going on holiday together 0ut you ha"en t decided here. 9ou as! him%her. @@@

C. 9ou and a $riend are going out. 9ou ha"en t decided hether to go 0y car or to al!. 9ou as! him%her @@@

D. 9our $riend ants you to phone later. 9ou don t !no hat time to phone. 9ou as! him%her @@@

;pBB

UNIT ??. -ill%shall (?)

A. -e do not use ill to say hat some0ody has already arranged or decided to do in the $uture:

, Ann is or!ing next ee!. (not Ann ill or! )



, Are you going to atch tele"ision this e"ening/ (not ill you atch )

7or I m or!ing ... and Are you going to .../# see Units 1L@?M.

ut o$ten# hen e tal! a0out the $uture# e are not tal!ing a0out hat some0ody has decided to do. 7or example:

82>IS: o you thin! Ann ill pass the exam/

3+ : 9es# she ll pass easily.

She ll pass does not mean she has decided to pass . 3oe is saying hat he !no s or thin!s ill happen.

2e is predicting the $uture.

-hen e predict a $uture happening or situation# e use ill% on t.

, 3ill has 0een a ay a long time. -hen she returns# she ll $ind a lot o$ changes.

, -here ill you 0e this time next year) I ll 0e in 3apan. , That plate is "ery hot. I$ you touch it# you ll 0urn yoursel$.

, Tom on t pass the examination. 2e hasn t or!ed hard enough $or it.

, -hen ill you !no your exam results/

. -e o$ten use ill ( ll) ith:

pro0a0ly: I ll pro0a0ly 0e home late this e"ening.

I expect: I ha"en t seen 8arol today. I expect she ll phone this e"ening.

(I m) sure: on t orry a0out the exam. I m sure you ll pass.

(I) thin!: o you thin! Sarah ill li!e the present e 0ought her/

(I) don t thin!: I don t thin! the exam ill 0e "ery di$$icult.

I onder: I onder hat ill happen.

A$ter (I) hope# e generally use the present:

, I hope 8arol phones this e"ening.

, I hope it doesn t rain tomorro .

8. 5enerally e use ill to tal! a0out the $uture# 0ut sometimes e use ill to tal! a0out no . 7or example:

, on t phone Ann no . She ll 0e 0usy. (' I !no she ll 0e 0usy no )

. I shall ...% e shall ...

Normally e use shall only ith I and e.

9ou can say I shall or I ill (I ll)# e shall or e ill ( e ll):

, I shall 0e tired this e"ening. (or I ill 0e ...)

, -e shall pro0a0ly go to Scotland $or our holiday. (or -e ill pro0a0ly go ...)

In spo!en nglish e normally use I ll and e ll:

, -e ll pro0a0ly go to Scotland.

The negati"e o$ shall is shall not or shan t:

, I shan t 0e here tomorro . (or I on t 0e ...)

o not use shall ith he%she%it%you%they:



, She ill 0e "ery angry. (not she shall 0e )

;pBC

= >8IS S ??.1 -hich $orm o$ the "er0 is correct (or more natural) in these sentences/ The "er0s are underlined.

1. Ann isn t $ree on Saturday. RShe ll or! (=)%She s or!ing (+).R (She s or!ing is correct)

?. RI ll go%I m goingR to a party tomorro night. -ould you li!e to come too/

<. I thin! 3ane R ill get%is gettingR the 4o0. She has a lot o$ experience.

B. I can t meet you this e"ening. A $riend o$ mine R ill come%is comingR to see me.

C. A: 2a"e you decided here to go $or your holidays/

: 9es# R e ill go% e are goingR to Italy.

D. There s no need to 0e a$raid o$ the dog. RIt on t hurt%It isn t hurtingR you. ??.? 8omplete the sentences ith ill ( ll) one o$ these "er0s:

0e 0e come get li!e loo! meet pass

1. on t orry a0out your exam. I m sure you I ll pass.

?. -hy don t you try on this 4ac!et/ It @@@ nice on you.

<. 9ou must meet 5eorge sometime. I thin! you @@@ him.

B. It s raining. on t go out. 9ou @@@ et.

C. They "e in"ited me to their house. They @@@ o$$ended i$ I don t go.

D. 5ood0ye. I expect e @@@ again 0e$ore long.

E. I "e in"ited Sue to the party 0ut I don t thin! she @@@.

G. I onder here I @@@ ?M years $rom no .

??.< Put in ill ( ll) or on t.

1. 8an you ait $or me/ I on t 0e "ery long.

?. There s no need to ta!e an um0rella ith you. It @@@ rain.

<. I$ you don t eat anything no # you @@@ 0e hungry later.

B. I m sorry a0out hat happened yesterday. It @@@ happen again.

C. I "e got some incredi0le ne s6 9ou @@@ ne"er 0elie"e hat s happened.

D. on t as! argaret $or ad"ice. She @@@ !no hat to do.

??.B -here ill you 0e at these times/ -rite true sentences a0out yoursel$. Use one o$ these:

I ll 0e ... or I expect I ll 0e... or I ll pro0a0ly 0e ... or I don t !no here I ll 0e. or I m not sure. I might 0e ...

(7or might see Unit <M.)

1. (next onday e"ening at E.BC) I ll pro0a0ly 0e at home.

or I m not sure. I might 0e at the cinema.

or I don t !no here I ll 0e. (etc.)

?. (at C o cloc! tomorro morning) @@@

<. (at 1M.<M tomorro morning) @@@



B. (next Saturday a$ternoon at B.1C) @@@

C. (this time next year) @@@

??.C -rite Fuestions using do you thin! ... ill .../ one o$ these "er0s: 0e 0ac! cost $inish get married happen li!e rain

1. I "e 0ought ary a present. o you thin! she ll li!e it/

?. The eather doesn t loo! "ery good. o you @@@

<. The meeting is still going on. -hen do you @@@

B. y car needs to 0e repaired. 2o much @@@

C. Sally and a"id are in lo"e. o @@@

D. I m going out no . +J. -hat time @@@ E. The $uture situation is uncertain. -hat @@@

;pBD

UNIT ?<. I ill and I m going to

A. 7uture actions

Study the di$$erence 0et een ill and going to:

Sue is tal!ing to 2elen:

SU : et s ha"e a party

2 N: That s a great idea. -e ll in"ite lots o$ people.

ill ( ll): -e use ill hen e decide to do something at the time o$ spea!ing. The spea!er has not decided

0e$ore. The party is a ne idea.

ater that day# 2elen meets a"e:

2 N: Sue and I ha"e decided to ha"e a party. -e re going to in"ite lots o$ people.

going to: -e use (0e) going to hen e ha"e already decided to do something. 2elen had already decided

to In"ite lots o$ people 0e$ore she spo!e to a"e.

8ompare:

, 5eorge phoned hile you ere out. +J. I ll phone him 0ac!.

0ut , 5eorge phoned hile you ere out. 9es# I !no . I m going to phone him 0ac!.

, Ann is in hospital. +h really/ I didn t !no . I ll go and "isit her.

0ut , Ann is in hospital. 9es# I !no . I m going to "isit her tomorro .

. 7uture happenings and situations (predicting the $uture)

Sometimes there is not much di$$erence 0et een ill and going to. 7or example# you can say:

, I thin! the eather ill 0e nice later.

, I thin! the eather is going to 0e nice later.

-hen e say something is going to happen # e !no (or thin!) this 0ecause o$ the situation no . 7or



example:

, oo! at those 0lac! clouds. It s going to rain. (not it ill rain @ e can see the clouds no )

, I $eel terri0le. I thin! I m going to 0e sic!. (not I thin! I ll 0e sic! @ I $eel terri0le no ) o not use ill in situations li!e these. (See also Unit ?M8.)

In other situations# it is sa$er to use ill:

, Tom ill pro0a0ly arri"e at a0out G o cloc!.

, I thin! Ann ill li!e the present e 0ought $or her.

;pBE

= >8IS S

?<.1 8omplete the sentences using ill ( ll) or going to.

1. A: -hy are you turning on the tele"ision/ : I m going to atch the ne s. (I% atch)

?. A: +h# I "e 4ust realised. I ha"en t got any money.

: 2a"en t you/ -ell# don t orry. @@@ you some. (I%lend)

<. A: I "e got a headache.

: 2a"e you/ -ait there and @@@ an aspirin $or you. (I%get)

B. A: -hy are you $illing that 0uc!et ith ater/

: @@@ the car. (I% ash)

C. A: I "e decided to repaint this room.

: +h# ha"e you/ -hat colour @@@ it/ (you%paint)

D. A: -here are you going/ Are you going shopping/

: 9es# @@@ something $or dinner. (I%0uy)

E. A: I don t !no ho to use this camera.

: It s Fuite easy. @@@ you. (I%sho )

G. A: -hat ould you li!e to eat/

: @@@ a sand ich# please. (I%ha"e)

L. A: id you post that letter $or me/

: +h# I m sorry. I completely $orgot @@@ it no . (I%do)

1M. A: The ceiling in this room doesn t too! "ery sa$e# does it/

: No# it loo!s as i$ @@@ do n. (it%$all)

11. A: 2as 5eorge decided hat to do hen he lea"es school/

: +h# yes. "erything is planned. @@@ a holiday $or a $e ee!s and then @@@ a computer programming

course. (he%ha"e# he%do)

?<.? >ead the situations and complete the sentences using ill ( ll) or going to.

1. The phone rings and you ans er. Some0ody ants to spea! to 3im.

8A >: 2ello. 8an I spea! to 3im# please/



9+U: 3ust a moment. @@@ him. (I%get)

?. It s a nice day. 9ou "e decided to sit in the garden. e$ore going outside# you tell your $riend.

9+U: The eather s too nice to stay indoors. @@@ in the garden. (I%sit) 7>I N : That s a good idea. I thin! @@@ you. (I%4oin)

<. 9our $riend is orried 0ecause she has lost an important letter.

9+U: on t orry a0out the letter. I m sure @@@ it. (you%$ind)

7>I N : I hope so.

B. There as a 4o0 ad"ertised in the paper recently. At $irst you ere interested 0ut then you decided not to

apply.

7>I N : 2a"e you decided hat to do a0out that 4o0 that as ad"ertised/

9+U: 9es# @@@ $or it. (I%not%apply) C. 9ou and a $riend come home "ery late. +ther people in the house are asleep. 9our $riend is noisy.

9ou: Shhh6 on t ma!e so much noise. @@@ e"ery0ody up. (you% a!e)

D. 3ohn has to go to the airport to catch a plane tomorro morning.

3+2N: Ann# I need some0ody to ta!e me to the airport tomorro morning.

ANN: That s no pro0lem. @@@ you. (I%ta!e) -hat time is your $light/

3+2N: 1M.CM.

ANN: +J. @@@ at a0out L o cloc! then. ( e%lea"e)

ater that day# 3oe o$$ers to ta!e 3ohn to the airport.

3+ : 3ohn# do you ant me to ta!e you to the airport/

3+2N: No than!s# 3oe. @@@ me. (Ann%ta!e)

;pBG

UNIT ?B. -ill 0e doing and ill ha"e done


Je"in lo"es $oot0all and this e"ening there is a 0ig $oot0all match on tele"ision. The match 0egins at E.<M

and ends at L.1C. Paul ants to see Je"in the same e"ening and ants to !no hat time to come to his

house.

PAU : Is it all right i$ I come at a0out G.<M/

J OIN: No# I ll 0e atching the $oot0all then.

PAU : -ell# hat a0out L.<M/

J OIN: 7ine. The match ill ha"e $inished 0y then.

. I ill 0e doing something ($uture continuous) ' I ill 0e in the middle o$ doing something. The $oot0all

match 0egins at E.<M and ends at L.1C. So during this time# $or example at G.<M# Je"in ill 0e atching the

match. Another example:



, I m going on holiday on Saturday. This time next ee! I ll 0e lying on a 0each or

s imming in the sea.

8ompare ill 0e (do)ing and ill (do): , on t phone me 0et een E and G. -e ll 0e ha"ing dinner then.

, et s ait $or ary to arri"e and then e ll ha"e dinner.

8ompare ill 0e &ing ith other continuous $orms:

, At 1M o cloc! yesterday# Sally as in her o$$ice. She as or!ing. (past)

It s 1M o cloc! no . She is in her o$$ice. She is or!ing. (present)

At 1M o cloc! tomorro # she ill 0e in her o$$ice. She ill 0e or!ing.

8. -e also use ill 0e doing in a di$$erent ay: to tal! a0out complete actions in the $uture:

, A: I$ you see Sally# can you as! her to phone me/ : Sure. I ll 0e seeing her this e"ening# so I ll tell her then.

, -hat time ill your $riends 0e arri"ing tomorro /

In these examples ill 0e &ing is similar to the present continuous $or the $uture. (See Unit 1LA.)

9ou can use -ill you 0e &ing .../ to as! a0out some0ody s plans# especially i$ you ant something or ant

them to do something. 7or example:

, A: -ill you 0e passing the post o$$ice hen you re out/

: Pro0a0ly. -hy/

A: I need some stamps. 8ould you get me some/

, A: -ill you 0e using your 0icycle this e"ening/

: No. o you ant to 0orro it/

. -e use ill ha"e (done) ($uture per$ect) to say that something ill already 0e complete. Je"in s $oot0all

match ends at L.1C. So a$ter this time# $or example at L.<M# the match ill ha"e $inished. Some more

examples:

, Sally al ays lea"es $or or! at G.<M in the morning# so she on t 0e at home at L

o cloc!. She ll ha"e gone to or!.

, -e re late. The $ilm ill already ha"e started 0y the time e get to the cinema.

8ompare ill ha"e (done) ith other per$ect $orms:

, Ted and Amy ha"e 0een married $or ?B years. (present per$ect)

Next year they ill ha"e 0een married $or ?C years.

-hen their $irst child as 0orn# they had 0een married $or three years. (past per$ect)

;pBL

= >8IS S

?B.1 >ead a0out 8olin. Then you ha"e to tic! (O) the sentences hich are true. In each group o$ sentences

at least one is true.

8olin goes to or! e"ery day. 2e lea"es home at G o cloc! and arri"es at or! at a0out G.BC. 2e starts or!



immediately and continues until 1?.<M hen he has lunch ( hich ta!es a0out hal$ an hour). 2e starts or!

again at 1.1C and goes home at exactly B.<M. "ery day he $ollo s the same routine and tomorro ill 0e no

exception. 1. At E.BC

a. he ll 0e lea"ing the house

0. he ll ha"e le$t the house

c. he ll 0e at home (O)

d. he ll 0e ha"ing 0rea!$ast (O)

?. At G.1C

a. he ll 0e lea"ing the house

0. he ll ha"e le$t the house c. he ll ha"e arri"ed at or!

d. he ll 0e arri"ing at or!

<. At L.1C

a. he ll 0e or!ing

0. he ll start or!

c. he ll ha"e started or!

d. he ll 0e arri"ing at or!

B. At 1?.BC

a. he ll ha"e lunch

0. he ll 0eha"ing lunch

c. he ll ha"e $inished his lunch

d. he ll ha"e started his lunch

C. At B o cloc!

a. he ll ha"e $inished or!

0. he ll $inish or!

c. he ll 0e or!ing

d. he on t ha"e $inished or!

D. At B.BC

a. he ll lea"e or!

0. he ll 0e lea"ing or!

c. he ll ha"e le$t or!

d. he ll ha"e arri"ed home

?B.? Put the "er0 into the correct $orm# ill 0e (do)ing or ill ha"e (done).

1. on t phone me 0et een E and G. -e ll 0e ha"ing ( e%ha"e) dinner then.

?. Phone me a$ter G o cloc!. @@@ ( e%$inish) dinner 0y then.



<. Tomorro a$ternoon e re going to play tennis $rom < o cloc! until B.<M. So at B o cloc!# @@@ ( e%play)

tennis.

B. A: 8an e meet tomorro a$ternoon/ : Not in the a$ternoon. @@@ (I% or!).

C. has to go to a meeting hich 0egins at 1M o cloc!. It ill last a0out an hour.

A: -ill you 0e $ree at 11.<M/

: 9es# @@@ (the meeting%$inish) 0y that time.

D. Tom is on holiday and he is spending his money "ery Fuic!ly. I$ he continues li!e this# @@@ (he%spend) all his

money 0e$ore the end o$ his holiday.

E. 8huc! came to ritain $rom the USA nearly three years ago. Next onday it ill 0e exactly three years.

So on onday# @@@ (he%0e) in ritain $or exactly three years. G. o you thin! @@@ (you%still%do) the same 4o0 in ten years time/

L. 3ane is $rom Ne ealand. She is tra"elling around urope at the moment. So $ar she has tra"elled a0out

1#MMM miles. y the end o$ the trip# @@@ (she%tra"el) more than <#MMM miles.

1M. I$ you need to contact me# @@@ (I%stay) at the ion 2otel until 7riday.

11. A: @@@ (you%see) aura tomorro /

: 9es# pro0a0ly. -hy/

A: I 0orro ed this 0oo! $rom her. 8an you gi"e it 0ac! to her/

;pCM

Unit ?C. -hen I do%-hen I "e done -hen and i$

A. Study these examples:

A: -hat time ill you phone me tomorro /

: I ll phone you hen I get home $rom or!.

I ll phone you hen I get home $rom or! is a sentence ith t o parts:

the main part: I ll phone you

and the hen@part: hen I get home $rom or! (tomorro )

The time in the sentence is $uture ( tomorro ) 0ut e use a present tense (get) in the hen part o$ the

sentence.

-e do not use ill in the hen@part o$ the sentence:

, -e ll go out hen it stops raining. (not hen it ill stop )

, -hen you are in ondon again# you must come and see us. (not hen you ill 0e )

, (said to a child) -hat do you ant to 0e hen you gro up/ (not ill gro )

The same thing happens a$ter: hile 0e$ore a$ter as soon as until or till

, I m going to read a lot o$ 0oo!s hile I m on holiday. (not hile I ill 0e )

, I m going 0ac! home on Sunday. e$ore I go# I d li!e to "isit the museum.



, -ait here until (or till) I come 0ac!.

. 9ou can also use the present per$ect (ha"e done) a$ter hen%a$ter%until%as soon as:

, 8an I 0orro that 0oo! hen you "e $inished it/ , on t say anything hile Ian is here. -ait until he has gone.

It is o$ten possi0le to use the present simple or the present per$ect:

, I ll come as soon as I $inish. or I ll come as soon as I "e $inished.

, 9ou ll $eel 0etter a$ter you ha"e something to eat. or 9ou ll $eel 0etter a$ter you "e had something to eat.

ut do not use the present per$ect i$ t o things happen together. The present per$ect sho s that one thing

ill 0e complete 0e$ore the other (so the t o things do not happen together).

8ompare:

, -hen I "e phoned Jate# e can ha"e dinner. (' 7irst I ll phone Jate and a$ter that e can ha"e dinner.) 0ut , -hen I phone Jate this e"ening# I ll in"ite her to the party. (not hen I "e phoned ) (In this example# the

t o things happen together.)

8. A$ter i$# e normally use the present simple (i$ I do%i$ I see etc.) $or the $uture:

, It s raining hard. -e ll get et i$ e go out. (not i$ e ill go )

, 2urry up6 I$ e don t hurry# e ll 0e late.

8ompare hen and i$:

-e use hen $or things hich are sure to happen:

, I m going shopping this a$ternoon. ($or sure) -hen I go shopping# I ll 0uy some $ood.

-e use i$ (not hen ) $or things that ill possi0ly happen:

, I might go shopping this a$ternoon. (it s possi0le) I$ I go shopping# I ll 0uy some $ood.

, I$ it is raining this e"ening# I on t go out. (not hen it is raining )

, on t orry i$ I m late tonight. (not hen I m late )

, I$ they don t come soon# I m not going to ait. (not hen they don t come )

;pC1

= >8IS S

?C.1 8omplete these sentences using the "er0s in 0rac!ets. All the sentences are a0out the $uture. Use

ill% on t or the present simple (I see%he plays%it is etc.).

1. I ll phone (phone) you hen I get (get) home $rom or!.

?. I ant to see argaret 0e$ore she @@@ (go) out.

<. -e re going on holiday tomorro . I @@@ (tell) you all a0out it hen e @@@ (come) 0ac!.

B. rian loo!s "ery di$$erent no . -hen you @@@ (see) him again# you @@@ (not%recognise) him.

C. -e must do something soon 0e$ore it @@@ (0e) too late.

D. I don t ant to go ithout you. I @@@ ( ait) until you @@@ (0e) ready.

E. Sue has applied $or the 4o0 0ut she isn t "ery ell Fuali$ied $or it. I @@@ (0e) surprised i$ she @@@ (get) it.

G. I d li!e to play tennis tomorro i$ the eather @@@ (0e) nice.



L. I m going out no . I$ any0ody @@@ (phone) hile I @@@ (0e) out# can you ta!e a message/

?C.? a!e one sentence $rom t o.

1. 9ou ill 0e in ondon again. 9ou must come and see us then. 9ou must come and see us. hen you are in ondon again.

?. I ll $ind some here to li"e. Then I ll gi"e you my address.

I @@@ hen @@@

<. I ll do the shopping. Then I ll come straight 0ac! home.

@@@ a$ter @@@

B. It s going to start raining. et s go home 0e$ore that.

@@@ 0e$ore @@@

C. She must apologise to me $irst. I on t spea! to her until then. @@@ until @@@

?C.< >ead the situations and complete the sentences.

1. A $riend o$ yours is going to "isit ondon. 9ou ant to !no here she is going to stay.

9ou as!: -here are you going to stay hen Ryou are in ondon/R

?. A $riend o$ yours is "isiting you. She has to go soon 0ut may0e there s time $or a cup o$ tea.

9ou as!: -ould you li!e a cup o$ tea 0e$ore @@@/

<. 9our $riend is reading the ne spaper. 9ou d li!e it a$ter her.

9ou as!: 8an I ha"e the ne spaper hen @@@/

B. 9ou ant to sell your car. 3im is interested in 0uying it 0ut he hasn t decided yet.

9ou as!: 8an you let me !no as soon as @@@/

C. There are serious tra$$ic pro0lems in your to n 0ut they are 0uilding a ne road.

9ou say: I thin! it ill 0e 0etter hen @@@.

?C.B Put in hen or i$.

1. on t orry Ri$R I m late tonight.

?. Tom might phone hile I m out this e"ening. @@@ he does# can you ta!e a message/

<. I m going to >ome next ee!. @@@ I m there# I hope to "isit a $riend o$ mine.

B. I thin! 3ill ill get the 4o0. I ll 0e "ery surprised @@@ she doesn t get it.

C. I m going shopping. @@@ you ant anything# I can get it $or you.

D. I m going a ay $or a $e days. I ll phone you @@@ I get 0ac!.

E. I ant you to come to the party 0ut @@@ you don t ant to come# that s all right.

G. -e can cat at home or# @@@ you pre$er# e can go to a restaurant.

;pC?

Unit ?D. 8an# could and (0e) a0le to

A. -e use can to say that something is possi0le or that some0ody has the a0ility to do something.



, -e use can in$initi"e (can do%can see etc.):

, -e can see the la!e $rom our 0edroom indo .

, 8an you spea! any $oreign languages/ , I can come and see you tomorro i$ you li!e.

The negati"e is can t (' cannot):

, I m a$raid I can t come to the party on 7riday.

. ( e) a0le to ... is possi0le instead o$ can# 0ut can is more usual:

, Are you a0le to spea! any $oreign languages/

ut can has only t o $orms# can (present) and could (past). So sometimes it is necessary to use (0e) a0le

to... 8ompare:

, I can t sleep. 0ut I ha"en t 0een a0le to sleep recently. (can has no present per$ect)

, Tom can come tomorro .

0ut Tom might 0e a0le to come tomorro . (can has no in$initi"e)

8. 8ould and as a0le to...

Sometimes could is the past o$ can. -e use could especially ith:

see hear smell taste $eel remem0er understand

, -hen e ent into the house# e could smell 0urning.

, She spo!e in a "ery lo "oice# 0ut I could understand hat she said.

-e also use could to say that some0ody had the general a0ility or permission to do something:

, y grand$ather could spea! $i"e languages.

, -e ere completely $ree. -e could do hat e anted. (' e ere allo ed to do ...)

-e use could $or general a0ility. ut i$ e are tal!ing a0out hat happened in a particular situation# e use

as% ere a0le to... or managed to... (not could):

, The $ire spread through the 0uilding Fuic!ly 0ut e"ery0ody as a0le to escape.

or ... e"ery0ody managed to escape. (0ut not could escape )

, They didn t ant to come ith us at $irst 0ut e managed to persuade them.

or ... e ere a0le to persuade them. (0ut not could persuade )

8ompare:

, 3ac! as an excellent tennis player. 2e could 0eat any0ody. he had the general a0ility to 0eat any0ody)

0ut

, 3ac! and Al$ had a game o$ tennis yesterday. Al$ played "ery ell 0ut in the end 3ac! managed to 0eat him.

or ... as a0le to 0eat him. (' he managed to 0eat him in this particular game)

The negati"e couldn t (could not) is possi0le in all situations:

, y grand$ather couldn t (could not) is possi0le in all situations



, -e tried hard 0ut e couldn t persuade them to come ith us.

, Al$ played ell 0ut he couldn t 0eat 3ac!.

;pC< = >8IS S

?D.1 8omplete the sentences using can or (0e) a0le to. Use can i$ possi0le* other ise use (0e) a0le to.

1. 5eorge has tra"elled a lot. 2e RcanR spea! $our languages.

?. I ha"en t R0een a0le toR sleep "ery ell recently.

<. Sandra @@@ dri"e 0ut she hasn t got a car.

B. I can t understand artin. I "e ne"er @@@ understand him.

C. I used to @@@ stand on my head 0ut I can t do it no .

D. I can t see you on 7riday 0ut I @@@ meet you on Saturday morning. E. As! 8atherine a0out your pro0lem. She might @@@ help you.

?D.? -rite sentences a0out yoursel$ using the ideas in 0rac!ets.

1. (something you used to 0e a0le to do) I used to 0e a0le to sing ell.

?. (something you used to 0e a0le to do) I used @@@

<. (something you ould li!e to 0e a0le to do) I d @@@

B. (something you ha"e ne"er 0een a0le to do) I "e @@@

?D.< 8omplete the sentences ith can%can t%could%couldn t one o$ these "er0s:

come cat hear run sleep ait

1. I m a$raid I Rcan t comeR to your party next ee!.

?. -hen Tim as 1D# he as a $ast runner. 2e @@@ 1MM meters in 11 seconds.

<. Are you in a hurry/ No# I "e got plenty o$ time. I @@@.

B. I as $eeling sic! yesterday. I @@@ anything.

C. 8an you spea! up a 0it/ I @@@ you "ery ell.

D. 9ou loo! tired. 9es# I @@@ last night#

?D.B 8omplete the ans ers to the Fuestions ith as% ere a0le to.

1 A: id e"ery0ody escape $rom the $ire/

: 9es. Although the $ire spread Fuic!ly# e"ery0ody R as a0le to escape.R

? A: id you ha"e di$$iculty $inding Ann s house/

: Not really. Ann had gi"en us good directions and e @@@

<. A: id you $inish your or! this a$ternoon/

: 9es. There as no0ody to distur0 me# so @@@

B. A: id the thie$ get a ay/

: 9es. No one realised hat as happening and the thie$ @@@

?D.C 8omplete the sentences using could# couldn t or as% ere a0le to.

1. y grand$ather as a "ery cle"er man. 2e RcouldR spea! $i"e languages.



?. I loo!ed e"ery here $or the 0oo! 0ut I Rcouldn tR $ind it.

<. They didn t ant to come ith us at $irst 0ut e R ere a0le toR persuade them.

B. aura had hurt her leg and @@@ al! "ery ell. C. Sue asn t at home hen I phoned 0ut I @@@ contact her at her o$$ice.

D. I loo!ed "ery care$ully and I @@@ see a $igure in the distance.

E. I anted to 0uy some tomatoes. The $irst shop I ent to didn t ha"e any 0ut I @@@ get some in the next

shop.

G. y grandmother lo"ed music. She @@@ play the piano "ery ell.

L. A girl $ell into the ri"er 0ut $ortunately e @@@ rescue her.

1M. I had $orgotten to 0ring my camera so I @@@ ta!e any photographs.

;pCB

UNIT ?E 8ould (do) and could ha"e (done)

A. -e use could in a num0er o$ ays. Sometimes could is the past o$ can (see Unit ?D8):

, isten. I can hear something. (no )

, I listened. I could hear something. (past)

ut could is not only used in this ay. -e also in the $uture (especially to ma!e a suggestion). 7or example:

, A: -hat shall e do this e"ening/

: -e could go to the cinema.

, It s a nice day. -e could go $or a al!.

, -hen you go to Ne 9or! next month# you could stay ith ar0ara.

, A: I$ you need money# hy don t you as! Jaren/

: 9es# I suppose I could.

8an is also possi0le in these sentences ( -e can go $or a al!# etc.). 8ould is less sure than can. 9ou must

use could (not can ) hen you don t really mean hat you say. 7or example:

, I m so angry ith him. I could !ill him6 (not I can !ill him )

. -e also use could to say that something is possi0le no or in the $uture:

, The phone is ringing. It could 0e Tim.

, I don t !no hen they ll 0e here. They could arri"e at any time.

8an is not possi0le in these examples (not It can 0e Tim )

In these sentences could is similar to might (see Unit ?L@<M):

, The phone is ringing. It might 0e Tim.

8. 8ompare could (do) and could ha"e (done):

, I m so tired. I could sleep $or a ee!. (no )

, I as so tired. I could ha"e slept $or a ee!. (past)



ost o$ten# e use could ha"e (done) $or things hich ere possi0le 0ut did not happen:

, -hy did you stay at a hotel hen to Ne 9or!/ 9ou could ha"e stayed ith ar0ara. (' you had

opportunity to stay ith her 0ut you didn t) , 3ac! $ell o$$ a ladder yesterday 0ut he s all right. 2e s luc!y @ he could ha"e hurt himsel$ 0adly. (0ut ha

didn t hurt himsel$)

, The situation as 0ad 0ut it could ha"e 0een orse.

. Sometimes could means ould 0e a0le to... :

, -e could go a ay i$ e had enough money.(' e ould 0e a0le to go a ay)

, I don t !no ho you or! so hard. I couldn t do it.

8ould ha"e (done) ' ould ha"e 0een a0le to (do):

, -hy didn t iK apply $or the 4o0/ She could ha"e got it. , -e could ha"e gone a ay i$ e d had enough money.

, The trip as cancelled last ee!. Paul couldn t ha"e gone any ay 0ecause he as ill. (' he ouldn t ha"e

0een a0le to go)

, 9ou did "ery ell to pass the exam. I m sure I couldn t ha"e passed it. (' I ouldn t ha"e 0een a0le to pass

it i$ I had ta!en it)

;pCC

= >8IS S

?E.1 Ans er the Fuestions ith a suggestion. Use could.

1. -here shall e go $or our holidays/ (to Scotland) -e could go to Scotland.

?. -hat shall e ha"e $or dinner tonight/ ($ish) -e @@@

<. -hat shall I gi"e Ann $or her 0irthday/ (a 0oo!) 9ou @@@

B. -hen shall I phone Angela/ (no ) @@@

C. -hen shall e go and see Tom/ (on 7riday) @@@

D. -here shall e hang this picture/ (in the !itchen) @@@

?E.? Put in can or could. Sometimes either ord is possi0le.

1. The phone is ringing. -ho do you thin! it is/ It RcouldR 0e Tim.

?. I m really hungry. I @@@ eat a horse6

<. I$ you re "ery hungry# e @@@ ha"e dinner no.

B. It s so nice here. I @@@ stay here all day 0ut un$ortunately I ha"e to go.

C. I can t $ind my 0ag. 2a"e you seen it/ No# 0ut it @@@ 0e in the car.

D. Peter is a !een musician. 2e plays the $lute and he @@@ also play the piano.

E. -hat shall e do/ There s a $ilm on tele"ision. -e @@@ atch that.

G. The eather is nice no 0ut it @@@ change later.

?E.< 8omplete the sentences. Use could or could ha"e a suita0le "er0.

1. A: -hat shall e do this e"ening/



: I don t mind. -e Rcould goR to the cinema.

?. A: I had a "ery 0oring e"ening at home yesterday.

: -hy did you stay at home/ 9ou @@@ to the cinema. <. A: There s an interesting 4o0 ad"ertised in the paper. 9ou @@@ $or it.

: -hat sort o$ 3o0 is it/ Sho me the ad"ertisement.

B. A: id you go to the concert last night/

: No. -e @@@ 0ut e decided not to.

C. A: -here shall e meet tomorro /

: -ell# I @@@ to your house i$ you li!e.

?E.B >ead this in$ormation a0out Jen:

Jen didn t do anything on Saturday e"ening. Jen as short o$ money last ee!.

Jen doesn t !no anything a0out machines.

Jen s car as stolen on onday.

Jen as $ree on onday a$ternoon.

Jen had to or! on 7riday e"ening.

Some people anted Jen to do di$$erent things last ee! 0ut they couldn t contact him. So 0e didn t do any

o$ these things. 9ou ha"e to say hether 0e could ha"e done or couldn t ha"e done them.

1. Jen s aunt anted him to dri"e her to the airport on Tuesday.

2e couldn t ha"e dri"en her to the airport (0ecause his car had 0een stolen).

?. A $riend o$ his anted him to go out $or a meal on 7riday e"ening.

Jen @@@

<. Another $riend anted him to play tennis on onday a$ternoon.

Jen @@@

B. 3ac! anted Jen to lend him lCM last ee!. @@@

C. 3ane anted Jen to come to her party on Saturday. e"ening.

2e @@@

D. Jen s mother anted him to repair her ashing machine. @@@

;pCD

UNIT ?G. ust and can t


-e use must to say that e $eel sure something is true:

, 9ou "e 0een tra"elling all day. 9ou must 0e tired. (Tra"elling is tiring and you "e 0een tra"elling all day# so

you must 0e tired.)

, 3im is a hard or!er. 3im/ A hard or!er/ 9ou must 0e 4o!ing. 2e s "ery laKy.



G. ill and Sue go a ay on holiday "ery o$ten# so they @@@ 0e short o$ money.

?G.? 8omplete the sentences ith a "er0 in the correct $orm.

1. I "e lost one o$ my glo"es. I must ha"e dropped it some here. ?. They ha"en t li"ed here $or long. They can t !no many people.

<. Ted isn t at or! today. 2e must @@@ ill.

B. Ted asn t at or! last ee!. 2e must @@@ ill.

C. (The door0ell rings) I onder ho that is. It can t @@@ ary. She s still at or! at this time.

D. 8arol !no s a lot a0out $ilms. She must @@@ to the cinema a lot.

E. oo!. 3ac! is putting on his hat and coat. 2e must @@@ out.

G. I le$t my 0i!e outside the house last night and this morning it isn t there any more. Some0ody must @@@ it.

L. Ann as in a "ery di$$icult situation. It can t @@@ easy $or her. 1M. There is a man al!ing 0ehind us. 2e has 0een al!ing 0ehind us $or the last ?M minutes. 2e must @@@

us.

?G.< >ead the situations and use the ords in 0rac!ets to rite sentences ith must ha"e and can t ha"e.

1. The phone rang 0ut I didn t hear it. (I%asleep)

RI must ha"e 0een asleep.R

?. 3ane al!ed past me ithout spea!ing. (she%see%me)

RShe can t ha"e seen me.R

<. The 4ac!et you 0ought is "ery good Fuality. (it%"ery expensi"e)

B. I ha"en t seen the people next door $or ages. (they%go a ay)

C. I can t $ind my um0rella. (I%lea"e%it in the restaurant last night)

D. on passed the exam ithout studying $or it. (the exam%"ery di$$icult)

E. She !ne e"erything a0out our plans. (she%listen%to our con"ersation)

G. 7iona did the opposite o$ hat I as!ed her to do. (she%understand% hat I said)

L. -hen I o!e up this morning# the light as on. (I%$orget%to turn it o$$)

1M. The lights ere red 0ut the car didn t stop. (the dri"er I see%the red light)

11. I as o!en up in the middle o$ the night 0y the noise next door. (the neigh0ours%ha"e%a party)

;pCG

UNIT ?L. ay and might (1)


9ou are loo!ing $or o0. No0ody is sure here he is 0ut you get some suggestions.

9ou: -here s o0/

2e may 0e in his o$$ice. (' perhaps he is in his o$$ice)

2e might 0e ha"ing lunch. (' perhaps he is ha"ing lunch)

As! Ann. She might !no . (' perhaps she !no s)



-e use may or might to say that something is a possi0ility. Usually you can use may or might you can say:

, It may 0e true. or It might 0e true. (' perhaps it is true)

, She might !no . or She may !no . The negati"e $orms are may not and might not (or mightn t):

, It might not 0e true. (' perhaps it isn t true)

, I m not sure hether I can lend you any money. I may not ha"e enough. (' perhaps I don t ha"e enough)

Study the structure:

I%you%he (etc.) may%might (not) 0e (true%in his o$$ice etc.)

I%you%he (etc.) may%might (not) 0e (doing% or!ing%ha"ing etc.)

I%you%he (etc.) may%might (not) do%!no %ha"e% ant etc.

. 7or the past e use may ha"e (done) or might ha"e (done): , A: I onder hy Jay didn t ans er the phone.

: She may ha"e 0een asleep. (' perhaps she as asleep)

, A: I can t $ind my 0ag any here.

: 9ou might ha"e le$t it in the shop. (' perhaps you le$t it in the shop)

, A: I as surprised that Sarah asn t at the meeting.

: She might not ha"e !no n a0out it. (' perhaps she didn t !no )

, A: I onder hy 8olin as in such a 0ad mood yesterday.

: 2e may not ha"e 0een $eeling ell. (' perhaps he asn t $eeling ell)

Study the structure:

I%you%he (etc.) may%might (not) ha"e 0een (asleep%at home etc.)

I%you%he (etc.) may%might (not) ha"e 0een (doing% aiting etc.)

I%you%he (etc.) may%might (not) ha"e done%!no n%had%seen etc.

8. Sometimes could has a similar meaning to may and might:

, The phone s ringing. It could 0e Tim. (' it may%might 0e Tim)

, 9ou could ha"e le$t your 0ag in the shop. (' you may%might ha"e le$t it...)

ut couldn t (negati"e) is di$$erent $rom may not and might not. 8ompare:

, She as too $ar a ay# so she couldn t ha"e seen you. (' it is not possi0le that she sa you)

, A: I onder hy she didn t say hello.

: She might not ha"e seen you. (' perhaps she didn t see you* perhaps she did)

;pCL

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?L.1 -rite these sentences in a di$$erent ay using may or might.

1. Perhaps argaret is in her o$$ice. RShe might 0e in her o$$ice.R

?. Perhaps argaret is 0usy.

<. Perhaps she is or!ing.



B. Perhaps she ants to 0e alone.

C. Perhaps she as ill yesterday.

D. Perhaps she ent home early. E. Perhaps she had to go home early.

G. Perhaps she as or!ing yesterday.

In sentences L@11 use may not or might not.

L. Perhaps she doesn t ant to see me.

1M. Perhaps she isn t or!ing today.

11. Perhaps she asn t $eeling ell yesterday.

?L.? 8omplete the sentences ith a "er0 in the correct $orm.

1. -here s o0/ I m not sure. 2e might R0e ha"ingR lunch. ?. -ho is that man ith Ann/ I m not sure. It might @@@ her 0rother.

<. -ho as the man e sa ith Ann yesterday/ I m not sure. It might @@@ her 0rother.

B. -hy are those people aiting in the street/ I don t !no . They might @@@ $or a 0us.

C. Shall I 0uy this 0oo! $or Tim/ 9ou d 0etter not. 2e might already @@@ it.

?L.< >ead the situations and ma!e sentences $rom the ords in 0rac!ets. Use may or might.

1. I can t $ind 5eorge any here. I onder here he is.

a (he%go%shopping) 2e may ha"e gone shopping.

0 (he%play%tennis) 2e might 0e playing tennis.

?. I m loo!ing $or 2elen. o you !no here she is/

a (she% atch%TO%in her room)

0 (she%go%out)

<. I can t $ind my um0rella. 2a"e you seen it/

a (it%0e%in the car)

0 (you%lea"e%in the restaurant last night)

B. -hy didn t Tom ans er the door0ell/ I m sure he as in the house at the time.

a (he%0e%in the 0ath)

0 (he%not%hear%the 0ell)

?L.B 8omplete the sentences using might not or couldn t.

1. A: o you thin! she sa you/

: No# she as too $ar a ay. RShe couldn t ha"e seen me.R

?. A: I onder hy she didn t say hello. Perhaps she didn t see me.

: That s possi0le. RShe might not ha"e seen you.R

<. A: I onder hy Ann didn t come to the party. Perhaps she asn t in"ited.

: 9es# it s possi0le. She @@@

B. A: Tom lo"es parties. I m sure he ould ha"e come to the party i$ he d 0een in"ited.



(-e) might as ell do something ' (-e) should do something 0ecause there is nothing 0etter to do and

there is no reason not to do it.

9ou can also say may as ell . , A: -hat time are you going/

: -ell# I m ready# so I might as ell go no . (or ... I may as ell go no )

, The 0uses are so expensi"e these days# you might as ell get a taxi. (' taxis are 4ust as good# no more

expensi"e)

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<M. -rite sentences ith may or might.

1. -here are you going $or your holidays/ (to Ireland///) I ha"en t decided yet. RI may go to Ireland.R

?. -hat sort o$ car are you going to 0uy/ (a ercedes///)

I m not sure yet. I @@@

<. -hat are you doing this ee!end/ (go to ondon///)

I ha"en t decided yet. @@@

B. -here are you going to hang that picture/ (in the dining room///)

I ha"en t made up my mind yet. @@@

C. -hen is Tom coming to see us/ (on Saturday///)

I don t !no yet. @@@

D. -hat is 3ulia going to do hen she lea"es school/ (go to uni"ersity///)

She hasn t decided yet. @@@

<M.? 8omplete the sentences using might one o$ these "er0s:

0ite 0rea! need rain slip a!e

1. Ta!e an um0rella ith you hen you go out. It Rmight rainR later.

?. on t ma!e too much noise. 9ou @@@ the 0a0y.

<. e care$ul o$ that dog. It @@@ you.

B. I don t thin! e should thro that letter a ay. -e @@@ it later.

C. e care$ul. The $ootpath is "ery icy. 9ou @@@

D. I don t ant the children to play in this room. They @@@ something.

<M.< 8omplete the sentences using might 0e a0le to or might ha"e to a suita0le "er0.

1. I can t help you 0ut hy don t you as! 3ill/ She Rmight 0e a0le to helpR you.

?. I can t meet you this e"ening 0ut I @@@ you tomorro e"ening.

< I m not or!ing on Saturday 0ut I @@@ on Sunday.

B. 5eorge isn t ell. 2e @@@ to hospital $or an operation.

<M.B -rite sentences ith may not or might not.



1. (I don t !no i$ Ann ill come to the party.) Ann might not come to the party.

?. (I don t !no i$ I ll go out this e"ening.) I @@@

<. (I don t !no i$ Tom ill li!e the present I 0ought $or him.) Tom @@@

B. (I don t !no i$ Sue ill 0e a0le to meet us this e"ening.) @@@

<M.C >ead the situations and ma!e sentences ith may%might as ell.

1. 9ou and a $riend ha"e 4ust missed the 0us. The 0uses run e"ery hour.

9ou say: -e ll ha"e to ait an hour $or the next 0us. R-e might as ell ai!.R

?. 9ou ha"e a $ree tic!et $or a concert. 9ou re not "ery !een on the concert 0ut you decide to go. 9ou say: I

@@@ to the concert. It s a pity to aste a $ree tic!et.

<. 9ou re in a ca$e ith a $riend. 9ou "e $inished your drin!s. It s a nice ca$e and there is no reason to gono # so hy not ha"e another drin!/ 9ou say: -e @@@. -hat ould you li!e/

B. 9ou and a $riend are at home. 9ou are 0ored. There s a $ilm on TO starting in a $e minutes. 9ou say: @@@.

There s nothing else to do.

;pD?

UNIT <1. ust and ha"e to

A. -e use must and ha"e to to say that it is necessary to do something. Sometimes it doesn t matter hich

you use:

, +h# it s later than I thought. I must go. or I ha"e to go.

ut there is a di$$erence 0et een must and ha"e to and sometimes this is important:

ust is personal. -e use must hen e gi"e our personal $eelings.

9ou must do something ' I (the spea!er) say it is necessary :

, She s a really nice person. 9ou must meet her. (' I say this is necessary)

, I ha"en t phoned Ann $or ages. I must phone her tonight.

8ompare:

, I must get up early tomorro . There are a lot o$ things I ant to do.

2a"e to is impersonal. -e use ha"e to $or $acts# not $or our personal $eelings.

9ou ha"e to do something 0ecause o$ a rule or the situation:

, 9ou can t turn right here. 9ou ha"e to turn le$t. (0ecause o$ the tra$$ic system)

, y eyesight isn t "ery good. I ha"e to ear glasses $or reading.

, 5eorge can t come out ith us this e"ening. 2e has to or!.

, I ha"e to get up early tomorro . I m going a ay and my train lea"es at E.<M.

I$ you are not sure hich to use# it is usually sa$er to use ha"e to.

. you can use must to tal! a0out the present or $uture# 0ut not the past:



, -e must go no .

, -e must go tomorro . (0ut not -e must go yesterday )

9ou can use ha"e to in all $orms. 7or example: , I had to go to hospital. (past)

, 2a"e you e"er had to go to hospital/ (present per$ect)

, I might ha"e to go to hospital. (in$initi"e a$ter might)

In Fuestions and negati"e sentences ith ha"e to# e normally use do%does%did:

, -hat do I ha"e to do to get a dri"ing licence/ (not -hat ha"e I to do/ )

, -hy did you ha"e to go to hospital/

, Jaren doesn t ha"e to or! on Saturdays.

8. ustn t and don t ha"e to are completely di$$erent: 9ou mustn t do something ' it is necessary that you do not do it (so# don t do it):

, 9ou must !eep it a secret. 9ou mustn t tell anyone. (' don t tell anyone)

, I promised I ould 0e on time. I mustn t 0e late. (' I must 0e on time)

9ou don t ha"e to do something ' you don t need to do it (0ut you can i$ you ant):

, 9ou can tell me i$ you ant 0ut you don t ha"e to tell me. (' you don t need to tell me)

, I m not or!ing tomorro # so I don t ha"e to get up early.

. 9ou can use ha"e got to instead o$ ha"e to . So you can say:

, I "e got to or! tomorro . or ha"e to or! tomorro .

, -hen has Ann got to go/ or -hen does Ann ha"e to go/

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<1.1 8omplete these sentences ith must or ha"e to (in the correct $orm). Sometimes it is possi0le to use

either* sometimes only ha"e to is possi0le.

1. It s later than I thought. I must or ha"e to go no .

?. 3ac! le$t 0e$ore the end o$ the meeting. 2e had to go home early.

<. In ritain many children. @@@ ear uni$orm hen they go to school.

B. -hen you come to ondon again# you @@@ come and see us.

C. ast night on 0ecame ill suddenly. -e @@@ call a doctor.

D. 9ou really @@@ or! harder i$ you ant to pass the examination.

E. I m a$raid I can t come tomorro . I.. @@@ or! late.

G. I m sorry I couldn t come yesterday. I @@@ or! late.

L. Paul doesn t li!e his ne 4o0. Sometimes he @@@ or! at ee!ends.

1M. 8aroline may @@@ go a ay next ee!.

11. -e couldn t repair the car oursel"es. -e @@@ ta!e it to a garage.

1?. 3ulia ears glasses. She @@@ ear glasses since she as "ery young.



<1.? a!e Fuestions ith ha"e to.

1. I had to go to hospital last ee!. -hy did you ha"e to go to hospital/

?. I ha"e to get up early tomorro . -hy @@@ early/ <. Ann has to go some here no . -here @@@ she @@@.

B. 5eorge had to pay a par!ing $ine yesterday. 2o much @@@.

C. I had to ait a long time $or the 0us. 2o long @@@.

D. I ha"e to phone my sister no . -hy @@@

E. Paul has to lea"e soon. -hat time @@@

<1.< 8omplete these sentences using don t%doesn t%didn t ha"e to one o$ these "er0s:

do get up go go pay sha"e ait or!

1. I m not or!ing tomorro # so I Rdon t ha"e to get upR to early. ?. The car par! is $ree@you @@@ to par! your car there.

<. I ent to the 0an! this morning. There as no Fueue# so I @@@.

B. Sally is extremely rich. She @@@.

C. -e "e got plenty o$ time. -e @@@ yet.

D. 3ac! has got a 0eard# so he @@@.

E.# I m not particularly 0usy. I "e got a $e things to do 0ut I @@@them no .

G. A man as slightly in4ured in the accident 0ut he @@@ to hospital.

<1.B 8omplete these sentences ith mustn t or don t%doesn t ha"e to.

1. I don t ant anyone to !no . 9ou Rmustn tR tell anyone.

? 2e doesn t ha"e to ear a suit to or! 0ut he usually does.

<. I can stay in 0ed tomorro morning 0ecause I @@@ go to or!.

B. -hate"er you do# you @@@ touch that s itch. It s "ery dangerous.

C. There s a li$t in the 0uilding# so e @@@ clim0 the stairs.

D. 9ou @@@ $orget hat I told you. It s "ery important.

E. Sue @@@ get up early. She gets up early 0ecause she ants to#

G. on t ma!e so much noise. -e @@@ a!e the 0a0y.

L. I @@@ eat too much. I m supposed to 0e on a diet.

1M. 9ou @@@ 0e a good player to en4oy a game o$ tennis.

;pDB

UNIT <?. ust mustn t needn t

A. ust mustn t needn t

9ou must do something ' it is necessary that you do it:

, on t tell any0ody hat I said. 9ou must !eep it a secret.

, -e ha"en t got much time. -e must hurry.



9ou mustn t do something ' it is necessary that you do not do it (so don t do it):

, 9ou must !eep it a secret. 9ou mustn t tell any0ody else. (' don t tell any0ody else)

, It s essential that no0ody hears us. -e mustn t ma!e any noise. 9ou needn t do something ' it is not necessary that you do it# you don t need to do it:

, 9ou can come ith me i$ you li!e 0ut you needn t come i$ you don t ant to. (' it is not necessary $or you to

come)

, -e "e got plenty o$ time. -e needn t hurry. (' it is not necessary to hurry)

. Instead o$ needn t# you can use don t%doesn t need to. So you can say:

, -e needn t hurry. or -e don t need to hurry.

>emem0er that e say don t need to do # 0ut needn t do ( ithout to).

Needn t and don t need to are similar to don t ha"e to (see Unit <18): , -e "e got plenty o$ time. -e don t ha"e to hurry.

8. Needn t ha"e (done)


I thin! it s going to rain. I ll ta!e the um0rella.

I needn t ha"e 0rought the um0rella.

5eorge had to go out. 2e thought it as going to rain# so he decided to ta!e the um0rella.

ut it didn t rain# so the um0rella as not necessary. So:

2e needn t ha"e ta!en the um0rella.

2e needn t ha"e ta!en the um0rella ' 2e too! the um0rella 0ut this as not necessary. +$ course# he didn t

!no this hen he ent out.

8ompare needn t (do) and needn t ha"e (done):

, That shirt isn t dirty. 9ou needn t ash it.

, -hy did you ash that shirt/ It asn t dirty. 9ou needn t ha"e ashed it.

. idn t need to (do) and needn t ha"e (done)

I didn t need to ... ' it as not necessary $or me to... (and I !ne this at the time):

, I didn t need to get up early# so I didn t.

, I didn t need to get up early# 0ut it as a lo"ely morning# so I did.

I needn t ha"e (done) something ' I did something 0ut no I !no that it as not necessary:

, I got up "ery early 0ecause I had to get ready to go a ay. ut in $act it didn t ta!e me long to get ready. So#

I needn t ha"e got up so early. I could ha"e stayed in 0ed longer.

;pDC

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<?.1 8omplete the sentences using needn t one o$ these "er0s:

as! come explain lea"e tell al!

1. -e "e got plenty o$ time. -e Rneedn t lea"eR yet.



;pDD

UNIT <<. Should (1)

A. 9ou should do something ' it Is a good thing to do or the right thing to do. 9ou can use should to gi"ead"ice or to gi"e an opinion:

, 9ou loo! tired. 9ou should go to 0ed.

, The go"ernment should do more to help homeless people.

, Should e in"ite Susan to the party/ 9es# I thin! e should.

-e o$ten use should ith I thin!%I don t thin!% o you thin!.../:

, I thin! the go"ernment should do more to help homeless people.

, I don t thin! you should or! so hard.

, o you thin! I should apply $or this 4o0/ 9es# I thin! you should. 9ou shouldn t do something ' it isn t a good thing to do:

, 9ou shouldn t 0elie"e e"erything you read in the ne spapers.

Should is not as strong as must:

, 9ou should apologise. (' it ould 0e a good thing to do)

, 9ou must apologise. (' you ha"e no alternati"e)

. -e also use should hen something is not right or hat e expect. 7or example:

, I onder here iK is. She should 0e here 0y no . (' she isn t here yet# and this is not normal)

, The price on this pac!et is rong. It should 0e 1.?M# not 1.CM.

, Those 0oys shouldn t 0e playing $oot0all at this time. They should 0e at school.

-e use should to say that e expect something to happen:

, She s 0een studying hard $or the exam# so she should pass. (' I expect her to pass)

, There are plenty o$ hotels in the to n. It shouldn t 0e di$$icult to $ind some here to stay. (' I don t expect

that it ill 0e di$$icult)

8. 9ou should ha"e done something ' you didn t do it 0ut it ould ha"e 0een the right thing to do:

, It as a great party last night. 9ou should ha"e come. -hy didn t you/ (' you didn t come 0ut it ould

ha"e 0een good to come)

, I m $eeling sic!. I shouldn t ha"e eaten so much chocolate. (' I ate too much chocolate)

, I onder hy they re so late. They should ha"e 0een here an hour ago.

, She shouldn t ha"e 0een listening to our con"ersation. It as pri"ate.

8ompare should (do) and should ha"e (done):

, 9ou loo! tired. 9ou should go to 0ed no.

, 9ou ent to 0ed "ery late last night. 9ou should ha"e gone to 0ed earlier.

. +ught to ...

9ou can use ought to instead o$ should in the sentences on this page. Note that e say ought to do... ( ith

to):



, o you thin! I ought to apply $or this 4o0/ (' o you thin! I should apply .../)

, 3ac! ought not to go to 0ed so late. (' 3ac! shouldn t go ...)

, It as a great party last night. 9ou ought to ha"e come. , She s 0een studying hard $or the exam# so she ought to pass.

;pDE

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<<.1 7or each situation rite a sentence ith should or shouldn t one o$ the $ollo ing.

go a ay $or a $e days go to 0ed so late loo! $or another 4o0 put some pictures on the alls ta!e a

photograph use her car so much

1. ( iK needs a change.) RShe should go a ay $or a $e days.R

?. ( y salary is "ery lo .) 9ou @@@. <. (3ac! al ays has di$$iculty getting up.) 2e @@@.

B. (-hat a 0eauti$ul "ie 6) 9ou@@@.

C. (Sue dri"es e"ery here. She ne"er al!s.) She @@@.

D. ( ill s room isn t "ery interesting.) @@@.

<<.? >ead the situations and rite sentences ith I thin!%I don t thin! ... should...

1. Peter and 3udy are planning to get married. 9ou thin! it s a 0ad idea. (get married) RI don t thin! they

should get married.R

?. 9ou don t li!e smo!ing# especially in restaurants. (0e 0anned) I thin! @@@.

<. I ha"e a "ery 0ad cold 0ut I plan to go out this e"ening. 9ou don t thin! this is a good idea. 9ou say to me:

(go out) @@@.

B. 9ou are $ed up ith the go"ernment. 9ou thin! they ha"e made too many mista!es. (resign) @@@.

<<.< 8omplete the sentences ith should (ha"e) the "er0 in 0rac!ets.

1. argaret should pass the exam. She s 0een studying "ery hard. (pass)

?. 9ou missed a great party last night. 9ou should ha"e come. (come)

<. -e don t see you enough. 9ou @@@ and see us more o$ten. (come)

B. I m in a di$$icult position. -hat do you thin! I @@@/ (do)

C. I m sorry that I didn t ta!e your ad"ice. I @@@ hat you said. (do)

D. I m playing tennis ith 3ill tomorro . She @@@ she s much 0etter than me. ( in)

E. -e lost the match 0ut e @@@. -e ere the 0etter team. ( in)

G. Is 3ohn here yet/ Not yet# 0ut he @@@ here soon. (0e)

L. I posted the letter three days ago# so it @@@ 0y no . (arri"e)

<<.B >ead the situations and rite sentences ith should%shouldn t. Some o$ the sentences are past and

some are present.

1. I m $eeling sic!. I ate too much. RI shouldn t ha"e eaten so much.R



?. That man on the motor0i!e isn t earing a helmet. That s dangerous.

2e Rshould 0e earing a helmet.R

<. -hen e got to the restaurant# there ere no $ree ta0les. -e hadn t reser"ed one. -e @@@.B. The notice says that the shop is open e"ery day $rom G.<M. It is L o cloc! no 0ut the shop isn t open yet.

@@@.

C. The speed limit is <M miles an hour# 0ut 8atherine is doing CM.

She @@@.

D. I ent to Paris. A $riend o$ mine li"es in Paris 0ut I didn t go to see him hile I as there.

-hen I sa him later# he said: 9ou @@@.

E. I as dri"ing 0ehind another car. Suddenly# the dri"er in $ront stopped ithout arning and I dro"e into the

0ac! o$ his car. It asn t my $ault @@@. G. I al!ed into a all. I asn t loo!ing here I as going.

@@@.

;pDG

UNIT <B. Should (?)

A. 9ou can use should a$ter a num0er o$ "er0s# especially:

suggest propose recommend insist demand

, They insisted that e should ha"e dinner ith them.

, I demanded that he should apologise.

, -hat do you suggest I should do/

In the same ay# you can use should a$ter suggestion%proposal%recommendation etc.

, -hat do you thin! o$ 3ane s suggestion that I should 0uy a car/

and also a$ter it s important%"ital%necessary%essential that ...

, It s essential that you should 0e here on time.

. 9ou can also lea"e out should in all the sentences in Section A:

, It s essential that you 0e here on time. (' that you should 0e here)

, I demanded that he apologise.

, -hat do you suggest I do/

This $orm (you 0e%he apologise etc.) is sometimes called the su04uncti"e.

9ou can also use normal present and past tenses:

, It s essential that you are here on time.

, I demanded that he apologised.

e care$ul ith suggest. 9ou cannot use to ... ( to do%to 0uy etc.) a$ter suggest:

, -hat do you suggest e should do/

or -hat do you suggest e do/ (0ut not -hat do you suggest us to do/ )



, 3ane suggested that I (should) 0uy a car.

or 3ane suggested that I 0ought a car. (0ut not 3ane suggested me to 0uy )

7or suggest &ing# see Unit C?. 8. 9ou can use should a$ter a num0er o$ ad4ecti"es# especially:

strange odd $unny typical natural interesting surprised surprising

, It s strange that he should 0e late. 2e s usually on time.

, I as surprised that she should say such a thing.

. I$ ... should...

9ou can say I$ something should happen... . 7or example:

, I$ Tom should phone hile I m out# tell him I ll phone him 0ac! later.

I$ Tom should phone is similar to I$ Tom phones . -ith should# the spea!er $eels that the possi0ility issmaller. Another example:

, I "e le$t the ashing outside. I$ it should rain# can you 0ring it in/

9ou can also put should at the 0eginning o$ these sentences (Should something happen ...):

, Should Tom phone# can you tell him I ll phone him 0ac! later/

. 9ou can use I should ...%I shouldn t ... to gi"e some0ody ad"ice. 7or example:

, Shall I lea"e no / No# I should ait a 0it longer.

2ere# I should ait ' I ould ait i$ I ere you# I ad"ise you to ait . To more examples:

, It s "ery cold this morning. I should ear a coat hen you go out.

, I shouldn t stay up too late. 9ou ll 0e tired tomorro .

;pDL

= >8IS S

<B.1 -rite a sentence (0eginning in the ay sho n) that means the same as the $irst sentence.

1. I thin! it ould 0e a good idea to see a specialist# the doctor said to me.

The doctor recommended that I should see a specialist.

?. 9ou really must stay a little longer# she said to me.

She insisted that @@@.

<. -hy don t you "isit the museum a$ter lunch/ I said to them.

I suggested that @@@.

B. 9ou must pay the rent 0y 7riday# the landlord said to us.

The landlord demanded that @@@.

C. -hy don t you go a ay $or a $e days/ 3ac! said to me.

3ac! suggested that @@@.

<B.? Are these sentences right or rong/

1. a Tom suggested that I should loo! $or another 4o0. >I52T

0 Tom suggested that I loo! $or another 4o0. @@@



c Tom suggested that I loo!ed $or another 4o0. @@@

d Tom suggested me to loo! $or another 4o0. @@@.

?. a -here do you suggest I go $or my holiday/ @@@ 0 -here do you suggest me to go $or my holiday/ @@@

c -here do you suggest I should go $or my holiday/ @@@

<B.< 8omplete the sentences using should one o$ these "er0s:

as! 0e lea"e listen say orry

1. It s strange that she Rshould 0eR late. She s usually on time.

?. It s $unny that you @@@ that. I as going to say the same thing.

<. It s only natural that parents @@@ a0out their children.

B. Isn t it typical o$ >on that he @@@ ithout saying good0ye to any0ody/ C. I as surprised that he @@@ me $or ad"ice. -hat ad"ice could I gi"e him/

D. It s "ery important that e"ery0ody @@@ "ery care$ully.

<B.B 8omplete these sentences using i$ ... should... .

1. (It s possi0le that you ll see Tom this e"ening.)

RI$ you should see Tom this e"eningR# can you as! him to phone me/

?. (It s possi0le that Ann ill arri"e 0e$ore I get home.)

I$ @@@# can you loo! a$ter her until I come/

<. (Perhaps there ill 0e some letters $or me hile I m a ay.)

@@@# can you send them on to this address/

B. (I don t suppose you ll need help 0ut you might.)

@@@# let me !no .

-rite sentences < and B again# this time 0eginning ith should.

C. (<) @@@# can you send them on to this address/

D. (B) @@@.

<B.C (Section ) 8omplete the sentences using I should one o$ these "er0s:

0uy !eep phone ait

1. Shall I lea"e no / No# RI should aitR a 0it longer.

?. Shall I thro these things a ay/ No @@@ them. 9ou may need them.

<. Shall I go and see Paul/ 9es# 0ut @@@ him $irst.

B. o you thin! it s orth repairing this TO set/ No @@@ a ne one.

;pEM

UNIT <C. 2ad 0etter it s time

A. 2ad 0etter (I d 0etter%you d 0etter etc.)

I d 0etter do something ' It is ad"isa0le to do it. I$ I don t# there ill 0e a pro0lem or a danger:



, I ha"e to meet Ann in ten minutes. I d 0etter go no or I ll 0e late.

, Shall I ta!e an um0rella/ 9es# you d 0etter. It might rain.

, -e d 0etter stop $or petrol soon. The tan! is almost empty. The negati"e is I d 0etter not (' I had 0etter not):

, A: Are you going out tonight/

: I d 0etter not. I "e got a lot o$ or! to do.

, 9ou don t loo! "ery ell. 9ou d 0etter not go to or! today.

9ou can use had 0etter hen you arn some0ody that they must do something:

, 9ou d 0etter 0e on time.%9ou d 0etter not 0e late. (or I ll 0e "ery angry)

Note that:

The $orm is had 0etter (usually I d 0etter%you d 0etter etc. in spo!en nglish): , I d 0etter phone 8arol# hadn t I/

2ad is a past $orm# 0ut in this expression the meaning is present or $uture# not past: , I d 0etter go to the

0an! no %tomorro .

-e say I d 0etter do... (not to do ):

, It might rain. -e d 0etter ta!e an um0rella. (not e d 0etter to ta!e )

. 2ad 0etter and should

2ad 0etter is similar to should (see Unit <<A) 0ut not exactly the same.

-e use had 0etter only $or a particular situation (not $or things in general).

9ou can use should in all types o$ situation to gi"e an opinion or to gi"e ad"ice:

, It s cold today. 9ou d 0etter ear a coat hen you go out. (a particular situation)

, I thin! all dri"ers should ear seat 0elts. (in general @ not had 0etter ear )

Also# ith had 0etter# there is al ays a danger or a pro0lem i$ you don t $ollo the ad"ice.

Should only means it is a good thing to do . 8ompare.

, It s a great $ilm. 9ou should go and see it. (0ut no danger# no pro0lem i$ you don t)

, The $ilm starts at G.<M. 9ou d 0etter go no or you ll 0e late.

8. It s time ...

9ou can say It s time ($or some0ody) to do something :

, It s time to go home.%It s time $or us to go home.

9ou can also say:

, It s late. It s time e ent home.

2ere e use the past ( ent) 0ut the meaning is present or $uture# not past:

, It s 1M o cloc! and he s still in 0ed. It s time he got up. (not It s time he gets up )

It s time you did something ' you should ha"e done it already or started it . -e o$ten use this structure to

criticise or to complain:

, It s time the children ere in 0ed. It s long a$ter their 0edtime.



, The indo s are "ery dirty. I thin! it s time e cleaned them.

9ou can also say: It s a0out time...%It s high time... . This ma!es the criticism stronger:

, 3ac! is a great tal!er. ut it s a0out time he did something instead o$ ) 4ust tal!ing. , 9ou re "ery sel$ish. It s high time you realised that you re not the most important person in the orld.

;pE1

= >8IS S

<C.1 8omplete the sentences. Sometimes you need only one ord# sometimes t o.

1. a I need some money. I d 0etter RgoR to the 0an!.

0 3ohn is expecting you to phone him. 9ou @@@ 0etter do it no .

c Shall I lea"e the indo open/ No# you d 0etter @@@ it.

d -e d 0etter lea"e as soon as possi0le# @@@ e/ ?. a It s time the go"ernment @@@ something a0out the pro0lem.

0 It s time something @@@ a0out the pro0lem.

c I thin! it s a0out time you @@@ a0out me instead o$ only thin!ing a0out

yoursel$.

<C.? >ead the situations and rite sentences ith had 0etter. Use the ords in 0rac!ets.

1. 9ou re going out $or a al! ith Tom. It might rain. 9ou say to Tom:

(an um0rella) -e d 0etter ta!e an um0rella.

?. 3ac! has 4ust cut himsel$. It s Fuite a 0ad cut. 9ou say to him:

(a plaster) @@@

<. 9ou and Ann plan to go to a restaurant this e"ening. It s a "ery popular restaurant. 9ou say to Ann:

(reser"e) -e @@@

B. 3ill doesn t loo! "ery ell @ not ell enough to go to or!. 9ou say to her:

( or!) @@@

C. 9ou recei"ed your phone 0ill $our ee!s ago 0ut you ha"en t paid it yet. I$ you don t pay "ery soon# you

could 0e in trou0le. 9ou say to yoursel$: (pay)

@@@

D. 9ou ant to go out 0ut you re expecting an important phone call. 9ou say to your $riend: (go out) I @@@

E. 9ou and 7iona are going to the theatre. 9ou "e missed the 0us and you don t ant to 0e late.

9ou say to 7iona: (a taxi) @@@

<C.< Put in had 0etter or should. Sometimes either is possi0le.

1. I ha"e an appointment in ten minutes. RI d 0etterR go no or I ll 0e late.

?. It s a great $ilm. 9ou RshouldR go and see it. 9ou ll really li!e it.

<. I @@@ get up early tomorro . I "e got a lot to do.

B. -hen people are dri"ing# they @@@ !eep their eyes on the road.

C. Than! you $or coming to see us. 9ou @@@ come more o$ten.



D. She ll 0e upset i$ e don t in"ite her to the edding# so e @@@ in"ite her.

E. These 0iscuits are delicious. 9ou @@@ try one.

G. I thin! e"ery0ody @@@ learn a $oreign language. <C.B >ead the situations and rite sentences ith It s time (some0ody did something).

1. 9ou thin! the children should 0e in 0ed. It s already 11 o cloc!.

RIt s time the children ere in 0ed.R

?. 9ou ha"en t had a holiday $or a "ery long time. 9ou need one no .

It s time I @@@

<. 9ou re aiting $or ary. She is late. -hy isn t she here yet/

It s time she @@@

B. 9ou re sitting on a train aiting $or it to lea"e the station. It s already $i"e minutes late. C. 9ou en4oy ha"ing parties. 9ou ha"en t had one $or a long time.

D. The company you or! $or is 0adly run. 9ou thin! there should 0e some changes.

;pE?

UNIT <D. 8an%8ould%-ould you .../ etc. (>eFuests# o$$ers# permission and in"itations)

A. As!ing people to do things (reFuests)

-e o$ten use can or could to as! people to do things:

, 8an you ait a moment# please/ or 8ould you ait a moment# please/

, iK# can you do me a $a"our/

, xcuse me# could you tell me ho to get to the airport/

, I onder i$ you could help me.

Note that e say o you thin! (you) could .../ (not usually Bcan ):

, o you thin! you could lend me some money until next ee!/

-e also use ill and ould to as! people to do things (0ut can%could are more usual):

, iK# ill you do me a $a"our/

, -ould you please 0e Fuiet/ I m trying to concentrate.

. As!ing $or things

To as! $or something e use 8an I ha"e .../ or 8ould I ha"e .../:

, (in a shop) 8an I ha"e these postcards# please/

, (during a meal) 8ould I ha"e the salt# please/

ay I ha"e .../ is also possi0le (0ut less usual):

, ay I ha"e these postcards# please/

8. As!ing $or and gi"ing permission

To as! $or permission to do something# e use can# could or may:

, (on the phone) 2ello# can I spea! to Tom# please/



, 8ould I use your phone/ 9es# o$ course.

, o you thin! I could 0orro your 0i!e/

, ay I come in/ 9es# please do. To gi"e permission# e use can or may.

, 9ou can use the phone. or 9ou may use the phone.

ay is $ormal and less usual than can or could.

. +$$ering to do things To o$$er to do something# e sometimes use 8an I .../:

, 8an I get you a cup o$ co$$ee/ 9es# that ould 0e "ery nice.

, 8an I help you/ No# it s all right. I can manage.

9ou can also use I ll ... to o$$er to do things (see Unit ?18):

, 9ou loo! tired. I ll get you a cup o$ co$$ee. . +$$ering and in"iting

To o$$er or to in"ite e use -ould you li!e .../ (not do you li!e)

, -ould you li!e a cup o$ co$$ee/ 9es# please.

, -ould you li!e to come to dinner tomorro e"ening/ 9es# I d lo"e to.

I d li!e... is a polite ay o$ saying hat you ant:

, (at a tourist in$ormation o$$ice) I d li!e some in$ormation a0out hotels# please.

, (in a shop) I d li!e to try on this 4ac!et# please.

;pE<

= >8IS S

<D.1 >ead the situations and rite Fuestions 0eginning 8an ... or 8ould ...

1. 9ou re carrying a lot o$ things. 9ou can t open the door yoursel$. There s a man standing near the door.

9ou say to him: R8ould you open the door# please/R

?. 9ou phone Ann 0ut some0ody else ans ers. Ann isn t there. 9ou ant to lea"e a message $or her. 9ou

say: @@@

<. 9ou are a tourist. 9ou ant to go to the station 0ut you don t !no here it is. 9ou as! at your hotel. 9ou

say: @@@

B. 9ou are in a clothes shop. 9ou see some trousers you li!e and you ant to try them on. 9ou say to the

shop assistant: @@@

C. 9ou ha"e a car. 9ou ha"e to go to the same place as 3ohn# ho hasn t got a car. 9ou ant to gi"e him a

li$t. 9ou say to 3ohn: @@@

<D.? >ead the situations and rite Fuestions 0eginning o you thin! ...

1. 9ou ant to 0orro your $riend s camera. -hat do you say to him/

o you thin! RI could 0orro your camera/R

?. 9ou are at a $riend s house and you ant to use her phone. -hat do you say/

<. 9ou "e ritten a letter in nglish. e$ore you send it# you ant an nglish $riend to chec! it. -hat do you



as! him/

B. 9ou ant to lea"e or! early 0ecause you ha"e some things to do. -hat do you as! your 0oss/

C. The oman in the next room is playing music. It s "ery loud. 9ou ant her to turn it do n. -hat do yousay to her/

D. 9ou are phoning the o ner o$ a $lat hich as ad"ertised in a ne spaper. 9ou are interested in the $lat

and you ant to come and see it today. -hat do you say to the o ner/

<D.< -hat ould you say in these situations/

1. 3ohn has come to see you in your $lat. 9ou o$$er him something to eat.

9+U: @@@

3+2N: No# than! you. I m not hungry.

?. 9ou need help to change the $ilm in your camera. 9ou as! Ann. 9ou: Ann# I don t !no ho to change the $ilm. @@@

ANN: Sure. It s easy. All you ha"e to do is this.

<. 9ou re on a train. The oman next to you has $inished reading her ne spaper. No you ant to ha"e a

loo! at it. 9ou as! her.

9+U: xcuse me @@@

-+ AN: 9es# o$ course. I "e $inished ith it.

B. 9ou re on a 0us. 9ou ha"e a seat 0ut an elderly man is standing. 9ou o$$er him your seat.

9+U: @@@

AN: +h# that s "ery !ind o$ you. Than! you "ery much.

C. 9ou re the passenger in a car. 9our $riend is dri"ing "ery $ast. 9ou as! her to slo do n.

9+U: 9ou re ma!ing me "ery ner"ous. @@@

>IO >: +h# I m sorry. I didn t realise I as going so $ast.

D. 9ou "e $inished your meal in a restaurant and no you ant the 0ill. 9ou as! the aiter:

9+U: @@@

-AIT >: >ight. I ll get it $or you no .

E. A $riend o$ yours is interested in one o$ your 0oo!s. 9ou in"ite him to 0orro it.

7>I N : This 0oo! loo!s "ery interesting.

9+U: 9es# it s "ery good. @@@

;pEB

UNIT <E. I$ I do ... and I$ I did ...

A. 8ompare these examples:

(1) Sue has lost her atch. She thin!s it may 0e at Ann s house.

SU : I thin! I le$t my atch at your house. 2a"e you seen it/

ANN: No# 0ut I ll ha"e a too! hen I get home. I$ I $ind it# I ll tell you.



In this example# Ann $eels there is a real possi0ility that she ill $ind the atch. So she says:

I$ I $ind ...# I ll ....

(?) Ann says: I$ I $ound a allet in the street# I d ta!e it to the police. This is a di$$erent type o$ situation. 2ere# Ann is not thin!ing a0out a real possi0ility* she is imagining the

situation and doesn t expect to $ind a allet in the street. So she says:

I$ I $ound ...# I d (' I ould) ... (not I$ I $ind ...#I ll)

-hen you imagine something li!e this# you use i$ past (i$ I $ound%i$ you ere%i$ e didn t etc.). ut the

meaning is not past:

, -hat ould you do i$ you on a million pounds/ ( e don t really expect this to happen)

, I don t really ant to go to their party# 0ut I pro0a0ly ill go. They d 0e o$$ended i$ I didn t go.

, Sarah has decided not to apply $or the 4o0. She isn t really Fuali$ied $or it# so she pro0a0ly ouldn t get it i$ she applied.

. -e do not normally use ould in the i$@part o$ the sentence:

, I d 0e "ery $rightened i$ some0ody pointed a gun at me. (not i$ some0ody ould point )

, I$ I didn t go to their party# they d 0e o$$ended. (not I$ I ouldn t go )

ut it is possi0le to say i$... ould hen you as! some0ody to do something:

, ($rom a $ormal letter) I ould 0e grate$ul i$ you ould send me your 0rochure as soon as possi0le.

, Shall I close the door/ 9es# please# i$ you ould.

8. In the other part o$ the sentence (not the i$@part) e use ould ( d)% ouldn t:

, I$ you too! more exercise# you d (' you ould) pro0a0ly $eet healthier#

, -ould you mind i$ I used your phone/

, I m not tired enough to go to 0ed yet. I ouldn t steep (i$ I ent to 0ed no ).

8ould and might are also possi0le:

, I$ you too! more exercise# you might $eet healthier. (' it is possi0le that you ould $eel healthier)

, I$ it stopped raining# e could go out. (' e ould 0e a0le to go out)

. o not use hen in sentences li!e those on this page:

, They ould 0e o$$ended i$ e didn t accept their in"itation. (not hen e didn t )

, -hat ould you do i$ you ere 0itten 0y a sna!e/ (not hen you ere 0itten )

7or i$ and hen see also Unit ?C8.

;pEC

= >8IS S

<E.1 Put the "er0 into the correct $orm.

1. They ould 0e rather o$$ended i$ I Rdidn t goR to see them. (not%go)

?. I$ you too! more exercise# you R ould $eelR 0etter. ($eel)

<. I$ I as o$$ered the 4o0# I thin! I @@@ it. (ta!e)



;pED

UNIT <G. I$ I !ne ... I ish I !ne ... A. Study this example situation:

Sue ants to phone Paul 0ut she can t do this 0ecause she doesn t !no his num0er. She says:

I$ I !ne his num0er# I ould phone him.

Sue says: I$ I !ne his num0er... . This tells us that she doesn t !no his num0er.

She is imagining the situation. The real situation is that she doesn t !no his num0er.

-hen you imagine a situation li!e this# you use i$ past (i$ I !ne %i$ you ere%i$ e didn t etc.). ut the

meaning is present# not past:

, Tom ould read more i$ he had more time. (0ut he doesn t ha"e much time) , I$ I didn t ant to go to the party# I ouldn t go. (0ut I ant to go)

, -e ouldn t ha"e any money i$ e didn t or!. (0ut e or!)

, I$ you ere in my position# hat ould you do/

, It s a pity you can t dri"e. It ould 0e use$ul i$ you could.

. -e use the past in the same ay a$ter ish (I ish I !ne %I ish you ere etc.). -e use ish to say that

e regret something# that something is not as e ould li!e it to 0e:

, I ish I !ne Paul s phone num0er. (' I don t !no it and I regret this)

, o you e"er ish you could $ly/ (you can t $ly)

, It rains a lot here. I ish it didn t rain so +$ten.

, It s "ery cro ded here. I ish there eren t so many people. (0ut there are a lot o$ people)

, I ish I didn t ha"e to or!. (0ut I ha"e to or!)

8. A$ter i$ and ish# you can use ere instead o$ as (i$ I ere I ish it ere etc.). So you can say:

, I$ I ere you# I ouldn t 0uy that coat. or I$ I as you...

, I d go out i$ it eren t raining. or i$ it asn t raining.

, I ish it ere possi0le. or I ish it as possi0le.

. -e do not normally use ould in the i$@part o$ the sentence or a$ter ish:

, I$ I ere rich# I ould ha"e a yacht. (not I$ I ould 0e rich )

, I ish I had something to read. (not I ish I ould ha"e )

Sometimes ish ... ould is possi0le ( I ish you ould listen ). See Unit BM8.

. Note that could sometimes means ould 0e a0le to and sometimes as% ere a0le to :

, 9ou could get a 4o0 more easily. (you could get ' you ould 0e a0le to get)

i$ you could spea! a $oreign language. (you could spea! ' you ere a0le to spea!)

;pEE

= >8IS S

<G.1 Put the "er0 into the correct $orm.



1. I$ I R!ne R his num0er# I ould phone him. (!no )

?. I R ouldn t 0uyR that coat i$ I ere you. (not%0uy)

<. I @@@ you i$ I could# 0ut I m a$raid I can t. (help) B. -e ould need a car i$ e @@@ in the country. (li"e)

C. I$ e had the choice# e @@@ in the country. (li"e)

D. This soup isn t "ery good. It @@@ 0etter i$ it asn t so salty. (taste)

E. I ouldn t mind li"ing in ngland i$ the eather @@@ 0etter. (0e)

G. I$ I ere you# @@@ (not% ait). I @@@ no . (go)

L. 9ou re al ays tired. I$ you @@@ to 0ed so late e"ery night# you ouldn t 0e tired all the time. (not%go)

1M. I thin! there are too many cars. I$ there @@@ so many cars (not%0e)# there @@@ so much pollution. (not%0e)

<G.? -rite a sentence ith I$ ... $or each situation. 1. -e don t "isit you "ery o$ten 0ecause you li"e so $ar a ay.

RI$ you didn t li"e so $ar a ay# e d "isit you more o$ten.R

?. 2e doesn t spea! "ery clearly@@that s hy people don t understand him.

I$ he @@@ more @@@ people @@@

<. That 0oo! is too expensi"e# so I m not going to 0uy it.

I$ the 0oo! @@@# I @@@

B. -e don t go out "ery o$ten 0ecause e can t a$$ord it.

C. It s raining# so e can t ha"e lunch in the garden.

D. I ha"e to or! tomorro e"ening# so I can t meet you.

<G.< -rite sentences 0eginning I ish ...

1. I don t !no many people (and I m lonely).

RI ish I !ne more people.R

?. I don t ha"e a !ey (and I need one). I ish @@@

<. Ann isn t here (and I need to see her).

B. It s cold (and I hate cold eather).

C. I li"e in a 0ig city (and I don t li!e it).

D. I can t go to the party (and I d li!e to).

E. I ha"e to or! tomorro (0ut I d li!e to stay in 0ed).

G. I don t !no anything a0out cars (and my car has 4ust 0ro!en do n).

L. I m not lying on a 0eauti$ul sunny 0each (and that s a pity).

<G.B -rite your o n sentences 0eginning I ish ...

1. (some here you d li!e to 0e no @@on the 0each# in Ne 9or!# in 0ed etc.)

I ish I @@@

?. (something you d li!e to ha"e@@a computer# a 4o0# lots o$ money etc.)

<. (something you d li!e to 0e a0le to do@@sing# spea! a language# $ly etc.)



B. (something you d li!e to 0e@@0eauti$ul# strong# rich etc.)

;pEG UNIT <L. I$ I had !no n ... I ish I had !no n ...


ast month 5ary as in hospital $or an operation. iK didn t !no this# so she didn t go to "isit him. They met

a $e days ago. iK said:

I$ I had !no n you ere in hospital# I ould ha"e gone to "isit you.

iK said: I$ I had !no n you ere in hospital... . The real situation as that she didn t !no he as in

hospital.

-hen you are tal!ing a0out the past# you use i$ had ( d) ... (i$ I had !no n%0een%done etc.): , I didn t see you hen you passed me in the street. I$ I d seen you# o$ course I ould ha"e said hello. (0ut I

didn t see you)

, I decided to stay at home last night. I ould ha"e gone out i$ I hadn t 0een so tired. (0ut I as tired)

, I$ he had 0een loo!ing here he as going# he ouldn t ha"e al!ed into the all. (0ut he asn t loo!ing)

, The "ie as onder$ul. I$ I d had a camera# I ould ha"e ta!en some photographs. (0ut I didn t ha"e a

camera)

8ompare:

, I m not hungry. I$ I as hungry# I ould eat something. (no )

, I asn t hungry. I$ I had 0een hungry# I ould ha"e eaten something. (past)

. o not use ould in the i$@part o$ the sentence. -e use ould in the other part o$ the sentence:

, I$ I had seen you# I ould ha"e said hello. (not I$ I ould ha"e seen you )

Note that d can 0e ould or had:

, I$ I d seen you# (I d seen ' I had seen)

I d ha"e said hello. (I d ha"e said ' I ould ha"e said)

8. -e use had (done) in the same ay a$ter ish. I ish something had happened ' I am sorry that it

didn t happen:

, I ish I d !no n that 5ary as ill. I ould ha"e gone to see him. (0ut I didn t !no )

, I $eel sic!. I ish I hadn t eaten so much ca!e. (I ate too much ca!e)

, o you ish you had studied science instead o$ languages/ (you didn t study science)

, The eather as cold hile e ere a ay. I ish it had 0een armer.

o not use ould ha"e... a$ter ish in these sentences:

, I ish it had 0een armer. (not I ish it ould ha"e 0een )

. 8ompare ould (do) and ould ha"e (done):

, I$ I had gone to the party last night# I ould 0e tired no . (I am not tired no @@present)

I$ I had gone to the party last night# I ould ha"e met lots o$ people. (I didn t meet lots o$ people@@past)



8ompare ould ha"e# could ha"e and might ha"e:

, I$ the eather hadn t 0een so 0ad# e ould ha"e gone out.

, I$ the eather hadn t 0een so 0ad# e could ha"e gone out. (' e ould ha"e 0een a0le to go out) , I$ the eather hadn t 0een so 0ad# e might ha"e gone out. ('perhaps e ould ha"e gone out)

;pEL

= >8IS S

<L.1 Put the "er0 into the correct $orm.

1. I didn t !no you ere in hospital. I$ I d !no n (I%!no )# I ould ha"e gone (I%go) to "isit you.

?. Jen got to the station in time to catch his train. I$# @@@ (he%miss) it @@@ (he%0e) late $or his inter"ie .

<. It s good that you reminded me a0out Ann s 0irthday. @@@ (I%$orget)i$ @@@ (you%not%remind) me.

B. Un$ortunately# I didn t ha"e my address 0oo! ith me hen I as in Ne 9or!. I$ @@@ (I%ha"e) your address#@@@ (I%send) you a postcard.

C. A: 2o as your holiday/ id you ha"e a nice time/

: It as +J# 0ut @@@ ( e%en4oy) it more i$ @@@ (the eather%0e) 0etter.

D. I too! a taxi to the hotel 0ut the tra$$ic as "ery 0ad. @@@ (it%0e) Fuic!er i$ @@@ (I% al!).

E. I m not tired. I$ @@@ (I%0e) tired# I d go home no .

G. I asn t tired last night. I$ @@@ (I%0e) tired# I ould ha"e gone home earlier.

<L.? -rite a sentence ith i$ $or each situation.

1. I asn t hungry# so I didn t eat anything.

RI$ I d 0een hungry# I ould ha"e eaten something.R

?. The accident happened 0ecause the dri"er in $ront stopped so suddenly.

I$ the dri"er in $ront @@@

<. I didn t !no that 5eorge had to get up early# so I didn t a!e him up.

i$ I @@@

B. I as a0le to 0uy the car only 0ecause 3im tent me the money.

C. argaret asn t in4ured in the crash 0ecause she as earing a seat 0elt.

D. 9ou didn t ha"e any 0rea!$ast @ that s hy you re hungry no .

E. I didn t get a taxi 0ecause I didn t ha"e any money on me.

<L.< Imagine that you are in these situations. 7or each situation# rite a sentence ith I ish ...

1. 9ou "e eaten too much and no you $eel sic!.

9ou say: RI ish I hadn t eaten so much.R

?. There as a 4o0 ad"ertised in the ne spaper. 9ou decided not to apply $or it. No you thin! that your

decision as rong.

9ou say: I ish I @@@

<. -hen you ere younger# you didn t learn to play a musical instrument. No you regret this.

9ou say: @@@



B. 9ou "e painted the gate red. No you thin! that it doesn t loo! "ery nice.

9ou say: @@@

C. 9ou are al!ing in the country. 9ou ould li!e to ta!e some photographs 0ut you didn t 0ring your camera. 9ou say: @@@

D. 9ou ha"e some unexpected guests. They didn t tell you they ere coming. 9ou are "ery 0usy and you are

not prepared $or them.

9ou say (to yoursel$): @@@

;pGM

UNIT BM. -ould I ish ... ould

A. -e use ould ( d) hen e imagine a situation or action: , It ould 0e nice to ha"e a holiday 0ut e can t a$$ord it.

, I m not going to 0ed yet. I m not tired and I ouldn t sleep.

-e use ould ha"e (done) hen e imagine situations or actions in the past:

, They helped me a lot. I don t !no hat I ould ha"e done ithout their help.

, I didn t go to 0ed. I asn t tired# so I ouldn t ha"e slept.

7or ould in sentences ith i$ see Units <E@<L.

. 8ompare ill ( 11) and ould ( d):

, I ll stay a 0it longer. I "e got plenty o$ time.

, I d stay a 0it longer 0ut I really ha"e to go no . (so I can t stay longer)

Sometimes ould% ouldn t is the past o$ ill% on t. 8ompare:

present @Q past

Tom: I ll phone you on Sunday. @Q Tom said he d phone me on Sunday.

ANN: I promise I on t 0e late. @Q Ann promised that she ouldn t 0e late.

iK: amn6 The car on t start. @Q iK as angry 0ecause the car ouldn t start.

8. I ish ... ould...


It is raining. 3ill ants to go out# 0ut not in the rain. She says:

I ish it ould stop raining.

This means that 3ill is complaining a0out the rain and ants it to stop.

-e use I ish ... ould... hen e ant something to happen or hen e ant some0ody to do something.

The spea!er is not happy ith the present situation.

, The phone has 0een ringing $or $i"e minutes. I ish some0ody ould ans er it.

, I ish you ould do something instead o$ 4ust sitting and doing nothing.

9ou can use I ish ... ouldn t ... to complain a0out things people do repeatedly:

, I ish you ouldn t !eep interrupting me.



-e use I ish ... ould ... $or actions and changes# not situations. 8ompare:

, I ish Sarah ould come. (' I ant her to come)

0ut , I ish Sarah ere (or as) here no . (not I ish Sarah ould 0e... ) , I ish some0ody ould 0uy me a car.

0ut , I ish I had a car. (not I ish I ould ha"e... )

7or I ish ... ere%had (etc.) see Units <G and <L8.

. 9ou can also use ould hen you tal! a0out things that happened regularly in the past:

, -hen e ere children# e li"ed 0y the sea. In summer# i$ the eather as $ine# e ould all get up early

and go $or a s im. (' e did this regularly)

, -hene"er Arthur as angry# he ould al! out o$ the room.

-ith this meaning# ould is similar to used to (see Unit 1G): , -hene"er Arthur as angry# he used to al! out o$ the room.

;pG1

= >8IS S

BM.1 8omplete the sentences using ould one o$ the $ollo ing "er0s in the correct $orm:

0e do en4oy en4oy phone stop

1. They helped me a lot. I don t !no hat I ould ha"e done ithout their help.

?. 9ou should go and see the $ilm. 9ou @@@ it.

<. It s a pity you couldn t come to the party last night. 9ou @@@ it.

B. I @@@ you last night 0ut I didn t ha"e your num0er.

C. -hy don t you go and see 8lare/ She @@@ "ery pleased to see you.

D. I as in a hurry hen I sa you. +ther ise I @@@ to tal!.

BM.? -rite sentences using promised.

1. I onder hy she s late. She promised she ouldn t 0e late.

?. I onder hy Tom hasn t ritten to me. 2e promised @@@

<. I m surprised they didn t ait $or us. They @@@

B. -hy did you tell 3ill hat I said/ 9ou @@@

BM.< -hat do you say in these situations/ -rite sentences ith I ish ... ould ...

1. It s raining. 9ou ant to go out# 0ut not in the rain.

9ou say: I ish it ould stop raining.

?. 9ou re aiting $or 3ohn. 2e s late and you re getting impatient.

9ou say (to yoursel$): I ish @@@

<. 9ou can hear a 0a0y crying and you re trying to study.

9ou say: @@@

B. 9ou re loo!ing $or a 4o0 @ so $ar ithout success. No0ody ill gi"e you a 4o0.

9ou say: I ish some0ody @@@



C. rian has 0een earing the same clothes $or years. 9ou thin! he needs some ne clothes.

9ou say (to rian): @@@

7or the $ollo ing situations# rite sentences ith I ish ... ouldn t .... D. 9our $riend dri"es "ery $ast. 9ou don t li!e this.

9ou say (to your $riend): I ish you @@@

E. 3ac! al ays lea"es the door open. This annoys you.

9ou say (to 3ac!): @@@

G. A lot o$ people drop litter in the street. 9ou don t li!e this.

9ou say: I ish people @@@

BM.B Are these sentences right or rong/ 8orrect the ones that are rong.

1. I ish Sarah ould 0e here no . ?. I ish you ould listen to me.

<. I ish I ould ha"e more money.

B. I ish it ouldn t 0e so cold today.

C. I ish the eather ould change.

D. I ish you ouldn t complain all the time.

E. I ish e"erything ouldn t 0e so expensi"e.

BM.C These sentences are a0out things that o$ten happened in the past. 8omplete the sentences using

ould one o$ these "er0s: $orget sha!e share al!

1. -hene"er Arthur as angry# he ould al! out o$ the room.

?. I used to li"e next to a rail ay line. -hene"er a train ent past# the house @@@

<. 9ou could ne"er rely on 5eorge. It didn t matter ho many times you reminded him to do something# he

@@@ al ays @@@

B. renda as al ays "ery generous. She didn t ha"e much 0ut she @@@ hat she had ith e"eryone else.

;pG?

UNIT B1. passi"e (1) (is done% as done)


This house as 0uilt in 1L<M.

-as 0uilt is passi"e. 8ompare acti"e and passi"e:

Some0ody 0uilt this house (o04ect) in 1L<M. (acti"e)

This house (su04ect) as 0uilt in 1L<M. (passi"e)

-e use an acti"e "er0 to say hat the su04ect does:

, y grand$ather as a 0uilder. 2e 0uilt this house in 1L<M.

, It s a 0ig company. It employs t o hundred people.

-e use a passi"e "er0 to say hat happens to the su04ect:



, This house is Fuite old. It as 0uilt in 1L<M.

, To hundred people are employed 0y the company.

. -hen e use the passi"e# ho or hat causes the action is o$ten un!no n or unimportant: , A lot o$ money as stolen in the ro00ery. (some0ody stole it 0ut e don t !no ho)

, Is this room cleaned e"ery day/ (does some0ody clean it/@@it s not important ho)

I$ e ant to say ho does or hat causes the action# e use 0y...

, This house as 0uilt 0y my grand$ather.

, To hundred people are employed 0y the company.

8. The passi"e is 0e (is% as%ha"e 0een etc.) the past participle (done%cleaned%seen etc.):

(0e) done (0e) cleaned (0e) seen (0e) damaged (0e) 0uilt etc.

7or irregular past participles (done%!no n%seen etc.)# see Appendix 1. Study the acti"e and passi"e $orms o$ the present simple and past simple:

Present simple

acti"e: clean(s)%see(s) etc.

Some0ody cleans this e"ery day.

passi"e: am%is%are cleaned%seen etc.

This room is cleaned e"ery day.

, any accidents are caused 0y careless dri"ing.

, I m not o$ten in"ited to parties.

, 2o is this ord pronounced/

Present simple

acti"e: cleaned%sa etc.

Some0ody cleaned this room yesterday.

passi"e: as% ere cleaned%seen etc.

This room as cleaned yesterday.

, -e ere o!en up 0y a loud noise during the night.

, id you go to the party/ No# I asn t in"ited.

, 2o much money as stolen/

;pG<

= >8IS S

B1.1 8omplete the sentences using one o$ these "er0s in the correct $orm:

cause damage hold include in"ite ma!e o"erta!e sho translate rite

1. any accidents Rare causedR 0y dangerous dri"ing.

?. 8heese @@@ $rom mil!.

<. The roo$ o$ the 0uilding @@@ in a storm a $e days ago.

B. There s no need to lea"e a tip. Ser"ice @@@ in the 0ill.



C. 9ou @@@ to the edding. -hy didn t you go/

D. A cinema is a place here $ilms @@@

E. In the United States# elections $or President @@@ e"ery $our years. G. +riginally the 0oo! @@@ in Spanish and a $e years ago it

L. -e ere dri"ing along Fuite $ast 0ut e @@@ 0y lots o$ other cars.

B1.? -rite Fuestions using the passi"e. Some are present and some are past.

1. As! a0out the telephone. ( hen%in"ent/)

R-hen as the telephone in"ented/R

?. As! a0out glass. (ho %ma!e/) 2o @@@

<. As! a0out Australia. ( hen%disco"er/)

B. As! a0out sil"er. ( hat%use $or/) C. As! a0out tele"ision. ( hen%in"ent/)

B1.< Put the "er0 into the correct $orm# present simple or past simple# acti"e or passi"e.

1. It s a 0ig $actory. 7i"e hundred people Rare employedR (employ) there.

?. -ater @@@ (co"er) most o$ the arth s sur$ace.

<. ost o$ the arth s sur$ace @@@ (co"er) 0y ater.

B. The par! gates @@@ (loc!) at D.<M p.m. e"ery e"ening.

C. The letter @@@ (post) a ee! ago and it @@@ (arri"e) yesterday.

D. The 0oat @@@ (sin!) Fuic!ly 0ut $ortunately e"ery0ody @@@ (rescue).

E. >on s parents @@@ (die) hen he as "ery young. 2e and his sister @@@ (0ring) up 0y their grandparents.

G. I as 0orn in ondon 0ut I @@@ (gro ) up in the north o$ ngland.

L. -hile I as on holiday# my camera @@@ (steal) $rom my hotel room.

1M. -hile I as on holiday# my camera @@@ (disappear) $rom my hotel room.

11. -hy @@@ (Sue%resign) $rom her 4o0/ idn t she en4oy it/

1?. -hy @@@ ( ill%sac!) $rom his 4o0/ -hat did he do rong/

1<. The company is not independent. It @@@ (o n) 0y a much larger company.

1B. I sa an accident last night. Some0ody @@@ (call) an am0ulance 0ut no0ody @@@ (in4ure) so the am0ulance

@@@ (not%need).

1C. -here @@@ (these photographs%ta!e)/ In ondon/ @@@ (you%ta!e) them/

B1.B >e rite these sentences. Instead o$ using some0ody%they%people etc. rite a passi"e sentence.

1. Some0ody cleans the room e"ery day. RThe room is cleaned e"ery day.R

?. They cancelled all $lights 0ecause o$ $og. All @@@

<. People don t use this road "ery o$ten. @@@

B. Some0ody accused me o$ stealing money. I @@@

C. 2o do people learn languages/ 2o @@@

D. People ad"ised us not to go out alone. @@@



;pGB

UNIT B?. Passi"e (?) (0e%0een%0eing done) Study the $ollo ing acti"e and passi"e $orms: A. In$initi"e

acti"e: (to) do%clean%see etc. Some0ody ill clean the room later.

passi"e: (to) 0e done%cleaned%seen etc. The room ill 0e clean later.

, The situation is serious. Something must 0e done 0e$ore it s too late.

, A mystery is something that can t 0e explained.

, The music as "ery loud and could 0e heard $rom a long ay a ay.

, A ne supermar!et is going to 0e 0uilt next year.

, Please go a ay. I ant to 0e le$t alone. . Per$ect in$initi"e

acti"e: ha"e done%cleaned%seen etc. Some0ody should ha"e cleaned the room.

passi"e: ha"e 0een done%cleaned%seen etc. The room should ha"e 0een cleaned.

, I ha"en t recei"ed the letter yet. It might ha"e 0een sent to the rong address.

, I$ you hadn t le$t the car unloc!ed# it ouldn t ha"e 0een stolen.

, There ere some pro0lems at $irst 0ut they seem to ha"e 0een sol"ed.

8. Present per$ect

acti"e: ha"e%has (done) The room loo!s nice. Some0ody has cleaned it.

passi"e: ha"e%has 0een (done) The room loo!s nice. It has 0een clean.

, 2a"e you heard the ne s/ The President has 0een shot6

, 2a"e you e"er 0een 0itten 0y a dog/

, Are you going to the party/ No# I ha"en t 0een in"ited.

Past per$ect

acti"e: had(done) The room loo!ed nice. Some0ody had clean it.

passi"e: had 0een (done) The room loo!ed nice. It had 0een clean.

, The "egeta0les didn t taste "ery good. They had 0een coo!ed $or too long.

, The car as three years old 0ut hadn t 0een used "ery much.

. Present continuous

acti"e: am%is%are (do)ing Some0ody is cleaning the room at the moment.

passi"e: am%is%are 0eing (done) The room is 0eing cleaned at the moment.

, There s some0ody al!ing 0ehind us. I thin! e are 0eing $ollo ed.

, (in a shop) 8an I help you# madam/ No# than! you. I m 0eing ser"ed.

Past continuous

acti"e: as% ere (do)ing Some0ody as cleaning the room hen I arri"ed.



passi"e: as% ere 0eing (done) The room as 0eing cleaned hen I arri"ed.

, There as some0ody al!ing 0ehind us. -e ere 0eing $ollo ed.

;pGC = >8IS S

B?.1 -hat do these ords mean/ Use it can ... or it can t... . Use a dictionary i$ necessary.

I$ something is

1. asha0le# Rit can 0e ashed.R

?. un0rea!a0le# it @@@

<. edi0le# it @@@

B. unusa0le# @@@

C. in"isi0le# @@@ D. porta0le# @@@

B?.? 8omplete these sentences ith one o$ the $ollo ing "er0s (in the correct $orm):

carry cause do ma!e repair send spend a!e up

Sometimes you need ha"e ( might ha"e # could ha"e etc.).

1. The situation is serious. Something must 0e done 0e$ore it s too late.

?. I ha"en t recei"ed the letter. It might ha"e 0een sent to the rong address.

<. A decision ill not @@@ until the next meeting.

B. I told the hotel receptionist that I anted to @@@ at D.<M the next morning.

C. o you thin! that less money should @@@ on armaments/

D. This road is in "ery 0ad condition. It should @@@ a long time ago.

E. The in4ured man couldn t al! and had to @@@

G. It s not certain ho the $ire started 0ut it might @@@ 0y an electrical $ault.

B?.< >e rite these sentences. Instead o$ using some0ody or they # rite a passi"e sentence.

1. Some0ody has cleaned the room. RThe room has 0een cleaned.R

?. They ha"e postponed the concert. The @@@

<. Some0ody is using the computer at the moment. The computer @@@

B. I didn t realise that some0ody as recording our con"ersation. I didn t realise that @@@

C. -hen e got to the stadium e $ound that they had cancelled the game. -hen e got to the stadium# e

$ound that @@@

D. They are 0uilding a ne ring road round the city. @@@

E. They ha"e 0uilt a ne hospital near the airport. @@@

B?.B a!e sentences $rom the ords in 0rac!ets. Sometimes the "er0 is acti"e# sometimes passi"e. (This

exercise also includes the past simple@@see Unit B1 8.)

1. There s some0ody 0ehind us. (I thin!% e%$ollo ) RI thin! e re 0eing $ollo ed.R

?. This room loo!s di$$erent. (you%paint/) R2a"e you painted it/R



. 5et

Sometimes you can use get instead o$ 0e in the passi"e:

, There as a $ight at the party 0ut no0ody got hurt. (' no0ody as hurt) , I don t o$ten get in"ited to parties. (' I m not o$ten in"ited)

, I m surprised Ann didn t get o$$ered the lo0. (... Ann asn t o$$ered the 4o0)

9ou can use get to say that something happens to some0ody or something# especially i$ this is unplanned or

unexpected:

, +ur dog got run o"er 0y a car.

9ou can use get only hen things happen or change. 7or example# you cannot use get in these sentences:

, 3ill is li!ed 0y e"ery0ody. (not gets li!ed @ this is not a happening )

, 2e as a mystery man. Nothing as !no n a0out him. (not got !no n ) -e use get mainly in in$ormal spo!en nglish. 9ou can use 0e in all situations.

-e also use get in the $ollo ing expressions ( hich are not passi"e in meaning):

get married get di"orced get dressed (' put on your clothes) get changed (' change your clothes)

;pGE

= >8IS S

B<.1 -hen ere they 0orn/ 8hoose $i"e o$ these people and rite a sentence $or each. (To o$ them ere

0orn in the same year.)

eetho"en 5alileo l"is Presley 1BC? 1GDL 1L?L

Agatha 8hristie ahatma 5andhi eonardo da Oinci 1CDB 1GL1 1L<C

-alt isney artin uther Jing -illiam Sha!espeare 1EEM 1LM1

1. R-alt isney as 0orn in 1LM1.R

?. @@@

<. @@@

B. @@@

C. @@@

D. @@@

E. And you/ I @@@

B<.? -rite these sentences in another ay# 0eginning in the ay sho n.

1. They didn t gi"e me the money. I R asn t gi"en the money.R

?. They as!ed me some di$$icult Fuestions at the inter"ie . I @@@

<. 3anet s colleagues ga"e her a present hen she retired. 3anet @@@

B. No0ody told me that 5eorge as ill. I asn t @@@

C. 2o much ill they pay you/ 2o much ill you @@@

D. I thin! they should ha"e o$$ered Tom the 4o0. I thin! Tom @@@



E. 2as any0ody sho n you hat to do/ 2a"e you @@@

B<.< 8omplete the sentences using 0eing one o$ these "er0s:

as! attac! gi"e in"ite !eep pay 1. r iller doesn t li!e R0eing !eptR aiting.

?. They ent to the party ithout @@@.

<. ost people li!e @@@ presents.

B. It s a dangerous city. People on t go out a$ter dar! 0ecause they are a$raid o$ @@@.

C. I don t li!e @@@ stupid Fuestions.

D. 7e people are prepared to or! ithout @@@.

B<.B 8omplete the sentences using get%got one o$ these "er0s (in the correct $orm): as! 0rea! damage

hurt pay steal sting stop use 1. There as a $ight at the party 0ut no0ody got hurt.

?. Ted @@@ 0y a 0ee hile he as sitting in the garden.

<. 2o did that indo @@@/

B. These tennis courts don t @@@ "ery o$ten# Not many people ant to play.

C. I used to ha"e a 0icycle 0ut it @@@.

D. ast night I @@@ 0y the police as I as dri"ing home.

E. 2o much did you @@@ last month/

G. Please pac! these things "ery care$ully. I don t ant them to @@@.

L. People o$ten ant to !no hat my 3o0 is. I o$ten @@@ that Fuestion.

;pGG

UNIT BB. It is said that... 2e is said to... (0e) supposed to...


2enry is "ery old. No0ody !no s exactly ho old he is# 0ut:

It is said that he is 1MG years old. or 2e is said to 0e 1MG years old.

oth these sentences mean: People say that he is 1MG years old.

9ou can use these structures ith a num0er o$ other "er0s# especially:

thought 0elie"ed considered reported !no n expected alleged understood

8ompare the t o structures:

, 8athy or!s "ery hard.

It is said that she or!s 1D hours a day. or She is said to or! 1D hours a day.

, The police are loo!ing $or a missing 0oy.

It is 0elie"ed that the 0oy is earing a or hite pullo"er and 0lue 4eans. The 0oy is 0elie"ed to 0e earing a

hite pullo"er and 0lue 4eans.

, The stri!e started three ee!s ago.



c: It is RexpectedR that the company ill lose money this year. The company @@@

BB.? People say a lot o$ things a0out Arthur. 7or example:

1 Arthur cats spiders. ? 2e is "ery rich.

<. (2e rites poetry.

B. (2e has 1? children.)

C. (2e ro00ed a 0an! a long time ago.

No0ody !no s $or sure hether these things are true or not. -rite sentences a0out Arthur using (0e)

supposed to.

1. Arthur is supposed to eat spiders.

?. 2e @@@ <. @@@

B. @@@

C. @@@

BB.< No you ha"e to use (0e) supposed to ith its other meaning. In each example hat happens is

di$$erent $rom hat is supposed to happen. Use (0e) supposed to one o$ these "er0s:

arri"e 0e 0loc! come par! phone start

Some o$ the sentences are negati"e (li!e the $irst example).

1. 9ouR re not suppose to par!R here. It s pri"ate par!ing only.

?. The train R as supposed to arri"eR at 11.<M# 0ut it as an hour late.

<. -hat are the children doing at home/ They @@@ at school at this time.

B. -e @@@ or! at G.1C# 0ut e rarely do anything 0e$ore G.<M.

C. This door is a $ire exit. 9ou @@@ it.

D. +h dear6 I @@@ Ann 0ut I completely $orgot.

E. They arri"ed "ery early@@at ? o cloc!. They @@@ until <.<M.

;pLM

UNIT BC. 2a"e something done


The roo$ o$ 3ill s house as damaged in a storm# so she arranged $or some0ody to repair it. 9esterday a

or!man came and did the 4o0.

3ill had the roo$ repaired yesterday.

This means: 3ill arranged $or some0ody else to repair the roo$. She didn t repair it hersel$.

-e use ha"e something done to say that e arrange $or some0ody else to do something $or us.

8ompare:

, 3ill repaired the roo$. (' she repaired it hersel$)



, 3ill had the roo$ repaired. (' she arranged $or some0ody else to repair it)

Study these sentences:

, id Ann ma!e the dress hersel$ or did she ha"e it made/ , Are you going to repair the car yoursel$/ No# I m going to ha"e it repaired.

e care$ul ith ord order. The past participle (repaired%cut etc.) is a$ter the o04ect (the roo$ your hair etc.):

ha"e o04ect past participle

3ill had the roo$ repaired yesterday.

-here did you ha"e your hair cut/

9our hair loo!s nice. 2a"e you had it cut/

3ulia has 4ust had central heating installed in her house.

-e are ha"ing the house painted at the moment. 2o o$ten do you ha"e your car ser"iced/

I thin! you should ha"e that coat cleaned soon.

I don t li!e ha"ing my photograph ta!en.

. 9ou can also say get something done instead o$ ha"e something done (mainly in in$ormal spo!en

nglish):

, -hen are you going to get the roo$ repaired/ (' ha"e the roo$ repaired)

, I thin! you should get your hair cut.

8. Sometimes ha"e something done has a di$$erent meaning. 7or example:

, 3ill and ric had all their money stolen hile they ere on holiday.

+$ course this does not mean that they arranged $or some0ody to steal their money. They had all their

money stolen means only: All their money as stolen $rom them.

-ith this meaning# e use ha"e something done to say that something happens to some0ody or their

0elongings. Usually hat happens is not nice:

, 5eorge had his nose 0ro!en in a $ight.

, 2a"e you e"er had your passport stolen/

;pL1

= >8IS S

BC.1 Tic! (O) the correct sentence# (a) or (0)# $or each picture.

1. SA>A2

a Sarah is cutting her hair.

0 Sarah is ha"ing her hair cut.

?. I

a ill is cutting his hair.

0 ill is ha"ing his hair cut.

<. 3+2N



a 3ohn is cleaning his shoes.

0 3ohn is ha"ing his shoes cleaned.

B. SU a Sue is ta!ing a photograph.

0 Sue is ha"ing her photograph ta!en.

BC.? -hy did you do these things/ Ans er using ha"e something done . Use one o$ these "er0s:

clean cut repair ser"ice

1. -hy did you ta!e your car to the garage/ RTo ha"e it ser"iced.R

?. -hy did you ta!e your 4ac!et to the cleaner s/ To @@@

<. -hy did you ta!e your atch to the 4e eller s/ @@@

B. -hy did you go to the hairdresser/ @@@ BC.< -rite sentences in the ay sho n.

1. 3ill didn t repair the roo$ hersel$. She Rhad it repaired.R

?. I didn t cut my hair mysel$. I @@@

<. They didn t paint the house themsel"es. They @@@

B. Sue didn t ma!e the curtains hersel$. @@@

BC.B Use the ords in 0rac!ets to complete the sentences. Use the structure ha"e something done .

1. -e Rare ha"ing the house paintedR (the house%paint) at the moment.

?. I lost my !ey. I ll ha"e to @@@ (another !ey%ma!e).

<. -hen as the last time you @@@ (your hair%cut)/

B. 9ou loo! di$$erent @@@ (you%your hair%cut)/

C. @@@ (you%a ne spaper%deli"er) to your house or do you go to the shop to 0uy one/

D. A: -hat are those or!men doing in your garden/

: +h# e @@@ (a s imming pool%0uild).

E. A: 8an I see the photographs you too! hen you ere on holiday/

: I m a$raid I @@@ (not%the $ilm%de"elop) yet.

G. This coat is dirty. I must @@@ (it%clean).

L. I$ you ant to ear earrings# hy don t you @@@ (your ears%pierce)/

BC.C No you ha"e to use ha"e something done ith its second meaning (see Section 8).

1. 5eorge s nose as 0ro!en in a $ight.

-hat happened to 5eorge/ R2e had his nose 0ro!en in a $ight.R

?. Sarah s 0ag as stolen on a train.

-hat happened to Sarah/ She @@@

<. 7red s hat as 0lo n o$$ in the ind.

-hat happened to 7red/ @@@

B. iane s passport as ta!en a ay $rom her 0y the police.



I ant to go a ay $or a holiday 0ut I don t !no here to go. I m going a ay $or a $e days. I ll phone you

hen I get 0ac!.

ater you tell some0ody hat 3udy said. 9ou use reported speech: , 3udy said that her parents ere "ery ell.

, She said that she as going to learn to dri"e.

, She said that 3ohn had gi"en up his 4o0.

, She said that she couldn t come to the party on 7riday.

, She said that she anted to go a ay $or a holiday 0ut (she) didn t !no here to go.

, She said that she as going a ay $or a $e days and ould phone me hen she got 0ac!.

8. The past simple (did%sa %!ne etc.) can usually stay the same in reported speech# or you can change it

to the past Per$ect (had done%had seen%had !no n etc.): direct: Tom said: I o!e up $eeling ill# so I didn t go to or!.

reported: Tom said (that) he o!e up $eeling ill# so he didn t go to or!. or Tom said (that) he had o!en up

$eeling ill# so he hadn t gone to or!.

;pL<

= >8IS S

BD.1 9esterday you met a $riend o$ yours# 8harlie. 2ere are some o$ the things 8harlie said to you:

1. I m li"ing in ondon no .

?. y $ather isn t "ery ell.

<. Sharon and Paul are getting married next month.

B. argaret has had a 0a0y.

C. I don t !no hat 7red is doing.

D. I sa 2elen at a party in 3une and she seemed $ine.

E. I ha"en t seen iane recently.

G. I m not en4oying my 4o0 "ery much.

L. 9ou can come and stay at my $lat i$ you are e"er in ondon.

1M. y car as stolen a $e ee!s ago.

11. I ant to go on holiday 0ut I can t a$$ord it.

1?. I ll tell Ann I sa you.

ater that day you tell another $riend hat 8harlie said. Use reported speech.

1. R8harlie said that he as li"ing in ondon no .R

?. 2e said that @@@

<. 2e @@@

B. @@@

C. @@@

D. @@@



E. @@@

G. @@@

L. @@@

1M. @@@

11. @@@

1?. @@@

BD.? Some0ody says something to you hich is the opposite o$ hat they said 0e$ore. -rite a suita0le

ans er 0eginning I thought you said ....

1. A: That restaurant is expensi"e.

: is It/ RI thought you said it as cheap.R ?. A: Ann is coming to the party tonight.

: Is she/ I thought you said she @@@

<. A: Ann li!es Paul.

: oes she/ I thought @@@

B. A: I !no lots o$ people.

: o you/ I thought you said you @@@

C. A: I ll 0e here next ee!.

: -ill you/ @@@

D. A: I m going out this e"ening.

: Are you/ @@@

E. A: I can spea! a little 7rench.

: 8an you/ @@@

G. A: I ha"en t 0een to the cinema $or ages.

: 2a"en t you/ @@@

;pLB

UNIT BE. >eported speech (?)

A. It is not al ays necessary to change the "er0 hen you use reported speech. I$ you report. something

and it is still true# you do not need to change the "er0:

, direct: Tom said Ne 9or! is more li"ely than ondon.

reported: Tom said that Ne 9or! is more li"ely than ondon.

(Ne 9or! is still more li"ely. The situation hasn t changed.)

, direct: Ann said I ant to go to Ne 9or! next year.

reported: Ann said that she ants to go to Ne 9or! next year.



(Ann still ants to go to Ne 9or! next year.)

Note that it is also correct to change the "er0 into the past:

, Tom said that Ne 9or! as more li"ely than ondon. , Ann said that she anted to go to Ne 9or! next year.

ut you must use a past $orm hen there is a di$$erence 0et een hat as said and hat is really true.


9ou met Sonia a $e days ago.

She said: 3im is ill. (direct speech)

ater that day you see 3im. 2e is loo!ing ell and carrying a tennis rac!et.

9ou say: I didn t expect to see you# 3im. Sonia said you ere ill.

(not Sonia said you are ill # 0ecause clearly he is not ill.) . Say and tell

I$ you say ho you are tal!ing to# use tell:

, Sonia told me that you ere ill. (not Sonia said me )

, -hat did you tell the police/ (not say the police )

+ther ise use say:

, Sonia said that you ere ill. (not Sonia told that ... )

, -hat did you say/

ut you can say something to some0ody :

, Ann said good0ye to me and le$t. (not Ann said me good0ye )

, -hat did you say to the police/

8. Tell%as! some0ody to do something

-e also use the in$initi"e (to do%to stay etc.) in reported speech# especially ith tell and as! ($or orders and

reFuests):

, direct: Stay in 0ed $or a $e days# the doctor said to me.

reported: The doctor told me to stay in 0ed $or a $e days.

, direct: on t shout# I said to 3im.

reported: I told 3im not to shout.

, direct: Please don t tell any0ody hat happened# Ann said to me.

reported: Ann as!ed me not to tell any0ody hat (had) happened.

... said to do something is also possi0le:

, The doctor said to stay in 0ed $or a $e days. (0ut not The doctor said me ... )

;pLC

= >8IS S

BE.1 2ere are some things that Ann said to you:

I "e ne"er 0een to the United States.



I don t ha"e any 0rothers or sisters.

a"e is laKy.

I don t li!e $ish. I can t dri"e.

3ane is a $riend o$ mine

I m or!ing tomorro e"ening.

3ane has a "ery ell@paid 4o0.

ut later Ann says something di$$erent to you. -hat do you say/

1. a"e or!s "ery hard.

R ut you said he as laKy.R

?. et s ha"e $ish $or dinner. <. I m going to 0uy a car.

B. 3ane is al ays short o$ money.

C. y sister li"es in ondon.

D. I thin! Ne 9or! is a $antastic place.

E. et s go out tomorro e"ening.

G. I "e ne"er spo!en to 3ane.

BE.? 8omplete the sentences ith say or tell (in the correct $orm). Use only one ord each time.

1. Ann said good0ye to me and le$t.

?. @@@ us a0out your holiday. id you ha"e a nice time/

<. on t 4ust stand there6 @@@ something6

B. I onder here Sue is. She @@@ she ould 0e here at G o cloc!.

C. 3ac! @@@ me that he as $ed up ith his 4o0.

D. The doctor @@@ that I should rest $or at least a ee!.

E. on t @@@ any0ody hat I @@@ It s a secret 4ust 0et een us.

G. id she @@@ you hat happened/ No# she didn t @@@ anything to me.

L. 5eorge couldn t help me. 2e @@@ me to as! Jate.

1M. 5eorge couldn t help me. 2e @@@ to as! Jate.

BE.< (Section 8) The $ollo ing sentences are direct speech:

on t ait $or me i$ I m late.

-ill you marry me/

2urry up6

8an you open your 0ag# please/

ind your o n 0usiness

Please slo do n6

8ould you repeat hat you said#.please/



on t orry# sue.

o you thin! you could gi"e me a hand# Tom/

No choose one o$ these to complete each sentence 0elo . Use reported speech. 1. ill as ta!ing a long time to get ready# so I Rtold him to hurry up.R

?. Sarah as dri"ing too $ast# so I as!ed @@@

<. Sue as "ery pessimistic a0out the situation. I told @@@

B. I couldn t mo"e the piano alone# so I @@@

C. The customs o$$icer loo!ed at me suspiciously and @@@

D. I had di$$iculty understanding him# so I @@@

E. I didn t ant to delay Ann# so I @@@

G. 3ohn as "ery much in lo"e ith ary# so he @@@ L. 2e started as!ing me personal Fuestions# so @@@

;pLD

UNIT BG. uestions (1)

A. -e usually ma!e Fuestions 0y changing the ord order: e put the $irst auxiliary "er0 (AO) 0e$ore the

su04ect (S):

Tom ill @Q ill Tom/

, -ill Tom 0e here tomorro /

you ha"e @Q ha"e you/

, 2a"e you 0een or!ing hard/

I can @Q can I/

, -hat can I do/ (not -hat I can do/ )

the house as @Q as the house/

, -hen as the house 0uilt/ (not -hen as 0uilt the house/ )

. In present simple Fuestions# e use do%does:

you li"e @Q do you li"e/

, o you li"e near here/

the $ilm 0egins @Q does the $ilm 0egin/

, -hat time does the $ilm 0egin/ (not -hat time 0egins .../ )

In past simple Fuestions# e use did:

you sold @Q did you sell/

, id you sell your car/

the accident happened @Q did the accident happen/

, 2o did the accident happen/

ut do not use do%does%did in Fuestions i$ ho% hat% hich is the su04ect o$ the sentence. 8ompare:



ho o04ect

mma telephoned Rsome0ody.R(o04ect)

R-hoR(o04ect) did mma telephone/ ho su04ect

RSome0odyR(su04ect) telephoned mma.

R-hoR(su04ect) telephoned mma/

In these examples# ho% hat% hich is the su04ect:

, -ho ants something to eat/ (not -ho does ant )

, -hat happened to you last night/ (not -hat did happen )

, -hich 0us goes to the city centre/ (not -hich 0us does go )

8. Note the position o$ prepositions in Fuestions 0eginning -ho%-hat%-hich%-here .../: , -ho do you ant to spea! to/

, -hat as the eather li!e yesterday/

, -hich 4o0 has 3ane applied $or/

, -here do you come $rom/

. Negati"e Fuestions (isn t it .../%didn t you .../)

-e use negati"e Fuestions especially to sho surprise:

, idn t you hear the 0ell/ I rang it $our times.

or hen e expect the listener to agree ith us:

, 2a"en t e met some here 0e$ore 9es# I thin! e ha"e.

, Isn t it a 0eauti$ul day6 (' It s a 0eauti$ul day# isn t it/)

Note the meaning o$ yes and no in ans ers to negati"e Fuestions:

, on t you ant to go to the party/ 9es. ('9es# I ant to go)

, on t you ant to go to the party/ .No. ('No# I don t ant to go)

Note the ord order in negati"e Fuestions 0eginning -hy .../:

, -hy don t e go out $or a meal tonight/ (not -hy e don t... )

, -hy asn t ary at or! yesterday/ (not -hy ary asn t... )

;pLE

= >8IS S

BG.1 As! iK Fuestions. ( oo! at her ans ers 0e$ore you rite the Fuestions.)

1. ( here%$rom/) -here are you $rom/

R7rom ondon originally.R

?. ( here%li"e%no /) -here @@@

In anchester.

<. (married/) @@@

9es.



B. (ho long%married/) @@@

1? years.

C. (children/) @@@ 9es# three 0oys.

D. (ho old%they/) @@@

B# E and L.

E. ( hat%hus0and%do/) @@@

2e s a policeman.

G. (he%en4oy his 4o0/) @@@

9es# "ery much.

L. (arrest anyone yesterday/) @@@ I don t !no .

1M. (ho o$ten%go%on holiday/) @@@

Usually once a year.

11. ( here%next year/) @@@

-e don t !no yet.

BG.? a!e Fuestions ith ho or hat.

1. Some0ody hit me.

R-ho hit you/R

?. I hit some0ody.

R-ho did you hit/R

<. Some0ody ga"e me the !ey.

-ho @@@

B. Something happened.

-hat @@@

C. iane told me something.

@@@

D. This 0oo! 0elongs to some0ody.

@@@

E. Some0ody li"es in that house.

@@@

G I $ell o"er something.

@@@

L. Something $ell on the $loor.

@@@

1M. This ord means something.



@@@

11. I 0orro ed the money $rom some0ody. @@@

1?. I m orried a0out something.

@@@

BG.< Put the ords in 0rac!ets in the correct order. All the sentences are Fuestions.

1. ( hen% as%0uilt%this house) R-hen as this house 0uilt/R

?. (ho %cheese%is%made)

<. ( hen%in"ented %the computer% as)

B. ( hy%Sue% or!ing% isn t%today) C. ( hat time%coming%your $riends%are)

D. ( hy% as%cancelled%the concert)

E. ( here%your mother% as%0orn)

G. ( hy%you%to the party%didn t%come)

L. (ho %the accident%did%happen)

1M. ( hy%this machine%doesn t% or!)

BG.B -rite negati"e Fuestions $rom the ords in 0rac!ets. In each situation you are surprised.

1. A: -e on t see Ann this e"ening.

: -hy not/ (she%not%come%to the party/) RIsn t she coming to the party/R

?. A: I hope e don t meet rian tonight.

: -hy/ (you%not%li!e%him/)

<. A: on t go and see that $ilm.

: -hy not/ (it%not%good)

B. A: I ll ha"e to 0orro some money.

: -hy/ (you%not%ha"e%any/)

;pLG

UNIT BL. uestions (?) ( o you !no here ../ She as!ed me here ...)

A. -hen e as! $or in$ormation# e o$ten say o you !no .../%8ould you tell me .../ etc. I$ you 0egin a

Fuestion li!e this# the ord order is di$$erent $rom a simple Fuestion.

8ompare:

-here has Tom gone/ (simple Fuestion)

0ut o you !no here Tom has gone/ (not o you !no here has Tom gone/ )

-hen the Fuestion (-here has Tom gone/) is part o$ a longer sentence ( o you !no .../%I don t

!no ...%8an you tell me .../ etc.)# it loses the normal Fuestion ord order.



8ompare:

, -hat time is it/ 0ut o you !no hat time it is/

, -ho is that oman/ 0ut I don t !no ho that oman is. , -here can I $ind inda/ 0ut 8an you tell me here I can $ind inda/

, 2o much ill it cost/ 0ut 2a"e you any idea ho much it ill cost/

e care$ul ith do%does%did Fuestions:

, -hat time the $ilm 0egins/ 0ut o you !no hat time the $ilm 0egins/ (not o you !no hat time

does... )

, -hat do you mean/ 0ut Please explain hat you mean.

, -hy did Ann lea"e early/ 0ut I onder hy Ann le$t early.

Use i$ or hether here there is no other Fuestion ord ( hat# hy etc.): , id any0ody see you/ 0ut o you !no i$ (or hether) any0ody sa you/

. The same changes in ord order happen in reported Fuestions:

direct: The police o$$icer said to us# -here are you going/

reported: The police o$$icer as!ed us here e ere@going.

direct: 8lare said# -hat time do the 0an! close/

reported: 8lare anted to !no hat time the 0an!s closed.

In reported Fuestions# the "er0 usually changes to the past ( ere# closed). See Unit BD.

Study these examples. 9ou had an inter"ie $or a 4o0 and these ere some o$ the Fuestions the inter"ie er

as!ed you:

INT >OI - >

2o old are you/

-hat do you do in your spare time/

2o long ha"e you 0een or!ing in your present 4o0/

-hy did you apply $or the 4o0/

8an you spea! any $oreign languages/

2a"e you got a dri"ing licence/

ater you tell a $riend hat the inter"ie er as!ed you. 9ou use reported speech:

, She as!ed (me) ho old I as.

, She anted to !no hat I did in my spare time.

, She as!ed (me) ho long I had 0een or!ing in my present 4o0.

, She as!ed (me) hy I had applied $or the 4o0. (or ... hy I applied)

, She anted to !no hether (or i$) I could spea! any $oreign languages.

, She as!ed hether (or i$) I had a dri"ing licence. (or ... I had got ... )

;pLL

= >8IS S



BL.1 a!e a ne sentence $rom the Fuestion in 0rac!ets.

1. (-here has Tom gone/) o you !no here Tom has gone/

?. (-here is the post o$$ice/) 8ould you tell me here @@@ <. (-hat s the time/) I onder @@@

B. (-hat does this ord mean/) I ant to !no @@@

C. (-hat time did they lea"e/) o you !no @@@

D. (Is Sue going out tonight/) I don t !no @@@

E. (-here does 8arol li"e/) 2a"e you any idea @@@

G. (-here did I par! the car/) I can t remem0er @@@

L. (Is there a 0an! near here/) 8an you tell me @@@

1M. (-hat do you ant/) Tell me @@@ 11. (-hy didn t Jay come to the party/) I don t !no @@@

1?. ( o you ha"e to pay to par! here/) o you !no @@@

1<. (-ho is that oman/) I "e no idea @@@

1B. ( id Ann recei"e my letter/) o you !no @@@

1C. (2o $ar is it to the airport/) 8an you tell me @@@

BL.? 9ou are ma!ing a phone call. 9ou ant to spea! to Sue 0ut she isn t there. Some0ody else ans ers the

phone. 9ou ant to !no three things:

(1) -here has she gone/ (?) -hen ill she 0e 0ac!/ and (<) id she go out alone/

8omplete the con"ersation:

A: o you !no here @@@(1)/

: Sorry# I "e got no idea.

A: Ne"er mind. I don t suppose you !no @@@(?).

: No# I m a$raid not.

A: +ne more thing. o you happen to !no @@@(<)/

: I m a$raid I didn t see her go out.

A: +J. -ell# than! you any ay. 5ood0ye.

BL.< 9ou ha"e 0een a ay $or a hile and ha"e 4ust come 0ac! to your home to n. 9ou meet 5erry# a $riend

o$ yours. 2e as!s you a lot o$ Fuestions:

1. 2o are you/

?. -here ha"e you 0een/

<. 2o long ha"e you 0een 0ac!/

B. -hat are you doing no /

C. -here are you li"ing/

D. -hy did you come 0ac!/

E. Are you glad to 0e 0ac!/



, I m $eeling tired. So am (' I m $eeling tired too)

, I ne"er read ne spapers. Neither do (' I ne"er read ne spapers either)

, Sue hasn t got a car and neither has artin. Note the ord order a$ter so and neither ("er0 0e$ore su04ect):

, I passed the exam and so did Tom. (not so Tom did )

9ou can use nor instead o$ neither:

, I can t remem0er his name. Nor can or Neither can I

9ou can also use ...not ... either :

, I ha"en t got any money. Neither ha"e I or Nor ha"e I or I ha"en t either.

. I thin! so%I hope so etc.

A$ter some "er0s you can use so hen you don t ant to repeat something: , Are those people nglish/ 3 thin! so. (' I thin! they are nglish)

, -ill you 0e at home tomorro morning/ I expect so. (' I expect I ll 0e at home..)

, o you thin! Jate has 0een in"ited to the party/ I suppose so.

9ou can also say I hope so# I guess so and I m a$raid so.

The usual negati"e $orms are:

I thin! so%I expect so @Q I don t thin! so%I don t expect so

I hope so%I m a$raid so%I guess so @Q I hope not%I m a$raid not%I guess not

I suppose so%I don t suppose so or I suppose not

, Is that oman American/ I thin! so.%I don t thin! so.

, o you thin! it s going to rain/ 3 hope so.%I hope not. (not I don t hope so )

;p1M1

= >8IS S

CM.1 8omplete the sentences ith an auxiliary "er0 (do% as%could%should etc.). Sometimes the "er0 must 0e

negati"e (don t% asn t etc.).

1. I asn t tired 0ut my $riends R ere.R

?. I li!e hot eather 0ut Ann @@@

<. Is 8olin here/ 2e @@@ $i"e minutes ago 0ut I thin! he s gone home no .

B. She might phone later this e"ening 0ut I don t thin! she @@@.

C. Are you and 8hris coming to the party/ I @@@ 0ut 8hris @@@.

D. I don t !no hether to apply $or the 4o0 or not. o you thin! I @@@/

E. Please don t tell any0ody hat I said. on t orry. I @@@.

G. 9ou ne"er listen to me. 9es# I @@@6

L. 8an you play a musical instrument/ No# 0ut I ish I @@@.

1M. Please help me. I m sorry. I @@@ i$ I @@@ 0ut I @@@.

CM.? 9ou ne"er agree ith Sue. Ans er in the ay sho n.



1. I m hungry. RAre you/ I m not.R

?. I m not tired. RAren t you/ I am.R

<. I li!e $oot0all. @@@ B. I didn t en4oy the $ilm. @@@

C. I "e ne"er 0een to South America. @@@

D. I thought the exam as Fuite easy. @@@

CM.< 9ou are tal!ing to Tina. -rite true sentences a0out 9oursel$. >eply ith So ... or Neither... i$ suita0le.

Study the t o examples care$ully.

1. I $eel really tired. RSo do IR

?. I m or!ing hard. RAre you/ I m not.R

<. I atched tele"ision last ee!. @@@ B. I on t 0e in ondon next ee!. @@@

C. I li"e in a small to n. @@@

D. I d li!e to go to the moon. @@@

E. I can t play the trumpet. @@@

CM.B In these con"ersations# you are . >ead the in$ormation in 0rac!ets and then ans er ith I thin! so# I

hope not etc.

1. (9ou don t li!e rain.)

A: Is it going to rain/

: (hope) RI hope not.R

?. (9ou need more money Fuic!ly.)

A: o you thin! you ll get a pay rise soon/

: (hope) @@@

<. (9ou thin! iane ill pro0a0ly get the 4o0 that she applied $or.)

A: I onder i$ iane ill get the 4o0.

: (expect) @@@

B. (9ou re not sure hether 3ill is married@@pro0a0ly not.)

A: Is 3ill married/

: (thin!) @@@

C. (9ou are the receptionist at a hotel. The hotel is $ull.)

A: 2a"e you got a room $or tonight/

: (a$raid) @@@

D. (9ou re at a party. 9ou ha"e to lea"e early.)

A: o you ha"e to lea"e already/

: (a$raid) @@@

E. (Ann normally or!s e"ery day# onday to 7riday. Tomorro is -ednesday.)



A: Is Ann or!ing tomorro /

: (suppose) @@@

G. (9ou are going to a party. 9ou can t stand 3ohn.) A: o you thin! 3ohn ill 0e at the party/

: (hope) @@@

L. (9ou re not sure hat time the concert is@@pro0a0ly E.<M.)

A: Is the concert at E.<M/

: (thin!) @@@

;p1M?

UNIT C1. uestion tags (do you/ isn t it/ etc.)

A. Study these examples: 9ou ha"en t seen ary today# ha"e you/

No# I m a$raid not.

It as a good $ilm# asn t it/

9es. I really en4oyed it.

2a"e you/ and asn t it/ are Fuestion tags (' mini@Fuestions that e o$ten put on the end o$ a sentence in

spo!en nglish). In Fuestion tags# e use an auxiliary "er0 (ha"e% as% ill etc.).

-e use do%does%did $or the present and past simple (see also Unit CM):

, Jaren plays the piano# doesn t she/ -ell# yes# 0ut not "ery ell.

, 9ou didn t loc! the door# did you/ No# I $orgot.

. Normally e use a negati"e Fuestion tag a$ter a positi"e sentence:

positi"e sentence negati"e tag

ary ill 0e here soon# on t she/

There as a lot o$ tra$$ic# asn t there/

3im should pass the exam# shouldn t he/

... and a positi"e Fuestion tag a$ter a negati"e sentence:

negati"e sentence positi"e tag

ary on t 0e late# ill she/

They don t li!e us# do they/

9ou ha"en t got a car# ha"e you/

Notice the meaning o$ yes and no in ans er to a negati"e sentence:

, 9ou re not going out today# are you/ 9es. (9es# I am going out)

, 9ou re not going out today# are you/ No. (No# I am not going out)

8. The meaning o$ a Fuestion tag depends on ho you say it. I$ your "oice goes do n# you aren t really

as!ing a Fuestion* you are only in"iting the listener to agree ith you:

, It s a nice day# isn t it/ 9es# lo"ely.



, Tim doesn t loo! ell today# dose he/ No# he loo!s "ery tired.

, She s "ery pretty. She s got 0eauti$ul eyes# hasn t she/

ut i$ the "oice goes up# it is a real Fuestion: , 9ou ha"en t seen ary today# ha"e you/ No# I m a$raid not.

(' 2a"e you seen ary today 0y any chance/)

-e o$ten use a negati"e sentence positi"e tag to as! $or things or in$ormation# or to as! some0ody to do

something. The "oice goes up at the end o$ the tag in sentences li!e these:

, 9ou ha"en t got a pen# ha"e you/ 9es# here you are.

, 9ou couldn t do me a $a"our# could you/ It depends hat it is.

, 9ou don t !no here Jaren is# do you/ Sorry# I "e no idea.

. A$ter et s... the Fuestion tag is ... shall e/: et s go $or a al!# shall e/

A$ter the imperati"e ( o...% on t do... etc.)# the tag is usually ... ill you/:

+pen the door# ill you/

on t 0e late# ill you/

Note that e say ... aren t I/ (' am I not/):

I m late# aren t I/

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C1.1 Put a Fuestion tag on the end o$ these sentences.

1. Tom on t 0e late# ill her/ No# he s ne"er late.

?. 9ou re tired# aren t you/ 9es# a little.

<. 9ou "e got a camera# @@@/ 9es# hy/ o you ant to 0orro it/

B. 9ou eren t listening# @@@/ 9es# I as6

C. Sue doesn t !no Ann# @@@/ No# they "e ne"er met.

D. 3ac! s on holiday# @@@/ 9es# he s in Portugal.

E. Ann s applied $or the 4o0# @@@/ 9es# 0ut she on t get it.

G. 9ou can spea! 5erman# @@@/ 9es# 0ut not "ery $luently.

L. 2e on t mind i$ I use his phone# @@@/ No# o$ course he on t.

1M. There are a lot o$ people here# @@@/ 9es# more than I expected.

11. et s go out tonight# @@@/ 9es# let s.

1?. This isn t "ery interesting# @@@/ No# not "ery.

1<. I m too impatient# @@@/ 9es# you are sometimes.

1B. 9ou ouldn t tell anyone @@@/No# o$ course not.

1C. isten# @@@/ +J# I m listening.

1D. I shouldn t ha"e lost my temper# @@@/ No# 0ut ne"er mind.



1E. on t drop that "ase# @@@/ No# don t orry.

1G. 2e d ne"er met her 0e$ore# @@@/# No# that as the $irst time.

C1.? >ead the situation and rite a sentence ith a Fuestion tag. In each situation you are as!ing your $riend to agree ith you.

1. 9ou loo! out o$ the indo . The s!y is 0lue and the sun is shining. -hat do you say to your $riend/

(0eauti$ul day)

RIt s a 0eauti$ul day# isn tR

?. 9ou re ith a $riend outside a restaurant. 9ou re loo!ing at the prices# hich are "ery high. -hat do you

say/ (expensi"e)

It @@@

<. 9ou "e 4ust come out o$ the cinema ith a $riend . 9ou really en4oyed the $ilm. -hat do you say to your $riend/ (great)

The $ilm @@@

B. 9ou and a $riend are listening to a oman singing. 9ou li!e her "oice "ery much. -hat do you say to your

$riend/ (a lo"ely "oice)

She @@@

C. 9ou are trying on a 4ac!et. 9ou loo! in the mirror and you don t li!e hat you see. -hat do you say to your

$riend/ (not%too!%"ery good)

It @@@

D. 9our $riend s hair is much shorter than hen you last met. -hat do you say to her%him/ (ha"e%your

hair%cut)

9ou @@@

E. 9ou and a $riend are al!ing o"er a ooden 0ridge. It is "ery old and some parts are 0ro!en. -hat do you

say/ (not%"ery sa$e)

This 0ridge @@@

C1.< In these situations you are as!ing $or in$ormation and as!ing people to do things. a!e sentences li!e

those in Section 8.

1. 9ou need a pen. Perhaps 3ane has got one. As! her.

3ane# you ha"en t got a pen. ha"e you/

?. 3ac! is 4ust going out. 9ou ant him to get you some stamps. As! him.

3ac!# you @@@

<. 9ou re loo!ing $or Ann. Perhaps Jate !no s here she is. As! her.

Jate# you @@@

B. 9ou need a 0icycle pump. Perhaps 2elen has got one. As! her.

2elen @@@

C. 9ou re loo!ing $or your !eys. Perhaps >o0in has seen them. As! him.



;p1MB

UNIT C?. Oer0 &ing (en4oy doing%stop doing etc.)

A. oo! at these examples: , I en4oy dancing. (not I en4oy to dance )

, -ould you mind closing the door/ (not mind to close )

, Ian suggested going to the cinema. (not suggested to go )

A$ter en4oy# mind and suggest# e use &ing (not to ...).

2ere are some more "er0s that are $ollo ed 0y &ing:

stop delay $ancy consider admit miss in"ol"e $inish postpone imagine a"oid deny ris! practise

, Suddenly e"ery0ody stopped tal!ing. There as silence.

, I ll do the shopping hen I "e $inished cleaning the $lat. , 2e tried to a"oid ans ering my Fuestion.

, I don t $ancy going out this e"ening.

, 2a"e you e"er considered going to li"e in another country/

Note the negati"e $orm not &ing:

, -hen I m on holiday# I en4oy not ha"ing to get up early.

. -e also use &ing a$ter:

gi"e up (' stop)

put o$$ (' postpone)

carry on%go on (' continue)

!eep or !eep on (' do something continuously or repeatedly)

, Paula has gi"en up smo!ing.

, -e must do something. -e can t go on li"ing li!e this6 (or ... carry on li"ing ...)

, on t !eep interrupting me hile I m spea!ing. (or on t !eep on interrupting ...)

8. -ith some "er0s you can use the structure "er0 some0ody &ing@

, I can t imagine 5eorge riding a motor0i!e.

, 9ou can t stop me doing hat I ant.

, Sorry to !eep you aiting so long. That s all right.

Note the passi"e $orm (0eing done%seen%!ept etc.):

, I don t mind 0eing !ept aiting. (' I don t mind people !eeping me ...)

. -hen you are tal!ing a0out $inished actions# you can say ha"ing done%stolen%said etc.:

, She admitted ha"ing stolen the money.

ut it is not necessary to use ha"ing (done). 9ou can also use the simple &ing $orm $or $inished actions:

, She admitted stealing the money.

, I no regret saying (or ha"ing said) hat I said.

7or regret# see Unit CC .



. A$ter some o$ the "er0s on this page (especially admit%deny%suggest) you can use that ...

, She denied that she had stolen the money. (or She denied stealing ...)

, Ian suggested that e ent to the cinema. (or Ian suggested going ...) 7or suggest# see also Unit <B.

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C?.1 8omplete each sentence ith one o$ these "er0s:

ans er apply 0e 0e listen ma!e see try use ash or! rite

1. 2e tried to a"oid Rans eringR my Fuestion.

?. 8ould you please stop @@@ so much noise/

<. I en4oy @@@ to music. B. I considered @@@ $or the 4o0 0ut in the end I decided against it.

C. 2a"e you $inished @@@ your hair yet/

D. I$ you al! into the road ithout loo!ing# you ris! @@@ !noc!ed do n.

E. 3im is DC 0ut he isn t going to retire yet. 2e ants to carry on @@@.

G. I don t mind you @@@ the phone as long as you pay $or all your calls.

L. 2ello6 7ancy @@@ you here6 -hat a surprise6

1M. I "e put o$$ @@@ the letter so many times. I really must do it today.

11. -hat a stupid thing to do6 8an you imagine any0ody @@@ so stupid/

1?. Sarah ga"e up @@@to $ind a 4o0 in this country and decided to go a0road.

C?#? 8omplete the sentences $or each situation using &ing.

1. -hat shall e do/ -e could go to the cinema.

She suggested going to the cinema.

?. o you ant to play tennis/ No# not really.

2e didn t $ancy @@@

<. 9ou ere dri"ing too $ast. 9es# it s true. Sorry6

She admitted @@@

B. -hy don t e go $or a s im/ 5ood idea6

She suggested @@@

C. 9ou 0ro!e into the shop. No# I didn t6

2e denied @@@

D. 8an you ait a $e minutes/. Sure# no pro0lem.

They didn t mind @@@

C?.< 8omplete the sentences so that they mean the same as the $irst sentence. Use &ing.

1. I can do hat I ant and you can t stop me.

9ou can t stop me doing hat I ant.



?. It s not a good idea to tra"el during the rush hour.

It s 0etter to a"oid @@@

<. Shall e go a ay tomorro instead o$ today/ Shall e postpone @@@ until @@@/

B. The dri"er o$ the car said it as true that he didn t ha"e a licence.

The dri"er o$ the car admitted @@@

C. 8ould you turn the radio do n# please/

-ould you mind @@@/

D. Please don t interrupt me all the time.

-ould you mind/

C?.B Use your o n ideas to complete these sentences. Use &ing. 1. She s a "ery interesting person. I al ays en4oy Rtal!ing to her.R

?. I m not $eeling "ery ell. I don t $ancy @@@

<. I m a$raid there aren t any chairs. I hope you don t mind @@@

B. It as a lo"ely day# so I suggested @@@

C. It as "ery $unny. I couldn t stop @@@

D. y car isn t "ery relia0le. It !eeps @@@

;p1MD

UNIT C<. Oer0 to... (decide to do%$orget to do etc.)

A. o$$er decide hope deser"e attempt promise agree plan aim a$$ord manage threaten re$use

arrange learn $orget $ail

I$ these "er0s are $ollo ed 0y another "er0# the structure is usually "er0 to ... (in$initi"e):

, It as late# so e decided to ta!e a taxi home.

, Simon as in a di$$icult situation# so I agreed to lend him some money.

, 2o old ere you hen you learnt to dri"e/ (or learnt ho to dri"e )

, I a"ed to Jaren 0ut $ailed to attract her attention.

Note these examples ith the negati"e not to ...:

, -e decided not to go out 0ecause o$ the eather.

, I promised not to 0e late.

-ith many "er0s you cannot normally use to... . 7or example# en4oy%thin!%suggest:

, I en4oy dancing. (not en4oy to dance )

, Ian suggested going to the cinema. (not suggested to go )

, Are you thin!ing o$ 0uying a car/ (not thin!ing to 0uy )

7or "er0 &ing# see Unit C?. 7or "er0 preposition &ing# see Unit D1.

. -e also use to... a$ter: seem appear tend pretend claim. 7or example:

, They seem to ha"e plenty o$ money#



, I li!e 5eorge 0ut I thin! he tends to tal! too much.

, Ann pretended not to see me as she passed me in the street.

There is also a continuous in$initi"e (to 0e doing) and a per$ect in$initi"e (to ha"e done): , I pretended to 0e reading the ne spaper. (' I pretended that I as reading)

, 9ou seem to ha"e lost eight. (' it seems that you ha"e lost eight)

8. -e say decide to do something # promise to do something etc. In the same ay# e say a decision to

do something # a promise to do something etc. (noun to..).

, I thin! his decision to gi"e up his 3o0 as stupid.

, 5eorge has a tendency to tal! too much.

. A$ter dare you can use the in$initi"e ith or ithout to:

, I ouldn t dare to tell him. or I ouldn t dare tell him. ut a$ter daren t (or dare not)# you must use the in$initi"e ithout to:

, I daren t tell him hat happened. (not I daren t to tell him )

. A$ter the $ollo ing "er0s you can use a Fuestion ord ( hat% hether%ho etc.) to ...

as! decide !no remem0er $orget explain learn understand onder

-e as!ed ho to get to the station.

2a"e you decided here to go $or your holidays/

I don t !no hether to apply $or the 4o0 or not.

o you understand hat to do/

Also: sho %tell%as!%ad"ise%teach some0ody hat%ho % here to do something:

, 8an some0ody sho me ho to change the $ilm in this camera/

, As! 3ac!. 2e ll tell you hat to do.

;p1ME

= >8IS S

C<.1 8omplete the sentences $or each situation.

1. Shall e get married/ 9es# let s.

They decided Rto get married.R

?. Please help me. +J.

She agreed @@@

<. 8an I carry your 0ag $or you/ No# than!s. I can manage.

2e o$$ered @@@

B. et s meet at G o cloc!. +J# $ine.

They arranged @@@

C. -hat s your name/ I m not going to tell you.

She re$used @@@

C<.? 8omplete each sentence ith a suita0le "er0.



1. on t $orget to post the letter I ga"e you.

?. There as a lot o$ tra$$ic 0ut e managed @@@ to the airport in time.

<. 3ill has decided not @@@ a car. B. -e "e got a ne computer in our o$$ice. I ha"en t learnt @@@ it yet.

C. I onder here Sue is. She promised not late.

D. -e ere all too a$raid to spea!. No0ody dared @@@ anything.

C<.< Put the "er0 into the correct $orm# to ... or &ing. (See Unit C? $or "er0 &ing.)

1. -hen I m tired# I en4oy . atching tele"ision. It s relaxing. ( atch)

?. It as a nice day# so e decided @@@ $or a al!. (go)

<. It s a nice day. oes anyone $ancy @@@ $or a al!/ (go)

B. I m not in a hurry. I don t mind @@@ ( ait) C. They don t ha"e much money. They can t a$$ord @@@ out "ery o$ten. (go)

D. I ish that dog ould stop @@@ It s dri"ing me mad. (0ar!)

E. +ur neigh0our threatened @@@ the police i$ e didn t stop the noise. (call)

G. -e ere hungry# so I suggested @@@ dinner early. (ha"e)

L. 2urry up6 I don t ant to ris! @@@ the train. (miss)

1M. I m still loo!ing $or a 4o0 0ut I hope @@@ something soon. ($ind)

C<.B a!e a ne sentence using the "er0 in 0rac!ets.

1. 2e has lost eight. (seem)

R2e seems to ha"e lost eight.R

?. Tom is orried a0out something. (appear)

Tom appears @@@

<. 9ou !no a lot o$ people. (seem)

9ou @@@

B. y nglish is getting 0etter. (seem)

C. That car has 0ro!en do n. (appear)

D. a"id $orgets things. (tend)

E. They ha"e sol"ed the pro0lem. (claim)

C<.C 8omplete each sentence using hat%ho % hether one o$ these "er0s:

do go ride say use

1. o you !no ho to get 3ohn s house/

?. 8an you sho me @@@ this ashing machine/

<. -ould you !no @@@ i$ there as a $ire in the 0uilding/

B. 9ou ll ne"er $orget @@@ a 0icycle once you ha"e learned.

C. I as really astonished. I didn t !no @@@

D. I "e 0een in"ited to the party 0ut I don t !no @@@ or not.



8ompare these examples ith (0e) allo ed (passi"e):

, Smo!ing isn t allo ed in the house.

, -e aren t allo ed to smo!e in the house. . a!e and let

These "er0s ha"e the structure "er0 o04ect in$initi"e ( ithout to):

, The customs o$$icer made Sally open her case. (not to open )

, 2ot eather ma!es me $eel tired. (' causes me to $eel tired)

, 2er parents ouldn t let her go out alone. (' ouldn t allo her to go out)

, et me carry your 0ag $or you.

-e say ma!e some0ody do... (not to do )# 0ut the passi"e is (0e) made to do ... (in$initi"e ith to):

, Sally as made to open her case (0y the customs o$$icer). ;p1ML

= >8IS S

CB.1 8omplete the Fuestions# Use do you ant me to .../ or ould you li!e me to .../ ith one o$ these

"er0s ( any other necessary ords): come lend repeat sho shut ait

1. o you ant to go alone or Rdo you ant me to come ith you/R

?. 2a"e you got enough money or do you ant @@@/

<. Shall I lea"e the indo open or ould you @@@/

B. o you !no ho to use the machine or ould @@@/

C. id you hear hat I said or do @@@/

D. 8an I go no or do @@@/

CB.? 8omplete the sentences $or each situation.

1. oo! the door. +J.

She told him to loc! the door.

?. -hy don t you come and stay ith us $or a $e day/ 9es# I d lo"e to.

They in"ited him @@@

<. 8an I use your phone/ No6

She ouldn t let @@@

B. e care$ul. on t orry. I ill.

She arned @@@

C. 8an you gi"e me a hand/ 9es# o$ course.

2e as!ed @@@

CB.< 8omplete these sentences so that the meaning is similar to the $irst sentence.

1. y $ather said I could use his car.

y $ather allo ed Rme to use his car.R

?. I as surprised that it rained.



I didn t expect @@@

<. on t stop him doing hat he ants.

et @@@ B. 2e loo!s older hen he ears glasses.

5lasses ma!e @@@

C. I thin! you should !no the truth.

I ant @@@

D. on t let me $orget to phone my sister.

>emind @@@

E. At $irst I didn t ant to apply $or the 4o0 0ut Sarah persuaded me.

Sarah persuaded @@@ G. y la yer said I shouldn t say anything to the police.

y la yer ad"ised @@@

L. I as told that I shouldn t 0elie"e e"erything he says.

I as arned @@@

1M. I$ you "e got a car# you are a0le to tra"el round more easily.

2a"ing a car ena0les @@@

CB.B Put the "er0 in the right $orm: &ing or in$initi"e ( ith or ithout to).

1. She doesn t allo smo!ing in the house. (smo!e)

?. I "e ne"er 0een to Iceland 0ut I d li!e @@@ there. (go)

<. I m in a di$$icult position. -hat do you ad"ise me @@@/ (do)

B. She said the letter as personal and ouldn t let me @@@it. (read)

C. -e ere !ept at the police station $or t o hours and then e ere allo ed @@@ (go)

D. -here ould you recommend me @@@ $or my holidays/ (go)

E. I ouldn t recommend @@@ in that restaurant. The $ood is a $ul. (eat)

G. The $ilm as "ery sad. It made me @@@ (cry)

L. 8arol s parents al ays encouraged her @@@ hard at school. (study)

;p11M

UNIT CC Oer0 &ing or to... (1) (remem0er%regret etc.)

A. -hen one "er0 $ollo s another "er0# the structure is usually "er0 &ing or "er0 to ... 8ompare:

"er0 &ing

, They denied stealing the money.

, I en4oy going out.

+$ten e use &ing $or an action that happens 0e$ore the $irst "er0 or at the same time:

stealing V@ denied

"er0 to ...



, They decided to steal the money.

, I ant to go out.

+$ten e use to... $or an action that $ollo s the $irst "er0: decided @Q to steal ant @Q to go

This di$$erence is o$ten help$ul (see Section ) 0ut does not explain all uses o$ &ing and to...

. Some "er0s can 0e $ollo ed 0y &ing or to... ith a di$$erence o$ meaning:

remem0er

I remem0er doing something ' I did it and no I remem0er this.

9ou remem0er doing something a$ter you ha"e done it:

, I m a0solutely sure I loc!ed the door. I clearly remem0er loc!ing it. (' I loc!ed it# and no I remem0er this)

, 2e could remem0er dri"ing along the road 4ust 0e$ore the accident happened# 0ut he couldn t remem0er the accident itsel$.

I remem0ered to do something ' I remem0ered that I had to do it# and so I did it.

9ou remem0er to do something 0e$ore you do it:

, I remem0ered to loc! the door hen I le$t 0ut I $orgot to shut the indo s. (' I remem0ered that I had to

loc! the door and so I loc!ed it)

, Please remem0er to post the letter. (' don t $orget to post it)

regret

I regret doing something ' I did it and no I m sorry a0out it:

, I no regret saying hat I said. I shouldn t ha"e said it.

I regret to say%to tell you%to in$orm you ' I m sorry that I ha"e to say (etc.):

, ($rom a $ormal letter) -e regret to in$orm you that e are una0le to o$$er you the 4o0.

go on

5o on doing something ' continue doing the same thing:

, The minister ent on tal!ing $or t o hours.

, -e must change our ays. -e can t go on li"ing li!e this.

5o on to do something ' do or say something ne :

, A$ter discussing the economy# the minister then ent on to tal! a0out $oreign policy.

8. 0egin start intend continue 0other

These "er0s can 0e $ollo ed 0y &ing or to... ith little or no di$$erence in meaning. So you can say:

, It has started raining. or It has started to rain.

, 3ohn intends 0uying a house. or 3ohn intends to 0uy ...

, on t 0other loc!ing the door. or on t 0other to loc! ...

ut normally e do not use &ing a$ter &ing:

, It s starting to rain. (not it s starting raining )

;p111



= >8IS S

CC.1 Put the "er0 into the correct $orm# &ing or to... . Sometimes either $orm is possi0le.

1. They denied RstealingR the money. (steal) ?. I don t en4oy @@@ "ery much. (dri"e)

<. I don t ant @@@ out tonight. I m too tired. (go)

B. I can t a$$ord @@@ out tonight. I ha"en t got enough money. (go)

C. 2as it stopped @@@ yet/ (rain)

D. 8an you remind me @@@ some co$$ee hen e go out/ (0uy)

E. -hy do you !eep @@@ me Fuestions/ 8an t you lea"e me alone/ (as!)

G. Please stop @@@ me Fuestions6 (as!)

L. I re$use @@@ any more Fuestions. (ans er) 1M. +ne o$ the 0oys admitted @@@ the indo . (0rea!)

11. The 0oy s $ather promised @@@ $or the indo to 0e repaired. (pay)

1?. Ann as ha"ing dinner hen the phone rang. She didn t ans er the phone* she 4ust carried on @@@. (eat)

1<. 2o did the thie$ get into the house/ I $orgot @@@ the indo . (shut)

1B. I "e en4oyed @@@ you. (meet) I hope @@@ you again soon. (see)

1C. The 0a0y 0egan @@@ in the middle o$ the night. (cry)

1D. 3ulia has 0een ill 0ut no she s 0eginning @@@ 0etter. (get)

CC.? 2ere is some in$ormation a0out Tom hen 0e as a child.

1. 2e as in hospital hen he as $our.

?. 2e ent to Paris hen he as eight.

<. +nce he $ell into a ri"er.

B. 2e cried on his $irst day at school.

C. 2e said he anted to 0e a doctor.

D. +nce he as 0itten 0y a dog.

2e can still remem0er 1# ? and B. ut 0e can t remem0er <# S and D. -rite sentences 0eginning 2e can

remem0er ... or 2e can t remem0er...

1. 2e can remem0er 0eing in hospital hen he as $our.

?. @@@

<. @@@

B. @@@

C. @@@

D. @@@

CC.< 8omplete these sentences ith a suita0le "er0 in the correct $orm# &ing or to ...

1. a. Please remem0er to loc! the door hen you go out.

0. A: 9ou lent me some money a $e months ago.



: id I/ Are you sure/ I don t remem0er @@@ you any money.

c. A: id you remem0er @@@ your sister/

: +h no# I completely $orgot. I ll phone her tomorro . d. -hen you see andy# remem0er @@@ her my regards# on t you/

e. Someone must ha"e ta!en my 0ag. I clearly remem0er @@@ it 0y the indo and no it has gone.

?. a. I 0elie"e that hat I said as $air. I don t regret @@@ it.

0. (a$ter a dri"ing test) I regret @@@ that you ha"e $ailed the test.

<. a. Jeith 4oined the company 1C years ago. 2e as Fuic!ly promoted and 0ecame assistant manager a$ter

t o years. A $e years later he ent on @@@ manager o$ the company.

0. I can t go on @@@ here any more. I ant a di$$erent 4o0.

c. -hen I came into the room# iK as reading a ne spaper. She loo!ed up and said hello to me# and thenent on @@@ her ne spaper.

;p11?

UNIT CD. Oer0 &ing or to ... (?) (try%need%help)

A. Try to ... and try &ing

Try to do ' attempt to do# ma!e an e$$ort to do:

, I as "ery tired. I tried to !eep my eyes open 0ut I couldn t.

, Please try to 0e Fuiet hen you come home. "eryone ill 0e asleep.

Try also means do something as an experiment or test . 7or example:

, These ca!es are delicious. 9ou must try one. (' you must ha"e one to see i$ you li!e it)

, -e couldn t $ind any here to stay. -e tried e"ery hotel in the to n 0ut they ere

all $ull. (' e ent to e"ery hotel to see i$ they had a room)

I$ try ( ith this meaning) is $ollo ed 0y a "er0# e say try &ing:

, A: The photocopier doesn t seem to 0e or!ing.

: Try pressing the green 0utton. (' press the green 0utton @ perhaps this ill help to sol"e the pro0lem)

8ompare:

, I tried to mo"e the ta0le 0ut it as too hea"y. (so I couldn t mo"e it)

, I didn t li!e the ay the $urniture as arranged# so I tried mo"ing the ta0le to the other side o$ the room. ut

it still didn t loo! right# so I mo"ed it 0ac! again.

. Need to ... and need &ing

I need to do something ' it is necessary $or me to do it:

, I need to ta!e more exercise.

, 2e needs to or! harder i$ he ants to ma!e progress.

, I don t need to come to the meeting# do I/

Something needs doing ' something needs to 0e done:



, The 0atteries in the radio need changing. (' they need to 0e changed)

, o you thin! my 4ac!et needs cleaning/ (' ... needs to 0e cleaned)

, It s a di$$icult pro0lem. It needs thin!ing a0out "ery care$ully. (' it needs to 0e thought a0out) 8. 2elp and can t help

9ou can say help to do or help do (in$initi"e ith or ithout to):

, "ery0ody helped to clean up a$ter the party. or "ery0ody helped clean up ...

, 8an you help me to mo"e this ta0le/ or 8an you help me mo"e ...

There is also an expression can t%couldn t help doing something . I can t help doing something ' I can t stop

mysel$ $rom doing it:

, I don t li!e him 0ut he has a lot o$ pro0lems. I can t help $eeling sorry $or him.

, She tried to 0e serious 0ut she couldn t help laughing. (' she couldn t stop hersel$ $rom laughing) , I m sorry I m so ner"ous. I can t help it. (' I can t help 0eing ner"ous)

;p11<

= >8IS S

CD.1 a!e help$ul suggestions. ach time rite a sentence using try one o$ the $ollo ing

suggestions: phone him at or! mo"e the aerial change the 0atteries turn it the other ay ta!e an aspirin

1. The radio isn t or!ing. I onder hat s rong ith it.

R2a"e you tried changing the 0atteries/R

?. I can t open the door. The !ey on t turn.

Try @@@

<. The TO picture isn t "ery good. -hat can I do a0out it/

2a"e you @@@

B. I can t contact 7red. 2e s not at home. -hat shall I do/

-hy don t you @@@

C. I "e got a terri0le headache. I ish it ould go.

2a"e you @@@

CD.? 7or each picture rite a sentence ith need(s) one o$ the $ollo ing "er0s:

clean cut empty redecorate tighten

1. 2er 4ac!et is dirty. It needs cleaning.

?. The grass is "ery long. It @@@

<. The room isn t "ery nice @@@

B. The scre s arc loose @@@

C. The 0in is $ull @@@

CD.< Put the "er0 into the correct $orm# &ing or to... .

1. a. I as "ery tired. I tried to !eep (!eep) my eyes open 0ut I couldn t.

0. I rang the door0ell 0ut there as no ans er. Then I tried @@@ (!noc!) on the door# 0ut there as still no



ans er.

c. -e tried @@@ (put) the $ire out 0ut e ere unsuccess$ul. -e had to call the $ire 0rigade.

d. Sue needed to 0orro some money. She tried @@@ (as!) 5erry 0ut he as short o$ money too. e. I tried @@@ (reach) the shel$ 0ut I asn t tall enough.

$. Please lea"e me alone. I m trying @@@ (concentrate).

?. a. I need a change. I need @@@ (go) a ay $or a hile.

0. She isn t a0le to loo! a$ter hersel$. She needs @@@ (loo!) a$ter.

c. The indo s are dirty. They need @@@ (clean).

d. -hy are you lea"ing no / 9ou don t need @@@ (go) yet# do you/

e. 9ou don t need @@@ (iron) that shirt. It doesn t need @@@ (iron).

<. a. They ere tal!ing "ery loudly. I couldn t help @@@ (o"erhear) them. 0. 8an you help me @@@ (get) the dinner ready/

c. 2e loo!s so $unny. -hene"er I see him# I can t help @@@ (smile).

d. The $ine eather helped @@@ (ma!e) it a "ery en4oya0le holiday.

;p11B

UNIT CE. Oer0 &ing or to... (<) (li!e% ould li!e etc.)

A. li!e lo"e hate can t 0ear en4oy disli!e mind can t stand

These "er0s and expressions all mean li!e or not li!e . They are o$ten $ollo ed 0y &ing:

, Ann hates $lying.

, -hy do you disli!e li"ing here/

, I don t li!e people shouting at me. (' I don t li!e 0eing shouted at.)

A$ter lo"e# hate and can t 0ear# you can also use to ... So you can say:

, I lo"e meeting people. or I lo"e to meet people.

, She can t 0ear 0eing alone. or She can t 0ear to 0e alone.

ut a$ter en4oy%disli!e%mind%can t stand# e use only &ing (not to ... ):

, I en4oy 0eing alone. (not I en4oy to 0e )

, Tom doesn t mind or!ing at night. (not mind to or! )

. i!e

9ou can say I li!e doing something or I li!e to do something . +$ten it doesn t matter hich you use# so you

can say:

, I li!e getting up early. or I li!e to get up early.

In ritish nglish# there is sometimes a di$$erence 0et een I li!e doing and I li!e to do .

I li!e doing something means I en4oy it :

, o you li!e coo!ing/ (' do you en4oy it/)

, I li!e li"ing here. (' I en4oy it)

I li!e to do something means I thin! it is good or right () do it :



, I li!e to clean the !itchen as o$ten as possi0le. (This doesn t mean that I en4oy it* it means that I thin! it is a

good thing to do.)

, ary li!es people to 0e on time. 8. -ould li!e% ould lo"e% ould hate% ould pre$er are usually $ollo ed 0y to ... (in$initi"e):

, I ould li!e to 0e rich.

, -ould you li!e to come to dinner on 7riday/

, I d lo"e (' ould lo"e) to 0e a0le to tra"el round the orld.

, -ould you pre$er to ha"e dinner no or later/

8ompare I li!e and I ould li!e:

, I li!e playing%to play tennis. (' I en4oy it in general)

, I ould li!e to play tennis today. (' I ant to play today) Note that ould mind is $ollo ed 0y &ing (not to ...)

, -ould you mind closing the door# please/

. 9ou can also say I ould li!e to ha"e done something (' I regret no that I didn t or couldn t do

something):

, It s a pity e didn t see Oal hen e ere in ondon. I ould li!e to ha"e seen her again.

, -e d li!e to ha"e gone on holiday 0ut e didn t ha"e enough money.

9ou can use the same structure a$ter ould lo"e% ould hate% ould pre$er:

, Poor old Tom6 I ould hate to ha"e 0een in his position.

, I d lo"e to ha"e gone to the party 0ut it as impossi0le.

;p11C

= >8IS S

CE.1 8omplete the sentences ith li!es... or doesn t li!e... one o$ the $ollo ing (in the correct $orm):

0e !ept aiting do nothing dri"e $ly sol"e mysteries ta!e photographs ta!e ris!s or! in the open air

1. 5eorge is a detecti"e. 2e en4oys his or!. 2e Rli!es sol"ing mysteries.R

?. Ann "ery rarely tra"els 0y plane. She Rdoesn t li!e $lying.R

<. >ose al ays carries her camera ith her. She @@@

B. 8hristine doesn t use her car "ery o$ten. She @@@

C. a"e is a gardener. 2e li!es his 4o0. 2e @@@

D. 3enni$er is a "ery cautious person. She @@@

E. Ted is extremely laKy. 2e @@@

G. 2elen is "ery impatient. She @@@

CE.? -rite sentences a0out yoursel$. Say hether you li!e or don t li!e these acti"ities. 8hoose one o$ these

"er0s $or each sentence: (don t) li!e lo"e hate en4oy don t mind

1. ($lying) RI don t li!e $lying.R

?. (playing cards)



<. (doing the ironing)

B. (going to museums)

C. (lying on the 0each all day) CE.< 2o ould you $eel a0out doing these 4o0s/ In your sentences use one o$ these:

I d li!e%I ouldn t li!e I d lo"e I d hate I ouldn t mind

1. (a teacher) RI ouldn t li!e to 0e a teacher.R

?. (a dentist)

<. (a hairdresser)

B. (an airline pilot)

C. (a tourist guide)

CE.B Put in a suita0le "er0 in the correct $orm# &ing or to ... Sometimes either $orm is possi0le. 1. It s nice to 0e ith other people 0ut sometimes I en4oy R0eingR alone.

?. I m not Fuite ready yet. o you mind @@@ a little longer/

<. -hen I as a child# I hated @@@ to 0ed early.

B. I don t en4oy @@@ letters. I can ne"er thin! hat to rite.

C. I need a ne 4o0. I can t stand @@@ here any more.

D. I ould lo"e @@@ to your edding 0ut I m a$raid it isn t possi0le.

E. 8aroline ne"er ears a hat. She doesn t li!e @@@ hats.

G. -ould you li!e @@@ do n/ No# than!s. I ll stand.

L. -hen I ha"e to catch a train# I m al ays orried that I ll miss it. So I li!e @@@ to the station in plenty o$ time.

1M. 2a"e you got a moment/ I d li!e @@@ to you a0out something.

.CE.C -rite sentences li!e those in Section . Use the "er0 in 0rac!ets.

1. It s a pity I couldn t go to the edding. (li!e)

RI ould li!e to ha"e gone to the edding.R

?. It s a pity I didn t see the programme. (li!e)

<. I m glad I didn t lose my atch. (hate)

B. It s a pity I didn t meet Ann. (lo"e)

C. I m glad I asn t alone. (not%li!e)

D. It s a pity I couldn t tra"el 0y train. (pre$er)

;p11D

UNIT CG. Pre$er and ould rather

A. Pre$er to do and pre$er doing

9ou can use pre$er to (do) or pre$er &ing to say hat you pre$er in general:

, I don t li!e cities. I pre$er to li"e in the country. or I pre$er li"ing in the country.

Study the di$$erences in structure a$ter pre$er. -e say:

I pre$er something to something else.



?. Are you going to tell Ann hat happened or ould you rather @@@/

<. Are you going to do the shopping or @@@/

B. Are you going to ans er the phone or @@@/ CG.B Use your o n ideas to complete these sentences.

1. Shall I tell Ann the ne s/ No# I d rather she didn t !no .

?. o you ant me to go no or ould you rather I @@@ here/

<. o you ant to go out this e"ening or ould you rather @@@ at home/

B. This is a pri"ate letter addressed to me. I d rather you @@@ read it.

C. It s Fuite a nice house 0ut I d rather it @@@ a 0it 0igger.

D. o you mind i$ I turn on the radio/ I d rather you @@@ I m trying to study.

;p11G UNIT CL. Preposition (in%$or%a0out etc.) &ing

A. I$ a preposition (in%$or%a0out etc.) is $ollo ed 0y a "er0# the "er0 ends in &ing. 7or example:

Are you interested in or!ing $or us/

I m not "ery good at learning languages.

She must 0e $ed up ith studying.

-hat are the ad"antages o$ ha"ing a car/

This !ni$e is only $or cutting 0read.

2o a0out playing tennis tomorro /

I 0ought a ne 0icycle instead o$ going a ay on holiday.

8arol ent to or! in spite o$ $eeling ill.

9ou can also say interested in some0ody (do)ing ..... # $ed up ith you (do)ing... etc.:

, I m $ed up ith you telling me hat to do.

. Note the use o$ the $ollo ing prepositions &ing:

0e$ore &ing and a$ter &ing:

, e$ore going out# I phoned Sarah. (not e$ore to go out )

, -hat did you do a$ter lea"ing school/

9ou can also say e$ore I ent out ... and ... a$ter you le$t school .

0y &ing (to say 0o something happens):

, The 0urglars got into the house 0y 0rea!ing a indo and clim0ing in.

, 9ou can impro"e your nglish 0y reading more.

, She made hersel$ ill 0y not eating properly.

ithout &ing:

, I ran ten !ilometer ithout stopping.

, They clim0ed through the indo ithout any0ody seeing them. (or ... ithout 0eing seen.)



, She needs to or! ithout people distur0ing her. (or ... ithout 0eing distur0ed.)

, It s nice to go on holiday ithout ha"ing to orry a0out money.

8. To &ing To is o$ten part o$ the in$initi"e (to do%to see etc.):

, -e decided to go out.

, -ould you li!e to play tennis/

ut to is also a preposition (li!e in%$or%a0out%$rom etc.). 7or example:

, -e dro"e $rom ondon to din0urgh.

, I pre$er tea to co$$ee.

, Are you loo!ing $or ard to the ee!end/

I$ a preposition is $ollo ed 0y a "er0# the "er0 ends in &ing* (in doing%a0out going etc.@ see Section A). So#hen to is a preposition and it is $ollo ed 0y a "er0# you must say to &ing:

, I pre$er dri"ing to tra"elling 0y train. (not to tra"el )

, Are you loo!ing $or ard to seeing Ann again/ (not loo!ing $or ard to see )

7or 0e%get used to &ing# see Unit DM.

;p11L

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CL.1 8omplete the sentences so that they mean the same as the sentence(s) in 0rac!ets.

1. (-hy is it use$ul to ha"e a car/)

-hat are the ad"antages o$ Rha"ing a carR/

?. (I don t intend to lend you any money.)

I ha"e no intention o$ @@@

<. (2elen has a good memory $or names.)

2elen is good at @@@

B. ( ar! on t pass the exam. 2e has no chance.)

ar! has no chance o$ @@@

C. ( id you get into trou0le 0ecause you ere late/)

id you get into trou0le $or @@@

D. (-e didn t eat at home. -e ent to a restaurant instead.)

Instead o$ @@@

E. (Tom thin!s that or!ing is 0etter than doing nothing.)

Tom pre$ers or!ing to @@@

G. (They got married. They didn t tell any o$ their $riends.)

They got married ithout @@@

L. (+ur team played ell 0ut e lost the game.)

+ur team lost the game in spite o$ @@@



CL.? 8omplete the sentences using 0y &ing. Use one o$ the $ollo ing ( ith the "er0 in the correct $orm):

0orro too much money 0rea! a indo dri"e too $ast put some posters up on the alls stand on a chair

turn a !ey 1. The 0urglars got into the house R0y 0rea!ing a indo .R

?. I as a0le to reach the top shel$ @@@

<. 9ou start the engine o$ a car @@@

B. Je"in got himsel$ into $inancial di$$iculty @@@

C. 9ou can put people s li"es in danger @@@

D. -e made the room loo! nicer @@@

CL.< 8omplete the sentences ith a suita0le ord. Use only one ord each time.

1. I ran ten !ilometers ithout Rstopping.R ?. 2e le$t the hotel ithout @@@ his 0ill.

<. It s a nice morning. 2o a0out @@@ $or a al!/

B. I as surprised that she le$t ithout @@@ good0ye to anyone.

C. e$ore @@@ to 0ed# I li!e to ha"e a hot drin!.

D. -e ere a0le to translate the letter into nglish ithout @@@ a dictionary.

E. It as a "ery long 4ourney. I as "ery tired a$ter @@@ on a train $or <D hours.

G. I as annoyed 0ecause the decision as made ithout any0ody @@@ me.

L. A$ter @@@ the same 4o0 $or ten years# I $elt I needed a change.

CL.B 7or each# situation rite a sentence ith I m (not) loo!ing $or ard to.

1. 9ou are going on holiday next ee!. 2o do you $eel a0out this/

RI m loo!ing $or ard to going on holiday.R

?. iane is a good $riend o$ yours and she is coming to "isit you soon. So you ill see her again soon. 2o

do you $eel a0out this/

I m @@@

<. 9ou are going to the dentist tomorro . 9ou don t li!e "isits to the dentist. 2o do you $eet a0out this/

I m not @@@

B. 8arol is a student at school. She hates it 0ut she is lea"ing school next summer. 2o does she $eel a0out

this/ @@@

C. 9ou "e arranged to play tennis tomorro . 9ou li!e tennis. 2o do you $eel a0out this/ @@@

;p1?M

UNIT DM. e%get used to something (I m used to ...)


3ane is American 0ut she has li"ed in ritain $or three years. -hen she $irst dro"e a car in ritain# she $ound

it "ery di$$icult 0ecause she had to dri"e on the le$t instead o$ on the right. ri"ing on the le$t as strange and

di$$icult $or her 0ecause:



She asn t used to it.

She asn t used to dri"ing on the le$t.

ut a$ter a lot o$ practice# dri"ing on the le$t 0ecame less strange. So: She got used to dri"ing on the le$t.

No a$ter three years# it s no pro0lem $or 3ane:

She is used to dri"ing on the le$t.

I m used to something ' it is not ne or strange $or me:

, 7ran! li"es alone. 2e doesn t mind this 0ecause he has li"ed alone $or 1C years. It is not strange $or him.

2e is used to it. 2e is used to li"ing alone.

, I 0ought some ne shoes. They $elt a 0it strange at $irst 0ecause I asn t used to them.

, +ur ne $lat is on a "ery 0usy street. I expect e ll get used to the noise# 0ut at the moment it s "erydistur0ing.

, iane has a ne 4o0. She has to get up much earlier no than 0e$ore @ at D.<M. She $inds this di$$icult

0ecause she isn t used to getting up so early.

, renda s hus0and is o$ten a ay $rom home. She doesn t mind this. She is used to him 0eing a ay.

. A$ter 0e%get used you cannot use the in$initi"e.(to do%to dri"e etc.). -e say:

, She is used to dri"ing on the le$t. (not she is used to dri"e )

-hen e say I am used to... # to is a preposition# not a part o$ the in$initi"e (see Unit CL8). So e say:

, 7ran! is used to li"ing alone. (not 7ran! is used to li"e )

, 3ane had to get used to dri"ing on the le$t. (not get used to dri"e )

8. o not con$use I am used to doing (0e%get used to) and I used to do. They are di$$erent in structure and

meaning.

I am used to (doing) something ' something isn t strange or ne $or me:

, I am used to the eather in this country.

, I am used to dri"ing on the le$t 0ecause I "e li"ed in ritain $or a long time.

I used to do something ' I did something regularly in the past 0ut no longer do it (see Unit 1G). 9ou can use

this structure only $or the past# not $or the present. The structure is I used to do (not I am used to do ):

, I used to dri"e to or! e"ery day# 0ut these days I usually go 0y 0i!e.

, -e used to li"e in a small "illage# 0ut no e li"e in ondon.

;p1?1

= >8IS S

DM.1 >ead the situations and complete the sentences. Use (0e%get) used to as in the example.

1. 3ane is American. She came to ritain and at $irst she $ound dri"ing on the le$t di$$icult.

-hen she arri"ed in ritain# she R asn t used to dri"ingR on the le$t# 0ut she soon Rgot used toR it. No she

has no pro0lems. She Ris used to dri"ingR on the le$t.

?. 3uan is Spanish and came to li"e in ngland. In Spain he al ays had dinner late in the e"ening# 0ut in



ngland dinner as at D o cloc!. This as "ery early $or him. -hen 3uan $irst came to ngland# he @@@ dinner

so early# 0ut a$ter some time he @@@ it. No he $inds it Fuite normal. 2e @@@ at six o cloc!.

<. 3ulia is a nurse. A year ago she started or!ing nights. At $irst she $ound it hard. At $irst 3ulia didn t li!e it.She @@@ nights and it too! her a $e months to @@@ it. No # a$ter a year# she s Fuite happy. She @@@ nights.

DM.? -hat do you say in these situations/ Use I m (not) used to... .

1. 9ou li"e alone. 9ou don t mind this. 9ou ha"e al ays li"ed alone.

7>I N : o you get a 0it lonely sometimes/ 9ou: No# I m used to li"ing alone.

?. 9ou steep on the $loor. 9ou don t mind this. 9ou ha"e al ays slept on the $loor.

7>I N : -ouldn t you pre$er to sleep in a 0ed/ 9ou: No# I @@@

<. 9ou ha"e to or! hard. This is not a pro0lem $or you. 9ou ha"e al ays or!ed hard.

7>I N : 9ou ha"e to or! "ery hard in your 4o0# don t you/ 9+U: 9es# 0ut I don t mind that. I @@@ B. 9ou normally go to 0ed early. ast night you ent to 0ed "ery late ($or you) and as a result you are "ery

tired this morning.

7>I N : 9ou loo! tired this morning. 9+U: 9es# @@@

DM.< >ead the situation and complete the sentences using used to.

1. Some $riends o$ yours ha"e 4ust mo"ed into a $lat on a 0usy street. It is "ery noisy.

They ll ha"e to Rget used to the noise.R

?. 3ac! once ent to the iddle ast. It as "ery di$$icult $or him at $irst 0ecause o$ the heat.

2e asn t @@@

<. Sue mo"ed $rom a 0ig house to a much smaller one. She $ound it strange at $irst.

She had to @@@ in a much smaller house.

B. The children at school had a ne teacher. She as di$$erent $rom the teacher 0e$ore her 0ut this asn t a

pro0lem $or the children. The children soon @@@

C. Some0ody $rom ritain is thin!ing o$ going to li"e in your country. -arn him%her6

9ou ould ha"e to @@@

DM.B (Section 8omplete the sentences using only one ord each time.

1. 3ane had to get used to dri"ing on the le$t.

?. -e used to li"e in a small "illage 0ut no e li"e in ondon.

<. Tom used to @@@ a lot o$ co$$ee. No he pre$ers tea.

B. I $eet "ery $ull a$ter that meal. I m not used to @@@ so much.

C. I ouldn t li!e to share an o$$ice. I m used to @@@ my o n o$$ice.

D. I used to @@@ a car 0ut I sold it a $e months ago.

E. -hen e ere children# e used to @@@ s imming e"ery day.

G. There used to @@@ a cinema here 0ut it as !noc!ed do n a $e years ago.

L. I m the 0oss here6 I m not used to @@@ told hat to do.

;p1??



UNIT D1. Oer0 preposition &ing (succeed in &ing%accuse some0ody o$ &ing etc.)

A. any "er0s ha"e the structure "er0 preposition (in%$or%a0out etc.) o04ect. 7or example:

"er0 preposition o04ect -e tal!ed a0out the pro0lem.

9ou must apologiKe $or hat you said.

I$ the o04ect is another "er0# it ends in &ing:

"er0 preposition &ing (o04ect)

-e tal!ed going to America.

She apologiKed $or not telling the truth.

2ere are some more "er0s ith this structure:

succeed (in) 2a"e you succeeded in $inding a 4o0 yet/

insist (on)

They insisted on paying $or the meal.

thin! (o$)

I m thin!ing o$ 0uying a house.

dream (o$)

I ouldn t dream o$ as!ing them $or money.

appro"e(o$)

She doesn t appro"e o$ gam0ling.

decide (against)

-e ha"e decided against mo"ing to ondon.

$eel (li!e)

o you $eel li!e going out tonight/

loo! $or ard (to)

I m loo!ing $or ard to meeting her.

-e say apologiKe to some0ody $or... :

, She apologiKed to me $or not telling the truth. (not she apologiKed me )

. -ith some o$ the "er0s in A# you can use the structure "er0 preposition some0ody &ing:

"er0 preposition some0ody &ing

She doesn t appro"e o$ me gam0ling.

-e are all loo!ing $or ard to iK coming home.

8. The $ollo ing "er0s can ha"e the structure "er0 o04ect preposition &ing:

"er0 o04ect preposition &ing

congratulate (on)

I congratulated Ann on passing the exam.



escape go help interrupt li"e play sol"e spend al!

1. o you $eel Rli!e goingR out this e"ening/

?. It too! us a long time 0ut e $inally succeeded @@@ the pro0lem. <. I "e al ays dreamed @@@ in a small house 0y the sea.

B. The dri"er o$ the other car accused me @@@ the accident.

C. There as a $ence around the la n to stop people @@@ on the grass.

D. 7orgi"e me @@@ you 0ut may I as! you something/

E. -here are you thin!ing @@@ your holiday this year/

G. The guards eren t a0le to pre"ent the prisoner @@@

L. I anted to coo! the meal 0y mysel$ 0ut a"e insisted @@@ me.

1M. I m sorry e "e had to cancel our game o$ tennis tomorro . I as really loo!ing $or@ ard @@@. D1.< 8omplete the sentences on the right.

1. It as nice o$ you to help me. Than!s "ery much.

5eorge than!ed Rme $or helping him.R

?. I ll dri"e you to the station. I insister.

T+ insisted @@@

<. 8ongratulations6

3im congratulated me @@@

B. It as nice o$ you to come to see me. Than! you.

rs ond than!ed @@@

C. ont stay at the hotel near the airport.

I arned @@@

D. I m sorry I didn t phone you earlier.

ary apologiKed @@@

E. 9ou re sel$ish.

3ane accused @@@

;p1?B

UNIT D?. xpressions &ing

A. -hen these expressions are $ollo ed 0y a "er0# the "er0 ends in &ing:

It s no use ...%It s no good ...:

, There s nothing you can do a0out the situation# so it s no use orrying a0out it.

, It s no good trying to persuade me. 9ou on t succeed.

There s no point in ...:

, There s no point in ha"ing a car i$ you ne"er use it.

, There as no point in aiting any longer# so e ent.

It s (not) orth ...:



, I li"e only a short al! $rom here# so it s not orth ta!ing a taxi.

, It as so late hen e got home# it asn t orth going to 0ed.

9ou can say a $ilm is orth seeing # a 0oo! is orth reading # etc. , -hat as the $ilm li!e/ -as it orth seeing/

, I don t thin! ne spapers are orth reading.

. (2a"e) di$$iculty &ing

-e say ha"e di$$iculty doing something (not to do ):

, I had di$$iculty $inding a place to li"e. (not I had di$$iculty to $ind )

, id you ha"e any di$$iculty getting a "isa/

, People o$ten ha"e great di$$iculty reading my riting.

-e usually say ha"e di$$iculty (not ha"e di$$iculties ): , I m sure you ll ha"e no di$$iculty passing the exam. (not ha"e no di$$iculties )

8. -e use &ing a$ter:

a aste o$ money ...%a aste o$ time ... (to ... is also possi0le):

, It as a aste o$ time reading that 0oo!. It as ru00ish.

, It s a aste o$ money 0uying things you don t need.

spend% aste (time) ...

, 2e spent hours trying to repair the cloc!.

, I aste a lot o$ time daydreaming.

(0e) 0usy ...:

, She said she couldn t see me. She as too 0usy doing other things.

. 5o s imming%go $ishing etc.

-e use go &ing $or a num0er o$ acti"ities (especially sports). 7or example# you can say:

go s imming%go sailing%go $ishing%go clim0ing%go s!iing%go 4ogging etc.

also: go shopping%go sightseeing.

, I d li!e to go s!iing.

, -hen did you last go shopping/

, I "e ne"er 0een sailing. (7or 0een and gone# see Unit E .)

9ou can also say come s imming%come s!iing etc.:

, -hy don t you come s imming ith us/

;p1?C

= >8IS S

D?.1 8omplete the sentences on the right.

1. Shall e get a taxi home/

No# it isn t $ar. It s not orth Rgetting a taxi.R

?. I$ you need help# hy don t you as! Tom/



It s no use @@@. 2e on t 0e a0le to help us.

<. I don t really ant to go out tonight.

-ell# stay at home6 There s no point @@@ i$ you don t ant to. B. Shall I phone Ann no /

No# it s no good @@@. She on t 0e at home.

C. Are you going to complain a0out hat happened/

No# it s not orth @@@. No0ody ill do anything a0out it.

D. o you e"er read ne spapers/

No. I thin! it s a aste @@@

D?.? a!e sentences ith orth &ing or not orth &ing. 8hoose one o$ these "er0s:

consider !eep read repair see "isit 1. The $ilm isn t "ery good. RIt s not orth seeing.R

?. It ould cost too much to repair this atch. It s not orth @@@

<. I$ you ha"e time# you should go to the museum. It s orth @@@

B. It s Fuite an interesting suggestion @@@

C. There s an interesting article in the paper today. @@@

D. -e can thro these old clothes a ay. They @@@

D?.< a!e sentences 0eginning There s no point... .

1. -hy ha"e a car i$ you ne"er use it/ There s no point in ha"ing a car i$ you ne"er use it.

?. on t eat i$ you re not hungry.

There s no @@@

<. -hy or! i$ you don t need money/

B. on t study i$ you $eet tired.

D?.B -rite sentences using di$$iculty.

1. I managed to get a "isa 0ut it as di$$icult.

RI had di$$iculty getting a "isa.R

?. I can t remem0er people s names.

I ha"e di$$iculty @@@

<. ucy managed to get a 4o0 ithout di$$iculty.

She had no @@@

B. o you $ind it di$$icult to understand him/

o you ha"e @@@

C. It on t 0e di$$icult to get a tic!et $or the concert.

9ou on t ha"e any @@@

D?.C 8omplete the sentences. Use only one ord each time.

1. It s a aste o$ money 0uying things you don t need.



I needed to get some money

I anted to arn people o$ danger

1. RI shouted to arn people o$ the danger.R ?. I had to go to the 0an! @@@

<. I @@@

B. @@@

C. @@@

D. @@@

D<.? 8omplete these sentences using a suita0le "er0.

1. The President has a team o$ 0odyguards Rto protectR him.

?. I didn t ha"e enough time @@@ the ne spaper today. <. I came home 0y taxi. I didn t ha"e the energy @@@

B. -ould you li!e something @@@/ 9es# please. A cup o$ co$$ee.

C. -e need a 0ag @@@ these things in.

D. There ill 0e a meeting next ee! @@@ the pro0lem.

E. I ish e had enough money @@@ a ne car.

G. I sa 2elen at the party 0ut e didn t ha"e a chance @@@ to each other.

L. I need some ne clothes. I ha"en t got anything nice @@@

1M. They "e 4ust passed their exams. They re ha"ing a party @@@

11. I can t do all this or! alone. I need some0ody @@@ me.

D<.< Put in to or $or.

1. I m going to Spain R$orR a holiday.

?. 9ou need a lot o$ experience @@@ this 4o0.

<. 9ou need a lot o$ experience @@@ do this 4o0.

B. -e ll need more time @@@ ma!e a decision.

C. I ent to the dentist @@@ a chec!@up.

D. I had to put on my glasses @@@ read the letter.

E. o you ear glasses @@@ reading/

G. I ish e had a garden @@@ the children @@@ play in.

D<.B -rite sentences ith so that.

1. I hurried. I didn t ant to 0e late.

RI hurried so that I ouldn t 0e late.R

?. -e ore arm clothes. -e didn t ant to get cold.

-e ore @@@

<. The man spo!e "ery slo ly. 2e anted me to understand hat he said.

The man @@@



B. I hispered. I didn t ant any0ody else to here our con"ersation.

@@@ no0ody @@@

C. Please arri"e early. -e ant to 0e a0le to start the meeting on time. Please @@@

D. She loc!ed the door. She didn t ant to 0e distur0ed.

@@@

E. I slo ed do n. I anted the car 0ehind to 0e a0le to o"erta!e.

@@@

;p1?G

UNIT DB. Ad4ecti"e to ...

A. i$$icult to understand etc. 8ompare sentences a and 0:

, 3im doesn t spea! "ery clearly. It is di$$icult to understand him. (a)

, 3im doesn t spea! "ery clearly. 2e is di$$icult to understand. (0)

Sentences a and 0 ha"e the same meaning. ut note that e say:

, 2e is di$$icult to understand. (not 2e is di$$icult to understand him. )

9ou can use the structures in the 0ox ith:

di$$icult easy hard impossi0le dangerous sa$e expensi"e cheap and a num0er o$ other ad4ecti"es ($or

example# nice%interesting%exciting):

, o you thin! it is sa$e to drin! this ater/

o you thin! this ater is sa$e to drin!/ (not to drin! it )

, 9our riting is a $ul. It is impossi0le to read it. (' to read your riting)

9our riting is impossi0le to read. (not to read it )

, I li!e 0eing ith 3ill. It s "ery interesting to tal! to her.

3ill is "ery interesting to tal! to. (not to tal! to her )

9ou can also use this structure ith an ad4ecti"e noun:

, This is a di$$icult Fuestion ($or me) to ans er. (not to ans er it )

. (It s) nice (o$ you) to...

9ou can use this structure to say hat you thin! o$ hat some0ody does:

, It as nice o$ you to ta!e me to the station. Than! you "ery much.

9ou can use many other ad4ecti"es in this ay. 7or example:

!ind cle"er sensi0le mean silly stupid careless un$airO considerate:

, It s silly o$ ary to gi"e up her 4o0 hen she needs the money.

, I thin! it as "ery un$air o$ him to criticise me.

8. (I m) sorry to ...

9ou can use this structure to say ho some0ody reacts to something:



, I as sorry to hear that your $ather is ill.

9ou can use many other ad4ecti"es in this ay. 7or example:

happy glad pleased delighted sad disappointed surprised amaKed astonished relie"ed: , -as Tom surprised to see you hen you ent to see him/

, -e ere delighted to get your letter last ee!.

. The $irst (person) to !no # the next train to arri"e

-e use to ... a$ter the $irst%second%third etc. and also a$ter the next# the last# the only:

, I$ I ha"e any more ne s# you ill 0e the $irst (person) to !no .

, The next train to arri"e at plat$orm B ill 0e the D.CM to 8ardi$$.

, "ery0ody as late except me. I as the only one to arri"e on time.

. 9ou can say that something is sure%certain%0ound%li!ely to happen: , She s "ery intelligent. She s sure%certain%0ound to pass the exam.

, I m li!ely to 0e late home this e"ening. (' I ill pro0a0ly 0e late home)

;p1?L

= >8IS S

DB.1 (Section A) -rite these sentences in another ay# 0eginning as sho n.

1. It s di$$icult to understand him.

2e Ris di$$icult to understand.R

?. It s Fuite easy to use this machine.

This machine is @@@

<. It as "ery di$$icult to open the indo .

The indo @@@

B. It s impossi0le to translate some ords.

Some ords @@@

C. It s not sa$e to stand on that chair.

That chair @@@

D. It s expensi"e to maintain a car.

A @@@

DB.? (Section A) 8omplete the second sentence using the ad4ecti"e in 0rac!ets. Use a%an ad4ecti"e noun

to ... (as in the example).

1. I couldn t ans er the Fuestion. (di$$icult) It as Ra di$$icult Fuestion to ans er.R

?. "ery0ody ma!es that mista!e. (easy)

It s an @@@

<. I li!e li"ing in this place. (nice)

It s a @@@

B. -e en4oyed atching the game. (good)



It as @@@

DB.< (Section ) a!e a ne sentence 0eginning It ... Use one o$ these ad4ecti"es each time:

careless considerate !ind nice 1. 9ou did my shopping $or me.

RIt as !ind o$ you to do my shopping $or me.R

?. 9ou ma!e the same mista!e again and again.

It @@@

<. on and 4enny in"ited me to stay ith them.

@@@

B. 3ohn made so much noise hen I as trying to sleep.

It asn t "ery @@@ DB.B (Section 8) Use the $ollo ing ords to complete these sentences:

sorry%hear glad%hear delighted%get surprised%see

1. -e R ere delighted to getR your letter last ee!.

?.Than! you $or your letter. I @@@ that you re !eeping ell.

<. -e @@@ Pauline at the party. -e didn t expect her to come.

B. I @@@ that your mother isn t ell. I hope she gets ell soon.

DB.C (Section ) 8omplete the second sentence using the ords in 0rac!ets to ...

1. No0ody le$t 0e$ore me. (the $irst)

I as Rthe $irst person to lea"e.R

?. "ery0ody else arri"ed 0e$ore Paul. (the last)

Paul as the @@@

<. 7iona passed the exam. All the other students $ailed. (the only)

7iona as @@@

B. I complained to the restaurant manager a0out the ser"ice. Another customer had already complained

0e$ore me. (the second)

I as @@@

C. Nell Armstrong al!ed on the moon in 1LDL. No0ody had done this 0e$ore him. (the $irst)

Neil Armstrong as @@@

DB.D (Section ) 8omplete these sentences using the ord in 0rac!ets and a suita0le "er0.

1. iane is "ery intelligent. She Ris 0ound to passR the exam. (0ound)

?. I m not surprised you re tired. A$ter such a long 4ourney you @@@ tired. (0ound)

<. Tom s got a "ery 0ad memory. 2e @@@ hat you told him. (sure)

B. I don t thin! you need to ta!e an um0rella. It @@@ (not li!ely)

C. The holidays 0egin this ee!end. There @@@ a lot o$ tra$$ic on the roads. (li!ely)

;p1<M



UNIT DC. To ... (a$raid to do) and preposition &ing (a$raid o$ &ing)

A. A$raid to (do) and a$raid o$ (do)ing

I am a$raid to do something ' I don t ant to do it 0ecause it is dangerous or the result could 0e 0ad. -euse a$raid to do $or things e do intentionally:

, A lot o$ people are a$raid to go out at night. (' they don t ant to go out 0ecause it is dangerous@@so they

don t go out)

, 2e as a$raid to tell his parents a0out the 0ro!en indo . (' he didn t ant to tell them 0ecause he !ne

they ould 0e angry)

I am a$raid o$ something happening ' it is possi0le that something 0ad ill happen ($or example# an

accident). -e do not use a$raid o$ &ing $or things e do intentionally:

, The path as icy# so e al!ed "ery care$ully. -e ere a$raid o$ $alling. (' it as possi0le that e ould$all@@not e ere a$raid to $all )

, I don t li!e dogs. I m al ays a$raid o$ 0eing 0itten. (not a$raid to 0e 0itten )

So# you are a$raid to do something 0ecause you are a$raid o$ something happening as a result:

, I as a$raid to go near the dog 0ecause I as a$raid o$ 0eing 0itten.

. Interested in (do)ing and interested to (do)

I m interested in doing something ' I m thin!ing o$ doing it# I d li!e to do it:

, I m trying to sell my car 0ut no0ody is interested in 0uying it. (not to 0uy )

-e use interested to especially ith hear%see%!no %read%learn. I as interested to hear it ' I heard it and it

as interesting $or me :

, I as interested to hear that iane has got a ne 4o0.

, As! 5eorge $or his opinion. I ould 0e interested to !no hat he thin!s. ('it ould 0e interesting $or me

to !no )

This structure is the same as surprised to%delighted to... etc. (see Unit DB8):

, I as surprised to hear that iane has got a ne 4o0.

8. Sorry to (do) and sorry $or (do)ing

-e usually say sorry to... to apologiKe hen (or 4ust 0e$ore) e do something:

, I m sorry to 0other you# 0ut I need to tal! to you.

-e use sorry to (hear%read etc.) to sho sympathy ith some0ody (see Unit DB8):

, I as sorry to hear that 7iona lost her 4o0. (' I as sorry hen I heard ...)

9ou can use sorry $or (doing something) to apologiKe $or something you did 0e$ore:

, (I m) sorry $or shouting at you yesterday. (not Sorry to shout ... )

9ou can also say:

, (I m) sorry I shouted at you yesterday.

. Note that e say:

I ant to (do)%I d li!e to (do) 0ut I m thin!ing o$ (do)ing%I dream o$ (do)ing



I $ailed to (do) 0ut I succeeded in (do)ing

I allo ed them to (do) 0ut I pre"ented them $rom (do)ing

7or examples# see Units C<@CB and D1. ;p1<1

= >8IS S

DC.1 >ead the situation and use the ords in 0rac!ets to rite a sentence ith a$raid.

1. The streets are unsa$e at night.

(a lot o$ people%a$raid%go%out) RA lot o$ people are a$raid to go out.R

?. -e al!ed "ery care$ully along the icy path.

( e%a$raid%$all) R-e ere a$raid o$ $alling.R

<. I don t usually carry my passport ith me. (I%a$raid%lose%it)

B. The sea as "ery rough.

( e%a$raid%go%s imming)

C. -e rushed to the station.

( e%a$raid%miss%our train)

D. In the middle o$ the $ilm there as a particularly horri$ying scene.

( e%a$raid%loo!)

E. The glasses ere "ery $ull# so 3ane carried them "ery care$ully.

(she%a$raid%spill%the drin!s)

G. I didn t li!e the loo! o$ the $ood on my plate.

a (I%a$raid%eat%it)

0 (I%a$raid%ma!e%mysel$ ill)

DC.? 8omplete the sentences using one o$ these "er0s:

0uy get go hear read start

1. I m trying to sell my car 0ut no0ody is interested Rin 0uyingR it.

?. 3ulia is interested @@@ her o n 0usiness.

<. I as interested @@@ your letter in the ne spaper last ee!.

B. ill ants to stay single. 2e s not interested @@@ married.

C. 9ou must tell me hat you thin!. I m al ays interested @@@ your opinion.

D. There s a party tonight 0ut I m not interested @@@

DC.< 8omplete the sentences using the "er0 in 0rac!ets.

1. I m sorry R$or shoutingR at you yesterday. (shout)

?. Sorry @@@ you 0ut ha"e you got a pen I could 0orro / (distur0)

<. Sorry @@@ late last night. I didn t realiKe the time. (0e)

B. I m sorry @@@ hat I said yesterday. I didn t really mean it. (say)



C. I "e 4ust had my exam results. I $ailed. +h/ I m sorry @@@ that. (hear)

DC.B 8omplete the sentences using the "er0 in 0rac!ets.

1. a. -e anted Rto lea"eR the 0uilding. (lea"e) 0. -e eren t allo ed @@@ the 0uilding. (lea"e)

c. -e ere pre"ented @@@ the 0uilding. (lea"e)

?. a. 7red $ailed @@@ the pro0lem. (sol"e)

0. Amy succeeded @@@ the pro0lem. (sol"e)

<. a. I m thin!ing @@@ a ay next ee!. (go)

0. I m hoping @@@ a ay next ee!. (go)

c. I m loo!ing $or ard @@@ a ay next ee!. (go)

d. I d li!e @@@ a ay next ee!. (go) B. a. ary anted @@@ me a drin!. (0uy)

0. ary promised @@@ me a drin!. (0uy)

c. ary insisted @@@ me a drin!. (0uy)

d. ary ouldn t dream @@@ me a drin!. (0uy)

;p1<?

UNIT DD. See some0ody do and see some0ody doing


Tom got into his car and dro"e a ay. 9ou sa this. 9ou can say:

, I sa Tom get into his car and dri"e a ay.

In this structure e use get%dri"e%do etc. (in$initi"e ithout to ):

Some0ody did something I sa this ' I sa some0ody do something.

Note that e use the in$initi"e ithout to:

, -e sa them go out. (not to go )

ut a$ter a passi"e ( they ere seen ) etc.# e use to:

, They ere seen to go out.

. Study this example situation:

9esterday you sa Ann. She as aiting $or a 0us. 9ou can say:

, I sa Ann aiting $or a 0us.

In this structure e use &ing ( aiting):

Some0ody as doing something I sa this ' I sa some0ody doing something.

8. Study the di$$erence in meaning 0et een the t o structures:

I sa him do something ' he did something (past simple) and I sa this. I sa the complete action $rom

0eginning to end:

, 2e $ell o$$ the all. I sa this. @Q I sa him $all o$$ the all.

, The accident happened. id you see this/ @Q id you see the accident happen/



I sa him doing something ' he as doing something (past continuous) and I sa this. I sa him hen he

as in the middle o$ doing it. This does not mean that I sa the complete action:

, 2e as al!ing along the street. I sa this hen I dro"e past in my car. ' I sa him al!ing along thestreet.

Sometimes the di$$erence is not important and you can use either $orm:

, I "e ne"er seen her dance. or I "e ne"er seen her dancing.

. -e use these structures ith see and hear# and a num0er o$ other "er0s:

, I didn t hear you come in.

, iK suddenly $elt something touch her on the shoulder.

, id you notice anyone go out/

, I could hear it raining. , The missing 0oys ere last seen playing near the ri"er.

, isten to the 0irds singing6

, 8an you smell something 0urning/

, I $ound Sue in my room reading my letters.

;p1<<

= >8IS S

DD.1 8omplete the ans ers to the Fuestions.

1. id any0ody go out/

I don t !no . I didn t see Rany0ody go out.R

?. 2as 3ill arri"ed yet/

9es# I thin! I heard her @@@

<. 2o do you !no I too! the money/

I !no 0ecause I sa you @@@

B. id the door0ell ring/

I m not sure. I didn t hear @@@

C. 8an Tom play the piano/

I "e ne"er heard @@@

D. id I loc! the door hen I ent out/

9es# you did. I sa @@@

E. 2o did the oman $all in the ri"er/

I don t !no . I didn t see @@@

DD.? In each o$ these situations you and a $riend sa# heard or smelt something. oo! at the pictures and

complete the sentences.

1. oo!6 There s Ann.

?. oo!6 There s a"e and 2elen.



<. oo!6 There s 8lare.

B. isten That s ill.

C. 8an you smell 0urning/ 9es6 It s the dinner. D. oo!6 There s inda.

1. R-e sa Ann aiting $or a 0us.R

?. -e sa a"e and 2elen @@@

<. -e sa @@@ in a restaurant.

B. -e heard @@@

C. -e could @@@

D. @@@

DD.< 8omplete these sentences. Use one o$ these "er0s (in the correct $orm): clim0 come cra l cry cycle explode happen open run say slam sleep tell

.1 isten to the 0irds Rsinging.R

?. I didn t hear you RcomeR in.

<. id any0ody see the accident @@@/

B. -e listened to the old man @@@ his story $rom 0eginning to end.

C. isten6 8an you hear a 0a0y @@@/

D. I loo!ed out o$ the indo and sa Tim on his 0i!e @@@. along the road.

E. -hy did you turn round suddenly/ I thought I heard some0ody @@@ my name.

G. -e atched the t o men @@@ across the garden @@@ a indo and @@@ through it into the house.

L. "ery0ody heard the 0om0 @@@. It as a tremendous noise.

1M. +h6 I can $eel something @@@ up my leg6 It must 0e an insect.

11. I heard some0ody @@@ the door in the middle o$ the night. It o!e me up.

1?. -hen e got home# e $ound a cat @@@ on the !itchen ta0le.

;p1<B

UNIT DE. &ing clauses (7eeling tired# I ent to 0ed early.)

A. A clause is a part o$ a sentence. Some sentences ha"e t o or more clauses:

, 3im hurt his arm (main clause) playing tennis.(&ing clause)

, 7eeling tired#(&ing clause) I ent to 0ed early.(main clause)

Playing tennis and $eeling tired are &ing clauses.

I$ the &ing clause is $irst (as in the second example)# e rite a comma (#) 0et een the clauses.

. -hen t o things happen at the same time# you can use &ing $or one o$ the "er0s. The main clause

usually comes $irst:

, I "e 4ust seen 8arol. She s in the 0ar ha"ing a drin!. (' she is in the 0ar and she is ha"ing a drin!)

, A man ran out o$ the house shouting. (' he ran out o$ the house and he as shouting)

, o something6 on t 4ust stand there doing nothing6



-e also use &ing hen one action happens during another action. -e use &ing $or the longer action. The

longer action is the second part o$ the sentence:

, 3im hurt his arm playing tennis. (' hile he as playing) , id you cut yoursel$ sha"ing/ (' hile you ere sha"ing)

9ou can also use &ing a$ter hile or hen:

, 3im hurt his arm hile playing tennis.

, e care$ul hen crossing the road. (' hen you are crossing)

8. -hen one action happens 0e$ore another action# e use ha"ing (done) $or the $irst action:

, 2a"ing $ound a hotel# e loo!ed $or some here to ha"e dinner.

, 2a"ing $inished her or!# she ent home.

9ou can also say a$ter &ing: , A$ter $inishing her or!# she ent home.

I$ one short action $ollo s another short action# you can use the simple &ing $orm (doing instead o$ ha"ing

done) $or the $irst action:

, Ta!ing a !ey out o$ his poc!et# he opened the door.

These structures are used more in ritten nglish than in spo!en nglish.

. 9ou can use an &ing clause to explain something or to say hy some0ody does something. The&ing

clause usually comes $irst:

, 7eeling tired# I ent to 0ed early. (' 0ecause I $elt tired)

, eing unemployed# he hasn t got much money. (' 0ecause he is unemployed)

, Not ha"ing a car# she $inds it di$$icult to get around. (' 0ecause she doesn t ha"e a car)

, 2a"ing already seen the $ilm t ice# I didn t ant to go to the cinema. (' 0ecause I had already seen it

t ice)

These structures are used more in ritten nglish than in spo!en nglish.

;p1<C

= >8IS S

DE.1 3oin a sentence $rom ox A ith one $rom ox to ma!e one sentence. Use an &ing clause.

A

1. 8arol as in the 0ar

?. mma as sitting in an armchair.

<. Sue got home late.

B. Sarah ent out.

C. inda as in ondon $or t o years.

D. ary al!ed round the to n.

She as $eeling "ery tired.



She loo!ed at the sights and too!

photographs.

She said she ould 0e 0ac! in an hour. She as reading a 0oo!.

She -as ha"ing a drin!.

She or!ed as a tourist guide.

1. R8arol as in the 0ar ha"ing a drin!.R

?. mma as sitting @@@

<. Sue @@@

B @@@

C. @@@ D. @@@

DE.? a!e one sentence $rom t o using an &ing clause.

1. 3im as playing tennis. 2e hurt his arm. R3im hurt* his arm playing tennis.R

?. I as atching tele"ision. I $ell asleep. I @@@

<. The man slipped. 2e as getting o$$ a 0us. The man @@@

B. I as al!ing home in the rain. I got et. I @@@

C. argaret as dri"ing to or! yesterday. She had an accident. @@@

D. To $iremen ere o"ercome 0y smo!e. They ere trying to put out the $ire. @@@

DE.< a!e sentences 0eginning 2a"ing ...

1. She $inished her or!. Then she ent home.

R2a"ing $inished her or!# she ent home.R

?. -e 0ought our tic!ets. Then e ent into the theatre.

<. They continued their 3ourney a$ter they d had dinner.

B. A$ter ucy had done all her shopping# she ent $or a cup o$ co$$ee.

DE.B a!e sentences 0eginning &ing or Not &ing (li!e those in Section ). Sometimes you need to 0egin

ith 2a"ing (done something).

1. I $elt tired. So I ent to 0ed early.

R7eeling tired I ent to 0ad early.R

?. I thought they might 0e hungry. So I o$$ered them something to eat.

<. She is a $oreigner. So she needs a "isa to stay in this country.

B. I didn t !no his address. So I asn t a0le to contact him.

C. Sarah has tra"elled a lot. So she !no s a lot a0out other countries.

D. The man asn t a0le to understand nglish. So he didn t !no hat I anted.

E. -e had spent nearly all our money. So e couldn t a$$ord to stay in a hotel.

;p1<D



UNIT DG. 8ounta0le and uncounta0le nouns (1)

A. A noun can 0e counta0le or uncounta0le. 8ompare:

W1 8ounta0le , I eat a 0anana e"ery day.

, I li!e 0ananas.

anana is a counta0le noun.

A counta0le noun can 0e singular (0anana)or plural (0ananas).

8ounta0le nouns are things e can count. So e can say one 0anana # t o 0ananas etc.

xamples o$ nouns usually counta0le:

, There s a 0each near here.

, Ann as singing a song. , 2a"e you got a ten@pound note/

, It asn t your $ault. It as an accident.

, There are no 0atteries in the radio.

, -e ha"en t got enough cups.

W? Uncounta0le

, I eat rice e"ery day.

, I li!e rice.

>ice is an uncounta0le noun.

An uncounta0le noun has only one $orm(rice).

Uncounta0le nouns are things e cannot count. -e cannot say one rice # t o rices etc.

xamples o$ nouns usually uncounta0le:

, There s sand in my shoes.

, Ann as listening to (some) music.

, 2a"e you got any money/

, It asn t your $ault. It as 0ad luc!.

, There is no electricity in this house.

, -e ha"en t got enough cups.

, -e ha"en t got enough ater.

. W1 9ou can use a%an ith singular counta0le nouns:

a 0each a student an um0rella

9ou cannot use singular counta0le nouns alone ( ithout a%the%my etc.):

, I ant a 0anana. (not I ant 0anana )

, There s 0een an accident. (not There s 0een accident )

9ou can use plural counta0le nouns alone:

, I li!e 0ananas. (' 0ananas in general)



, Accident can 0e pre"ented.

See also Unit EB.

W? 9ou cannot normally use a%an ith uncounta0le nouns. -e do not say a sand or a music . ut you cano$ten use a ... o$:

a 0o l o$ rice a drop o$ ater a piece o$ music a game o$ tennis etc.

9ou can use uncounta0le nouns alone ( ithout the%my%some etc.):

, I eat rice e"ery day.

, There s 0lood on your shirt.

, 8an you hear music/

See also Unit EB.

8. W1 9ou can use some and any plural counta0le nouns: , -e sang some songs.

, id you 0uy any apples/

-e use many and $e ith plural counta0le nouns:

, -e didn t ta!e many photographs.

, I ha"e a $e 4o0s to do.

W? 9ou can use some and any ith uncounta0le nouns:

, -e listened to some music.

, id you 0uy any apple 4uice/

-e use much and little ith uncounta0le nouns:

, -e didn t do much shopping.

, I ha"e a little or! to do.

;p1<E

= >8IS S

DG.1 Some o$ these sentences need a%an. 8orrect the sentences hich are rong. I$ the sentence is already

correct# put >I52T .

1. 3im goes e"ery here 0y 0i!e. 2e hasn t got car.

Ra carR

?. Ann as listening to music hen I arri"ed.

>I52T.

<. -e ent to "ery nice restaurant last ee!end.

B. I clean my teeth ith toothpaste.

C. I use tooth0rush to clean my teeth.

D. 8an you tell me i$ there s 0an! near here/

E. y 0rother or!s $or insurance company in ondon.

G. I don t li!e "iolence.



L. 8an you smell paint/

1M. -e need petrol. I hope e come to petrol station soon.

11. I onder i$ you can help me. I ha"e pro0lem. 1?. 3ohn has got inter"ie $or 4o0 tomorro .

1<. iK doesn t usually ear 4e ellery 0ut yesterday she as earing nec!lace.

1B. I thin! "olley0all is "ery good game.

DG.? 8omplete the sentences using one o$ the $ollo ing ords. Use a%an here necessary.

accident 0iscuit 0lood coat decision electricity !ey letter moment Fuestion sugar

1. It asn t your $ault. It as Ran accident.R

?. isten6 8an you hear Rmusic/R

<. I couldn t get into the house 0ecause I didn t ha"e @@@. B. It s "ery arm today. -hy are you earing @@@/

C. o you ta!e @@@ in your co$$ee/

D. Are you hungry/ -ould you li!e @@@ ith your co$$ee/

E. +ur li"es ould 0e "ery di$$icult ithout @@@.

G. I didn t phone them. I rote @@@ instead.

L. The heart pumps @@@ through the 0ody.

1M. xcuse me# 0ut can I as! you @@@/

11. I m not ready yet. 8an you ait. @@@ please/

1?. -e can t delay much longer. -e ha"e to ma!e @@@ soon.

DG.< 8omplete the sentences using one o$ the $ollo ing ords. Sometimes the ord needs to 0e plural (@s).

air country day $riend meat language letter patience people photograph Fueue space

1. I had my camera 0ut I didn t ta!e many Rphotographs.R

?. There are se"en @@@ in a ee!.

<. A "egetarian is a person ho doesn t eat @@@.

B. +utside the cinema there as @@@ o$ people aiting to see the $ilm.

C. I m not "ery good at riting @@@.

D. ast night I ent out ith some @@@ o$ mine.

E. There ere "ery $e @@@ in the shops today. They ere almost empty.

G. I m going out $or a al!. I need some $resh @@@.

L. 5eorge al ays ants things Fuic!ly. 2e s got no @@@.

1M. o you spea! any $oreign @@@/

11. 3ane tra"els a lot. She has 0een to many @@@.

1?. +ur $lat is "ery small. -e ha"en t got much @@@.

;p1<G

UNIT DL. 8ounta0le and uncounta0le nouns (?)



A. any nouns can 0e used as counta0le or uncounta0le nouns# usually ith a di$$erence in meaning.

8ompare:

W1 8ounta0le , id you hear a noise 4ust no / (' a particular noise)

, I 0ought a paper to read. (' a ne spaper)

, There s a hair in my soup6 (' one single hair)

, 9ou can stay ith us. There is a spare room. (' a room in a house)

, I had some interesting experiences hile I as a ay. (' things that happened to me)

, n4oy your holiday. 2a"e a good time6

W? Uncounta0le

, I can t or! here. There s too much noise. (not too many noises ) , I need some paper to rite on. (' material $or riting on)

, 9ou "e got "ery long hair. (not hairs ) (' all the hair on your head)

, 9ou can t sit here. There isn t room. (' space)

, They o$$ered me the 4o0 0ecause I had a lot o$ experience. (not experiences )

, I can t ait. I ha"en t got time.

. 8o$$ee%tea%0eer%4uice etc. (drin!s) are normally uncounta0le:

, I don t drin! co$$ee "ery o$ten.

ut they can 0e counta0le hen you are thin!ing o$ a cup%a glass etc. So you can say:

, (in a restaurant) To co$$ees and an orange 4uice# please.

8. There are some nouns that are usually uncounta0le in nglish 0ut o$ten counta0le in other languages.

7or example:

accommodation 0eha"iour damage luc! permission tra$$ic 0read $urniture luggage progress eather

chaos in$ormation ne s scenery or!

These nouns are usually uncounta0le# so:

i) you cannot use a%an ith them (you cannot say a 0read # an ad"ice etc.) and

ii) they are not normally plural ( e do not say 0reads # ad"ices etc.).

, I m going to 0uy some 0read. or .. a loa$ o$ 0read. (not a 0read )

, n4oy your holiday6 I hope you ha"e good eather. (not a good eather )

, -here are you going to put all your $urniture/ (not $urnitures )

Ne s is uncounta0le# not plural:

, The ne s as "ery depressing. (not the ne s ere )

Tra"el (noun) means tra"elling in general . 9ou cannot say a tra"el to mean a 4ourney or a trip:

, -e had a "ery good 4ourney. (not a good tra"el )

8ompare these counta0le and uncounta0le nouns:

W1 8ounta0le



, I m loo!ing $or a 4o0.

, -hat a 0eauti$ul "ie 6

, It s a nice day today. , -e had a lot o$ 0ags and cases.

, These chairs are mine.

, It as a good suggestion.

W? Uncounta0le

, I m loo!ing $or or!. (not a or! )

, -hat 0eauti$ul scenery6

, It s nice eather today.

, -e had a lot o$ luggage. (not luggages )

, This $urniture is mine.

, It as good ad"ice.

;p1<L

= >8IS S

DL.1 -hich o$ the underlined parts o$ these sentences is correct/

1. id you hear Rnoise%a noise@ 4ust no / No# I didn t hear anything. ( a noise is correct)

?. a. I$ you ant to !no the ne s# you can read Rpaper%a paper.R

0. I ant to rite some letters 0ut I ha"en t got Ra paper%any paperR to rite on.

<. a. I thought there as some0ody in the house 0ecause there as Rlight%a lightR on inside.

0. R ight%A lightR comes $rom the sun.

B. a. I as in a hurry this morning. I didn t ha"e Rtime%a timeR $or 0rea!$ast.

0. id you en4oy your holiday/ 9es# e had R onder$ul time%a onder$ul time.R

C. Sue as "ery help$ul. She ga"e us some "ery use$ul Rad"ice%ad"ices.R

D. -e had R"ery good eather%a "ery good eatherR hile e ere on holiday.

E. -e ere "ery un$ortunate. -e had R0ad luc!%a 0ad luc!.R

G. It s "ery di$$icult to $ind a R or!%4o0R at the moment.

L. +ur Rtra"el%4ourneyR $rom ondon to Istan0ul 0y train as "ery tiring.

1M. -hen the $ire alarm rang# there as Rtotal chaos%a total chaos.R

11. I had to 0uy Ra%someR 0read 0ecause I anted to ma!e some sand iches.

1?. ad ne s Rdon t%doesn tR ma!e people happy.

1<. R9our hair is%9our hairs areR too long. 9ou should ha"e it%them cut.

1B. No0ody as hurt in the accident 0ut Rthe damage%the damagesR to the car R as% ereR Fuite 0ad.

DL.? 8omplete the sentences using these ords. Sometimes you need the plural (@s).

chair experience experience $urniture hair in$ormation 4o0 luggage permission progress or!



1. I didn t ha"e much RluggageR@@4ust t o small 0ags.

?. They ll tell you all you ant to !no . They ll gi"e you plenty o$ @@@

<. There is room $or e"ery0ody to sit do n. There are plenty o$ @@@ B. -e ha"e no @@@# not e"en a 0ed or a ta0le.

C. -hat does Alan loo! li!e/ 2e s got a long 0eard and "ery short @@@

D. 8arla s nglish is 0etter than it as. She s made @@@

E. 5eorge is unemployed. 2e s loo!ing $or a @@@

G. 5eorge is unemployed. 2e s loo!ing $or @@@

L. I$ you ant to lea"e or! early# you ha"e to as! $or @@@

1M. I don t thin! Ann ill get the 4o0. She hasn t got enough @@@

11. >ita has done many interesting things. She should rite a 0oo! a0out her @@@ DL.< -hat do you say in these situations/ 8omplete the sentences using one o$ the ords $rom Section 8.

1. 9our $riends ha"e 4ust arri"ed at the station. 9ou can t see any suitcases or 0ags.

9ou as! them: 2a"e Ryou got luggage/R

?. 9ou go into the tourist o$$ice. 9ou ant to !no a0out places to see in the to n. 9ou say:

I d li!e @@@

<. 9ou are a student at school. 9ou ant your teacher to ad"ise you a0out hich examinations to ta!e. 9ou

say:

8an you gi"e me @@@/

B. 9ou ant to atch the ne s on TO 0ut you don t !no hat time it is on. 9ou as! your $riend:

-hat time @@@/

C. 9ou are standing at the top o$ a mountain. 9ou can see a "ery long ay. It is lo"ely. 9ou say:

It @@@# isn t it/

D. 9ou loo! out o$ the indo . The eather is horri0le: cold# et and indy. 9ou say to your $riend:

-hat @@@6

;p1BM

UNIT EM. 8ounta0le nouns ith a%an and some

A. 8ounta0le nouns can 0e singular or plural:

a dog a child the e"ening this party an um0rella dogs some children the e"enings these parties t o

um0rellas

. e$ore singular counta0le nouns you can use a%an:

, 5ood0ye6 2a"e a nice e"ening.

, o you need an um0rella/

9ou cannot use singular counta0le nouns alone ( ithout a%the%my etc.):

, She ne"er ears a hat. (not She ne"er ears hat )

, e care$ul o$ the dog. (not e care$ul o$ dog )



, -hat a 0eauti$ul day6

, I "e got a headache.

8. -e use a%an ... to say hat !ind o$ thing or person something%some0ody is: , A dog is an animal.

, I m an optimist.

, Tim s $ather is a doctor.

, Are you a good dri"er/

, 3ill is a really nice person.

, -hat a lo"ely dress6

-e say that some0ody has a long nose%a nice $ace%a strong heart etc.:

, 3ac! has got a long nose. (not the long nose ) In sentences li!e these# e use plural nouns alone (not ith some ):

, ogs are animals.

, ost o$ my $riends are students.

, 3ill s parents are really nice people.

, -hat a $ul shoes6

, 3ac! has got 0lue eyes. (not the 0lue eyes )

>emem0er to use a%an hen you say hat some0ody s 4o0 is:

, Sandra is a nurse. (not Sandra is nurse )

, -ould you li!e to 0e an nglish teacher/

. 9ou can use some ith plural counta0le nouns. -e use some in t o ays:

i) Some ' a num0er o$%a $e o$%a pair o$:

, I "e seen some good $ilms recently. (not I "e seen good $ilms )

, Some $riends o$ mine are coming to stay at the ee!end.

, I need some ne sunglasses# (' a ne pair o$ sunglasses)

o not use some hen you are tal!ing a0out things in general (see also Unit EB):

, I lo"e 0ananas. (not some 0ananas )

, y aunt is a riter. She rites 0oo!s. (not some 0oo!s )

Sometimes you can ma!e sentences ith or ithout some ( ith no di$$erence in meaning):

, There are (some) eggs in the $ridge i$ you re hungry.

ii) Some ' some 0ut not all

, Some children learn "ery Fuic!ly. (0ut not all children)

, Some police o$$icers in ritain carry guns# 0ut most o$ them don t.

;p1B1

= >8IS S

EM.1 -hat are these things/ Try and $ind out i$ you don t !no .



1. an ant/ RIt s an insects.R

?. ants/ 0ees/ RThey re insects.R

<. a cauli$lo er/ B. chess/

C. a "iolin/ a trumpet/ a $lute/

D. a s!yscraper/

E. arth/ ars/ Oenus/ 3upiter/

G. a tulip/

L. the >hine/ the Nile/ the ississippi/

1M a pigeon/ an eagle/ a cro /

-ho ere these people/ 11. eetho"en/ R2as as a composer.R

1?. Sha!espeare/

1<. Al0ert instein/

1B. -ashington/ incoln/ 3ohn Jennedy/

1C. arilyn onroe/

1D l"is Presley/ 3ohn ennon/

1E. Oan 5ogh/ >enoir/ 5auguin/

EM.? >ead a0out hat these people do and say hat their 4o0s are. 8hoose one o$ these 4o0s:

dri"ing instructor interpreter 4ournalist nurse pilot plum0er tra"el agent aiter

1. Stella loo!s a$ter patients in hospital. RShe s a nurse.R

?. 5eorge or!s in a restaurant. 2e 0rings the $ood to the ta0les. 2e @@@

<. ary arranges people s holidays $or them. She @@@

B. >on or!s $or an airline. 2e $lies aeroplane. @@@

C. inda teaches people ho to dri"e. @@@

D. a"e $its and repairs ater pipes. @@@

E. 3enny rites articles $or a ne spaper. @@@

G. 3ohn translates hat people are saying $rom one language into another# so that they can understand

each other. @@@

EM.< Put in alan or some here necessary. I$ no ord is necessary# lea"e the space empty(@).

1. I "e seen some good $ilms recently.

?. -hat s rong ith you/ 2a"e you got RaR headache/

<. I !no a lot o$ people. ost o$ them are @ students.

B. -hen I as @@@ child# I used to 0e "ery shy.

C. -ould you li!e to 0e @@@ actor/

D. o you collect @@@ stamps/



E. -hat @@@ 0eauti$ul garden6

G. @@@ 0irds# $or example the penguin# cannot $ly.

L. I "e 0een al!ing $or three hours. I "e got @@@ sore $eet. 1M. I don t $eel "ery ell this morning. I "e got @@@ sore throat.

11. It s a pity e ha"en t got @@@ camera. I d li!e to ta!e @@@ photograph o$ that house.

1?. Those are @@@ nice shoes. -here did you get them/

1<. I m going shopping. I ant to 0uy @@@ ne shoes.

1B. 9ou need @@@ "isa to "isit @@@ countries# 0ut not all o$ them.

1C. 3ane is @@@ teacher. 2er parents ere @@@ teachers too.

1D. o you en4oy going to @@@ concerts/

1E. -hen e got to the city centre @@@ shops ere still open 0ut most o$ them ere closed. 1G. I don t 0elie"e him. 2e s @@@ liar. 2e s al ays telling @@@ lies.

;p1B?

UNIT E1. A%an and the


3+2N: I had a sand ich and an apple $or lunch. The sand ich asn t "ery good 0ut the apple as nice.

3ohn says a sand ich # an apple 0ecause this is the $irst time he tal!s a0out them.

3ohn no says the sand ich # the apple 0ecause Jaren !no s hich sand ich and hich apple he means

@ the sand ich and the apple he had $or lunch.

8ompare a and the in these examples:

, A man and a oman ere sitting opposite me. The man as American 0ut I thin! the oman as ritish.

, -hen e ere on holiday# e stayed at a hotel. Sometimes e had our e"ening meal at the hotel and

sometimes e ent to a restaurant.

. -e use the hen e are thin!ing o$ one particular thing. 8ompare a%an and the:

, Tom sat do n on a chair. (perhaps one o$ many chairs in the room)

0ut Tom sat do n on the chair nearest the door. (a particular chair)

, Ann is loo!ing $or a 4o0. (not a particular 4o0)

0ut id Ann get the 4o0 she applied $or/ (a particular 4o0)

, 2a"e you got a car/ (not a particular car)

0ut I cleaned the car yesterday. (' my car)

7or a see also Units EM and E?A.

8. -e use the hen it is clear in the situation hich thing or person e mean. 7or example# in a room e

tal! a0out the light%the $loor%the ceiling%the door%the carpet etc.:

, 8an you turn o$$ the light# please/ (' the light in this room)

, I too! a taxi to the station. (' the station in that to n)

, I d li!e to spea! to the manager# please. (' the manager o$ this shop etc.)



c. -e stayed at a "ery nice hotel @ I can t remem0er @@@ name no .

B. a. There isn t @@@ airport near here I li"e @@@ nearest airport is EM miles a ay.

0. +ur plane as delayed. -e had to ait at @@@ airport $or three hours. c. xcuse me# please. 8an you tell me ho to get to @@@ airport/

C. a. Are you going a ay next ee!/ No# @@@ ee! a$ter next.

0. I m going a ay $or @@@ ee! in Septem0er.

c. 5eorge has a part@time 4o0. 2e or!s three mornings @@@ ee!.

E1.< Put in a%an or the in these sentences here necessary.

1. -ould you li!e apple/ Ran apple.R

?. 2o o$ten do you go to dentist/ @@@

<. 8ould you close door# please/ @@@ B. I m sorry. I didn t mean to do that. It as mista!e @@@

C. xcuse me# here is 0us station# please/ @@@

D. I "e got pro0lem. 8an you help me/ @@@

E. I m 4ust going to post o$$ice. I on t 0e long @@@

G. There ere no chairs# so e had to sit on $loor. @@@

L. 2a"e you $inished ith 0oo! I lent you/ @@@

1M. y sister has 4ust got 4o0 in 0an! in anchester. @@@

11. -e li"e in small $lat near city centre. @@@

1?. There s small supermar!et at end o$ street I li"e in @@@

E1.B Ans er these Fuestions a0out yoursel$. -here possi0le# use the structure in Section (once a

ee!%three times a day etc.).

1. 2o o$ten do you go to the cinema/ RThree or $our times a year.R

?. 2o much does it cost to hire a car in your country/ RA0out <M a day.R

<. 2o o$ten do you go a ay on holiday/ @@@

B. -hat s the speed limit in to ns in your country/ @@@

C. 2o much sleep do you need/ @@@

D. 2o o$ten do you go out in the e"ening/ @@@

E. 2o much tele"ision do you atch (on a"erage)/ @@@

;p1BB

UNIT E?. The (1)

A. -e use the ... hen there is only one o$ something:

, -hat is the longest ri"er in the orld/ (there is only one longest ri"er)

, The earth goes round the sun and the moon goes round the earth.

, I m going a ay at the end o$ this month.

on t $orget the:



, Paris is the capital o$ 7rance. (not Paris is capital o$... )

ut e use a%an to say hat !ind o$ thing something is (see Unit EM8). 8ompare the and a:

, The sun is a star. (' one o$ many stars) , The hotel e stayed at as a "ery nice hotel.

. -e say: the s!y the sea the ground the country the en"ironment:

, -e loo!ed up at all the stars in the s!y. (not in s!y )

, -ould you rather li"e in a to n or in the country/

, -e must do more to protect the en"ironment. (' the natural orld around us)

Note that e say space ( ithout the ) hen e mean space in the uni"erse :

, There are millions o$ stars in space. (not in the space )

0ut , I tried to par! my car 0ut the space as too small. 8. -e use the 0e$ore same (the same):

, 9our pullo"er is the same colour as mine. (not is same colour )

, These t o photographs are the same. (not are same )

. -e say: (go to) the cinema# the theatre:

, I o$ten go to the cinema 0ut I ha"en t 0een to the theatre $or ages.

-hen e say the cinema%the theatre# e do not necessarily mean one particular cinema or theatre.

-e usually say the radio# 0ut tele"ision ( ithout the ):

, I o$ten listen to the radio.

, -e heard the ne s on the radio.

, I o$ten atch tele"ision.

, -e atched the ne s on tele"ision.

0ut , 8an you turn o$$ the tele"ision# please/ (' the tele"ision set)

8ompare a:

, There isn t a theatre in this to n.

, I m going to 0uy a ne radio%tele"ision (set).

. rea!$ast lunch dinner

-e do not normally use the ith the names o$ meals (0rea!$ast# lunch etc.):

, -hat did you ha"e $or 0rea!$ast/

, -e had lunch in a "ery nice restaurant.

, -hat time is dinner/

ut e use a i$ there is an ad4ecti"e 0e$ore 0rea!$ast# lunch etc.:

-e had a "ery nice lunch. (not e had "ery nice lunch )

7. Plat$orm C >oom 1?D etc.

-e do not use the 0e$ore noun num0er. 7or example# e say:

, +ur train lea"es $rom Plat$orm C. (not the Plat$orm C )



, (in a shop) 2a"e you got these shoes in siKe B</ (not the siKe B< )

In the same ay# e say: >oom 1?D (in a hotel) page ?L (o$ a 0oo!) Section A etc.

;p1BC = >8IS S

E?.1 Put in the or a%an here necessary. I$ no ord is necessary# lea"e the space empty(@).

1. A: -here did you ha"e @ lunch/

: -e ent to RaR restaurant.

?. A: id you ha"e @@@ nice holiday/

: 9es# it as @@@ 0est holiday I "e e"er had.

<. A: -here s nearest shop/

: There s one at @@@ end o$ this street. B. A: o you o$ten listen to radio/

: No. In $act I ha"en t got radio.

C. A: -ould you li!e to tra"el in @@@ space/

: 9es# I d lo"e to go to @@ moon.

D. A: o you go to @@ cinema "ery o$ten/

: No# not "ery o$ten. ut I atch a lot o$ $ilms on @@@ tele"ision.

E. A: It as @@@ nice day yesterday# asn t it/

: 9es# it as 0eauti$ul. -e ent $or a al! 0y @@@ sea.

G. A: -hat did you ha"e @@@ 0rea!$ast this morning/

: Nothing. I ne"er eat @@@ 0rea!$ast.

L. A: 8an you tell me here @@@ >oom ?C is# please/

: It s on @@@ second $loor.

1M. A: -e spent all our money 0ecause e stayed at @@@ most expensi"e hotel in to n.

: -hy didn t you stay at @@@ cheaper hotel/

E?.? Put in the here necessary. I$ you don t need the# lea"e the space empty(@).

1. I ha"en t 0een to RtheR cinema $or ages.

?. I lay do n on @@@ ground and loo!ed up at @@@ s!y.

<. Sheila spends most o$ her $ree time atching @@@ tele"ision.

B. @@@ tele"ision as on 0ut no0ody as atching it.

C. 2a"e you had @@@ dinner yet/

D. ary and I arri"ed at @@@ same time.

E. 9ou ll $ind @@@ in$ormation you need at @@@ top o$ @@@ page 1C.

G. Peru is a country in South America. @@@ capital is ima.

E?.< Put in the or a%an here necessary. I$ the sentence is already correct# put >I52T . (I$ necessary# see

Unit E1 $or a%an and the.)



1. I Sun is star. RThe sun is a star.R

?. Tim li"es in small "illage in country. @@@

<. oon goes round earth e"ery ?E days. @@@ B. -hat is highest mountain in orld/ @@@

C. I m $ed up ith doing same thing e"ery day. @@@

D. It as "ery hot day. It as hottest day o$ year. @@@

E. I don t usually ha"e lunch 0ut I al ays eat good 0rea!$ast. @@@

G. I$ you li"e in $oreign country# you should try and learn language. @@@

L. -e missed our train 0ecause e ere aiting on rong plat$orm. -e ere on Plat$orm < instead o$

Plat$orm G. @@@

E?.B 8omplete the sentences using one o$ the $ollo ing. Use the i$ necessary. 0rea!$ast cinema dinner gate 5ate ?1 uestion G sea

1. I didn t ha"e time $or @@@ this morning 0ecause I as in a hurry.

?. I m going to @@@ this e"ening. Are you/ -hat $ilm are you going to see/

<. There as no ind# so @@@ as "ery calm.

B. Are you going out this e"ening/ 9es# a$ter @@@

C. The examination paper asn t too di$$icult 0ut I couldn t ans er @@@

D. +h @@@ is open. I must ha"e $orgotten to shut it.

E. (airport announcement) 7light A1?< to Oienna is no 0oarding at @@@

;p1BD

UNIT E<. The (?) (School%the school)

A. 8ompare school and the school:

W1 Alison is ten years old. "ery day she goes to school. She s at school no . School 0egins at L and

$inishes at <.

-e say a child goes to school or is at school (as a pupil). -e are not necessarily thin!ing o$ a particular

school. -e are thin!ing o$ school as a general idea.

W? Today Alison s mother ants to spea! to her daughter s teacher. So she has gone to the school to see

her. She s at the school no .

Alison s mother is not a pupil. She is not at school # she doesn t go to school . ut i$ she ants to see

Alison s teacher# she goes to the school (' Alison s school# a particular school).

. -e use prison# hospital# uni"ersity# and church in a similar ay. -e do not use the hen e are thin!ing

o$ the general idea o$ these places and hat they are used $or. 8ompare:

W1 , Jen s 0rother is in prison $or ro00ery. (2e is a prisoner. -e are not thin!ing o$ a particular prison.)

, 3ac! had an accident last ee!. 2e as ta!en to hospital. 2e s still in hospital no . (as a patient)

, -hen I lea"e school# I ant to go to uni"ersity.

, rs Jelly goes to church e"ery Sunday. (to a religious ser"ice)



W? , Jen ent to the prison to "isit his 0rother. (2e ent as a "isitor# not as a prisoner.)

, 3ill has gone to the hospital to "isit 3ac!.

, She s at the hospital no . (as a "isitor) , xcuse me# here is the uni"ersity# please/ (' the uni"ersity 0uildings)

, The or!men ent to the church to repair the roo$. (not $or a religious ser"ice)

-ith most other places# you need the. 7or example# the cinema# the 0an!# the station. See Units E18 and

E? .

8. ed or! home

-e say: go to 0ed%0e in 0ed etc. (not the 0ed ):

, It s time to go to 0ed no .

, This morning I had 0rea!$ast in 0ed. 0ut , I sat do n on the 0ed. (a particular piece o$ $urniture)

go to or!%0e at or!%start or!%$inish or! etc. (not the or! ):

, Ann didn t go to or! yesterday.

, -hat time do you usually $inish or!/

go home%come home%arri"e home%0e at home etc.:

, It s late. et s go home.

, -ill you 0e at home tomorro a$ternoon/

. -e say go to sea%0e at sea ( ithout the ) hen the meaning is go%0e on a "oyage :

, Jeith is a seaman. 2e spends most o$ his li$e at sea.

0ut , I d li!e to li"e near the sea.

, It can 0e dangerous to s im in the sea.

;p1BE

= >8IS S

E<.1 8omplete the sentences using a preposition (to%at%in etc.) one o$ the $ollo ing ords:

0ed home hospital prison school uni"ersity or!

9ou can use the ords more than once.

1. To people ere in4ured in the accident and ere ta!en Rto hospital.R

?. In ritain# children $rom the age o$ $i"e ha"e to go @@@.

<. ar! didn t go out last night. 2e stayed @@@.

B. I ll ha"e to hurry. I don t ant to 0e late @@@.

C. There is a lot o$ tra$$ic in the morning hen e"ery0ody is going @@@.

D. 8athy s mother has 4ust had an operation. She is still @@@.

E. -hen 3ulia lea"es school# she ants to study economics @@@.

G. ill ne"er gets up 0e$ore L o cloc!. It s G.<M no # so he is still @@@.

L. I$ you commit a serious crime# you could 0e sent @@@.



E<.? 8omplete the sentences ith the ord gi"en (school etc.). Use the here necessary.

1. (school)

a. "ery term parents are in"ited to the school to meet the teacher. 0. -hy aren t your children at school today/ Are they ill/

c. -hen he as younger# Ted hated @@@

d. -hat time does @@@ start in the mornings in your country/

e. A: 2o do your children get home $rom @@@/ y 0us/

: No# they al! @@@ isn t "ery $ar.

$. -hat sort o$ 4o0 does 4enny ant to do hen she lea"es @@@/

g. There ere some people aiting outside @@@ to meet their children.

?. (uni"ersity) a. In your country# do many people go to @@@/

0. I$ you ant to get a degree# you normally ha"e to study at @@@.

c. This is only a small to n 0ut @@@ is the 0iggest in the country.

<. (hospital)

a. Nora or!s as a cleaner at @@@.

0. -hen Ann as ill# e all ent to @@@ to "isit her.

c. y 0rother has al ays 0een "ery healthy. 2e s ne"er 0een in @@@.

d. Peter as in4ured in an accident and as !ept in @@@ $or a $e days.

B. (church)

a. 3ohn s mother is a regular churchgoer. She goes to @@@ e"ery Sunday.

0. 3ohn himsel$ doesn t go to @@@.

c. 3ohn ent to @@@ to ta!e some photographs o$ the 0uilding.

C. (prison)

a. In many places people are in @@@ 0ecause o$ their political opinions.

0. The other day the $ire 0rigade ere called to @@@ to put out a $ire.

c. The 4udge decided to $ine the man @cCMM instead o$ sending him to @@@.

D. (home% or!%0ed)

a. I li!e to read in @@@ 0e$ore I go to sleep/

0. It s nice to tra"el around 0ut there s no place li!e @@@6

c. Shall e meet a$ter @@@ tomorro e"ening/

d. I$ I m $eeling tired# I go to @@@ early.

e. -hat time do you usually start @@@ in the morning/

$. The economic situation is "ery 0ad. any people are out o$ @@@

E. (sea)

a. There s a nice "ie $rom the indo . 9ou can see @@@.



0. It as a long "oyage. -e ere at @@@ $or $our ee!s.

c. I lo"e s imming in @@@.

;p1BG UNIT EB. The (<) (8hildren%the children)

A. -hen e are tal!ing a0out things or people in general# e do not use the :

, I m a$raid o$ dogs. (not the dogs ) (dogs ' dogs in general# not a particular group o$ dogs)

, octors are paid more than teachers.

, o you collect stamps/

, 8rime is a pro0lem in most 0ig cities. (not the crime )

, i$e has changed a lot in the last <M years. (not the li$e )

, o you o$ten listen to classical music/ (not the classical music ) , o you li!e 8hinese $ood%7rench cheese%S iss chocolate/

, y $a"ourite sport is $oot0all%s!iing%athletics. (not the $oot0all the s!iing etc.)

, y $a"ourite su04ect at school as history%physics% nglish. -e say most people%most 0oo!s%most cars

etc. (not the most ... @@see also Unit GEA).

, ost people li!e 5eorge. (not the most people )

. -e use the hen e mean particular things or people. 8ompare:

W1 In general ( ithout the )

, 8hildren learn a lot $rom playing. (' children in general)

, I o$ten listen to music.

, All cars ha"e heels.

, Sugar isn t "ery good $or you.

, o nglish people or! hard/ (' nglish people in general)

W? Particular people or things ( ith the)

, -e too! the children to the Koo. (' a particular group# perhaps the spea!er s o n children)

, The $ilm asn t "ery good 0ut I li!ed the music. (' the music in the $ilm)

, All the cars in this car par! 0elong to people ho or! here.

, 8an you pass the sugar# please/ (' the sugar on the ta0le)

, o the nglish people you !no or! hard/ (' only the nglish people you !no # not nglish people in

general)

8. The di$$erence 0et een something in general and something in particular is not al ays "ery clear.

8ompare these sentences:

W1 In general ( ithout the )

, I li!e or!ing ith people. (' people in general)

, I li!e or!ing ith people ho are li"ely. (not all people# 0ut people ho are li"ely is still a general idea)

, o you li!e co$$ee/ (' co$$ee in general)



, o you li!e strong 0lac! co$$ee/ (not all co$$ee# 0ut strong 0lac! co$$ee is still a general idea)

W? Particular people or things ( ith the)

, I li!e the people I or! ith. (' a particular group o$ people) , id you li!e the co$$ee e had a$ter our meal last night/ (' particular co$$ee)

;p1BL

= >8IS S

EB.1 In this exercise you ha"e to rite hether you li!e or disli!e these things:

0oxing cats $ast $ood restaurants $oot0all hot eather mathematics opera small children roc! music

Koos

8hoose 7+U> o$ these things and 0egin your sentences ith one o$ these:

I li!e ...% I don t li!e... I don t mind... I lo"e ...% I hate... I m interested in ...% I m not interested in ... 1. RI don t li!e hot eather "ery much.R

?. @@@

<. @@@

B. @@@

C. @@@

EB.? 8omplete the sentences using one o$ the $ollo ing. Use the here necessary.

(the) 0as!et0all (the) Fuestions (the) history (the) hotels (the) meat (the) lies (the) in$ormation (the)

patience (the) people (the) ater (the) grass (the) spiders

1. y $a"ourite sport is 0as!et0all.

?. The in$ormation e ere gi"en asn t correct.

<. any people are a$raid o$ @@@.

B. A "egetarian is some0ody ho doesn t eat @@@.

C. The test asn t "ery di$$icult. I ans ered all @@@ ithout di$$iculty.

D. o you !no @@@ ho li"e next door/

E. @@@ is the study o$ the past.

G. 5eorge al ays tells the truth. 2e ne"er tells @@@.

L. -e couldn t $ind any here to stay in the to n. All @@@ ere $ull.

1M. @@@ in the pool didn t loo! "ery clean# so e didn t go $or a s im.

11. on t sit on @@@. It s et a$ter the rain.

1?. 9ou need @@@ to teach young children.

EB.< 8hoose the correct $orm# ith or ithout the.

1. I m a$raid o$ Rdogs%the dogs.R ( dogs is correct)

?. 8an you pass Rsalt%the saltR# please/ ( the salt is correct)

<. RApples%The applesR are good $or you.

B. oo! at Rapples%the applesR on that tree6 They re "ery 0ig.



C. R-omen%The omenR li"e longer than men%the men.

D. I don t drin! Rtea%the tea.R I don t li!e it

E. -e had a "ery nice meal. ROegeta0les%The "egeta0lesR ere especially good. G. R i$e%The li$eR is strange sometimes. Some "ery strange things happen.

L. I li!e Rs!iing%the s!iingR 0ut I m not "ery good at it.

1M. -ho are Rpeople%the peopleR in this photograph/

11. -hat ma!es Rpeople%the peopleR "iolent/ -hat causes aggression%the aggression/

1?. RAll 0oo!s%All the 0oo!sR on the top shel$ 0elong to me.

1<. on t stay in that hotel. It s "ery noisy and R0eds%the 0edsR are "ery uncom$orta0le.

1B. A paci$ist is some0ody ho is against R ar%the ar.R

1C. R7irst -orld -ar%The 7irst -orld -arR lasted $rom 1L1B until 1L1G. 1D. +ne o$ our 0iggest social pro0lems is Runemployment%the unemployment.R

1E. >on and renda got married 0ut Rmarriage%the marriageR didn t last "ery long.

1G. R ost people%The most peopleR 0elie"e that Rmarriage%the marriageR and R$amily li$e%the $amily li$eR

are the 0asis o$ Rsociety%the society.R

;p1CM

UNIT EC. The (B) (The gira$$e%the telephone%the piano etc.*

the ad4ecti"e)

A. Study these sentences:

, The gira$$e is the tallest o$ all animals.

, The 0icycle is an excellent means o$ transport.

, -hen as the telephone in"ented/

, The dollar is the currency (' money) o$ the United States.

In these examples# the... does not mean one particular thing. The gira$$e one particular type I animal# not

one particular gira$$e. -e use the ( a singular counta0le noun) in this ay to tal! a0out a type o$ animal#

machine etc.

In the same ay e use the $or musical instruments:

, 8an you play the guitar/

, The piano is my $a"ourite instrument.

8ompare a:

, I d li!e to ha"e a guitar.

, -e sa a gira$$e at the Koo.

Note that e use man (' human 0eings in general%the human race) ithout the :

, -hat do you !no a0out the origins o$ man/ (not the man )

. The ad4ecti"e

-e use the ad4ecti"e ( ithout a noun) to tal! a0out groups o$ people# especially:



the young the old the elderly the rich the poor the unemployed the homeless the sic! the disa0led the

in4ured the dead

The young ' young people# the rich ' rich people etc.: , o you thin! the rich should pay more taxes to help the poor/

, The homeless need more help $rom the go"ernment.

These expressions are al ays plural in meaning. 9ou cannot say a young or an unemployed . 9ou must

say a young man # an unemployed oman etc. Note also that e say the poor (not the poors )# the young

(not the youngs ) etc.

8. The nationality

9ou can use the ith some nationality ad4ecti"es to mean the people o$ that country . 7or example:

, The 7rench are $amous $or their $ood. (' the people o$ 7rance) , -hy do the nglish thin! they are so onder$ul/ (' the people o$ ngland) In the same ay you can say:

the Spanish the utch the ritish the Irish the -elsh

Note that the 7rench%the nglish etc. are plural in meaning. 9ou cannot say a 7rench%an nglish . 9ou ha"e

to say a 7renchman%an nglish oman etc.

9ou can also use the nationality ords ending in @ese (the 8hinese%the Sudanese etc.):

, The 8hinese in"ented printing.

These ords can also 0e singular (a 3apanese# a Sudanese).

Also: the S iss%a S iss (plural or singular)

-ith other nationalities# the plural noun ends in @s. 7or example:

an Italian a exican a Scot a Tur! (the) Italians (the) exicans (the) Scots (the) Tur!s

;p1C1

= >8IS S

EC.1 Ans er the Fuestions. 8hoose the right ans er $rom the 0ox. on t $orget the. Use a dictionary i$

necessary.

1. animals: tiger elephant ra00it cheetah gira$$e !angaroo

?. 0irds: eagle penguin s an o l parrot ro0in

<. in"entions: telephone heel telescope laser helicopter type riter

B. currencies: dollar lira escudo rupee peseta yen

1. a. -hich o$ the animals is tallest/ Rthe gira$$e.R

0. -hich animal can run $astest/

c. -hich o$ these animals is $ound in Australia/

?. a. -hich o$ these 0irds has a long nec!/

0. -hich o$ these 0irds cannot $ly/

c. -hich 0ird $lies at night/



<. a. -hich o$ these in"entions is oldest/

0. -hich one is most recent/

c. -hich one is especially important $or astronomy/ B a. -hat is the currency o$ India/

0. -hat is the currency o$ Portugal/

c. -hat is the currency o$ your country/

EC.? Put in the or a here necessary. I$ the sentence is already complete lea"e an empty space(@)

1. -hen as RtheR telephone in"ented/

?. 8an you play @@@music instrument/

<. 3ill plays @@@ "iolin in an orchestra. B. There as @@@ piano in the corner o$ the room.

C. 8an you play @@@ piano/

D. +ur society is 0ased on @@@ $amily.

E. artin comes $rom @@@ large $amily.

G. -hen as @@@ paper $irst made/

L. @@@ computer has changed the ay e li"e.

EC.< 8omplete these sentences using the one o$ these ad4ecti"es:

in4ured poor rich sic! unemployed young

1. RThe youngR ha"e the $uture in their hands.

?. Am0ulances arri"ed at the scene o$ the accident and too! @@@ to hospital.

<. i$e is all right i$ you ha"e a 4o0# 0ut things are not so easy $or @@@.

B. 3ulia has 0een a nurse all her li$e. She has spent her li$e caring $or @@@.

C. In ngland there is an old story a0out a man called >o0in 2ood. It is said that he ro00ed @@@ and ga"e the

money to @@@.

EC.B -hat do you call the people o$ these countries/

1. 8anada/

one person (a%an ...): a 8anadian

the people in general: the 8anadian

?. 5ermany/

one person (a%an ...):

the people in general:

<. 7rance/



B. >ussia/





C. 8hina/ one person (a%an ...):


D. raKil/



E. ngland/


the people in general: G. and your country/



;p1C?

UNIT ED. Names ith and ithout the (1)

A. -e do not use the ith names o$ people ( Ann # Ann Taylor etc.). In the same ay# e do not normally

use the ith names o$ places. 7or example:

continents: A$rica (not the A$rica )# urope# South America

countries: 7rance (not the 7rance )# 3apan# S itKerland

states# regions etc.: Texas# 8orn all# Tuscany# 8entral urope

islands: 8orsica# Sicily# ermuda

cities# to ns etc.: 8airo# Ne 9or!# adrid

mountains: "erest# tna# Jiliman4aro

ut e use the in names ith >epu0lic # Jingdom # States etc.:

the United States o$ America (the USA)

the United Jingdom (the UJ)

the ominican >epu0lic

8ompare:

, -e "isited 8anada and the United States.

. -hen e use r% rs%8aptain% octor etc. a name# e do not use the . So e say:

r 3ohnson% octor 3ohnson%8aptain 3ohnson%President 3ohnson etc. (not the... )

Uncle >o0ert%Aunt 3ane%Saint 8atherine%Princess Anne etc. (not the... )

8ompare:

, -e called the doctor. 0ut -e called octor 3ohnson. (not the octor 3ohnson )

-e use mount (' mountain) and la!e in the same ay ( ithout the ):



ount "erest (not the... ) ount tna a!e Superior a!e 8onstance

, They li"e near the la!e. 0ut They li"e near a!e 8onstance. ( ithout the )

8. -e use the ith the names o$ oceans# seas# ri"ers and canals (see also Unit EE ): the Atlantic (+cean)

the editerranean (Sea)

the >ed Sea

the Indian +cean

the 8hannel (0et een 7rance and ritain)

the SueK 8anal

the (>i"er) AmaKon the (>i"er) Thames

the Nile

the >hine

. -e use the ith plural names o$ people and places:

people: the Taylors (' the Taylor $amily)# the 3ohnsons

countries: the Netherlands# the Philippines# the United States

groups o$ islands: the 8anaries%the 8anary Islands# the ahamas# the ritish Isles

mountain ranges: the >oc!y ountains%the >oc!ies# the Andes# the Alps

, The highest mountain in the Alps is ont lanc. (not the ont lanc )

. North%northern etc.

-e say: the north (o$ 7rance) 0ut northern 7rance ( ithout the )

the south@east (o$ Spain) 0ut south@eastern Spain

8ompare:

, S eden is in northern urope* Spain is in the south.

Also: the iddle ast the 7ar ast

9ou can also use north%south etc. a place name ( ithout the ):

North America -est A$rica South@ ast Spain

Note that on maps# the is not usually included in the name.

;p1C<

= >8IS S

ED.1 Put in the here necessary. ea"e a space (@) i$ the sentence is already complete.

1. -ho is @ octor 3ohnson/ (The sentence is complete ithout the.)

?. I as ill# so I ent to see @@@ doctor.

<. @@@ President is the most po er$ul person in @@@ United States.

B. @@@ President Jennedy as assassinated in 1LD<.



C. o you !no @@@ -ilsons/ They re a "ery nice couple.

D. o you !no @@@ Pro$essor ro n s phone num0er/

ED.? Some o$ these sentences are correct# 0ut some need the (perhaps more than once). 8orrect thesentences here necessary. Put >I52T i$ the sentence is already correct.

1. "erest as $irst clim0ed in 1LC<. R>I52TR

?. ilan is in north o$ Italy. Rthe north o$ Italy.R

<. A$rica is much larger than urope.

B. ast year I "isited exico and United States.

C. South o$ ngland is armer than north.

D. Portugal is in estern urope.

E. 7rance and ritain are separated 0y 8hannel. G. 3im has tra"elled a lot in iddle ast.

L. 8hicago is on a!e ichigan.

1M. The highest mountain in A$rica is Jiliman4aro (C#GLC meters).

11. Next year e are going s!iing in S iss Alps.

1?. United Jingdom consists o$ 5reat ritain and Northern Ireland.

1<. Seychelles are a group o$ islands in Indian +cean.

1B. >i"er Oolga $lo s into 8aspian Sea.

ED.< 2ere are some geography Fuestions. 8hoose the right ans er $rom one o$ the 0oxes and rite the i$

necessary. 9ou do not need all the names in the 0oxes. Use an atlas i$ necessary.

continents: A$rica# Asia# Australia# urope# North# America# South# America

countries: 8anada# enmar!# Indonesia# S eden# Thailand# United States

oceans and seas: Atlantic# Indian +cean# Paci$ic# lac! Sea# editerranean# >ed Sea

mountains: Alps# Andes# 2imalayas# >oc!ies# Urals

ri"ers and canals: AmaKon# >hine# anu0e# Thames# Nile# Oolga# SueK 8anal# Panama 8anal

1. -hat do you ha"e to cross to tra"el $rom urope to America/ RThe AtlanticR

?. -here is Argentina/

<. -hich is the longest ri"er in A$rica/

B. +$ hich country is Stoc!holm the capital/

C. +$ hich country is -ashington the capital/

D. -hat is the name o$ the mountain range in the est o$ North America/

E. -hat is the name o$ the sea 0et een A$rica and urope/

G. -hich is the smallest continent in the orld/

L. -hat is the name o$ the ocean 0et een America and Asia/

1M. -hat is the name o$ the ocean 0et een A$rica and Australia/

11. -hich ri"er $lo s through ondon/



1?. -hich ri"er $lo s through Oienna# udapest and elgrade/

1<. +$ hich country is ang!o! the capital/

1B. -hat 4oins the Atlantic and Paci$ic +ceans/ 1C. -hich is the longest ri"er in South America/

;p1CB

UNIT EE. Names ith and ithout the (?)

A. Names ithout the

-e do not use the ith names o$ most streets%roads%sFuares%par!s etc.:

Union Street (not the ... ) 7i$th A"enue Piccadilly 8ircus 2yde Par! lac!roc! >oad road ay Times

SFuare -aterloo ridge

any names (especially names o$ important 0uildings and institutions) are t o ords: Jennedy Airport 8am0ridge Uni"ersity

The $irst ord is usually the name o$ a person ( Jennedy ) or a place ( 8am0ridge ). -e do not usually use

the ith names li!e these. Some more examples:

Oictoria Station (not the ... ) din0urgh 8astle ondon oo -estminster A00ey uc!ingham Palace

8anter0ury 8athedral

ut e say the -hite 2ouse # the >oyal Palace # 0ecause hite and royal are not names li!e Jennedy

and 8am0ridge . This is only a general rule and there are exceptions.

. ost other names (o$ places# 0uildings etc.) ha"e names ith the:

ad4ecti"e or the name etc. noun

the 2ilton 2otel

the National Theatre

the Sahara esert

the Atlantic +cean

These places usually ha"e names ith the:

hotels%restaurants%pu0s: the Station 2otel# the om0ay >estaurant# the >ed ion (pu0)

theatres%cinemas: the Palace Theatre# the +deon 8inema

museums%galleries: the ritish useum# the Tate 5allery

other 0uildings: the mpire State uilding# the 7esti"al 2all# the -hite 2ouse

oceans%seas%canals: the Indian +cean# the editerranean Sea# the SueK 8anal

also:

ne spapers: the -ashington Post# the 7inancial Times

organiKations (0ut see also Section ): the uropean Union# the 8 (' the ritish roadcasting

8orporation)

Sometimes e lea"e out the noun: the 2ilton (2otel)# the Sahara ( esert)

Sometimes the name is only the noun: the Oatican (in >ome)# the Sun ( ritish ne spaper)



Names ith ... o$ ... usually ha"e the. 7or example:

the an! o$ ngland

the To er o$ ondon the useum o$ odern Art

the 2ouses o$ Parliament

the 5reat -all o$ 8hina

the Tropic o$ 8apricorn

the 5ul$ o$ exico

the Uni"ersity o$ ondon (0ut the ondon Uni"ersity)

8. any shops# restaurants# hotels# 0an!s etc. are named a$ter the people ho started them. These

names end in @ s or @s. -e do not use the ith these names: loyds an! (not the loyds an!) c onalds 3ac! s 5uest 2ouse 2arrods (shop)

8hurches are o$ten named a$ter saints:

St 3ohn s 8hurch (not the St 3ohn s 8hurch)

St Paul s 8athedral

. Names o$ companies# airlines etc. are usually ithout the :

7iat (not the 7iat) Sony Joda! ritish Air ays I

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EE.1 Use the map to ans er the Fuestions in the ay sho n. -rite the name o$ the place and the street it is

in. +n maps e do not normally use the. In your sentences# use the i$ necessary.

1. Is there a cine a near here/ 9es# the +deon in aines Street.

?. Is there a supermar!et near here/ 9es# @@@ in @@@.

<. Is there a hotel near here/ 9es# @@@ in @@@.

B. Is there a church near here/ 9es# @@@.

C. Is there a nu0 near here/ 9es. @@@.

D. Is there a museum near here/ 9es# @@@.

E. Is there a 0an! near here/ 9es# @@@.

G. Is there a Par! near here/ 9es# @@@ at the end o$ @@@.

L. Is there a restaurant near here/ 9es#@@@.

EE.? -here are these streets and 0uildings/ 8hoose $rom the 0ox to complete the sentences. Use the

here necessary.

Acropolis Oatican road ay -hite 2ouse uc!ingham Palace St ar! s 8athedral i$$el To er

Tra$algar SFuare

1. RTra$algarR SFuare is in ondon.

?. @@@ is in Paris.



<. @@@ is in >ome.

B. @@@ is in ondon.

C. @@@ is in Ne 9or!. D. @@@ is in -ashington.

E. @@@ is in Athens.

G.@@@ is in Athens. is in Oenice.

EE.< 8hoose the correct $orm# ith or ithout the.

1. 2a"e you e"er 0een to R ritish useum%the ritish useum.R (the ... is correct)

?. R2yde Par!%The 2yde Par!R is a "ery large par! in central ondon.

<. Another par! in central ondon is RSt 3ames s Par!%the St 3ames s Par!.R

B. R5rand 2otel%The 5rand 2otelR is in R a!er Street%the a!er Street.R C. -e $le to Ne 9or! $rom R5at ic! Airport%the 5at ic! AirportR near ondon.

D. 7ran! is a student at Ri"erpool Uni"ersity%the i"erpool Uni"ersity.R

E. I$ you re loo!ing $or a good clothes shop# I ould recommend R2arrison s%the 2arrison s.R

G. I$ you re loo!ing $or a good pu0# I ould recommend RShip Inn%the Ship Inn.R

L. RStatue o$ i0erty%The Statue o$ i0ertyR is at the entrance to RNe 9or! har0our%the Ne 9or! har0our.R

1M. 9ou should go to RScience useum%the Science useum.R It s "ery interesting#

11. 3ohn or!s $or I %the I no . 2e used to or! $or R ritish Telecom%the ritish Telecom.R

1?. -hich cinema are you going to this e"ening/ R8lassic%The 8lassic.R

1<. I d li!e to go to 8hina and see R5reat -all%the 5reat -all.R

1B. -hich ne spaper shall I 0uy@@RIndependent%the IndependentR or R2erald%the 2eraldR/

1C. This 0oo! is pu0lished 0y R8am0ridge Uni"ersity Press%the 8am0ridge Uni"ersity Press.R

;p1CD

UNIT EG. Singular and plural

A. Sometimes e use a plural noun $or one thing that has t o parts. 7or example:

trousers (t o legs) also 4eans%tights%shorts%pants

py4amas (top and 0ottom)

glasses (or spectacles)

0inoculars

scissors

These ords are plural# so they ta!e a plural "er0:

, y trousers are too long. (not is too long )

9ou can also use a pair o$ these ords:

, Those are nice 4eans. or That s a nice pair o$ 4eans. (not a nice 4eans )

, I need some ne glasses. or I need a ne pair o$ glasses.

. Some nouns end in @ics 0ut are not usually plural. 7or example: athletics gymnastics mathematics (or



maths) physics electronics economics politics

, 5ymnastics is my $a"ourite sport.

Ne s is not plural (see Unit DL8): , -hat time is the ne s on tele"ision/ (not are the ne s )

Some ords ending in @s can 0e singular or plural. 7or example:

means a means o$ transport many means o$ transport

series a tele"ision series t o tele"ision series

species a species o$ 0ird ?MM species o$ 0ird

8. Some singular nouns are o$ten used ith a plural "er0. 7or example:

go"ernment sta$$ team $amily audience committee company $irm

These nouns are all groups o$ people. -e o$ten thin! o$ them as a num0er o$ people (' they )# not as onething (' it ). So e o$ten use a plural "er0:

, The go"ernment (' they) ant to increase taxes.

, The sta$$ at the school (' they) are not happy ith their ne or!ing conditions.

In the same ay# e o$ten use a plural "er0 a$ter the name o$ a sports team or a company:

, Scotland are playing 7rance next ee! (in a $oot0all match).

, Shell ha"e increased the price o$ petrol.

A singular "er0 (The go"ernment ants...%Shell has... etc.) is also possi0le.

-e al ays use a plural "er0 ith police:

, The police ha"e arrested a $riend o$ mine. (not The police has )

, o you thin! the police are ell@paid/

Note that a person in the police is a policeman%a police oman%a police o$$icer (not a police ).

. -e do not o$ten use the plural o$ person ( persons ). -e normally use people (a plural ord):

, 2e s a nice person. 0ut They are nice people.

, any people don t ha"e enough to eat. (not doesn t ha"e )

. -e thin! o$ a sum o$ money# a period o$ time# a distance etc. as one thing. So e use a singular "er0:

, Tenty thousand pounds (' it) as stolen in the ro00ery. (not ere stolen )

, Three years (' it) is a long time to 0e ithout a 4o0. (not Three years are ... )

, Six miles is a long ay to al! e"ery day.

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= >8IS S

EG.1 8omplete the sentences using a ord $rom Sections A or . Sometimes you need a or some.

1. y eyes aren t "ery good. I need Rglasses.R

?. This plant is RaR "ery rare Rspecies.R

<. 7oot0allers don t ear trousers hen they play. They ear @@@.

B. The 0icycle is @@@ o$ transport.



C. The 0icycle and the car are @@@ o$ transport.

D. I ant to cut this piece o$ material. I need @@@.

E. Ann is going to rite @@@ o$ articles $or her local ne spaper. G. There are a lot o$ American TO @@@ sho n on ritish tele"ision.

L. -hile e ere out al!ing# e sa ?C di$$erent @@@ o$ 0ird.

EG.? In each example the ords on the le$t are connected ith an acti"ity ($or example# a sport or an

academic su04ect). -rite the name o$ the acti"ity. ach time the 0eginning o$ the ord is gi"en.

1. calculate alge0ra eFuation: mathematics.

?. go"ernment election minister: p@@@

<. $inance trade industry: e@@@

B. running lumping thro ing: a@@@ C. light heat gra"ity: ph@@@

D. exercises somersault parallel 0ars: gy@@@

E. computer silicon chip "ideo games: el@@@

EG.< 8hoose the correct $orm o$ the "er0# singular or plural. In one sentence either the singular or plural

"er0 is possi0le.

1. 5ymnastics Ris%areR my $a"ourite sport. ( is is correct)

?. The trousers you 0ought $or me Rdoesn t%don tR $it me.

<. The police R ant% antsR to inter"ie t o men a0out the ro00ery last ee!.

B. Physics R as% ereR my 0est su04ect at school.

C. 8an I 0orro your scissors/ ine Risn t%aren tR sharp enough.

D. 7ortunately the ne s R asn t% eren tR as 0ad as e expected.

E. -here Rdoes%doR your $amily li"e/

G. Three days Risn t%aren tR long enough $or a good holiday.

L. I can t $ind my 0inoculars. o you !no here Rit is%they are/R

1M. o you thin! the people Ris%areR happy ith the go"ernment/

11. R oes% oR the police !no ho the accident happened/

1?. I don t li!e "ery hot eather. Thirty degrees Ris%areR too arm $or me.

EG.B ost o$ these sentences are rong. 8orrect them here necessary* Put >I52T i$ the sentence is

already correct.

1. The go"ernment ant to increase taxes. R>I52T ( ants is also correct)R

?. Susan as earing a 0lac! 4eans.

<. raKil are playing Italy in a $oot0all match next -ednesday.

B. I li!e artin and 3ill. They re "ery nice persons.

C. I need more money than that. Ten pounds are not enough.

D. I m going to 0uy a ne py4ama.



E. The committee ha"en t made a decision yet.

G. any people has gi"en up smo!ing.

L. There as a police standing at the corner o$ the street. 1M. 2as the police arri"ed yet/

11. This scissors is not "ery sharp.

;p1CG

UNIT EL. Noun noun (a tennis 0all%a headache etc.)

A. -e o$ten use t o nouns together (noun noun) to mean one thing%person%idea etc. 7or example:

a tennis 0all a 0an! manager a road accident income tax the city centre

The $irst noun is li!e an ad4ecti"e@@it tells us hat !ind o$ thing%person%idea etc. 7or example:

a tennis 0all ' a 0all used to play tennis a road accident ' an accident that happens on the road

income tax ' tax that you pay on your income

the sea temperature ' the temperature o$ the sea

a ondon doctor ' a doctor $rom ondon

So you can say:

a tele"ision camera a tele"ision programme a tele"ision studio a tele"ision producer

(all di$$erent things or people to do ith tele"ision)

language pro0lems marriage pro0lems health pro0lems or! pro0lems

(all di$$erent !inds o$ pro0lems)

8ompare:

garden "egeta0les (' "egeta0les that are gro n in a garden)

a "egeta0le garden (' a garden here "egeta0les are gro n)

+$ten the $irst ord ends in &ing. Usually these are things used $or doing something. 7or example:

a ashing machine a $rying pan a s imming pool the dining room

Sometimes there are more than t o nouns together:

, I aited at the hotel reception des!. (' a des!)

, -e atched the -orld S imming 8hampionships on tele"ision.

, I$ you ant to play ta0le tennis (' a game)# you need a ta0le tennis ta0le (' a ta0le).

. -hen nouns are together li!e this# sometimes e rite them as one ord and sometimes as t o

separate ords. 7or example:

a headache toothpaste a ee!end a stomach ache ta0le tennis

There are no clear rules $or this. I$ you are not sure# it is usually 0etter to rite t o ords.

9ou can o$ten put a hyphen (@) 0et een the t o ords (0ut this is not usually necessary): a dining@room the

city@centre

8. Note the di$$erence 0et een:



a ine glass (perhaps empty) and a glass o$ ine (' a glass ith ine in it)

a shopping 0ag (perhaps empty) and a 0ag o$ shopping (' a 0ag $ull o$ shopping)

. -hen e use noun noun# the $irst noun is li!e an ad4ecti"e. It is normally singular 0ut the meaning iso$ten plural. 7or example# a 0oo!shop is a shop here you can 0uy 0oo!s# an apple tree is a tree that has

apples.

In the same ay e say:

a three@hour 4ourney (not a three@hours 4ourney )

a ten@pound note (not pounds ) t o 1B@year@old girls (not years )

a $our@ ee! nglish course (not ee!s ) a three@page letter (not pages )

So e say:

, It as a three@hour 4ourney. 0ut The 4ourney too! three hours. 7or the structure I "e got three ee!s holiday # see Unit GM .

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EL.1 -hat do e call these things and people/ Use the structure noun noun.

1. A tic!et $or a concert is Ra concert tic!et6R

?. A magaKine a0out computers is @@@.

<. Photographs ta!en on your holiday are your @@@.

B. 8hocolate made ith mil! is @@@.

C. Some0ody hose 4o0 is to inspect $actories is @@@.

D. A hotel in central ondon is @@@.

E. The results o$ your examinations are your @@@.

G. The carpet in the dining room is @@@.

L. A scandal in"ol"ing a $oot0all clu0 is @@@.

1M. A Fuestion that has t o parts is @@@.

11. A girl ho is se"en years old is @@@.

EL.? -rite the correct ord $or each picture. ach ord has t o parts and these are gi"en a0o"e the

pictures. In la $or example# you must decide hether the ord is 0oathouse or house0oat.

0oat%house

horse%race

card%phone

EL.< Ans er the Fuestions using t o o$ the $ollo ing ords each time:

accident 0elt card credit editor $orecast num0er road room seat shop eather indo

1. This can 0e caused 0y 0ad dri"ing. RA road accidentR

?. I$ you re staying at a hotel# you need to remem0er this. 9our @@@

<. 9ou should ear this hen you re in a car. A @@@



B. 9ou can sometimes use this to pay $or things instead o$ cash. A @@@

C. I$ you ant to !no i$ it s going to rain# you can read or listen to this. The @@@

D. This person is a top 4ournalist. A @@@ E. 9ou might stop to loo! in this hen you re al!ing along a street. A @@@

EL.B 8omplete the sentences using one o$ the $ollo ing:

1C minute(s) DM minute(s) t o hour(s) $i"e day(s) t o year(s) CMM year(s) six mile(s) ?M pound(s) $i"e

course(s) ten page(s) BCM page(s)

Sometimes you need the singular (day%page etc.) and sometimes the plural(days%pages etc.)

1. It s Fuite a long 0oo!. There are RBCM pages.R

?. A $e days ago I recei"ed a Rten@pageR letter $rom 3ulia.

<. I didn t ha"e any change. I only had a @@@ note. B. At or! in the morning I usually ha"e a @@@ 0rea! $or co$$ee.

C. There are @@@ in an hour.

D. It s only a @@@ $light $rom ondon to adrid.

E. It as a 0ig meal. There ere @@@

G. ary has 4ust started a ne 4o0. She s got a @@@ contract.

L. The oldest 0uilding in the city is the @@@ old castle.

1M. I or! @@@ a ee!. Saturday and Sunday are $ree.

11. -e ent $or a @@@ al! in the country.

;p1DM

UNIT GM. @s (the girl s name) and o$... (the name o$ the 0oo!)

A. -e normally use @ s $or people or animals (the girl s...%the horse s... etc.):

the girl s name the horse s tail r "ans s daughter a oman s hat the manager s o$$ice Sarah s eyes

, -here is the manager s o$$ice/ (not the o$$ice o$ the manager )

, -hat colour are Sarah s eyes/ (not the eyes o$ Sarah )

Note that you can use @ s ithout a $ollo ing noun:

, This isn t my 0oo!. It s my 0rother s. (' my 0rother s 0oo!)

-e do not al ays use @ s $or people. 7or example# e ould use o$... in this sentence:

, -hat is the name o$ the man ho lent us the money/ ( the man ho lent us the money is too long to 0e

$ollo ed 0y @ s)

Note that e say a oman s hat (' a hat $or a oman)# a 0oy s name (' a name $or a 0oy)# a 0ird s egg ('

an egg laid 0y a 0ird) etc.

. 7or things# ideas etc. e normally use o$ ( ... o$ the 0oo!%... o$ the restaurant etc.):

the door o$ the garage (not the garage s door )

the name o$ the 0oo!

the o ner o$ the restaurant



Sometimes you can use the structure noun noun (see Unit EL):

the garage door the restaurant o ner

-e normally use o$ (not noun noun ) ith the 0eginning%end%top%0ottom%$ront%0ac! middle%side etc. So esay:

the 0ac! o$ the car (not the car 0ac! )

the 0eginning o$ the month

8. 9ou can usually use @ s or o$... $or an organiKation (' a group o$ people). So you can say:

the go"ernment s decision or the decision o$ the go"ernment

the company s success or the success o$ the company

It is also possi0le to use @ s $or places. So you can say:

the city s ne theatre the orld s population Italy s largest city . A$ter a singular noun e use @ s:

my sister s room (' her room@@one sister)

r 8arter s house

A$ter a plural noun (sisters## $riends etc.) e put (an apostrophe) a$ter the s (s ):

my sisters room (' their room@@t o or more sisters)

the 8arters house ( r and rs 8arter)

I$ a plural noun does not end in @s ($or example# men% omen%children%people) e use @s:

the men s changing room a children s 0oo! (' a 0oo! $or children)

Note that you can use @ s a$ter more than one noun:

3ac! and 3ill s edding r and rs 8arter s house

. 9ou can also use @ s ith time expressions (yesterday%next ee! etc.)

, 2a"e you still got yesterday s ne spaper/

, Next ee! s meeting has 0een cancelled.

In the same ay# you can say today s ...%tomorro s ...%this e"ening s ... onday s ... etc.

-e also use @ s (or @s ith plural ords) ith periods o$ time:

, I "e got a ee! s holiday starting on onday.

, 3ill has got three ee!s holiday.

, I li"e near the station @ it s only a0out ten minutes al!.

8ompare this structure ith a three@hour 4ourney # a ten@minute al! etc. (see Unit EL ).

;p1D1

= >8IS S

GM.1 3oin the t o (or three) nouns. Sometimes you ha"e to use @ s or @s * and sometimes you ha"e to use ...

o$ ...

1. the o ner%that car Rthe o ner o$ that carR

?. the mother%Ann RAnn s motherR



<. the 4ac!et%that man @@@

B. the top%the page @@@

C. the daughter%8harles @@@ D. the cause%the pro0lem @@@

E. the ne spaper%yesterday @@@

G. the 0irthday%my $ather @@@

L. the name%this street @@@

1M. the toys%the children @@@

11. the ne manager%the company @@@

1?. the result%the $oot0all match @@@

1<. the garden%our neigh0ours @@@ 1B. the ground $loor%the 0uilding @@@

1C. the children% on and ary @@@

1D. the economic policy%the go"ernment @@@

1E. the hus0and%8atherine @@@

1G. the hus0and%the oman@tal!ing to ary @@@

1L. the car%the parents% i!e @@@

?M. the edding%the $riend I 2elen @@@

GM.? -hat is another ay o$ saying these things/ Use @ s.

1. a hat $or a oman Ra oman s hatR

?. a name $or a 0oy @@@

<. clothes $or children @@@

B. a school $or girls @@@

C. a nest $or a 0ird @@@

D. a magaKine $or omen @@@

GM.< >ead each sentence and rite a ne sentence 0eginning ith the underline ords.

1. The meeting Rtomorro R has 0een cancelled.

RTomorro s meeting has 0een cancelled.R

?. The storm Rlast ee!R caused a lot o$ damage.

ast @@@

<. The only cinema in Rthe to nR has closed do n.

The @@@

B. xports $rom R ritainR to the United States ha"e $allen recently.

C. Tourism is the main industry in Rthe region.R

GM.B Use the in$ormation gi"en to complete the sentences.

1. I$ I lea"e my house at L o cloc! and dri"e to ondon# I arri"e at a0out 1?.



So it s a0out Rthree hours dri"eR to ondon $rom my house. (dri"e)

?. I$ I lea"e my house at G.SC and al!@to the station# I get there at L o cloc!.

So it s only @@@ $rom my house to the station. ( al!) <. I m going on holiday on the 1?th. I ha"e to 0e 0ac! at or! on the ?Dth.

So I "e got @@@ (holiday)

B. I ent to sleep at < o cloc! this morning and o!e up an hour later. A$ter that I couldn t sleep. So last night

I only had @@@ (sleep)

;p1D?

UNIT G1. A $riend o$ mine y o n house +n my o n%0y mysel$

A. A $riend o$ mine%a $riend o$ Tom s etc.

-e say a $riend o$ mine%yours%his%hers%ours%theirs (not a $riend o$ me%you%him etc.) , I m going to a edding on Saturday. A $riend o$ mine is getting married. (not a $riends o$ me )

, -e ent on holiday ith some $riends o$ ours. (not some $riends o$ us )

, ichael had an argument ith a neigh0our o$ his.

, It as a good idea o$ yours to go s imming this a$ternoon.

In the same ay e say a $riend o$ Tom s # a $riend o$ my sister s etc.:

, It as a good idea o$ Tom s to go s imming.

, That oman o"er there is a $riend o$ my sister s.

. y o n ...%your o n ... etc.

-e use my%your%his%her%its%our%their 0e$ore o n:

my o n house your o n car her o n room

9ou cannot say an o n... ( an o n house # an o n car etc.)

y o n...%your o n... (etc.) ' something that is only mine%yours (etc.)# not shared or 0orro ed:

, I don t ant to share a room ith any0ody. I ant my o n room.

, Oera and 5eorge ould li!e to ha"e their o n house. (not an o n house )

, It s a pity that the $lat hasn t got its o n entrance.

, It s my o n $ault that I "e got no money. I 0uy too many things I don t need.

, -hy do you ant to 0orro my car/ -hy can t you use your o n/(' your o n car)

9ou can also use ... o n... to say that you do something yoursel$ instead o$ some0ody else doing it $or you.

7or example:

, rian usually cuts his o n hair. (' he cuts it himsel$* he doesn t go to the hairdresser)

, I d li!e to ha"e a garden so that I could gro my o n "egeta0les. (' gro them mysel$ instead o$ 0uying

them $rom shops)

8. +n my o n 0y mysel$

+n my o n and 0y mysel$ 0oth mean alone . -e say:

on my%your o n



on his her%o n

on its our%their o n

0y mysel$%yoursel$ (singular) 0y himsel$%hersel$%itsel$

0y oursel"es%yoursel"es (plural)%themsel"es

, I li!e li"ing on my o n%0y mysel$.

, id you go on holiday on your o n%0y yoursel$/

, 3ac! as sitting on his o n%0y himsel$ in a corner o$ the ca$e.

, earner dri"ers are not allo ed to dri"e on their o n%0y themsel"es.

;p1D<

= >8IS S G1.1 -rite ne sentences using the structure in Section A (a $riend o$ mine etc.).

1. I am riting to Rone o$ my $riends.R RI m riting to a $riend o$ mine.R

?. -e met Rone o$ your relations.R -e met a @@@

<. 2enry 0orro ed Rone o$ my 0oo!s.R 2enry @@@

B. Ann in"ited Rsome o$ her $riendsR to her $lat. Ann @@@

C. -e had dinner ith Rone o$ our neigh0ours.R

D. I ent on holiday ith Rt o o$ my $riends.R

E. Is that man Rone o$ your $riends/R

G. I met Rone o$ lane s $riendsR at the party.

G1.? 8omplete the sentences using my o n%your o n etc. one o$ the $ollo ing:

0usiness ideas money pri"ate 4et parliament room tele"ision

1. I don t ant to share a room. I ant Rmy o n room.R

?. I don t atch tele"ision ith the rest o$ the $amily. I "e got @@@ in my room.

<. Sue doesn t need to 0orro $rom me. She s got @@@.

B. 3ulia is $ed up ith or!ing $or other people. She ants to start @@@.

C. 2enry is extremely rich. 2e s got @@@.

D. 9ou can gi"e him ad"ice 0ut he on t listen. 2e s got @@@.

E. The Isle o$ an is an island o$$ the coast o$ ritain. It is not completely independent 0ut it has @@@.

G1.< 8omplete the sentences using my o n%your o n etc.

1. -hy do you ant to 0orro my car/ -hy can t you use your o n car/

?. 2o can you 0lame me/ It s not my $ault. It s @@@.

<. 2e s al ays using my ideas. -hy can t he use @@@/

B. Please don t orry a0out my pro0lems. 9ou "e got @@@.

C. I can t ma!e her decisions $or her. She must ma!e @@@.

G1.B 8omplete the sentences using my o n%your o n etc. 8hoose one o$ these "er0s:



0a!e cut ma!e rite

1. rian ne"er goes to the hairdresser. 2e usually Rcuts his o n car/R

?. ary doesn t o$ten 0uy clothes. She usually @@@. <. Paul is a singer. 2e sings songs ritten 0y other people 0ut he also @@@.

B. -e don t o$ten 0uy 0read $rom a 0a!ery. -e @@@.

G1.C 8omplete the sentences using on my o n%0y mysel$ etc.

1. id you go on holiday on Ryour o n/R

?. I m glad I li"e ith other people. I ouldn t li!e to li"e on @@@.

<. The 0ox as too hea"y $or me to li$t 0y @@@.

B. -ho as Tom ith hen you sa him/ No0ody. 2e as 0y @@@.

C. Oery young children should not go s imming 0y @@@. D. I don t thin! she !no s many people. -hen I see her# she is al ays 0y @@@.

E. I don t li!e stra 0erries ith cream. I li!e them on @@@.

G. o you li!e or!ing ith other people or do you pre$er or!ing 0y @@@.

L. -e had no help decorating the $lat. -e did it completely on @@@.

1M. I ent out ith Sally 0ecause she didn t ant to go out on @@@.

;p1DB

UNIT G?. ysel$%yoursel$%themsel"es etc.


5eorge cut himsel$ hen he as sha"ing this morning.

-e use mysel$%yoursel$%himsel$ etc. (re$lexi"e pronouns)

hen the su04ect and o04ect are the same:

su04ect @Q (5eorge) cut (himsel$). V@ o04ect

The re$lexi"e pronouns are:

singular: mysel$ yoursel$ (one person) himsel$%hersel$%itsel$

plural: oursel"es yoursel"es (more than one person) themsel"es

, I don t ant you to pay $or me. I ll pay $or mysel$. (not I ll pay $or me )

, 3ulia had a great holiday. She en4oyed hersel$ "ery much.

, o you sometimes tal! to yoursel$/ (said to one person)

, I$ you ant more to eat# help yoursel"es. (said to more than one person)

8ompare:

, It s not our $ault. 9ou can t 0lame us.

, It s our o n $ault. -e 0lame oursel"es.

Note that e do not use mysel$%yoursel$ etc. a$ter 0ring%ta!e something ith ... :

, It might rain. I ll ta!e an um0rella ith me. (not ith mysel$ )

. -e do not use mysel$ etc. a$ter concentrate%$eel%relax%meet:



, 9ou must try and concentrate. (not concentrate yoursel$ )

, o you $eel ner"ous/ 9es# I can t relax.

, -hat time shall e meet/ (not meet oursel"es # not meet us ) -e normally use ash%sha"e%dress ithout mysel$ etc.:

, 2e got up# ashed# sha"ed and dressed. (not ashed himsel$ etc.)

ut e say I dried mysel$ .

8. Study the di$$erence 0et een @sel"es and each other:

, Tom and Ann stood in $ront o$ the mirror and loo!ed at themsel"es. (' Tom and Ann loo!ed at Tom and

Ann)

0ut , Tom loo!ed at Ann* Ann loo!ed at Tom. They loo!ed at each other.

9ou can use one another instead o$ each other: , 2o long ha"e you and ill !no n one another/ (or ... !no n each other)

, Sue and Ann don t li!e each other. (or ... don t li!e one another)

. -e also use mysel$%yoursel$ etc. in another ay. 7or example:

, -ho repaired your 0icycle $or you/ No0ody. I repaired it mysel$.

I repaired it mysel$ ' I repaired it# not any0ody else. 2ere# mysel$ is used to emphasiKe I ('it ma!es it

stronger). Some more examples:

, I m not going to do it $or you. 9ou can do it yoursel$. (' you# not me)

, et s paint the house oursel"es. It ill 0e much cheaper.

, The $ilm itsel$ asn t "ery good 0ut I li!ed the music.

, I don t thin! Sue ill get the 4o0. Sue hersel$ doesn t thin! she ll get it. (or Sue doesn t thin! she ll get it

hersel$.)

;p1DC

= >8IS S

G?.1 8omplete each sentence using mysel$%yoursel$ etc. ith one o$ these "er0s (in the correct $orm):

0lame 0urn cut en4oy express hurt put

1. 5eorge Rcut himsel$R hile he as sha"ing this morning.

?. ill $ell do n some steps 0ut $ortunately he didn t @@@ 0adly.

<. It isn t her $ault. She really shouldn t @@@.

B. Please try and understand ho I $eel @@@ in my position.

C. They had a great time. They really @@@.

D. e care$ul6 That pan is "ery hot. on t @@@.

E. Sometimes I can t say exactly hat I mean. I ish I could @@@ 0etter.

G?.? Put in mysel$%yoursel$%oursel"es etc. or me%you%us etc.

1. 3ulia had a great holiday. She en4oyed hersel$.

?. It s not my $ault. 9ou can t 0lame @@@.



<. -hat I did as "ery rong. I m ashamed o$ @@@.

B. -e "e got a pro0lem. I hope you can help @@@.

C. 8an I ta!e another 0iscuit/ +$ course. 2elp @@@6 D. Ta!e some money ith @@@ in case you need it.

E. on t orry a0out Tom and me. -e can loo! a$ter @@@.

G. I ga"e them a !ey to our house so that they could let @@@ in.

L. -hen they come to "isit us# they al ays 0ring their dog ith @@@.

G?.< 8omplete these sentences. Use mysel$%yoursel$ etc. only here necessary# Use one o$ these "er0s (in

the correct $orm): concentrate de$end dry $eel meet relax sha"e ash

1. artin decided to gro a 0eard 0ecause he as $ed up ith Rsha"ing.R

?. I asn t "ery ell yesterday 0ut I @@@ much 0etter today. <. She clim0ed out o$ the s imming pool and @@@ ith a to el.

B# I tried to study 0ut I 4ust couldn t @@@.

C. I$ some0ody attac!s you# you need to 0e a0le to @@@.

D. I m going out ith 8hris this e"ening. -e re @@@ at the station at E.<M.

E. 9ou re al ays rushing around. -hy don t you sit do n and @@@/

G. There as no ater# so e couldn t @@@.

G?.B 8omplete the sentences ith @sel"es or each other.

1. 2o long ha"e you and ill !no n Reach other/R

?. I$ people or! too hard# they can ma!e @@@ill.

<. I need you and you need me. -e need @@@.

B. In ritain $riends o$ten gi"e @@@ presents at 8hristmas.

C. Some people are "ery sel$ish. They only thin! o$ @@@.

D. Nora and I don t see @@@ "ery o$ten these days.

E. -e couldn t get 0ac! into the house. -e had loc!ed @@@ out.

G. They "e had an argument. They re not spea!ing to @@@ at the moment.

L. -e d ne"er met 0e$ore# so e introduced @@@ to @@@.

G?.C 8omplete the ans ers to the Fuestions using mysel$%yoursel$%itsel$ etc.

1. -ho repaired the 0icycle $or you/ No0ody. I repaired it mysel$.

?. id rian ha"e his hair cut 0y a hairdresser/ No# he cut @@@.

<. o you ant me to post that letter $or you/ No# I ll @@@.

B. -ho told you that inda as getting married/ inda @@@.

C. 8an you phone 3ohn $or me/ -hy can t you @@@/

;p1DD

UNIT G<. There ... and it ...

A. There and it



, It s a long time since I last sa you.

, It s going to 0e a nice day.

, It as indy. (0ut There as a cold ind. ) ;p1DE

= >8IS S

G<.1 Put in there is% as or it is% as. Some sentences are Fuestions (is there .../%is it .../ etc.) and some are

negati"e (isn t% asn t).

1. The 4ourney too! a long time. RThere asR a lot o$ tra$$ic.

?. -hat s the ne restaurant li!e/ is RitR good/

<. @@@ a 0oo!shop near here/ 9es# @@@ one in 2ill Street.

B. -hen e got to the cinema @@@ a Fueue outside @@@a "ery long Fueue# so e decided not to ait. C. I couldn t see anything @@@ completely dar!.

D. @@@ trou0le at the clu0 last night. They had to call the police.

E. 2o $ar @@@ $rom ilan to >ome/

G. @@@ Jeith s 0irthday yesterday. -e had a party.

L. @@@ three years since I last ent to the theatre.

1M. I anted to "isit the museum 0ut @@@ enough time.

11. @@@ time to go/ 9es# @@@ nearly midnight.

1?. A $e days ago @@@ a storm. @@@ a lot o$ damage.

1<. @@@ a 0eauti$ul day yesterday. -e had a picnic.

1B. @@@ anything on tele"ision# so I turned it o$$.

1C. @@@ an accident in Jing Street 0ut @@@ "ery serious.

G<.? >ead the $irst sentence and then rite a sentence 0eginning There...

1. The roads ere 0usy today. RThere as a lot o$ tra$$ic.R

?. This soup is "ery salty. There @@@ in the soup.

<. The 0ox as empty. @@@ in the 0ox.

B. The $ilm as "ery "iolent. @@@

C.The shops ere "ery cro ded. @@@

D. I li!e this to n @ it s li"ely. @@@

G<.< 8omplete the sentences. Use there ill 0e# there ould 0e etc. 8hoose $rom:

ill might ould ouldn t should used to (0e) going to

1. I$ people dro"e more care$ully# there ould 0e $e er accidents.

?. 2a"e e got any eggs/ I m not sure @@@ some in the $ridge.

<. I thin! e"erything ill 0e +J. I don t thin! @@@ any pro0lems.

B. oo! at the s!y @@@ a storm.

C. Is there a school in the "illage/ Not no @@@ one 0ut it closed.



D. People dri"e too $ast on this road. I thin! @@@ a speed limit.

E. I$ people eren t aggressi"e @@@ any ars.

G<.B Are these sentences right or rong/ 8hange it to there here necessary. 1. They li"e on a 0usy road. It must 0e a lot o$ noise. R->+N5* There must 0e ...R

?. ast inter it as "ery cold and it as a lot o$ sno .

<. I ish it as armer. I hate cold eather.

B. It used to 0e a church here# 0ut it as !noc!ed do n.

C. It s a long ay $rom my house to the nearest shop.

D. -hy as she so un$riendly/ It must ha"e 0een a reason.

E. I don t !no ho ill in 0ut it s sure to 0e a good match.

G. -here can e par! the car/ on t orry. It s sure to 0e a car par! some here. L. A$ter the lecture it ill 0e an opportunity to as! Fuestions.

1M. I li!e the place here I li"e 0ut it ould 0e nicer to li"e 0y the sea.

11. I as told that it ould 0e some0ody to meet me at the station 0ut it asn t any0ody.

;p1DG

UNIT GB. Some and any

A. In general e use some (also some0ody%someone%something) in positi"e sentences and any (also

any0ody etc.) in negati"e sentences (0ut see also Sections 8 and ):

W1 some

, -e 0ought some $lo ers.

, 2e s 0usy. 2e s got some or! to do.

, There s some0ody at the door.

, I m hungry. I ant something to eat.

W? any

, -e didn t 0uy any $lo ers.

, 2e s laKy. 2e ne"er does any or!.

, There isn t any0ody at the door.

, I m not hungry. I don t ant anything to eat.

-e use any in the $ollo ing sentences 0ecause the meaning is negati"e:

, She ent out ithout any money. (She didn t ta!e any money ith her.)

, 2e re$used to eat anything. (2e didn t eat anything.)

, 2ardly any0ody passed the examination. (' almost no0ody passed)

. In most Fuestions e use any:

, 2a"e you got any luggage/ No# I ha"en t.

, 2as any0ody seen my 0ag/ 9es# it s under the ta0le.



ut e use some in Fuestions hen e expect the ans er yes :

, -hat s rong/ 2a"e you got something in your eye/ (It seems that you ha"e got

something in your eye and I expect you to ans er yes .) -e use some in Fuestions hen e o$$er or as! $or things:

, -ould you li!e something to eat/

, 8an I ha"e some sugar# please/

8. -e o$ten use any a$ter i$:

, I$ there are any letters $or me# can you send them on to this address/

, I$ anyone has any Fuestions# I ll 0e pleased to ans er them.

, et me !no i$ you need anything.

The $ollo ing sentences ha"e the idea o$ i$: , I m sorry $or any trou0le I "e caused. (' i$ I ha"e caused any trou0le)

, Anyone ho ants to do the exam must gi"e me their names today. (' i$ there is anyone)

. -e also use any ith the meaning it doesn t matter hich :

, 9ou can catch any 0us. They all go to the centre. (' it doesn t matter hich 0us you catch)

, Sing a song. -hich song shall I sing/ Any song. I don t mind. (' it doesn t matter hich song)

, 8ome and see me any time you ant.

, et s go out some here. -here shall e go/ Any here. I don t mind.

, -e le$t the door unloc!ed. Any0ody could ha"e come in.

8ompare something and anything:

, A: I m hungry. I ant something to eat.

: -hat ould you li!e/

A: I don t mind. Anything. (' something# 0ut it doesn t matter hat)

. Some0ody%someone%any0ody%anyone are singular ords:

, Someone is here to see you.

ut e o$ten use they%them%their a$ter these ords:

, Someone has $orgotten their um0rella. (' his or her um0rella)

, I$ any0ody ants to lea"e early# they can. (' he or she can)

;p1DL

= >8IS S

GB.1 8omplete the sentences ith some or any.

1. -e didn t 0uy RanyR $lo ers.

?. This e"ening I m going out ith @@@ $riends o$ mine.

<. 2a"e you seen @@@ good $ilms recently/ No# I ha"en t 0een to the cinema $or ages.

B. I didn t ha"e @@@ money# so I had to 0orro @@@.

C. 8an I ha"e @@@ mil! in my co$$ee# please/



D. I as too tired to do @@@ or!.

E. 9ou can cash these tra"eller s cheFues at @@@ 0an!.

G. 8an you gi"e me @@@ in$ormation a0out places o$ interest in the to n/ L. -ith the special tourist train tic!et# you can tra"el on @@@ train you li!e.

1M. I$ there are @@@ ords you don t understand# use a dictionary.

GB.? 8omplete the sentences ith some@ or any@ @0ody%@thing%@ here.

1. I as too surprised to say Ranything.R

?. There s @@@ at the door. 8an you go and see ho it is/

<. oes @@@ mind i$ I open the indo /

B. I asn t $eeling hungry# so I didn t eat @@@.

C. 9ou must 0e hungry. -ould you li!e @@@ to eat/ D. uic!# let s go6 There s @@@ coming and I don t ant @@@ to see us.

E. Sally as upset a0out @@@ and re$used to tal! to @@@.

G. This machine is "ery easy to use @@@ can learn to use it in a "ery short time.

L. There as hardly @@@ on the 0each. It as almost deserted.

1M. o you li"e @@@ near 3im/ No# he li"es in another part o$ to n.

11. -e slept in a par! 0ecause e didn t ha"e @@@ to stay.

1?. -here shall e go on holiday/ et s go @@@ arm and sunny.

1<. They stay at home all the time. They ne"er seem to go @@@.

1B. I m going out no . I$ @@@ phones hile I m out# can you tell them I ll 0e 0ac! at 11.<M/

1C. -hy are you loo!ing under the 0ed/ 2a"e you lost @@@/

1D. @@@ ho sa the accident should contact the police.

1E. Sue is "ery secreti"e. She ne"er tells @@@ (? ords)

GB.< 8omplete the sentences. Use any ( noun) or any0ody%anything%any here.

1. -hich 0us do I ha"e to catch/ Any 0us. They all go to the centre.

?. -hich day shall I come/ I don t mind. @@@.

<. -hat do you ant to eat/ @@@. I don t mind. -hate"er you ha"e.

B. -here shall I sit/ It s up to you. 9ou can sit @@@you li!e.

C. -hat sort o$ 4o0 are you loo!ing $or/ @@@. It doesn t matter.

D. -hat time shall I phone tomorro / @@@. I ll 0e in all day.

E. -ho shall I in"ite to the party/ I don t mind. @@@ you li!e.

G. -hich ne spaper shall I 0uy/ @@@. -hate"er they ha"e in the shop.

;p1EM

UNIT GC. No%none%any

A. No none nothing no0ody%no one no here

9ou can use these negati"e ords at the 0eginning o$ a sentence or alone:



, No cars are allo ed in the city centre.

, None o$ this money is mine.

, -hat did you say/ Nothing. , No0ody (or No one) came to "isit me hile I as in hospital.

, -here are you going/ No here. I m staying here.

9ou can also use these ords a$ter a "er0# especially a$ter 0e and ha"e:

, The house is empty. There s no0ody li"ing there.

, She had no di$$iculty $inding a 4o0.

No%nothing%no0ody etc. ' not any%anything%any0ody etc.:

, -e ha"en t got any money. (' -e "e got no money.)

, I didn t say anything. (' I said nothing.) , She didn t tell any0ody a0out her plans. (' She told no0ody...)

, The station isn t any here near here. (' ... is no here near here)

-hen you use no%nothing%no0ody etc.# do not use a negati"e "er0 (isn t# didn t# can t etc.):

, I said nothing. (not I didn t say nothing )

, No0ody tells me anything. (not No0ody doesn t tell ... )

. -e also use any%anything%any0ody etc. ( ithout not ) to mean it doesn t matter hich% hat% ho (see

Unit GB ). 8ompare no@ and any@:

, -hat do you ant to eat/ Nothing. I m not hungry.

I m so hungry. I could eat anything. (' it doesn t matter hat)

, The exam as extremely di$$icult. No0ody passed. (' e"ery0ody $ailed)

The exam as "ery easy. Any0ody could ha"e passed. (' it doesn t matter ho)

8. No and none

-e use no a noun. No ' not a or not any:

, -e had to al! home 0ecause there as no 0us. (' there asn t a 0us)

, I can t tal! to you no . I "e got no time. (' I ha"en t got any time)

, There ere no shops open. (' there eren t any shops open)

-e use none alone ( ithout a noun):

, 2o much money ha"e you got/ None. (' no money)

, All the tic!ets ha"e 0een sold. There are none le$t. (' no tic!ets le$t)

+r e use none o$ ...:

none o$ these shops none o$ my money none o$ it%them%us%you

A$ter none o$ a plural ord ( none o$ the shops # none o$ them etc.) you can use a singular or a plural

"er0. A plural "er0 is more usual:

, None o$ the shops ere (or as) open.

. A$ter no0ody%no one you can use they%them%their:



, No0ody phoned# did they/ (' did he or she)

, The party as a disaster. No0ody en4oyed themsel"es. (' himsel$ or hersel$)

, No one in the class did their home or!. (' his or her home or!) ;p1E1

= >8IS S

GC.1 Ans er these Fuestions using none%no0ody%nothing%no here.

1. -hat did you do/ RNothing.R

?. -ho ere you tal!ing to/ @@@

<. -here are you going/ @@@

B. 2o much luggage ha"e you got/ @@@

C. 2o many children ha"e they got/ @@@ D. -ho did you meet/ @@@

E. -hat did you 0uy/ @@@

No rite $ull sentences using any%any0ody%anything%any here.

G (1) RI didn t do anything.R

L. (?) I @@@

1M. (<) @@@

11. (B) @@@

1?. (C) @@@

1<. (D) @@@

1B. (E) @@@

GC.? 8omplete these sentences ith no# none or any.

1. It as a pu0lic holiday# so there ere RnoR shops open.

?. I ha"en t got RanyR money. 8an you lend me some/

<. I couldn t ma!e an omelette 0ecause there ere @@@ eggs.

B. I couldn t ma!e an omelette 0ecause there eren t @@@ eggs.

C. 2o many eggs ha"e e got/ @@@ I ll go and 0uy some $rom the shop i$ you li!e.

D. -e too! a $e photographs 0ut @@@ o$ them ere "ery good.

E. -hat a stupid thing to do6 @@@ intelligent person ould do such a thing.

G. I ll try and ans er @@@ Fuestions you as! me.

L. I couldn t ans er @@@ o$ the Fuestions they as!ed me.

1M. -e cancelled the party 0ecause @@@ o$ the people e in"ited ere a0le to come.

GC.< 8omplete these sentences ith no@ or any@ @0ody%@thing%@ here.

1. I don t ant RanythingR to drin!. I m not thirsty.

?. The 0us as completely empty. There as @@@ on it.

<. -here did you go $or your holidays/ @@@ I stayed at home.



B. I ent to the shops 0ut I didn t 0uy @@@.

C. -hat did you 0uy/ @@@. couldn t $ind @@@ I anted.

D. The to n as still the same hen I returned years later @@@ had changed. E. 2a"e you seen my atch/ I "e loo!ed all o"er the house 0ut I can t $ind it @@@.

G. There as complete silence in the room. @@@ said @@@.

GC.B 8hoose the right ord.

1. She didn t tell Rno0ody%any0odyR a0out her plans. (any0ody is correct)

?. The accident loo!ed serious 0ut $ortunately Rno0ody%any0odyR as in4ured.

<. I loo!ed out o$ the indo 0ut I couldn t see Rno0ody%any0ody.R

B. y 4o0 is "ery easy. RNo0ody%Any0odyR could do it.

C. -hat s in that 0ox/ R Nothing%Anything.R It s empty. D. The situation is uncertain. RNothing%AnythingR could happen.

E. I don t !no Rnothing%anythingR a0out economics.

;p1E?

UNIT GD. uch# many# little# $e # a lot# plenty

A. -e use much and little ith uncounta0le nouns:

much time much luc! little energy little money

-e use many and $e ith plural nouns:

many $riends many people $e cars $e countries

. -e use a lot o$%lots o$%plenty o$ ith uncounta0le and plural nouns:

a lot o$ luc! lots o$ time plenty o$ money a lot o$ $riends lots o$ people plenty o$ ideas

Plenty ' more than enough:

, There s no need to hurry. -e "e got plenty o$ time.

, I "e had plenty to eat. I don t ant any more.

8. -e use much%many especially in negati"e sentences and Fuestions. A lot (o$) is also possi0le:

, -e didn t spend much money. (or -e didn t spend a lot o$ money.)

, o you !no many people/ (or o you !no a lot o$ people/)

, I don t go out much. (or I don t go out a lot.)

In positi"e sentences a lot (o$) is more usual. uch is unusual in positi"e sentences in spo!en nglish:

, -e spent a lot o$ money. (not -e spent much money )

, 2e goes out a lot. (not 2e goes out much )

9ou can use many in positi"e sentences# 0ut a lot (o$) is more usual in spo!en nglish:

, A lot o$ people (or any people) dri"e too $ast.

ut note that e use too much and so much in positi"e sentences:

, -e spent too much money.

. ittle and $e ( ithout a ) are negati"e ideas (' not much%not many):



, -e must 0e Fuic!. There is little time. (' not much# not enough time)

, 2e isn t popular. 2e has $e $riends. (' not many# not enough $riends) 9ou can say "ery little and "ery $e :

, There is "ery little time. , 2e has "ery $e $riends.

A little and a $e are more positi"e. A little ' some# a small amount:

, et s go and ha"e a drin!. -e "e got a little time 0e$ore the train lea"es. (a little time ' some time# enough

time to ha"e a drin!)

, o you spea! nglish/ A little. (so e can tal! a 0it)

A $e ' some# a small num0er:

, I en4oy my li$e here. I ha"e a $e $riends and e meet Fuite o$ten. (a $e $riends ' not many 0ut enough to

ha"e a good time) , -hen did you last see 8lare/ A $e days ago. (' some days ago)

8ompare:

, 2e spo!e little nglish# so it as di$$icult to communicate ith him.

2e spo!e a little nglish# so e ere a0le to communicate ith him.

, She s luc!y. She has $e pro0lems. (' not many pro0lems)

Things are not going so ell $or her. She has a $e pro0lems. (' some pro0lems)

Note that only a little and only a $e ha"e a negati"e meaning:

, -e must 0e Fuic!. -e "e only got a little time.

, The "illage as "ery small. There ere only a $e houses.

;p1E<

= >8IS S

GD.1 In some o$ these sentences much is incorrect or unnatural. 8hange much to many or a lot (o$) here

necessary.

1. -e didn t spend much money. R>I52TR

?. Sue drin!s much tea. Ra lot o$ teaR

<. 3im al ays puts much salt on his $ood.

B. -e ll ha"e to hurry. -e ha"en t got much time.

C. id it cost much to repair the car/

D. It cost much to repair the car.

E. I don t !no much people in this to n.

G. I use the phone much at or!.

L. They "e got so much money they don t !no hat to do ith it.

GD.? 8omplete the sentences using plenty (o$) one o$ the $ollo ing:

hotels money room time to learn things to see

1. There s no need to hurry. R-e re got o$ time.R



?. 2e s got no $inancial pro0lems. 2e s got @@@.

<. 8ome and sit ith us. There s @@@.

B. She !no s a lot 0ut she still has @@@. C. It s an interesting to n to "isit. There @@@.

D. I m sure e ll $ind some here to stay @@@.

GD.< Put in much# many# $e or little.

1. 2e isn t "ery popular. 2e has R$e R $riends.

?. Ann is "ery 0usy these days. She has @@@ $ree time.

<. id you ta!e @@@ photographs hen you ere on holiday/

B. I m not "ery 0usy today. I ha"en t got @@@ to do.

C. The museum as "ery cro ded. There ere too @@@ people. D. ost o$ the to n is modern. There are @@@ old 0uildings.

E. The eather has 0een "ery dry recently. -e "e had @@@ rain.

GD.B Some o$ these sentences need a. Put in a here necessary. Put >I52T i$ the sentence is already

complete.

1. She s luc!y. She has R$e pro0lems.R R>I52TR

?. Things are not going so ell $or her. She has R$e pro0lems.R Ra $e pro0lemsR

<. 8an you lend me R$e dollars/R

B. I can t gi"e you a decision yet. I need Rlittle timeR to thin!.

C. There as Rlittle tra$$icR# so the 4ourney didn t ta!e "ery long.

D. It as a surprise that he on the match. R7e peopleR expected him to in.

E. I don t !no much Spanish@@Ronly $e ords.R

GD.C Put in little%a little%$e %a $e .

1. -e must 0e Fuic!. -e ha"e RlittleR time.

?. isten care$ully. I m going to gi"e you @@@ ad"ice.

<. o you mind i$ I as! you @@@ Fuestions/

B. This to n is not a "ery interesting place to "isit# so @@@ tourists come here.

C. I don t thin! 3ill ould 0e a good teacher. She s got @@@ patience.

D. -ould you li!e mil! in your co$$ee/ 9es# please @@@.

E. This is a "ery 0oring place to li"e. There s @@@ to do.

G. 2a"e you e"er 0een to Paris/ 9es# I "e 0een there @@@ times.

;p1EB

UNIT GE. All%all o$ most%most o$ no%none o$ etc.

all some any most much%many little%$e

A. 9ou can use the ords in the 0ox (and also no) ith a noun (some $ood%$e 0oo!s etc.):

, All cars ha"e heels.



, Some cars can go $aster than others.

, (on a notice) N+ 8A>S (' no cars allo ed) , any people dri"e too $ast.

, I don t go out "ery o$ten. I m at home most days.

9ou cannot say all o$ cars # most o$ people etc. (see also Section ):

, Some people are "ery un$riendly. (not some o$ people )

Note that e say most (not the most ):

, ost tourists don t "isit this part o$ the to n. (not the most tourists )

. Some o$ ...%most o$ ...%none o$ ... etc.

9ou can use the ords in the 0ox (also none and hal$) ith o$. 9ou can say some o$ (the people)# most o$ (my $riends)# none o$ (this money) etc.

-e use some o$# most o$ (etc.) the%this%that%these%those%my%his%Ann s... etc.

So e say:

some o$ the people# some o$ those people (0ut not some o$ people )

most o$ my $riends# most o$ Ann s $riends (0ut not most o$ $riends )

none o$ this money# none o$ their money (0ut not none o$ money )

7or example:

, Some o$ the people I or! ith are "ery $riendly.

, None o$ this money is mine.

, 2a"e you read any o$ these 0oo!s/

, I asn t ell yesterday. I spent most o$ the day in 0ed.

9ou don t need o$ a$ter all or hal$. So you can say:

, All my $riends li"e in ondon. or All o$ my $riends ...

, 2al$ this money is mine. or 2al$ o$ this money ...

See also Section 8.

8ompare all ... and all (o$) the ...:

, All $lo ers are 0eauti$ul. (' all $lo ers in general)

, All (o$) the $lo ers in this garden are 0eauti$ul. (' a particular group o$ $lo ers)

8. 9ou can use all o$%some o$%none o$ etc. it%us%you%them:

, 2o many o$ these people do you !no / None o$ them. % A $e o$ them.

, o any o$ you ant to come to a party tonight/

, o you li!e this music/ Some o$ it. Not all o$ it.

e$ore it%us%you%them you need o$ a$ter all and hal$ (all o$# hal$ o$):

all o$ us (not all us ) hal$ o$ them (not hal$ them )



. 9ou can use the ords in the 0ox (and also none) alone# ithout a noun:

, Some cars ha"e $our doors and some ha"e t o.

, A $e o$ the shops ere open 0ut most (o$ them) ere closed. , 2al$ (o$) this money Is mine# and hal$ (o$ it) is yours. (not the hal$ )

;p1EC

= >8IS S

GE.1 Put in o$ here necessary. ea"e an empty space 2 i$ the sentence is already complete.

1. All @ cars ha"e heels.

?. None Ro$R this money is mine.

<. Some @@@ people get angry "ery easily.

B. Some @@@ the people I met at the party ere "ery interesting. C. I ha"e li"ed in ondon most @@@ my li$e.

D. any @@@ people atch too much TO.

E. Are any @@@ those letters $or me/

G. ost @@@ days I get up 0e$ore E o cloc!.

L. 3im thin!s that all @@@ museums are 0oring.

GE.? 8hoose $rom the list and complete the sentences. Use o$ (some o$%most o$ etc.) here necessary.

accidents ears her $riends the people I in"ited 0irds my dinner the houses the population these 0oo!s

uropean countries her opinions my spare time

1. I ha"en t read many Ro$ these 0oo!s.R

?. All cars ha"e heels.

<. I spend most @@@ gardening.

B. It s a historic to n. any @@@ are o"er BMM years old.

C. any @@@ are caused 0y 0ad dri"ing.

D. -hen she got married# she !ept it a secret. She didn t tell any @@@.

E. Not many people li"e in the north o$ the country. ost @@@ li"e in the south#

G. Not all @@@ can $ly. 7or example# the penguin can t $ly.

L. None @@@ to the party could come# so I cancelled it.

1M. 3ulia and I ha"e "ery di$$erent ideas. I don t agree ith many @@@.

11. Sarah tra"els a lot. She has 0een to most @@@.

1?. I had no appetite. I could only eat hal$ @@@.

GE.< 8omplete the sentences using the ords in 0rac!ets. Sometimes no other ords are necessary.

Sometimes you need the or o$ the.

1. I asn t ell yesterday. I spent Rmost o$ the dayR in 0ed. (most%day)

?. RSome carsR can go $aster than others. (some%cars)

<. @@@ dri"e too $ast. (many%people)



B. @@@ you too! on holiday ere "ery good. (some%photographs)

C. @@@ learn more Fuic!ly than others. (some%people)

D. -e "e eaten @@@ e 0ought. There s "ery little le$t. (most%$ood) E. 2a"e you spent @@@ you 0orro ed/ (all)money)

G. Peter can t stop tal!ing. 2e tal!s @@@. (all%time)

L. -e had a laKy holiday. -e spent @@@ on the 0each. (most%time)

1M. 5eorge is easy to get on ith @@@ li!e him. (most%people)

11. The exam as di$$icult. I could only ans er @@@. (hal$%Fuestions)

GE.B 8omplete the sentences. Use all%some%none it%them%us (all o$ it%some o$ them etc.).

1. These 0oo!s are all 3ane s. None o$ them 0elong to me.

?. 2o many o$ these 0oo!s ha"e you read/ @@@ "ery one. <. -e all got et in the rain 0ecause @@@ had an um0rella.

B. Some o$ this money is yours and @@@ is mine.

C. I as!ed some people $or directions 0ut @@@ ere a0le to help me.

D. She made up the hole story $rom 0eginning to end @@@ as true.

E. Not all the tourists in the group ere Spanish @@@ ere 7rench.

G. I atched most o$ the $ilm 0ut not @@@.

;p1ED

UNIT GG. oth%0oth o$ neither%neither o$ either%either o$

A. -e use 0oth%neither%either $or t o things. 9ou can use these ords ith a noun (0oth 0oo!s# neither

0oo! etc.)

7or example# you are tal!ing a0out going out to eat this e"ening. There are t o restaurants here you can

go. 9ou say:

, oth restaurants are "ery good. (not the 0oth restaurants )

, Neither restaurant is expensi"e.

, -e can go to either restaurant. I don t mind. (either ' one or the other# it doesn t matter hich one)

. oth o$ ...%neither o$ ...%either o$ ...

-hen you use 0oth%neither%either o$# you al ays need the ...%these%those ...%my%your%his% Tom s... (etc.).

9ou cannot say 0oth o$ restaurants . 9ou ha"e to say 0oth o$ the restaurants # 0oth o$ those restaurants etc.:

, oth o$ these restaurants are "ery good.

, Neither o$ the restaurants e ent to as (or ere) expensi"e.

, I ha"en t 0een to either o$ those restaurants. (' I ha"en t 0een to one or the other)

9ou don t need o$ a$ter 0oth. So you can say:

, oth my parents are $rom ondon. or oth o$ my parents...

9ou can use 0oth o$%neither o$%either o$ us%you%them:

, (tal!ing to t o people) 8an either o$ you spea! Spanish/



, I as!ed t o people the ay to the station 0ut neither o$ them !ne .

9ou must say 0oth o$ 0e$ore us%you%them (o$ is necessary):

, oth o$ us ere "ery tired. (not oth us ere ... ) A$ter neither o$ ... a singular or a plural "er0 is possi0le:

, Neither o$ the children ants (or ant) to go to 0ed.

8. 9ou can also use 0oth%neither%either alone:

, I couldn t decide hich o$ the t o shirts to 0uy. I li!ed 0oth. (or I li!ed 0oth o$ them.)

, Is your $riend ritish or American/ Neither. She s Australian.

, o you ant tea or co$$ee/ ither. I don t mind.

. 9ou can say:

0oth ... and ...: , oth Ann and Tom ere late. , I as 0oth tired and hungry hen I arri"ed home.

neither ... nor ...: , Neither iK nor >o0in came to the party.

, She said she ould contact me 0ut she neither rote nor phoned.

either ... or ...: , I m not sure here he s $rom. 2e s either Spanish or Italian.

, ither you apologiKe or I ll ne"er spea! to you again.

. 8ompare either%neither%0oth (t o things) and any%none%all (more than t o):

, There are t o good hotels in the to n.

9ou can stay at either o$ them.

, -e tried t o hotels. Neither o$ them had any rooms.% oth o$ them ere $ull.

, There are many good hotels in the to n. 9ou can stay at any o$ them.

, -e tried a lot o$ hotels. None o$ them had any rooms.%All o$ them ere $ull.

;p1EE

= >8IS S

GG.1 8omplete the sentences ith 0oth%neither%either.

1. o you ant tea or co$$ee/ R ither.R o$ them I really don t mind.

?. -hat day is it today@@the I Gth or the 1Lth/ @@@. It s the ?Mth.

<. There are t o sand iches here. o you mind hich I ta!e/ No# ta!e @@@.

B. A: -here did you go $or your holidays @ Scotland or Ireland/

: -e ent to @@@ A ee! in Scotland and a ee! in Ireland.

C. -hen shall I phone you# morning or a$ternoon/ @@@. I ll 0e in all day.

D. -here s Jate/ Is she at or! or at home/ @@@. She s a ay on holiday.

GG#? 8omplete the sentences ith 0oth%neither%either. Use o$ here necessary.

1. R oth (o$)R my parents are $rom ondon.

?. To get to the to n centre# you can go along the $ootpath 0y the ri"er or you can go along the road. 9ou

can go @@@ ay.



<. I tried t ice to phone 5eorge 0ut @@@ times he as out.

B. @@@ Tom s parents is nglish. 2is $ather is Polish and his mother is Italian.

C. I sa an accident this morning. +ne car dro"e into the 0ac! o$ another. 7ortunately @@@ dri"er as in4ured0ut @@@ cars ere Fuite 0adly damaged.

D. I "e got t o sisters and a 0rother. y 0rother is or!ing 0ut @@@ my sisters are still at school.

GG.< 8omplete the sentences ith 0oth%neither%either o$ us%them.

1. I as!ed t o people the ay to the station 0ut Rneither o$ themR could help me.

?. I as in"ited to t o parties last ee! 0ut I didn t go to @@@.

<. There ere t o indo s in the room. It as "ery arm# so I opened @@@.

B. Sarah and I play tennis together regularly 0ut @@@ can play "ery ell.

C. I tried t o 0oo!shops $or the 0oo! I anted 0ut @@@ had it. GG.B -rite sentences ith 0oth ... and ...%neither ... nor ...%either ... or ...

1. Tom as late. So as Ann. oth Tom and Ann ere later.

?. She didn t rite and she didn t phone. She neither rote nor phoned.

<. 3im is on holiday and so is 8arol. oth @@@

B. 5eorge doesn t smo!e and he doesn t drin! @@@

C. 3im hasn t got a car. 8arol hasn t got a car either @@@

D. It as a "ery 0oring $ilm. It as "ery long too. The $ilm @@@

E. Is that man s name >ichard/ +r is it >o0ert/ It s one o$ the t o.

That man s name @@@

G. I ha"en t got time to go on holiday. And I ha"en t got the money.

I "e got @@@

L. -e can lea"e today or e can lea"e tomorro @ hiche"er you pre$er.

-e @@@

GG.C 8omplete the sentences ith neither%either%none%any.

1. -e tried a lot o$ hotels 0ut none o$ them had any rooms.

?. I too! t o 0oo!s ith me on holiday 0ut I didn t read @@@ o$ them.

<. I too! $i"e 0oo!s ith me on holiday 0ut I didn t read @@@them.

B. There are a $e shops at the end o$ the street 0ut @@@ o$ them sell ne spapers.

C. 9ou can phone me at @@@ time during the e"ening. I m al ays at home.

D. I can meet you on the Dth or Eth. -ould @@@ o$ those days 0e con"enient $or you/

E. 3ohn and I couldn t get into the house 0ecause @@@ o$ us had a !ey.

G. There ere a $e letters this morning 0ut @@@ o$ them ere $or me.

;p1EG

UNIT GL. All# e"ery and hole

A. All and e"ery0ody%e"eryone



-e do not normally use all to mean e"ery0ody%e"eryone:

, "ery0ody en4oyed the party. (not All en4oyed... )

ut note that e say all o$ us%you%them# not e"ery0ody o$... : , All o$ us en4oyed the party. (not e"ery0ody o$ us )

. All and e"erything

Sometimes you can use all or e"erything:

, I ll do all I can to help. or I ll do e"erything I can to help.

9ou can say all I can % all you need etc. 0ut e do not normally use all alone:

, 2e thin!s he !no s e"erything. (not he !no s all )

, +ur holiday as a disaster. "erything ent rong. (not All ent rong )

-e use all in the expression all a0out: , They told us all a0out their holiday.

-e also use all (not e"erything ) to mean the only thing(s):

, All I "e eaten today is a sand ich. (' the only thing I "e eaten today)

8. "ery%e"ery0ody%e"eryone%e"erything are singular ords# so e use a singular "er0:

, "ery seat in the theatre as ta!en.

, "ery0ody has arri"ed. (not ha"e arri"ed )

ut e o$ten use they%them%their a$ter e"ery0ody%e"eryone:

, "ery0ody said they en4oyed themsel"es. (' he or she en4oyed himsel$ or hersel$)

. All and hole

-hole ' complete# entire. ost o$ten e use hole ith singular nouns:

, id you read the hole 0oo!/ (' all the 0oo!# not 4ust a part o$ it)

, She has li"ed her hole li$e in Scotland.

-e normally use the%my%her etc. 0e$ore hole. 8ompare hole and all:

the hole 0oo!%all the 0oo! her hole li$e%all her li$e

9ou can also use: a hole ....

, 3ac! as so hungry# he ate a hole pac!et o$ 0iscuits. (' a complete pac!et)

-e do not normally use hole ith uncounta0le nouns. -e say:

, I "e spent all the money you ga"e me. (not the hole money )

. "ery%all% hole ith time ords

-e use e"ery to say ho o$ten something happens. So e say e"ery day%e"ery onday%e"ery ten

minutes%e"ery three ee!s etc.:

, -hen e ere on holiday# e ent to the 0each e"ery day. (not all days )

, The 0us ser"ice is "ery good. There s a 0us e"ery ten minutes.

, Ann gets paid e"ery $our ee!s.

All day%the hole day ' the complete day $rom 0eginning to end:



, -e spent all day%the hole day on the 0each.

, 2e as "ery Fuiet. 2e didn t say a ord all e"ening%the hole e"ening.

Note that e say all day (not all the day )# all ee! (not all the ee! ) etc. 8ompare all the time and e"ery time:

, They ne"er go out. They are at home all the time. (' al ays@@not e"ery time )

, "ery time I see you# you loo! di$$erent. (' each time# on e"ery occasion)

;p1EL

UNIT GL

GL.1 8omplete these sentences ith all# e"erything or e"ery0ody%e"eryone.

1. It as a good party. R "ery0odyR en4oyed it.

?. RAllR I "e eaten today is a sand ich. <. @@@ has got their $aults. No0ody is per$ect.

B. Nothing has changed @@@ is the same as it as.

C. argaret told me @@@ a0out her ne 4o0. It sounds Fuite interesting.

D. 8an @@@ rite their names on a piece o$ paper please/

E. -hy are you al ays thin!ing a0out money/ oney isn t @@@.

G. I didn t ha"e much money ith me. @@@ I had as ten pounds.

L. -hen the $ire alarm rang# @@@ le$t the 0uilding immediately.

1M. She didn t say here she as going. @@@ she said as that she as going a ay.

11. -e ha"e completely di$$erent opinions. I disagree ith @@@ she says.

1?. -e all did ell in the examination @@@ in our class passed.

1<. -e all did ell in the examination @@@ o$ us passed.

1B. -hy are you so laKy/ -hy do you expect me to do @@@ $or you/

GL.? -rite sentences ith hole.

1. I read the 0oo! $rom 0eginning to end. I Rread the hole 0oo!.R

?. "eryone in the team played ell. The @@@.

<. Paul opened a 0ox o$ chocolates. -hen he $inished eating# there ere no chocolates le$t in the 0ox. 2e

ate @@@.

B. The police came to the house. They ere loo!ing $or something. They searched e"ery here# e"ery room.

They @@@.

C. Ann or!ed $rom early in the morning until late in the e"ening. @@@.

D. "eryone in a"e and 3udy s $amily plays tennis. a"e and 3udy play# and so do all their children. The @@@.

E. 3ac! and 3ill ent on holiday to the seaside $or a ee!. It rained $rom the 0eginning o$ the ee! to the

end. It @@@.



No rite sentences C and E again using all instead o$ hole.

G. (C) Ann @@@.

L. (E) @@@. GL.< 8omplete these sentences using e"ery ith one o$ the $ollo ing:

$i"e minutes ten minutes $our hours six months $our years

1# The 0us ser"ice is "ery good. There s a 0us Re"ery ten minutesR.

?. Tom is ill. 2e has some medicine. 2e has to ta!e it @@@.

<. The +lympic 5ames ta!e place @@@.

B. -e li"e near a 0usy airport. A plane $lies o"er our house @@@.

C. It s a good idea to ha"e a chec!@up ith the dentist @@@.

GL.B -hich is the correct alternati"e/ 1. I "e spent Rthe hole money%all the moneyR you ga"e me. (all the money is correct)

?. Sue or!s Re"ery day%all daysR except Sunday.

<. I m tired. I "e 0een or!ing hard Rall the day%all day.R

B. It as a terri0le $ire. R-hole 0uilding%The hole 0uildingR as destroyed.

C. I "e 0een trying to phone her all day 0ut Re"ery time%all the timeR I phone her the line is engaged.

D. 1 don t li!e the eather here. It rains Re"ery time%all the time.R

E. -hen I as on holiday# Rall my luggage%my hole luggageR as stolen.

;p1GM

UNIT LM ach and e"ery

A. ach and e"ery are similar in meaning. +$ten it is possi0le to use each or e"ery:

, ach time (or "ery time) I see you# you too! di$$erent.

, There s a telephone in each room (or e"ery room) o$ the house.

ut each and e"ery are not exactly the same. Study the di$$erence:

W1 -e use each hen e thin! o$ things separately# one 0y one.

, Study each sentence care$ully. (' study the sentences one 0y one)

ach is more usual $or a small num0er:

, There ere $our 0oo!s on the ta0le.

ach 0oo! as a di$$erent colour.

, (in a card game) At the 0eginning o$ the game# each player has three cards.

W? -e use e"ery hen e thin! o$ things as a group. The meaning is similar to all.

, "ery sentence must ha"e a "er0. (' all sentences in general)

"ery is more usual $or a large num0er:

, 8arol lo"es reading. She has read e"ery 0oo! in the li0rary. ('all the 0oo!s)

, I ould li!e to "isit e"ery country in the orld. ('all the countries)

ach (0ut not e"ery) can 0e used $or t o things:



, In a $oot0all match# each team has 11 players. (not e"ery team )

-e use e"ery (not each) to say ho o$ten something happens:

, 2o o$ten do you go shopping/ "ery day. (not each day ) , There s a 0us e"ery ten minutes. (not each ten minutes )

. 8ompare the structures e use ith each and e"ery:

W1 9ou can use each ith a noun: each 0oo!# each student

9ou can use each alone ( ithout a noun):

, None o$ the rooms as the same. ach as di$$erent. (' each room)

+r you can use each one:

, ach one as di$$erent.

9ou can say each o$ (the...%these... etc.): , >ead each o$ these sentences care$ully.

, ach o$ the 0oo!s is a di$$erent colour.

Also each o$ us%you%them:

, ach o$ them is a di$$erent colour.

W? 9ou can use e"ery ith a noun: e"ery 0oo!# e"ery student#

9ou can say e"ery one (0ut not e"ery alone):

, 2a"e you read all these 0oo!s/ 9es# e"ery one.

9ou can say e"ery one o$ ... (0ut not e"ery o$ ... )

, I "e read e"ery one o$ those 0oo!s. (not e"ery o$ those 0oo!s )

, I "e read e"ery one o$ them.

8. 9ou can also use each in the middle or at the end o$ a sentence. 7or example:

, The students ere each gi"en a 0oo!. (' ach student as gi"en a 0oo!.)

, These oranges cost ?C pence each.

. "eryone and e"ery one

"eryone (one ord) is only $or people (' e"ery0ody ). "ery one (t o ords) is $or things or people# and is

similar to each one (see Section ):

, "eryone en4oyed the party. (' "ery0ody...)

, 2e is in"ited to lots o$ parties and he goes to e"ery one. ('to e"ery party)

;p1G1

= >8IS S

LM.1 oo! at the pictures and complete the sentences ith each or e"ery.

1. R achR. player has three cards.

?. 8arol has read @@@ 0oo! in the li0rary.

<. @@@ side o$ a sFuare is the same length.

B. @@@ seat in the theatre as ta!en.



C. @@@ apartment has a 0alcony.

D. There s a train to ondon @@@ hour.

E. She as earing $our rings@one on @@@ $inger. G. +ur $oot0all team has 0een "ery success$ul. -e "e on @@@ game this season.

LM.? Put in each or e"ery.

1. There ere $our 0oo!s on the ta0le. R achR 0oo! as a di$$erent colour.

?. The +lympic 5ames are held Re"eryR $our years.

<. @@@ parent orries a0out their children.

B. In a game o$ tennis there are t o or $our players. @@@ player has a rac!et.

C. Nicola plays "olley0all @@@ Thursday e"ening. D. I understood most o$ hat they said 0ut not @@@ ord.

E. The 0oo! is di"ided into $i"e parts and @@@ o$ these has three sections.

G. I get paid @@@ $our ee!s.

L. -e had a great ee!end. I en4oyed @@@ minute o$ it.

1M. I tried to phone her t o or three times# 0ut @@@ time there as no reply.

11. 8ar seat 0elts sa"e li"es @@@ dri"er should ear one.

1?. ($rom an examination paper) Ans er all $i"e Fuestions. egin your ans er to @@@ Fuestion on a separate

sheet o$ paper.

LM.< 8omplete the sentences using each.

1. The price o$ one o$ those oranges is ?C pence. Those Rorange are ?C pence each.R

?. I had ten pounds and so did Sonia. Sonia and I @@@.

<. +ne o$ those postcards costs BM pence. Those @@@.

B. The hotel as expensi"e. I paid $BM and so did you. -e @@@.

LM.B Put in e"eryone (one ord) or e"ery one (t o ords).

1. 2e s in"ited to a lot o$ parties and he goes to Re"ery one.R

?. As soon as @@@ had arri"ed# e 0egan the meeting.

<. I as!ed her lots o$ Fuestions and she ans ered @@@ correctly.

B. She s "ery popular @@@ li!es her.

C. I dropped a tray o$ glasses. Un$ortunately @@@ 0ro!e.

;p1GB

UNIT L1 >elati"e clauses (1)@@clauses ith ho%that% hich

A. oo! at this example sentence:

The oman R ho li"es nextR(relati"e clause) door is a doctor.

A clause is a part o$ a sentence. A relati"e clause tells us hich person or thing (or hat !ind o$ person or

thing) the spea!er means:



he%she is not 0ra"e

he%she 0uys something $rom a shop

he%she pays rent to li"e in a house or $lat he%she 0rea!s into a house to steal things

he%she no longer or!s and gets money $rom the state

1. (an architect) RArchitect is someone ho designs 0uildings.R

?. (a 0urglar) RA 0urglar is someone @@@.

<. (a customer) @@@.

B. (a shopli$ter) @@@.

C. (a co ard) @@@.

D. (an atheist) @@@. E. (a pensioner) @@@.

G. (a tenant) @@@.

L1.? a!e one sentence $rom t o. Use ho%that% hich.

1. A girl as in4ured in the accident. She is no in hospital.

RThe girl ho as in4ured in the accident is no in. hospital.R

?. A man ans ered the phone. 2e told me you ere a ay.

The man @@@.

<. A aitress ser"ed us. She as "ery impolite and impatient.

The @@@.

B. A 0uilding as destroyed in the $ire. It has no 0een re0uilt.

@@@.

C. Some people ere arrested. They ha"e no 0een released.

The @@@.

D. A 0us goes to the airport. It runs e"ery hal$ hour.

@@@.

L1.< 8omplete the sentences. 8hoose the most suita0le ending $rom the 0ox and ma!e it into a relati"e

clause.

he in"ented the telephone

she runs a ay $rom home

hey are ne"er on time

they ere on the all

it ma!es ashing machines

it gi"es you the meaning o$ ords

it on the race



they stole my car

it can support li$e

it cannot 0e explained 1. ar0ara or!s $or a company Rthat ma!es ashing machines.R

?. The 0oo! is a0out a girl @@@.

<. -hat as the name o$ the horse @@@.

B. The police ha"e caught the men @@@.

C. Alexander ell as the man @@@.

D. -hat s happened to the pictures @@@.

E. A mystery is something @@@.

G. A dictionary is a 0oo! @@@. L. I don t li!e people @@@.

1M. It seems that arth is the only planet @@@.

;p1GB

UNIT L? >elati"e clauses (?)@@clauses ith or ithout ho%that% hich

A. oo! again at these example sentences $rom Unit L1:

, The oman X hoY li"es next door is a doctor. (or The oman that li"es...)

XThe omanY li"es next door. ho(' the oman) is the su04ect

, -here is the cheese XthatY as in the $ridge/ (or ... the cheese hich as...)

XThe cheeseY as in the $ridge. that(' the cheese) is the su04ect

9ou must use ho%that% hich hen it is the su04ect o$ the relati"e clause. 9ou cannot say The oman li"es

next door is a doctor or -here is the cheese as in the $ridge/

. Sometimes ho%that% hich is the o04ect o$ the "er0. 7or example:

,. The oman X hoY I anted to see as a ay on holiday.

I anted to see Xthe omanY. ho(' the oman) is the o04ect. I is the su04ect

, 2a"e you $ound the !eys XthatY you lost/

9ou lost Xthe !eysY. that(' the !eys) is the o04ect. you is the su04ect

-hen ho%that% hich is the o04ect# you can lea"e it out. So you can say:

, The oman I anted to see as a ay. or The oman ho I anted to see...

, 2a"e you $ound the !eys you lost/ or ... the !eys that you lost/

, The dress Ann 0ought doesn t $it her "ery ell. or The dress that Ann 0ought...

, Is there anything I can do/ or ... anything that I can do/

Note that e say:

the !eys you lost (not the !eys you lost them )

the dress Ann 0ought (not 0ought it )



8. Notice the position o$ prepositions(in%at% ith etc.) in relati"e clauses:

do you !no the oman/@@Tom is tal!ing XtoY her

@Q o you !no the oman ( ho%that) Tom is tal!ing XtoY/ the 0ed@@I slept XinY it last night @ asn t "ery com$orta0le

@Q The 0ed (that% hich) I slept in last night asn t "ery com$orta0le.

, Are these the !eys (that% hich) you ere loo!ing $or/

, The oman ( ho%that) he $ell in lo"e ith le$t him a$ter a $e ee!s.

, The man ( ho%that) I as sitting next to on the plane tal!ed all the time.

In all these examples# you can lea"e out ho%that% hich.

Note that e say:

the 0oo!s you ere loo!ing $or (not the 0oo!s you ere loo!ing $or them ) . 9ou cannot use hat in sentences li!e these:

, "erything (that) they said as true. (not "erything hat they said ... )

, I ga"e her all the money (that) I had. (not ... all the money hat I had )

-hat ' the thing(s) that:

, id you hear hat they said/ (' the things that they said)

;p1GC

= >8IS S

L?.1 In some o$ these sentences you don t need ho or that. I$ you don t need these ords# put them in

0rac!ets li!e this: ( ho) (that).

1. The oman ho li"es next door is a doctor. ( ho is necessary in this sentence)

?. 2a"e you $ound the !eys (that) you lost. (in this sentence you don t need that )

<. The people ho e met at the party ere "ery $riendly.

B. The people ho or! in the o$$ice are "ery $riendly.

C. The people ho I tal!ed to ere "ery $riendly.

D. -hat ha"e you done ith the money that I ga"e you/

E. -hat happened to the money that as on the ta0le/ id you ta!e it/

G. It as an a $ul $ilm. It as the orst $ilm that I "e e"er seen.

L. It as an a $ul experience. It as the orst thing that has e"er happened to me.

L?.? 8omplete these sentences ith a relati"e clause. Use the sentences in the 0ox to ma!e your relati"e

clauses.

e hired a car

you re going to see a $ilm

I in"ited some people to the par

Ann is earing a dress

you had to do some or!



Tom recommended a hotel to us

you lost Same !eys

e anted to "isit a museum 1. 2a"e you $ound the !eys Ryou lost /R

?. 1 li!e the dress @@@ as shut hen e got there.

<. The museum @@@/

B. -hat s the name o$ the $ilm @@@ couldn t come.

C. Some o$ the people @@@/

D. 2a"e you $inished the or! @@@/

E. The car @@@ 0ro!e do n a$ter a $e miles.

G. -e stayed at a hotel @@@. L?.< 8omplete these sentences using a relati"e clause ith a preposition.

e ent to a party last night

you can rely on 5eorge

e ere in"ited to a edding

I or! ith a num0er o$ people

I applied $or a 4o0

you told me a0out a hotel

you ere loo!ing $or some !eys

I sa you ith a man

1. Are these the !eys Ryou ere loo!ing $or/R

?. Un$ortunately e couldn t go to the edding @@@.

<. I en4oy my 4o0. I li!e the people @@@.

B. -hat s the name o$ that hotel @@@/

C. The party @@@ asn t "ery en4oya0le.

D. I didn t get the 4o0 @@@.

E. 5eorge is a good person to !no . 2e s some0ody @@@.

G. -ho as that man @@@ in the restaurant/

L?.B Put in that or hat. I$ the sentence is complete ith or ithout that# rite (that)@@in 0rac!ets.

1. I ga"e her all the money RthatR I had.

?. They gi"e their children e"erything @@@ they ant.

<. Tell me @@@ you ant and I ll try to get it $or you.

B. -hy do you 0lame me $or e"erything @@@ goes rong/

C. I on t 0e a0le to do much 0ut I ll do the 0est @@@ I can.

D. I can only lend you ten pounds. It s all @@@ I "e got.

E. I don t agree ith @@@ you "e 4ust said.



G. I don t trust him. I don t 0elie"e anything @@@ he says.

;p1GD

UNIT L< >elati"e clauses (<)@@ hose% hom% here A. -hose

-e use hose in relati"e clauses instead o$ his%her%their:

e sa some people @ XtheirY car had 0ro!en do n

@Q -e sa some people X hoseY car had 0ro!en do n.

-e use hose mostly $or people:

, A ido is a oman hose hus0and is dead. (her hus0and is dead)

, -hat s the name o$ the man hose car you 0orro ed/ (you 0orro ed his car)

, A $e days ago I met someone hose 0rother I ent to school ith. 3 ent to school ith his%her 0rother) 8ompare ho and hose:

, I met a man ho !no s you. (0e !no s you)

, I met a man hose sister !no s you. (his sister !no s you)

. -hom

-hom is possi0le instead o$ ho hen it is the o04ect o$ the "er0 in the relati"e clause (li!e the sentences in

Unit L? ):

, The oman hom I anted to see as a ay on holiday. (I anted to see her)

9ou can also use hom ith a preposition (to hom%$rom hom% ith hom etc.):

, The oman ith hom he $ell in lo"e le$t him a$ter a $e ee!s. (he $ell in lo"e ith her)

ut e do not o$ten use hom. In spo!en nglish e usually pre$er ho or that# or nothing (see Unit L?). So

e usually say:

, The man I sa . or The man ho%that I sa .

, The oman he $ell in lo"e ith. or The oman ho%that he $ell in lo"e ith.

7or hom see also Units LB@LC.

8. -here

9ou can use here in a relati"e clause to tal! a0out a place:

the hotel@@ e stayed XthereY@@ asn t "ery clean

@Q The hotel XthereY e stayed asn t "ery clean.

, I recently ent 0ac! to the to n here I as 0orn. (or ... the to n I as 0orn in. or ... the to n that I as

0orn in.)

, I ould li!e to li"e in a country here there is plenty o$ sunshine.

. -e say:

the day%the year%the time(etc.) something happens or the day%the year%the time(etc.) that something

happens

, o you still remem0er the day (that) e $irst met/



, The last time (that) I sa her# she loo!ed "ery ell.

, I ha"en t seen them since the year (that) they got married.

. -e say: the reason something happens or the reason that% hy something happens

, The reason I m phoning you is to in"ite you to a party. (or The reason that I m phoning ...%The reason hy

I m phoning ...)

;p1GE

= >8IS S

L<.1 9ou met these people at a party:

y mother rites detecti"e stories.

y i$e is an nglish teacher. I on a restaurant.

y am0ition is to lim0 "erest.

-e "e 4ust I got married.

y parents used to or! in a circus.

ater you tell a $riend a0out the people you met. 8omplete the sentences using ho ... or hose ...

1. I met some0ody R hose mother rites detecti"e stories.

?. I met a man @@@.

<. I met a oman @@@.

B. I met some0ody @@@.

C. I met a couple @@@.

D. I met some0ody @@@.

L<.? 8omplete the sentences. Use the sentences in the 0ox to ma!e relati"e clauses ith here.

I can 0uy some postcards there

Ann 0ought a dress there

3ohn is staying there

I as 0orn there

e can ha"e a really good meal there

e had the car repaired there

1. I recently ent 0ac! to the to n R here I as 0orn.R

?. o you !no a restaurant @@@/

<. Is there a shop near here @@@/

B. I can t remem0er the name o$ the garage @@@.

C. o you !no the name o$ the hotel @@@/

D. Ann 0ought a dress hich didn t $it her# so she too! it 0ac! to the shop @@@.

L<.< 8omplete each sentence using ho% hom% hose% here.



1. -hat s the name o$ the man R hoR car you 0orro ed/

?. A cemetery is a place @@@ people are 0uried.

<. A paci$ist is a person @@@ 0elie"es that all ars are rong. B. An orphan is a child @@@ parents are dead.

C. The place @@@ e spent our holidays as really 0eauti$ul.

D. This school is only $or children @@@ $irst language is not nglish.

E. 1 don t !no the name o$ the oman to @@@ I spo!e on the phone.

L<.B Use your o n ideas to complete these sentences. They are li!e the ones in Sections and .

1. I ll al ays remem0er the day RI $irst met you.R

?. I ll ne"er $orget the time @@@.

<. The reason @@@ as that I didn t !no your address. B. Un$ortunately I asn t at home the e"ening @@@.

C. The reason @@@ is that they don t need one.

D. 1LGL as the year @@@.

;p1GG

Unit LB >elati"e clauses(B)@@ extra in$ormation clauses (1)

A. There are t o types o$ relati"e clause. In these examples# the relati"e clauses are underlined. 8ompare:

W1 Type 1

, The oman R ho li"es next doorR is a doctor.

, ar0ara or!s $or a company Rthat ma!es ashing machines.R

, -e stayed at the hotel R(that) Ann recommended to us.R

In these examples# the relati"e clause tells you hich person or thing (or hat !ind o$ person or thing) the

spea!er means:

The oman ho li"es next door tells us hich oman.

A company that ma!es ashing machines tells us hat !ind o$ company.

The hotel (that) Ann recommended tells us hich hotel.

-e do not use commas (#) ith these clauses:

, -e !no a lot o$ people R ho li"e in ondon.R ( hat !ind o$ people)

W? Type ?

, y 0rother 3im# R ho li"es in ondonR# is a doctor.

, 8olin told me a0out his ne 4o0# R hich he s en4oying "ery much.R

, -e stayed at the 5rand 2otel# R hich Ann recommended to us.R

In these examples# the relati"e clauses do not tell you hich person or thing the spea!er means. -e already

!no hich thing or person is meant: y 0rother 3im # 8olin s ne 4o0 and the 5rand 2otel . The relati"e

clauses in these sentences gi"e us extra in$ormation a0out the person or thing.

-e use commas (#) in these clauses:



, y 0rother 3im# R ho li"es in ondonR# is a doctor. (extra in$ormation a0out 3im)

. In 0oth types o$ relati"e clause e use ho $or people and hich $or things. ut:

W1 Type 1 9ou can use that:

, o you !no anyone ho%that spea!s 7rench and Italian/

, ar0ara or!s $or a company hich%that ma!es ashing machines.

9ou can lea"e out that% ho% hich hen it is the o04ect (see Unit L?):

, -e stayed at the hotel (that% hich) Ann recommended.

, This morning I met some0ody (that% ho) I hadn t seen $or ages.

-e do not o$ten use hom in this type o$ clause (see Unit L< ).

W? Type ? 9ou cannot use that:

, 3ohn# ho (not that ) spea!s 7rench and Italian# or!s as a tourist guide.

, 8olin told me a0out his ne 4o0# hich (not that ) he s en4oying "ery much.

9ou cannot lea"e out ho or hich:

, -e stayed at the 5rand 2otel# hich Ann recommended to us.

9ou can use hom ( hen it is the o04ect):

, This morning I met iane# hom (or ho) I hadn t seen $or ages.

In 0oth types o$ relati"e clause you can use hose and here:

, -e met some people hose car had 0ro!en do n.

, -hat s the name o$ the place here you spent your holiday/

, Amy# hose car had 0ro!en do n# as in a "ery 0ad mood.

, rs ond is going to spend a $e ee!s in S eden# here her daughter li"es.

;p1GL

= >8IS S

LB.1 a!e one sentence $rom t o. Use the sentence in 0rac!ets to ma!e a relati"e clause (Type ?).

Sometimes the clause goes in the middle o$ the sentence# sometimes at the end. 9ou ill need to use

ho(m)% hose% hich% here.

1. Ann is "ery $riendly. (She li"es next door.) RAnn# ho li"es next door# is "ery $riendly.R

?. -e stayed at the 5rand 2otel. (Ann recommended it to us.) R-e stayed at the 5rand 2otel# hich Ann

recommended to us.R

<. -e ent to Sandra s party. (-e en4oyed it "ery much.) -e ent to Sandra s party @@@.

B. 1 ent to see the doctor. (2e told me to rest $or a $e days.) @@@.

C. 3ohn is one o$ my closest $riends. (I ha"e !no n him $or a "ery long time.) 3ohn @@@.

D. Sheila is a ay $rom home a lot. (2er 4o0 in"ol"es a lot o$ tra"elling.) @@@.

E. The ne stadium ill 0e opened next month. (It can hold LM#MMM people.) The @@@.



G. -e o$ten go to "isit our $riends in ristol. (It is only <M miles a ay.) @@@.

L. 5lasgo is the largest city in Scotland. ( y 0rother li"es there.) @@@.

LB.? >ead the in$ormation and complete the sentences. Use a relati"e clause. Sometimes the clause tellsus hich thing or person (Type 1)* sometimes it only gi"es us extra in$ormation (Type ?). Use commas here

necessary.

1. There s a oman li"ing next door. She s a doctor.

The oman R ho li"es next door is a doctor.R

?. I "e got a 0rother called 3im. 2e li"es in ondon. 2e s a doctor.

y 0rother 3im# R ho li"es in ondon# is a doctor.R

<. There as a stri!e at the car $actory. It lasted ten days. It is no o"er.

The stri!e at the car $actory @@@. B. I as loo!ing $or a 0oo! this morning. I "e $ound it no .

I "e $ound @@@.

C. ondon as once the largest city in the orld# 0ut the population is no $alling.

The population o$ ondon @@@.

D. A 4o0 as ad"ertised. A lot o$ people applied $or it. 7e o$ them had the necessary Fuali$ications. 7e o$

@@@.

E. argaret has a son. She sho ed me a photograph o$ him. 2e s a policeman.

argaret sho ed me @@@.

LB.< In some o$ these sentences you can use hich or that* in others# only hich is possi0le. 8ross out that

i$ only hich is possi0le. Also# put commas(#) here necessary.

1. 3ane or!s $or a company R hich%thatR ma!es shoes. (0oth possi0le# no commas)

?. 8olin told me a0out his ne 4o0# R hich%thatR he s en4oying "ery much. (only hich is possi0le* comma

necessary)

<. y o$$ice R hich%thatR is on the second $loor o$ the 0uilding is "ery small.

B. The o$$ice R hich%thatR I m using at the moment is "ery small.

C. She told me her address R hich%thatR I rote do n on a piece o$ paper.

D. There are some ords R hich%thatR are "ery di$$icult to translate.

E. The sun R hich%thatR is one o$ millions o$ stars in the uni"erse pro"ides us ith heat and light.

;p1LM

UNIT LC

>elati"e clauses (C)@@ extra in$ormation clauses (?)

A. Prepositions hom% hich

In extra in$ormation clauses (see Unit LB@Type ?) you can use a preposition 0e$ore hom ($or people) and

hich ($or things). So you can say:

to hom% ith hom%a0out hich%$or hich etc.:



relati"e clause.

1. r 8arter is "ery interested in our plan. (I spo!e to him on the phone last night.)

R r 8arter# to hom I spo!e on the phone last night# is "ery interested in our plan.R ?. This is a photograph o$ our $riends. (-e ent on holiday ith these $riends.)

This is a photograph @@@.

<. The edding too! place last 7riday. (+nly mem0ers o$ the $amily ere in"ited to it.)

The edding @@@.

B. Sheila $inally arri"ed. (-e had 0een aiting $or her.)

C. -e clim0ed to the top o$ the to er. (-e had a 0eauti$ul "ie $rom there.)

LC.? -rite sentences ith all o$%most o$ etc. hom% hich.

1. ary has three 0rothers. (All o$ her 0rothers are married.) R ary has three 0rothers# all o$ hom are married.R

?. -e ere gi"en a lot o$ in$ormation. ( ost o$ the in$ormation as useless.)

-e ere gi"en @@@.

<. There ere a lot o$ people at the party. (I had met only a $e o$ these people 0e$ore.)

B. I ha"e sent her t o letters. (She has recei"ed neither o$ these letters.)

C. Ten people applied $or the 4o0. (None o$ these people ere suita0le.)

D. Jate has got t o cars. (She hardly e"er uses one o$ them.)

E. Norman on CM#MMM pounds. (2e ga"e hal$ o$ this to his parents.)

G. 3ulia has t o sisters. ( oth o$ her sisters are teachers.)

LC.< 4oin a sentence $rom ox A ith a sentence $rom ox to ma!e a ne sentence. Use hich.

A:

1. Sheila couldn t come to party.

?. 3ill isn t on the phone.

<. Nell has passed his examinations.

B. +ur $light as delayed.

C. Ann o$$ered to let me stay in her house.

D. The street I li"e in is "ery noisy at night.

E. +ur car has 0ro!en do n.

:

1. This as "ery nice o$ her.

?. This means e can t go a ay tomorro .

<. This ma!es it di$$icult to contact her.

B. This ma!es it di$$icult to steep.

C. This as a pity.

D. This is good ne s.



;p1L<

= >8IS S

LD.1 a!e one sentence $rom t o. Use the in$ormation in 0rac!ets to ma!e an &ing clause. Sometimes the&ing clause goes in the middle o$ the ne sentence* sometimes it goes at the end.

1. I as o!en up 0y a 0ell. (The 0ell as ringing.)

RI as o!en up 0y a 0ell ringing.R

?. 1 didn t tal! much to the man. (The man as sitting next to me on the plane.)

<. The taxi 0ro!e do n. (The taxi as ta!ing us to the airport.)

The @@@.

B. At the end o$ the street there is a path. (The path leads to the ri"er.)

C. A ne $actory has 4ust opened in the to n. (The $actory employs CMM people.) D. The company sent me a 0rochure. (The 0rochure contained all the in$ormation I needed.)

LD.? a!e one sentence $rom t o# 0eginning as sho n. ach time ma!e an &ed clause.

1. A 0oy as in4ured in the accident. 2e as ta!en to hospital.

RThe 0oy in4ured in the accident as ta!en to hospital.R.

?. A indo as 0ro!en in the storm last night. It has no 0een repaired.

The indo @@@ repaired.

<. A num0er o$ suggestions ere made at the meeting. ost o$ them ere not "ery practical.

ost o$ the suggestions @@@.

B. Some paintings ere stolen $rom the museum. They ha"en t 0een $ound yet.

The @@@.

C. A man as arrested 0y the police. -hat as his name/

-hat as the name @@@.

LD.< 8omplete the sentences using one o$ the $ollo ing "er0s in the correct $orm: 0lo call in"ite li"e o$$er

read ring sit study or!

1. I as o!en up 0y a 0ell Rringing.R

?. A lot o$ the people Rin"itedR to the party cannot come.

<. i$e must 0e "ery unpleasant $or people @@@ near 0usy airports.

B. A $e days a$ter the inter"ie # I recei"ed a letter @@@ me the 4o0.

C. Some0ody @@@ 3ac! phoned hile you ere out.

D. There as a tree @@@ do n in the storm last night.

E. -hen I entered the aiting room it as empty except $or a young man @@@ 0y

the indo a magaKine.

G. Ian has got a 0rother @@@ in a 0an! in ondon and a sister @@@ economics at uni"ersity in anchester.

LD.B Use the ords in 0rac!ets to ma!e sentences using there is%there as etc.

1. That house is empty. (no0ody%li"e%in it)



RThere s no0ody li"ing in it.R

?. The accident asn t serious. (no0ody%in4ure)

RThere as no0ody in4ured.R <. I can hear $ootsteps. (some0ody%come)

There @@@.

B. The train as $ull. (a lot o$ people%tra"el)

C. -e ere the only guests at the hotel. (no0ody else%stay there)

D. The piece o$ paper as 0lan!. (nothing% rite%on it)

E. There are regular nglish courses at the college. (a course%0egin%next onday)

;p1LB

UNIT LE Ad4ecti"es ending in &ing and &ed (0oring%0ored etc.) A. There are many ad4ecti"es ending in &ing and &ed. 7or example# 0oring and 0ored. Study this example

situation:

3ane has 0een doing the same 4o0 $or a "ery long time. "ery day she does exactly the same thing again

and again. She doesn t en4oy it any more and ould li!e to do something di$$erent.

3ane s 3o0 is 0oring.

3ane is 0ored ( ith her 4o0).

Some0ody is 0ored i$ something (or some0ody else ) is 0oring. +r# i$ something is 0oring# it ma!es you

0ored. So:

, 3ane is 0ored 0ecause her 4o0 is 0oring.

, 3ane s 4o0 is 0oring# so 3ane is 0ored. (not 3ane is 0oring )

I$ a person is 0oring# this means that they ma!e other people 0ored:

, 5eorge al ays tal!s a0out the same things. 2e s really 0oring.

. 8ompare ad4ecti"es ending in &ing and &ed:

9ou can say:

, y 4o0 0oring.

, y 4o0 interesting.

, y 4o0 is tiring.

, y 4o0 satis$ying.

, y 4o0 depressing. (etc.)

The &ing ad4ecti"e tells you a0out the 4o0.

9ou can say:

, I m 0ored ith my 4o0.

, I m not interested in my 4o0 any more.

, I m al ays tired hen I $inish or!.



, I m not satis$ied ith my 4o0.

, y 4o0 ma!es me depressed. (etc.)

The &ed ad4ecti"e tells you ho some0ody $eels (a0out the 4o0). 8ompare these examples:

interesting

, 3ulia thin!s politics is "ery interesting.

, id you meet anyone interesting at the party/

surprising

, It as Fuite surprising that he passed the examination. disappointing

, The $ilm as disappointing. I expected it to 0e much 0etter.

shoc!ing , The ne s as shoc!ing.

interested

, 3ulia is "ery interested in politics. (not interesting in politics )

, Are you interested in 0uying a car/ I m trying to sell mine.

surprised

, "ery0ody as surprised that he passed the examination.

disappointed

, I as disappointed ith the $ilm. I expected it to 0e much 0etter.

shoc!ed

, -e ere "ery shoc!ed hen e heard the ne s.

;1LC

= >8IS S

LE.1 8omplete the sentences $or each situation. Use the ord gi"en the ending &ing or &ed.

1. The $ilm asn t as good as e had expected. (disappoint@)

a. The $ilm as Rdisappointing.R

0. -e ere RdisappointedR ith the $ilm.

?. iana teaches young children. It s a "ery hard 4o0 0ut she en4oys it. (exhaust@)

a. She en4oys her 4o0 0ut it s o$ten @@@.

0. At the end o$ a day s or!# she is o$ten @@@.

<. It s 0een raining all day. I hate this eather. (depress@)

a. This eather is @@@.

0. This eather ma!es me @@@.

c. It s silly to get @@@ 0ecause o$ the eather.

B. 8lare is going to the United States next month. She has ne"er 0een there 0e$ore. (excit@)

a. It ill 0e an @@@ experience $or her.



0. 5oing to ne places is al ays @@@.

c. She is really @@@ a0out going to the United States.

LE.? 8hoose the correct ord. 1. I as Rdisappointing%disappointedR ith the $ilm. I had expected it to 0e 0etter.

?. Are you Rinteresting%interestedR in $oot0all/

<. The $oot0all match as Fuite Rexciting%excitedR I en4oyed it.

B. It s sometimes Rem0arrassing%em0arrassedR hen you ha"e to as! people $or money.

C. o you easily get Rem0arrassing%em0arrassed/R

D. I had ne"er expected to get the 4o0. I as really RamaKing%amaKedR hen I as o$$ered it.

E. She has really learnt "ery $ast. She has made Rastonishing%astonishedR progress.

G. 1 didn t $ind the situation $unny. I as not Ramusing%amused.R L. It as a really Rterri$ying%terri$iedR experience. A$ter ards e"ery0ody as "ery Rshoc!ing%shoc!ed.R

1M -hy do you al ays loo! so R0oring%0ored/R Is your li$e really so R0oring%0ored/R

11. 2e s one o$ the most R0oring%0oredR people I "e e"er met. 2e ne"er stops tal!ing and he ne"er says

anything Rinteresting%interested.R

LE.< 8omplete the sentences using one o$ the ords in the 0ox.

amusing%amused con$using%con$used exhausting%exhausted annoying%annoyed disgusting%disgusted

interesting%interested 0oring%0ored exciting%excited surprising%surprised

1. 2e or!s "ery hard. It s not RsurprisingR that he s al ays tired.

?. I "e got nothing to do. I m @@@.

<. The teacher s explanation as @@@. ost o$ the students didn t understand it.

B. The !itchen hadn t 0een cleaned $or ages. It as really @@@.

C. I seldom "isit art galleries. I m not particularly @@@ in art.

D. There s no need to get @@@ 4ust 0ecause I m a $e minutes late.

E. The lecture as @@@. I $ell asleep.

G. I as!ed mily i$ she anted to come out ith us 0ut she asn t @@@.

L. I "e 0een or!ing "ery hard all day and no I m @@@.

1M. I m starting a ne 4o0 next ee!. I m Fuite @@@ a0out it.

11. Tom is "ery good at telling $unny stories. 2e can 0e "ery @@@.

1?. iK is a "ery @@@ person. She !no s a lot# she s tra"elled a lot and she s done lots o$ di$$erent things.

;p1LD

UNIT LG Ad4ecti"es: ord order (a nice ne house)# Ad4ecti"es a$ter "er0s (9ou loo! tired)

A. Sometimes e use t o or more ad4ecti"es together:

, y 0rother li"es in a nice ne house.

, In the !itchen there as a 0eauti$ul large round ooden ta0le.

Ad4ecti"es li!e ne %large%round% ooden are $act ad4ecti"es. They gi"e us $actual in$ormation a0out age# siKe#



colour etc.

Ad4ecti"es li!e nice%0eauti$ul are opinion ad4ecti"es. They tell us hat some0ody thin!s o$ something or

some0ody. +pinion ad4ecti"es usually go 0e$ore $act ad4ecti"es.

a nice(opinion) long($act) summer holiday

an interesting(opinion) young($act) man

an delicious(opinion) hot($act) "egeta0le soup

a 0eauti$ul(opinion) large round ooden($act) ta0le

. Sometimes e use t o or more $act ad4ecti"es. Oery o$ten (0ut not al ays) e put $act ad4ecti"es in this

order:

1. ho 0ig/ @Q ?. ho old/ @Q <. hat color/ @Q B. here $rom/ @Q C. hat is it made o$/ @Q N+UN a tall young man (1 @Q ?)

a large ooden ta0le (1 @Q C)

0ig 0lue eyes (1 @Q <)

an old >ussian song (? @Q B)

a small 0lac! plastic 0ag (1 @Q < @Q C)

an old hite cotton shirt (? @Q < @Q C)

Ad4ecti"es o$ siKe and length (0ig%small%tall%short%long etc.) usually go 0e$ore ad4ecti"es o$ shape and idth

(round%$at%thin%slim% ide etc.): a large round ta0le a tall thin girl a long narro street

-hen there are t o colour ad4ecti"es# e use and:

a 0lac! and hite dress

a red# hite and green $lag

0ut a long 0lac! dress (not a long and 0lac! dress )

8. -e say the $irst t o days # the next $e ee!s # the last ten minutes etc.:

, I didn t en4oy the $irst t o days o$ the course. (not the t o $irst days )

, They ll 0e a ay $or the next $e ee!s. (not the $e next ee!s )

. -e use ad4ecti"es a$ter 0e%get%0ecome%seem:

, e care$ul6

, I m tired and I m getting hungry.

, As the $ilm ent on# it 0ecame more and more 0oring.

, 9our $riend seems "ery nice.

-e also use ad4ecti"es to say ho some0ody%something loo!s# $eels# sounds# tastes or smells:

, 9ou loo! tired.%I $eel tired.%She sounds tired.

, The dinner smells good.

, This tea tastes a 0it strange.

ut to say ho some0ody does something you must use an ad"er0 (see Units LL@1MM):



, ri"e care$ully6 (not ri"e care$ul )

, Susan plays the piano "ery ell. (not plays..."ery good )

;p1LE = >8IS S

LG.1 Put the ad4ecti"es in 0rac!ets in the correct position.

1. a 0eauti$ul ta0le ( ooden%round) Ra 0eauti$ul round ooden ta0leR.

?. an unusual ring (gold) @@@.

<. a ne pullo"er (nice) @@@.

B. a ne pullo"er (green) @@@.

C. an old house (0eauti$ul) @@@.

D. 0lac! glo"es (leather) @@@. E. an American $ilm (old) @@@.

G. a long $ace (thin) @@@.

L. 0ig clouds (0lac!) @@@.

1M. a sunny day (lo"ely) @@@.

11. a ide a"enue (long) @@@.

1?. a metal 0ox (0lac!%small) @@@.

1<. a 0ig cat ($at%0lac!) @@@.

1B. a little "illage (old%lo"ely) @@@.

1C. long hair (0lac!%0eauti$ul) @@@.

1D. an old painting (interesting%7rench) @@@.

1E. an enormous um0rella (red%yello ) @@@.

LG.? -rite the $ollo ing in another ay using the $irst ...%the next ....%the last ...

1. the $irst day and the second day o$ the course Rthe $irst t o days o$ the courseR

?. next ee! and the ee! a$ter Rthe next t o ee!sR

<. yesterday and the day 0e$ore yesterday @@@

B. the $irst ee! and the second ee! o$ Septem0er @@@

C. tomorro and a $e days a$ter that @@@

D. Fuestions 1# ? and < o$ the examination @@@

E. next year and the year a$ter @@@

G. the last day o$ our holiday and the t o days 0e$ore that @@@

LG.< 8omplete each sentence ith a "er0 (in the correct $orm) and an ad4ecti"e $rom the 0oxes.

"er0: $eel smell loo! seem smell sound taste

ad4ecti"e: a $ul $ine nice interesting upset et

1. Ann Rseemed upsetR this morning. o you !no hat as rong/

?. I can t eat this. I "e 4ust tried it and it @@@.



<. I asn t "ery ell yesterday 0ut I @@@ today.

B. -hat 0eauti$ul $lo ers6 They @@@ too.

C. 9ou @@@ 2a"e you 0een out in the rain/ D. 3im as telling me a0out his ne 4o0. It @@@ Fuite @@@# much 0etter than his old 4o0.

LG.B 8hoose the correct ord.

1. This tea tastes a 0it Rstrange.R (strange%strangely)

?. I al ays $eel @@@ hen the sun is shining. (happy%happily)

<. The children ere playing @@@ in the garden. (happy%happily)

B. The man 0ecame @@@ hen the manager o$ the restaurant as!ed him to lea"e. ("iolent%"iolently)

C. 9ou loo! @@@ Are you all right/ (terri0le%terri0ly)

D. There s no point in doing a 4o0 i$ you don t do it @@@. (proper%properly) ;p1LG

UNIT LL Ad4ecti"es and ad"er0s (1) (Fuic!%Fuic!ly)

A. oo! at these examples:

, +ur holiday as too short @ the time ent "ery Fuic!ly.

, The dri"er o$ the car as seriously in4ured in the accident.

uic!ly and seriously are ad"er0s. any ad"er0s are made $rom an ad4ecti"e @1y:

ad4ecti"e: Fuic! serious care$ul Fuiet hea"y 0ad

ad"er0: Fuic!ly seriously care$ully Fuietly hea"ily 0adly

7or spelling# see Appendix D.

Not all ords ending in @ly are ad"er0s. Some ad4ecti"es end in @ly too# $or example:

$riendly li"ely elderly lonely silly lo"ely

. Ad4ecti"e or ad"er0/

W1 Ad4ecti"es (Fuic!%care$ul etc.) tell us a0out a noun. -e use ad4ecti"es 0e$ore nouns and a$ter some

"er0s# especially 0e:

, Tom is a care$ul dri"er. (not a care$ully dri"er )

, -e didn t go out 0ecause o$ the hea"y rain.

, Please 0e Fuiet.

, I as disappointed that my exam results ere so 0ad.

-e also use ad4ecti"es a$ter the "er0s loo!%$eel%sound etc. (see Unit LG ):

, -hy do you al ays loo! so serious/

W? Ad"er0s (Fuic!ly%care$ully etc.) tell us a0out a "er0. An ad"er0 tells us ho some0ody does something or

ho something happens:

, Tom dro"e care$ully along the narro road. (not dro"e care$ul )

, -e didn t go out 0ecause it as raining hea"ily. (not raining hea"y )

, Please spea! Fuietly. (not spea! Fuiet )



E. inda li!es earing @@@ clothes. (colour$ul%colour$ully)

G. She $ell and hurt hersel$ Fuite @@@.(0ad%0adly)

L. 2e says he didn t do ell at school 0ecause he as @@@ taught. (0ad%0adly) 1M. on t go up that ladder. It doesn t loo! @@@. (sa$e%sa$ely)

11. 2e loo!ed at me @@@ hen I interrupted him. (angry%angrily)

LL.< 8omplete each sentence using a ord $rom the list. Sometimes you need the ad4ecti"e (care$ul etc.)

and sometimes the ad"er0 (care$ully etc.).

care$ul(ly) complete(ly) continuous(ly) $inancial(ly) $luent(ly) happy%happily ner"ous(ly) per$ect(ly)

Fuic!(ly) special(1y)

1. +ur holiday as too short. The time passed "ery RFuic!ly.R

?. Tom doesn t ta!e ris!s hen he s dri"ing. 2e s al ays @@@. <. Sue or!s @@@ She ne"er seems to stop.

B. Alice and Stan are "ery @@@ married.

C. onica s nglish is "ery @@@ although she ma!es Fuite a lot o$ mista!es.

D. I coo!ed this meal @@@ $or you# so I hope you li!e it.

E. "erything as "ery Fuiet. There as @@@ silence.

G. I tried on the shoes and they $itted me @@@.

L. o you usually $eel @@@ 0e$ore examinations/

1M. I d li!e to 0uy a car 0ut it s @@@ impossi0le $or me at the moment.

LL.B 8hoose t o ords (one $rom each 0ox) to complete each sentence.

a0solutely reasona0ly unusually 0adly seriously unnecessarily completely slightly

cheap enormous planned 0adly changed ill Fuiet damaged long

1. I thought the restaurant ould 0e expensi"e 0ut it as Rreasona0ly cheap.R

?. 5eorge s mother is @@@ in hospital.

<. -hat a 0ig house6 It s @@@.

B. It asn t a serious accident. The car as only @@@.

C. The children are normally "ery li"ely 0ut they re @@@ today.

D# -hen I returned home a$ter ?M years# e"erything had @@@.

E. The $ilm as @@@ It could ha"e 0een much shorter.

G. A lot ent rong during our holiday 0ecause it as @@@.

;p?MM

UNIT 1MM Ad4ecti"es and ad"er0s (?) ( ell%$ast%late# hard%hardly)

A. 5ood% ell

5ood is an ad4ecti"e. The ad"er0 is ell:

, 9our nglish is good. 0ut 9ou spea! nglish ell.

, Susan is a good pianist. 0ut Susan plays the piano ell.



-e use ell (not good ) ith past participles (dressed%!no n etc.):

ell@dressed ell@!no n ell@educated ell@paid

ut ell is also an ad4ecti"e ith the meaning in good health : , 2o are you today/ # I m "ery ell# than!s. (not I m "ery good )

. 7ast%hard%late

These ords are 0oth ad4ecti"es and ad"er0s:

ad4ecti"e:

, 3ac! is a "ery $ast runner.

, Ann is a hard or!er.

, The train as late.

ad"er0: , 3ac! can run "ery $ast.

, Ann or!s hard. (not or!s hardly )

, I got up late this morning.

ately ' recently

, 2a"e you seen Tom lately/

8. 2ardly

2ardly ' "ery little# almost not. Study these examples:

, Sarah as rather un$riendly to me at the party. She hardly spo!e to me. (' she spo!e to me "ery little#

almost not at all)

, 5eorge and 2ilda ant to get married 0ut they "e only !no n each other $or a $e

days. I don t thin! they should get married yet. They hardly !no each other. (' they !no each other "ery

little)

2ard and hardly are completely di$$erent. 8ompare:

, 2e tried hard to $ind a 4o0 0ut he had no luc!. (' he tried a lot# ith a lot o$ e$$ort)

, I m not surprised he didn t $ind a 4o0. 2e hardly tried to $ind one. (' he tried "ery little)

-e o$ten use hardly any%any0ody%anyone%anything%any here:

, A: 2o much money ha"e you got/

: 2ardly any. (' "ery little# almost none)

, I ll ha"e to go shopping. -e "e got hardly any $ood.

, The exam results ere "ery 0ad. 2ardly any0ody in our class passed. (' "ery $e students passed# almost

no0ody passed)

, She ate hardly anything. She asn t $eeling hungry. (' she ate "ery little# almost nothing) Note the position

o$ hardly. 9ou can say:

, She ate hardly anything. or She hardly ate anything.

, -e "e got hardly any $ood. or -e "e hardly got any $ood. -e o$ten use can%could hardly. I can hardly do



something ' it s almost impossi0le $or me to do it:

, 9our riting is terri0le. I can hardly read it. (' it is almost impossi0le $or me to read it)

, y leg as hurting me. I could hardly al!. 2ardly e"er ' almost ne"er , I m nearly al ays at home in the e"enings. I hardly e"er go out.

;p?M1

= >8IS S

1MM.1 Put in good or ell.

1. I play tennis 0ut I m not "ery Rgood.R

?. 9our exam results ere "ery @@@.

<. 9ou did "ery @@@ in your exams.

B. The eather as "ery @@@ hile e@ ere on holiday. C. 1 didn t sleep "ery @@@ last night.

D. 2o are you/ Are you @@@/

E. 5eorge spea!s 5erman "ery @@@.

G. 5eorge s 5erman is "ery @@@.

L. +ur ne 0usiness is going "ery @@@ at the moment.

1M. I li!e your 4ac!et. It loo!s @@@ on you.

11. I "e met her a $e times 0ut I don t !no her "ery @@@.

1MM.? 8omplete these sentences using ell one o$ the $ollo ing ords: 0alanced 0eha"ed done dressed

in$ormed !ept !no n paid

1. The children ere "ery good. They ere R ell@0eha"ed.R

?. I m surprised you ha"en t heard o$ her. She is Fuite @@@.

<. +ur neigh0ours garden is neat and tidy. It is "ery @@@.

B. 9ou should eat di$$erent types o$ $ood. 9our diet should 0e @@@.

C. Ann !no s a lot a0out many things. She is Fuite @@@.

D. 2is clothes are al ays smart. 2e is al ays @@@.

E. 3ill has a lot o$ responsi0ility in her 4o0 0ut she isn t "ery @@@.

G. 8ongratulations on passing your examinations @@@6

1MM.< Are the underlined ords right or rong/ 8orrect the ones that are rong.

1. I m tired 0ecause I "e 0een or!ing Rhard.R R>I52TR

?. I tried RhardR to remem0er her name 0ut I couldn t.

<. This coat is practically unused. I "e RhardlyR orn it.

B. She s a good tennis player. She hits the 0all Rhardly.R

C. on t al! so R$ast6R I can t !eep up ith you.

D. -hy are you al!ing so Rslo /R Are you tired/

1MM.B -rite sentences ith hardly. Use one o$ the $ollo ing "er0s (in the correct $orm):



change hear !no recognise say sleep spea!

1. 5eorge and 2ilda ha"e only met once 0e$ore. They Rhardly !no R each other.

?. 9ou re spea!ing "ery Fuietly. I can @@@ you. <. I m "ery tired this morning. I @@@ last night.

B. -e ere so shoc!ed hen e heard the ne s# e could @@@.

C. Jate as "ery Fuiet this e"ening. She @@@ a ord.

D. 9ou loo! the same no as you loo!ed 1C years ago. 9ou "e @@@.

E. I met Jeith a $e days ago. I hadn t seen him $or a long time and he loo!s "ery di$$erent no . I @@@ him.

1MM.C 8omplete these sentences ith hardly any%any0ody%anything%any here%e"er.

1. I ll ha"e to go shopping. -e "e got Rhardly anyR $ood.

?. It as a "ery arm day and there as @@@ ind <. o you !no much a0out computers/ No @@@.

B. The hotel as almost empty. There as @@@ staying there.

C. I listen to the radio Fuite o$ten 0ut I @@@ atch tele"ision.

D. +ur ne 0oss is not "ery popular. @@@ li!es her.

E. It as "ery cro ded in the room. There as @@@ to sit.

G. -e used to 0e good $riends 0ut e @@@ see each other no .

L. It as nice dri"ing this morning. There as @@@ tra$$ic.

1M. 1 hate this to n. There s @@@ to do and @@@ to go.

;p?M?

UNIT 1M1 So and such


W1 , I didn t en4oy the 0oo!.

The story as so stupid.

-e use so ad4ecti"e%ad"er0:

so stupid so Fuic! so nice so Fuic!ly

W? , I didn t en4oy the 0oo!.

It as such a stupid story.

-e use such noun: such a story such people

-e use such ad4ecti"e noun: such a stupid story such nice people

Note that e say such a ... (not a such ... )

. So and such ma!e the meaning o$ an ad4ecti"e (or ad"er0) stronger:

, It s a lo"ely day# isn t it/ It s so arm. (' really arm)

, 2e s di$$icult to understand 0ecause he spea!s so Fuic!ly.

8ompare so and such in these sentences:

, I li!e Tom and Ann. They are so nice.



9ou can use so ... that ...:

, The 0oo! as so good that I couldn t put it do n.

, I as so tired that I $ell asleep in the armchair. 9ou can lea"e out that in sentences li!e this:

, I as so tired (that) I $ell asleep.

, -e en4oyed our holiday. -e had such a good time. (' a really good time)

, I li!e Tom and Ann. They are such nice people. (not so nice people )

9ou can use such ... that ...:

, It as such a good 0oo! that I couldn t put it do n.

, It as such lo"ely eather that e spent the hole day on the 0each.

, It as such lo"ely eather (that) e ... 8. -e also use so and such ith the meaning li!e this :

, I as surprised to $ind out that the house as 0uilt 1MM years ago. I didn t realiKe it as so old. (as old as it

is)

, I expected the eather to 0e much cooler. I didn t expect it to 0e so arm.

, I m tired 0ecause I got up at D o cloc!. I don t usually get up so early.

, I didn t realiKe it as such an old house.

, The house as so untidy. I "e ne"er seen such a mess. (' a mess li!e this)

Note the expression no such...

, 9ou on t $ind the ord 0lid in an nglish dictionary 0ecause there is no such ord. (' this ord does not

exist)

. -e say: so long 0ut such a long time:

, I ha"en t seen her $or so long I "e $orgotten hat she loo!s li!e.

so $ar 0ut such a long ay:

, I didn t !no it as so $ar.

so much# so many 0ut such a lot (o$):

, -hy did you 0uy so much $ood/

, I ha"en t seen her $or such a long time. (not a so long time )

, I didn t !no it as such a long ay.

, -hy did you 0uy such a lot o$ $ood/

;p?M<

= >8IS S

1M1.1 Put in so# such or such a.

1. 2e s di$$icult to understand 0ecause he spea!s RsoR Fuic!ly.

?. I li!e Tom and Ann. They re RsuchR nice people.

<. It as a great holiday. -e had Rsuch aR good time.



D. @@@.

E. @@@.

G. @@@. L. @@@.

1M1.< Use your o n ideas to complete these pairs o$ sentences.

1. a. -e en4oyed our holiday. It as so Rrelaxing.R

0. -e en4oyed our holiday. -e had such Ra good time.R

? a. I don t li!e ondon "ery much. It s so @@@.

0. I don t li!e ondon "ery much. It s such @@@.

<. a. I li!e Ann. She s so @@@.

0. I li!e Ann. She s such @@@. B. a. I ouldn t li!e to 0e a teacher. It s so @@@.

0. I ouldn t li!e to 0e a teacher. It s such @@@.

C. a. It s great to see you again6 I ha"en t seen you $or so @@@.

0. It s great to see you again6 I ha"en t seen you $or such @@@.

;p?MB

UNIT 1M? nough and too

A. The position o$ enough

nough goes a$ter ad4ecti"es and ad"er0s:

, 2e didn t get the 4o0 0ecause he asn t experienced enough. (not enough experienced )

, 9ou on t pass the examination i$ you don t or! hard enough.

, She shouldn t get married yet. She s not old enough.

The opposite is too. (too hard%too old etc.):

, 9ou ne"er stop or!ing. 9ou or! too hard. nough normally goes 0e$ore nouns:

, 2e didn t get the 4o0 0ecause he didn t ha"e enough experience. (not experience enough )

, I d li!e to go a ay on holiday 0ut I ha"en t got enough money.

, Some o$ us had to sit on the $loor 0ecause there eren t enough chairs.

9ou can also use enough alone ( ithout a noun):

, I ll lend you some money i$ you ha"en t got enough.

The opposite is too much...%too many ...:

, -e can t go a ay on holiday. It costs too much (money).

, There are too many people and not enough chairs.

. -e say enough%too ... $or (some0ody%something):

, I ha"en t got enough money $or a holiday.

, 2e asn t experienced enough $or the 4o0.

, This shirt is too 0ig $or me. I need a smaller siKe.



ut e usually say enough%too ... to do something (not $or doing ). So e say:

enough money to 0uy something# too young to do something etc.

7or example: , I ha"en t got enough money to go on holiday. (not $or going )

, 2e asn t experienced enough to do the 4o0.

, She s not old enough to get married. or She s too young to get married.

, et s get a taxi. It s too $ar to al! home $rom here.

, There eren t enough chairs $or e"eryone to sit do n.

, They spo!e too Fuic!ly $or us to understand.

8. -e say:

The $ood as "ery hot. -e couldn t eat it. and: The $ood as so hot that e couldn t eat it.

0ut: The $ood as too hot to eat. ( ithout it )

Some more examples li!e this:

, The allet as too 0ig to put in my poc!et. (not too 0ig to put it )

, These 0oxes are too hea"y to carry. (not too hea"y to carry them )

, The ater asn t clean enough to s im in.

;p?MC

= >8IS S

1M?.1 8omplete these sentences using enough ith one o$ the $ollo ing ad4ecti"es or nouns:

ad4ecti"es: 0ig old arm ell#

nouns: cups mil! money Fuali$ications room time

1. She shouldn t get married yet. She s not Rold enough.R

?. I d li!e to 0uy a car 0ut I ha"en t got @@@.

<. 2a"e you got @@@ in your tea or ould you li!e some more/

B. Are you @@@/ +r shall I s itch on the heating/

C. It s only a small car. There isn t @@@ $or all o$ you.

D. Ste"e didn t $eel @@@ to go to or! this morning.

E. 1 didn t ans er all the Fuestions in the exam. I didn t ha"e @@@.

G. o you thin! I "e got @@@ to apply $or the 4o0/

L. Try this 4ac!et on and see i$ it s @@@ $or you.

1M. There eren t @@@ $or e"ery0ody to ha"e co$$ee at the same time.

1M?.? 8omplete the ans ers to the Fuestions. Use too or enough ith the ord in 0rac!ets.

1. Is she going to get married/

(old) No# she s not Rold enough to get married.R

?. I need to tal! to you a0out something.



(0usy) -ell# I m a$raid I m @@@ to you no .

<. et s go to the cinema.

(late) No# it s @@@ to the cinema. B. -hy don t e sit in the garden/

( arm) It s not @@@ in the garden.

C. -ould you li!e to 0e a politician/

(nice) No# I m @@@ a politician.

D. o you ant to play tennis today/

(energy) No# I ha"en t got @@@ tennis today.

E. id you hear hat he as saying/

($ar a ay) No# e ere @@@ hat he as saying. G. 8an he read a ne spaper in nglish/

( nglish) No# he doesn t !no @@@ a ne spaper.

1M?.< a!e one sentence $rom t o. 8omplete the ne sentence using too or enough.

1. -e couldn t cat the $ood. It as too hot. RThe $ood as# too hot to eat.R

?. I can t drin! this co$$ee. It s too hot. This co$$ee is @@@.

<. No0ody could mo"e the piano. It as too hea"y.

The piano @@@.

B. I don t ear this coat in inter. It isn t arm enough.

This coat @@@

C. I can t explain the situation. It is too complicated.

The situation @@@.

D. Three people can t sit on this so$a. It isn t ide enough.

This so$a @@@.

E. -e couldn t clim0 o"er the all. It as too high.

The all @@@.

G. 9ou can t see some things ithout a microscope# They are too small.

Some @@@.

;p?MD

UNIT 1M< uite and rather

A. uite ' less than "ery 0ut more than a little :

, I m surprised you ha"en t heard o$ her. She s Fuite $amous. (' less than "ery $amous 0ut more than a little

$amous )

, It s Fuite cold. 9ou d 0etter ear your coat.

, ucy li"es Fuite near me# so e see each other Fuite o$ten.

uite goes 0e$ore a%an:



Fuite a nice day (not a Fuite nice day )# Fuite an old house# Fuite a long ay

Sometimes e use Fuite noun ( ithout an ad4ecti"e):

, I didn t expect to see them. It as Fuite a surprise. -e also use Fuite ith some "er0s# especially li!e and en4oy:

, I Fuite li!e tennis 0ut it s not my $a"ourite sport.

uite sometimes means completely . See Section 8.

. >ather is similar to Fuite. -e use rather mainly ith negati"e ords and negati"e ideas:

, It s rather cold. 9ou d 0etter ear your coat.

, -hat as the examination li!e/ >ather di$$icult# I m a$raid.

, et s get a taxi. It s rather a long ay to al!.

uite is also possi0le in these examples. +$ten e use Fuite ith a positi"e idea and rather ith a negati"e idea:

, She s Fuite intelligent 0ut rather laKy.

-hen e use rather ith positi"e ords (nice%interesting etc.)# it means unusually or

surprisingly . 7or example# rather nice ' unusually nice%surprisingly nice%nicer than expected:

, These oranges are rather nice. -here did you get them/

, Ann didn t li!e the 0oo! 0ut I thought it as rather interesting. ('more interesting than expected)

>ather can go 0e$ore or a$ter a%an. So you can say:

a rather interesting 0oo! or rather an interesting 0oo!

8. uite also means completely . 7or example:

, Are you sure/ 9es# Fuite sure. (' completely sure)

uite means completely ith a num0er o$ ad4ecti"es# especially:

Xsure# right# true# clear# di$$erent# incredi0le# amaKing# certain# rong# sa$e# o0"ious# unnecessary#

extraordinary# impossi0leY

, She as Fuite di$$erent $rom hat I expected. (' completely di$$erent)

, "erything they said as Fuite true. (' completely true)

-e also use Fuite (' completely ) ith some "er0s. 7or example:

, I Fuite agree ith you. (' I completely agree) Not Fuite ' not completely :

, They ha"en t Fuite $inished their dinner yet.

, I don t Fuite understand hat you mean.

, Are you ready yet/ Not Fuite. (' not completely)

;p?ME

= >8IS S

1M<.1 8omplete the sentences using Fuite one o$ the $ollo ing:

a 0usy day a good "oice a nice time a lot o$ mista!es a nice day a long ay a strong ind a $rightening

experience



1. The eather as 0etter than e had expected. It as RFuite a nice day.R

?. Tom o$ten sings. 2e s got @@@.

<. The 0us stop asn t "ery near the hotel. -e had to al! @@@. B. I m tired. I "e had @@@.

C. +ur holiday as +J. -e had @@@.

D. It s arm today 0ut there s @@@.

E. 1 hope that ne"er happens again. It as @@@.

G. She spea!s nglish $luently 0ut she ma!es @@@.

1M<.? 8omplete these sentences using the ords in 0rac!ets. ach time use Fuite ith the positi"e ord

and rather ith the negati"e ord.

1. She s RFuite intelligentR 0ut Rrather laKy.R (intelligent%laKy) ?. The car goes @@@ 0ut it s @@@. ( ell%noisy)

<. The programme as @@@ 0ut @@@. (long%interesting)

B. 5eorge is @@@ 0ut he s @@@. (a hard or!er%slo )

C. I as @@@ ith the hotel 0ut 3im as @@@. (disappointed%pleased)

D. It s @@@ 4o0 0ut it s @@@ or!. (a ell@paid%hard)

E. Sarah li"es @@@ us 0ut it s @@@ to get to her house. (near%di$$icult)

1M<.< -hat does Fuite mean in these sentences/ Tic! (O) the right meaning.

(more than a little# less than "ery (Section A))# (completely (Section 8))

1. It s RFuite cold.R 9ou d 0etter ear your coat.

?. Are you sure/ 9es# RFuite sure.R

<. aria s nglish is RFuite good.R ( )# ( )

B. I couldn t 0elie"e it. It as RFuite incredi0le.R

C. The people I or! ith are RFuite $riendly.R

D. y 0edroom is RFuite 0ig.R

E. 9ou re RFuite right.R

1M<.B 8omplete these sentences using Fuite ith one o$ the $ollo ing:

amaKing di$$erent impossi0le right sa$e sure unnecessary true

1. I didn t 0elie"e her at $irst# 0ut in $act hat she said as RFuite true.R

?. 9ou on t $all. The ladder is @@@.

<. I m a$raid I can t do hat you as!. It s @@@.

B. I couldn t agree ith you more. 9ou are @@@.

C. 9ou can t compare the t o things. They are @@@.

D. 9ou needn t ha"e done that. It as @@@.

E. 1 thin! I sa them go out 0ut I m not @@@.

G. I couldn t 0elie"e hat had happened. It as @@@.



8. These ad4ecti"es and ad"er0s ha"e irregular comparati"e $orms:

good% ell @Q 0etter:

, The garden loo!s 0etter since you tidied it up., I !no him ell @ pro0a0ly 0etter than any0ody else.

0ad%0adly @Q orse:

, Is your headache 0etter/ No# it s orse.

, 2e did "ery 0adly in the exam @ orse than expected.

$ar @@Q $urther (or $arther):

, It s a long al! $rom here to the station @ $urther than I thought.(or ...$arther than...) 7urther (0ut not $arther )

can also mean more or additional :

, et me !no i$ you hear any $urther ne s. (' any more ne s) ;p?ML

= >8IS S

1MB.1 8omplete the sentences using a comparati"e $orm (older%more important etc.).

1. It s too noisy here. 8an e go some here RFuieter/R

?. This co$$ee is "ery ea!. I li!e it a 0it @@@.

<. The hotel as surprisingly 0ig. I expected it to 0e @@@.

B. The hotel as surprisingly cheap. I expected it to 0e @@@.

C. The eather is too cold in this country. I d li!e to li"e some here @@@.

D. y 4o0 is a 0it 0oring sometimes. I d li!e to do something @@@.

E. 1 as surprised ho easy it as to use the computer. I thought it ould 0e @@@.

G. 9our or! isn t "ery good. I m sure you can do @@@.

L. on t orry. The situation isn t so 0ad. It could 0e @@@.

1M. 1 as surprised e got here so Fuic!ly. I expected the 4ourney to ta!e @@@.

11. 9ou re tal!ing "ery loudly. 8an you spea! a 0it @@@.

1?. 9ou hardly e"er phone me. -hy don t you phone me @@@.

1<. 9ou re standing too near the camera. 8an you mo"e a 0it @@@ a ay/

1B. 9ou ere a 0it depressed yesterday 0ut you loo! @@@ today.

1MB.? 8omplete the sentences. ach time use the comparati"e $orm o$ one o$ the ords in the list. Use than

here necessary.

0ig cro ded early easily high important interested peace$ul relia0le serious simple thin

1. I as $eeling tired last night# so I ent to 0ed Rearlier thanR usual.

?. I d li!e to ha"e a Rmore relia0leR car. The one I "e got !eeps 0rea!ing do n.

<. Un$ortunately her illness as @@@ e thought at $irst.

B. 9ou loo! @@@ 2a"e you lost eight/

C. I ant a @@@ $lat. -e don t ha"e enough space here.



D. 2e doesn t study "ery hard. 2e s @@@ in ha"ing a good time.

E. 2ealth and happiness are @@@ money.

G. The instructions ere "ery complicated. They could ha"e 0een @@@. L. There ere a lot o$ people on the 0us. It as @@@ usual.

1M. I li!e li"ing in the countryside. It s @@@ li"ing in a to n.

11. 9ou ll $ind your ay around the to n @@@ i$ you ha"e a good map.

1?. In some parts o$ the country# prices are @@@ in others.

1MB.< >ead the situations and complete the sentences. Use a comparati"e $orm (&er or more ...).

1. 9esterday the temperature as nine degrees. Today it s only six degrees.

RIt s colder today than it as yesterday.R

?. The 4ourney ta!es $our hours 0y car and $i"e hours 0y train.It ta!es @@@.

<. a"e and I ent $or a run. I ran ten !ilometres. a"e stopped a$ter eight !ilometres.

I ran @@@.

B. 8hris and 3oe 0oth did 0adly in the exam. 8hris got ?M Z 0ut 3oe only got 1C Z.

3oe did @@@.

C. I expected my $riends to arri"e at a0out B o cloc!. In $act they arri"ed at ?.<M.

y $riends @@@.

D. 9ou can go 0y 0us or 0y train. The 0uses run e"ery <M minutes. The trains run e"ery hour.

The 0uses @@@.

E. -e ere "ery 0usy at or! today. -e re not usually as 0usy as that.

-e @@@.

;p?1M

UNIT 1MC 8omparison (?)

A. e$ore comparati"es you can use:

much# a lot# $ar ('a lot)# a 0it# a little# slightly (' a little)

, et s go 0y car. It s much cheaper. (or It s a lot cheaper.)

, on t go 0y train. It s a lot more expensi"e. (or It s much more expensi"e.)

, 8ould you spea! a 0it more slo ly/ (or ... spea! a little more slo ly/)

, This 0ag is slightly hea"ier than the other one.

, 2er illness as $ar more serious than e thought at $irst. (or ... much more serious... or ... a lot more

serious ... )

. 9ou can use any and no comparati"es (any longer%no 0igger etc.):

, I "e aited long enough. I m not aiting any longer. (' not e"en a little longer)

, -e expected their house to 0e "ery 0ig 0ut it s no 0igger than ours. (or it isn t any 0igger than ours.)

, 9esterday you said you $elt ill. o you $eel any 0etter today/



, This hotel is 0etter than the other one and it s no more expensi"e.

8. 2arder and harder%more and more%more and more di$$icult etc.

-e repeat comparati"es li!e this (... and ...) to say that something is changing continuously: , It s 0ecoming harder and harder to $ind a 4o0.

, It s 0ecoming more and more di$$icult to $ind a 4o0.

, 9our nglish is impro"ing. It s getting 0etter and 0etter.

, These days more and more people are learning nglish.

. The ... the 0etter

Study these examples:

, -hat time shall e lea"e/ The sooner the 0etter. (' as soon as possi0le)

, -hat sort o$ 0ox do you ant/ A 0ig one/ 9es# the 0igger the 0etter. (' as 0ig as possi0le) , -hen you re tra"elling# the less luggage you ha"e to carry the 0etter. (' it is 0est to ha"e as little luggage

as possi0le)

-e also use the ... the ... ( ith t o comparati"es) to say that one thing depends on another thing:

, The armer the eather# the 0etter I $eel. (' i$ the eather is armer# I $eel 0etter)

, The sooner e lea"e# the sooner e ill arri"e.

, The younger you are# the easier it is to learn.

, The more expensi"e the hotel# the 0etter the ser"ice.

, The more electricity you use# the higher your 0ill ill 0e.

, The more I thought a0out the plan# the less I li!ed it.

. +lder and elder

The comparati"e o$ old is older:

, Tom loo!s older than he really is.

9ou can use elder (or older) hen you tal! a0out people in a $amily. 9ou can say (my) elder

0rother%sister%son%daughter:

, y elder 0rother is a pilot. (or y older 0rother ...)

-e say my elder 0rother 0ut e do not say that some0ody is elder ... :

, y 0rother is older than me. (not elder than me )

7or eldest# see Unit 1ME .

;p?11

= >8IS S

1MC.1 Use the ords in 0rac!ets to complete the sentences. Use much%a 0it etc. a comparati"e $orm. Use

than here necessary.

1. 2er illness as Rmuch more serious thanR e thought at $irst. (much%serious)

?. This 0ag is too small. I need something @@@. (much%0ig)



<. I m a$raid the pro0lem is @@@ it seems. (much%complicated)

B. 9ou loo!ed depressed this morning 0ut you loo! @@@no . (a 0it%happy)

C. I en4oyed our "isit to the museum. It as @@@ I expected. ($ar%Interesting) D. 9ou re dri"ing too $ast. 8ould you dri"e @@@/ ( a 0it%slo ly)

E. It s @@@ to learn a $oreign language in the country here it is spo!en. (a lot%easy)

G. I thought she as younger than me 0ut in $act she s @@@ (slightly%old)

1MC.? 8omplete the sentences using any%no a comparati"e. Use than here necessary.

1. I m $ed up ith aiting. I m not aiting Rany longer.R

?. I m sorry I m a 0it late 0ut I couldn t get here @@@.

<. This shop isn t expensi"e. The prices are @@@ any here else.

B. I must stop $or a rest. I can t al! @@@. C. The tra$$ic isn t particularly 0ad today. It s @@@ usual.

1MC.< 8omplete the sentences using the structure in Section 8 (... and ...)

1. It s 0ecoming Rharder and harderR to $ind a 4o0. (hard)

?. That hole in your pullo"er is getting @@@. (0ig)

<. y 0ags seemed to get @@@ as I carried them. (hea"y)

B. As I aited $or my inter"ie # I 0ecame @@@. (ner"ous)

C. As the day ent on# the eather got @@@. (0ad)

D. Tra"elling is 0ecoming @@@. (expensi"e)

E. Since she has 0een in ritain# her nglish has got @@@. (good)

G. As the con"ersation ent on# he 0ecame @@@. (tal!ati"e)

1MC.B These sentences are li!e those in Section . Use the ord(s) in 0rac!ets (in the correct $orm) to

complete the sentences.

1. I li!e arm eather. The armer the eather# Rthe 0etter I $eel.R ($eel)

?. I didn t really li!e him hen e $irst met.

ut the more I got to !no him# @@@. (li!e)

< I$ you re in 0usiness# you ant to ma!e a pro$it.

The more goods you sell# @@@. (pro$it)

B It s hard to concentrate hen you re tired.

The more tired you are# @@@. (hard)

C. She had to ait a "ery long time.

The longer she aited# @@@. (impatient%0ecome)

1MC.C -hich is correct# older or elder/ +r 0oth o$ them/

1. y Rolder%elderR 0rother is a pilot. (older and elder are 0oth correct)

?. I m surprised iane is only ?C. I thought she as Rolder%elder.R

<. Ann s younger sister is still at school. 2er Rolder%elderR sister is a nurse.



B artin is Rolder%elderR than his 0rother.

;p?1?

UNIT 1MD 8omparison (<)@@as ... as%than A. Study this example situation:

Shirley# 2enry and Arthur are all millionaires. They are all "ery rich.

Shirley has 1M million pounds# 2enry has G million pounds and Arthur has ? million pounds. So:

2enry is rich.

2e is richer than Arthur.

ut he isn t as rich as Shirley. (' Shirley is richer than he is)

Some more examples o$ not as ... (as):

, Tom isn t as old as he loo!s. (' he loo!s older than he is) , The city centre asn t as cro ded this morning as it usually is. (' it is usually more cro ded)

, 4enny didn t do as ell in the exam as she had hoped. (' she had hoped to do 0etter)

, The eather is 0etter today# isn t it/ 9es# it s not as cold. (' yesterday as colder)

, I don t !no as many people as you do. (' you !no more people)

9ou can also say not so. (as) :

, It s not arm 0ut it isn t so cold as yesterday. (' ... it isn t as cold as ...)

ess ... (than) is similar to not as ... (as):

, I spent less money than you. (' I didn t spend as much money ...)

, The city centre as less cro ded than usual. (' it asn t as cro ded ...)

. 9ou can use as ... as (0ut not so ... as ) in positi"e sentences and in Fuestions:

, I m sorry I m late. I got here as $ast as I could.

, There s plenty o$ $ood. 9ou can ha"e as much as you li!e.

, et s al!. It s 4ust as Fuic! as ta!ing the 0us.

, 8an you send me the money as soon as possi0le# please/

Also: t ice as ... as# three times as ... as etc.:

, Petrol is t ice as expensi"e as it as a $e years ago.

, Their house is a0out three times as 0ig as ours.

8. -e say the same as (not the same li!e ):

, Ann s salary is the same as mine. or Ann gets the same salary as me.

, Tom is the same age as 5eorge.

, -hat ould you li!e to drin!/ I ll ha"e the same as you.

. Than me%than I am etc.

-e usually say:

, 9ou are taller than me. (not than I )

, 2e is not as cle"er as her. (not as she )



A$ter than%as it is more usual to say me%him%her%them%us hen there is no "er0. 8ompare:

, 9ou are taller than I am. 0ut 9ou are taller than me.

, They ha"e more money than e ha"e. 0ut They ha"e more money than us. , I can t run as $ast as he can. 0ut I can t run as $ast as him.

;p?1<

= >8IS S

1MD.1 8omplete the sentences using as ... as.

1. I m Fuite tall 0ut you are taller. I m not Ras tell as you.R

?. y salary is high 0ut yours is higher. y salary isn t @@@.

<. 9ou !no a 0it a0out cars 0ut I !no more. 9ou don t @@@.

B. It s still cold 0ut it as colder yesterday. It isn t @@@. C. I still $eel a 0it tired 0ut I $elt a lot more tired yesterday.

I don t @@@.

D. They "e li"ed here $or Fuite a long time 0ut e "e li"ed here longer.

They ha"en t @@@.

E. I as a 0it ner"ous 0e$ore the inter"ie 0ut usually I m a lot more ner"ous.

I asn t @@@.

1MD.? >e rite these sentences so that they ha"e the same meaning.

1. 3ac! is younger than he loo!s. 3ac! isn t Ras old as he loo!s.R

?. 1 didn t spend as much money as you. 9ou Rspent more money than me.R

<. The station as nearer than I thought. The station asn t @@@.

B. The meal didn t cost as much as I expected. The meal @@@.

C. I go out less than I used to. I don t @@@.

D. 2er hair isn t as long as it used to 0e. She used to @@@.

E. 1 !no them 0etter than you do. 9ou don t @@@.

G. There ere $e er people at this meeting than at the last one.

There eren t @@@.

1MD.< 8omplete the sentences using as ... as. 8hoose one o$ the $ollo ing:

0ad# com$orta0le# $ast# long# o$ten# Fuietly# soon# ell# ell@Fuali$ied#

1. I m sorry I m a 0it late. I got here Ras $ast asR I could.

?. It as a di$$icult Fuestion. I ans ered it @@@ I could.

<. 2o long can I stay ith you/ 9ou can stay @@@ you li!e.

B. I need the in$ormation Fuic!ly# so please let me !no @@@ possi0le.

C. I li!e to !eep $it# so I go s imming @@@ I can.

D. I didn t ant to a!e any0ody# so I came in @@@ I could.



In the $ollo ing sentences use 4ust as ... as.

E. I m going to sleep on the $loor. It s @@@ sleeping in that hard 0ed.

G. -hy did he get the 4o0 rather than me/ I m @@@ him. L. At $irst I thought you ere nice 0ut really you re @@@ e"ery0ody else.

1MD.B -rite sentences using the same as.

1. Sally and Jate are 0oth ?? years old. RSally is the same age as Jate.R

?. 9ou and I 0oth ha"e dar! 0ro n hair. 9our hair @@@.

<. I arri"ed at 1M.?C and so did you. I @@@.

B. y 0irthday is C April. Tom s 0irthday is C April too. y @@@.

1MD.C 8omplete the sentences ith than... or as...

1. I can t reach as high as you. 9ou are taller Rthan me.R ?. 2e doesn t !no much. I !no more @@@.

<. I don t or! particularly hard. ost people or! as hard @@@.

B. -e ere "ery surprised. No0ody as more surprised @@@.

C. She s not a "ery good player. I m a 0etter player @@@.

D. They "e 0een "ery luc!y. I ish e ere as luc!y @@@.

;p?1B

UNIT 1ME Superlati"es@@the longest%the most en4oya0le etc.


-hat is the longest ri"er in the orld/

-hat as the most en4oya0le holiday you "e e"er had/

ongest and most en4oya0le are superlati"e $orms.

. The superlati"e $orm is &est or most ... In general# e use &est $or short ords and most ... $or longer

ords. (The rules are the same as those $or the comparati"e @ see Unit 1MB.)

long @Q longest# hot @Q hottest# easy @Q easiest# hard @Q hardest

0ut most $amous# most 0oring most di$$icult# most expensi"e

These ad4ecti"es are irregular:

good @Q 0est# 0ad @Q orst# $ar @Q $urthest

7or spelling# see Appendix D.

8. -e normally use the 0e$ore a superlati"e (the longest%the most $amous etc.):

, 9esterday as the hottest day o$ the year.

, That $ilm as really 0oring. It as the most 0oring $ilm I "e e"er seen.

, She is a really nice person @ one o$ the nicest people I !no .

, -hy does he al ays come to see me at the orst possi0le moment/ 8ompare:

, This hotel is the cheapest in to n. (superlati"e)

, This hotel is cheaper than all the others in to n. (comparati"e)



. +ldest and eldest

The superlati"e o$ old is oldest:

, That church is the oldest 0uilding in the to n. (not the eldest ) -e use eldest (or oldest) hen e are tal!ing a0out people in a $amily:

, y eldest son is 1< years old. (or y oldest son . )

, Are you the eldest in your $amily/ (or . the oldest.

. A$ter superlati"es e use in ith places (to ns# 0uildings etc.):

, -hat is the longest ri"er in the orld/ (not o$ the orld )

, -e had a lo"ely room. It as one o$ the nicest in the hotel. (not o$ the hotel )

-e also use in $or organisations and groups o$ people (a class%team%company etc.):

, -ho is the 0est student in the class/ (not o$ the class ) -e normally use o$ $or a period o$ time:

, -hat as the happiest day o$ your li$e/

, 9esterday as the hottest day o$ the year.

7. -e o$ten use the present per$ect (I ha"e done) a$ter a superlati"e (see also Unit GA):

, -hat s the 0est $ilm you "e e"er seen/

, That as the most delicious meal I "e had $or a long time.

5. Sometimes e use most ad4ecti"e to mean "ery :

, The 0oo! you lent me as most interesting. (' "ery interesting)

, Than! you $or the money. It as most generous o$ you. (' "ery generous)

;p?1C

= >8IS S

1ME.1 8omplete the sentences. Use a superlati"e (&est or most ... ) a preposition.

1 It s a "ery nice room. It Ris the nicest room inR the hotel.

?. It s a "ery cheap restaurant. It s @@@ the to n.

<. It as a "ery happy day. It as @@@ my li$e.

B. She s a "ery intelligent student. She @@@ the class.

C. It s a "ery "alua0le painting. It @@@ the gallery.

D. Spring is a "ery 0usy time $or me. It @@@ the year.

In the $ollo ing sentences use one o$ a superlati"e a preposition.

E It s a "ery nice room. It Ris one o$ the nicest rooms inR the hotel.

G. 2e s a "ery rich man. 2e s one @@@ the orld.

L. It s a "ery old castle. It @@@ ritain.

1M. She s a "ery good player. She @@@ the team.

11. It as a "ery 0ad experience. It @@@ my li$e.

1?. 2e s a "ery dangerous criminal. 2e @@@ the country.



1ME.? 8omplete the sentences. Use a superlati"e (&est or most ...) or a comparati"e (&er or more ...).

1. -e stayed at Rthe cheapestR hotel in the to n. (cheap)

?. +ur hotel as RcheaperR than all the others in the to n. (cheap) <. The United States is "ery large 0ut 8anada is @@@. (large)

B. -hat s @@@ ri"er in the orld/ (long)

C. 2e as a 0it depressed yesterday 0ut he loo!s @@@ today. (happy)

D. It as an a $ul day. It as @@@ day o$ my li$e. (0ad)

E. -hat is @@@ sport in your country/ (popular)

G. "erest is @@@ mountain in the orld. It is than any other mountain. (high)

L. -e had a great holiday. It as one o$ the @@@ holidays e "e e"er had. (en4oya0le)

1M. I pre$er this chair to the other one. It s @@@. (com$orta0le) 11. -hat s @@@ ay o$ getting $rom here to the station/ (Fuic!)

1?. r and rs ro n ha"e got three daughters @@@ is 1B years old. (old)

1ME.< -hat do you say in these situations/ Use a superlati"e ... e"er ... Use the ords gi"en in 0rac!ets

(in the correct $orm).

1. 9ou "e 4ust 0een to the cinema. The $ilm as extremely 0oring. 9ou tell your $riend: (0oring%$ilm%see)

RThat s the most 0oring $ilm I "e e"er seen.R

?. 9our $riend has 4ust told you a 4o!e# hich you thin! is "ery $unny. 9ou say: ($unny%4o!e%hear) That s @@@.

<. 9ou re drin!ing co$$ee ith a $riend. It s really good co$$ee. 9ou say: (good%co$$ee%taste) This @@@.

B. 9ou are tal!ing to a $riend a0out ary. ary is "ery patient. 9ou tell your $riend a0out her:

(patient%person%meet) She @@@.

C. 9ou ha"e 4ust run ten !ilometres. 9ou "e ne"er run $urther than this. 9ou say to your $riend: ($ar%run) That

@@@.

D. 9ou decided to gi"e up your 4o0. No you thin! this as a 0ad mista!e. 9ou say to your $riend:

(0ad%mista!e%ma!e) It @@@.

E. 9our $riend meets a lot o$ people# some o$ them $amous. 9ou as! your $riend: ($amous%person%meet/)

-ho @@@/

;p?1D

UNIT 1MG -ord order (1)@@"er0 o04ect* place and time

A. Oer0 o04ect

The "er0 and the o04ect o$ the "er0 normally go together. -e do not usually put other ords 0et een them:

I li!e children "ery much. (not l li!e "ery much children )

id you see your $riends yesterday/

Ann o$ten plays tennis

Study these @examples. Notice ho the "er0 and the o04ect go together each time:



, o you clean the house e"ery ee!end/ (not o you clean e"ery ee!end the house/ )

, "ery0ody en4oyed the party "ery much. (not "ery0ody en4oyed "ery much the party )

, +ur guide spo!e nglish $luently. (not ...spo!e $luently nglish ) , I not only lost all my money @ I also lost my passport. (not I lost also my passport )

, At the end o$ the street you ll see a supermar!et on your le$t. (not ...see on your le$t a supermar!et )

. Place and time

Usually the "er0 and the place ( here/) go together:

go home# li"e in a city# al! to or! etc.

I$ the "er0 has an o04ect# the place comes a$ter the "er0 o04ect:

ta!e some0ody home# meet a $riend in the street

Time ( hen/%ho o$ten/%ho long/) normally goes a$ter place: Tom al!s to or! e"ery morning. (not Tom al!s e"ery morning to or! )

She has 0een in 8anada since April.

-e arri"ed at the airport early.

Study these examples. Notice ho time goes a$ter place:

, I m going to Paris on onday. (not I m going on onday to Paris )

, They ha"e li"ed in the same house $or a long time.

, on t 0e late. a!e sure you re here 0y G o cloc!.

, Sarah ga"e me a li$t home a$ter the party.

, 9ou really shouldn t go to 0ed so ate.

It is o$ten possi0le to put time at the 0eginning o$ the sentence:

, +n onday I m going to Paris.

, "ery morning Tom al!s to or!.

Some time ords ($or example# al ays%ne"er%o$ten) usually go ith the "er0 in the middle o$ the sentence.

See Unit 1ML.

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= >8IS S

1MG.1 Is the ord order right or rong/ 8orrect the ones that are rong.

1. "ery0ody en4oyed the party "ery much. R>I52TR

?. Tom al!s e"ery morning to or!. R->+N5: to or! e"ery morningR

<. 3im doesn t li!e "ery much $oot0all. @@@

B. I drin! three or $our cups o$ co$$ee e"ery morning. @@@

C. I ate Fuic!ly my dinner and ent out. @@@

D. Are you going to in"ite to the party a lot o$ people/ @@@

E. I phoned Tom immediately a$ter hearing the ne s @@@

G. id you go late to 0ed last night/ @@@



L. Sue as here $i"e minutes ago. -here is she no / @@@

1M. id you learn a lot o$ things at school today/ @@@

11. I met on my ay home a $riend o$ mine @@@ 1?. I $ell yesterday o$$ my 0icycle @@@

1MG.? Put the parts o$ the sentence in the right order.

1. (the party%"ery much%e"ery0ody en4oyed) R "ery0ody en4oyed the party "ery much.R

?. ( e on%easily%the game) @@@.

<. (Fuietly%the door %I closed) @@@.

B. ( iane%Fuite ell %spea!s%5erman) @@@.

C. (Tim%all the time tele"ision% atches) @@@.

D. (again%please don t as!%that Fuestion) @@@. E. ($oot0all%e"ery ee!end%does Jen play/) @@@.

G. (some money%I 0orro ed%$rom a $riend o$ mine) @@@.

1MG.< 8omplete the sentences. Put the parts in the right order.

1. ($or a long time%ha"e li"ed %in the same house)

They Rha"e li"ed in the same house $or a long time.R.

?. (to the 0an! e"ery 7riday %go) I @@@.

<. (home%did you come%so late) -hy @@@/

B. (her car% dri"es %e"eryday %to or!) Ann @@@.

C. (0een%recently%to the cinema) I ha"en t @@@.

D. (at the top o$ the page%your name% rite) Please @@@.

E. (her name%a$ter a $e minutes%remem0ered) I @@@.

G. (around the to n%all morning% al!ed) -e @@@.

L. (on Saturday night%didn t see you%at the party) I @@@.

1M. (some interesting 0oo!s%$ound%in the li0rary) -e @@@.

11. (the children%yesterday%to the Koo%too!) Sally @@@.

1?. (opposite the par!%a ne hotel%are 0uilding) They @@@.

;p?1G

UNIT 1ML -ord order (?)@@ad"er0s ith the "er0

A. Some ad"er0s ($or example# al ays# also# pro0a0ly) go ith the "er0 in the middle o$ a sentence:

, Tom al ays goes to or! 0y car.

, -e ere $eeling "ery tired and e ere also hungry.

, 9our car has pro0a0ly 0een stolen.

. Study these rules $or the position o$ ad"er0s in the middle o$ a sentence. (They are only general rules#

so there are exceptions.)

i) I$ the "er0 is one ord (goes%$ell%coo!ed etc.)# the ad"er0 usually goes 0e$ore the "er0:



Tom al ays(ad"er0) goes("er0) to or! 0y car.

I almost(ad"er0) $ell("er0) as I as going do n the stairs.

, I cleaned the house and also coo!ed the dinner. (not coo!ed also ) , ucy hardly e"er atches tele"ision and rarely reads ne spapers.

Note that these ad"er0s (al ays%o$ten%also etc.) go 0e$ore ha"e to:

, 3im ne"er phones me. I al ays ha"e to phone him. (not I ha"e al ays to phone )

ii) ut ad"er0s go a$ter am%is%are% as% ere:

, -e ere $eeling "ery tired and e ere also hungry.

, -hy are you al ays late/ 9ou re ne"er on time.

, The tra$$ic isn t usually as 0ad as it as this morning.

iii) I$ the "er0 is t o or more ords (can remem0er%doesn t smo!e%has 0een stolen etc.)# the ad"er0 goesa$ter the $irst "er0 (can%doesn t%has etc.):

I can("er0 1) ne"er(ad"er0) remem0er("er0 ?) his name.

Ann doesn t("er0 1) usually(ad"er0) smo!e.("er0 ?)

Are you("er0 1) de$initely(ad"er0) going("er0 ?) to the party tomorro /

9our car has("er0 1) pro0a0ly(ad"er0) 0een("er0 ?) stolen.

, y parents ha"e al ays li"ed in ondon.

, 3ac! can t coo!. 2e can t e"en 0oil an egg.

, The house as only 0uilt a year ago and it s already $alling do n.

Note that pro0a0ly goes 0e$ore the negati"e. So e say:

, I pro0a0ly on t see you. or I ill pro0a0ly not see you. (0ut not I on t pro0a0ly. )

8. -e also use all and 0oth in these positions:

, -e all $elt ill a$ter the meal. (not e $elt all ill )

, y parents are 0oth teachers. (not my parents 0oth are teachers )

, Sarah and 3ane ha"e 0oth applied $or the 4o0.

, -e are all going out this e"ening.

. Sometimes e use is% ill%did etc. instead o$ repeating part o$ a sentence (see Unit CMA). Note the

position o$ al ays%ne"er etc. in these sentences:

, 2e al ays says he on t 0e late 0ut he al ays is. (' he is al ays late)

, I "e ne"er done it and I ne"er ill. (' I ill ne"er do it) -e normally put al ays%ne"er etc. 0e$ore the "er0 in

sentences li!e these.

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= >8IS S

1ML.1 Are the underline ords in the right position or not/ 8orrect the sentences that are rong.

1. Tom goes Ra1 aysR to or! 0y car. R->+N5: Tom al ays goesR

?. I cleaned the house and also coo!ed the dinner. R>I52TR



8ompare:

, I rote to him last ee!. 2e hasn t replied yet. (0ut I expect he ill reply soon)

, I rote to him months ago and he still hasn t replied. (he should ha"e replied 0e$ore no ) . Already

-e use already to say that something happened sooner than expected. Already usually goes in the middle

o$ a sentence (see Unit 1ML):

, -hen is Sue going on holiday/ She has already gone. (' sooner than you expected)

, Shall I tell iK the ne s or does she already !no /

, I "e only 4ust had lunch and I m already hungry.

;p??1

= >8IS S 11M.1 8ompare hat Paul said a $e years ago ith hat he says no . Some things are the same as 0e$ore

and some things ha"e changed.

Paul a $e years ago (0eard)

I tra"el a lot. I or! in a shop.

I rite poems.

I ant to 0e a teacher.

I m interested in politics. I m single. I go $ishing a lot.

Paul no

I tra"el a lot.

I or! in a hospital.

I ga"e up riting poems.

I ant to 0e a teacher.

I m not interested in politics.

I m single.

I ha"en t 0een $ishing $or years.

-rite sentences a0out Paul using still and not . any more.

1. (tra"el) R2e still tra"els a lot.R

?. (shop) R2e doesn t or! in a shop any more.@

<. (poems) 2e @@@.

B. (teacher) @@@.

C. (politics) @@@.

D. (single) @@@.

E. ($ishing) @@@.

G. (0eard) @@@.

No rite three sentences a0out Paul using no longer.



L. R2e no longer or!s in a shop.R

1M. 2e @@@.

11. @@@. 1? @@@.

11M.? 7or each sentence ( ith still) rite a sentence ith a similar meaning using not ... yet one o$ the

$ollo ing "er0s:

decide $ind $inish go stop ta!e o$$ a!e up

1. It s still raining. RIt hasn t stopped raining yet.R

?. 5eorge is still here. 2e @@@.

<. They re still ha"ing their dinner. They @@@.

B. The children are still asleep @@@. C. Ann is still loo!ing $or a 4o0 @@@.

D. I m still ondering hat to do @@@.

E. The plane is still aiting on the run ay @@@.

11M.< In this exercise you ha"e to put in still# yet# already or not ... any more in the RunderlineR sentence (or

part o$ a sentence). Study the examples care$ully.

1. 3ac! lost his 4o0 a year ago and Rhe is unemployed.R R2e is still unemployedR

?. o you ant me to tell iK the ne s or Rdoes she !no R/ Rdoes she already !no

<. I m hungry. RIs dinner readyR/ RIs dinner ready yetR

B. I as hungry earlier 0ut RI m not hungry.R RI m not hungry any moreR

C. 8an e ait a $e minutes/ RI don t ant to go out.R @@@.

D. 3ill used to or! at the airport 0ut Rshe doesn t or! there.R @@@.

E. I used to li"e in Amsterdam. RI ha"e a lot o$ $riends thereR @@@.

G. Shall I introduce you to 3im/ There s no need. R-e "e met.R @@@.

L. R o you li"e in the same houseR or ha"e you mo"ed/ @@@.

1M. -ould you li!e to eat ith us or Rha"e you eaten/R @@@.

11. -here s 3ohn/ R2e isn t here.R 2e ll 0e here soon. @@@.

1?. Tim said he ould 0e here at G.<M. It s L o cloc! no and Rhe isn t here.R @@@.

1<. o you ant to 4oin the clu0 or Rare you a mem0er/R @@@.

1B. It happened a long time ago 0ut RI can remem0er it "ery clearly.R @@@.

1C. I "e put on eight. RThese trousers don t $it me.R @@@.

1D. R2a"e you $inished ith the paper/R No RI m reading it.R @@@.

;p???

UNIT 111 "en


Tina lo"es atching tele"ision. She has a TO set in e"ery room o$ the house@@e"en the 0athroom.



-e use e"en to say that something is unusual or surprising. It is not usual to ha"e a TO set in the 0athroom.

Some more examples:

, These photographs aren t "ery good. "en I could ta!e 0etter photographs than these. (and I m certainlynot a good photographer)

, 2e al ays ears a coat @ e"en in hot eather.

, No0ody ould lend her the money @ not e"en her 0est $riend. or Not e"en her 0est $riend ould lend her

the money.

. Oery o$ten e use e"en ith the "er0 in the middle o$ a sentence (see Unit 1ML):

, Sue has tra"elled all o"er the orld. She has e"en 0een to the Antarctic. (It s especially unusual to go to

the Antarctic# so she must ha"e tra"elled a lot.)

, They are "ery rich. They e"en ha"e their o n pri"ate 4et. Study these examples ith not e"en:

, I can t coo!. I can t e"en 0oil an egg. (and 0oiling an egg is "ery easy)

, They eren t "ery $riendly to us. They didn t e"en say hello.

, 3enny is "ery $it. She s 4ust run $i"e miles and she s not e"en out o$ 0reath.

8. 9ou can use e"en a comparati"e (cheaper%more expensi"e etc.):

, I got up "ery early 0ut 3ohn got up e"en earlier.

, I !ne I didn t ha"e much money 0ut I "e got e"en less than I thought.

, -e ere surprised to get a letter $rom her. -e ere e"en more surprised hen she came to see us a $e

days later.

. "en though%e"en hen%e"en i$

9ou can use e"en though% hen%i$ to 4oin sentences. Note that you cannot use e"en alone in the $ollo ing

examples:

, "en though she can t dri"e# she has 0ought a car. (not "en she can t dri"e. )

, 2e ne"er shouts# e"en hen he s angry.

, I ll pro0a0ly see you tomorro . ut e"en i$ I don t see you tomorro # e re sure to see each other 0e$ore

the ee!end. (not e"en I don t see you )

8ompare e"en i$ and i$:

, -e re going to the 0each tomorro . It doesn t matter hat the eather is li!e. -e re going to the 0each

e"en i$ it s raining.

, -e hope to go to the 0each tomorro # 0ut e on t go i$ it s raining.

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= >8IS S

111.1 Sharon# inda and Angela are three $riends ho ent on holiday together. Use the in$ormation gi"en

a0out them to complete the sentences using e"en or not e"en.

Sharon is usually on time# Sharon is usually happy# Sharon li!es getting up early# Sharon is "ery interested



in art

inda isn t "ery !een on art# inda is usually misera0le# inda usually hates hotels# inda hasn t got a

camera Angela is almost al ays late# Angela is a !een photographer# Angela lo"es staying at hotels# Angela isn t

"ery good at getting up

1. They stayed at a hotel. "ery0ody li!ed it# Re"en inda.R

?. They arranged to meet. They all arri"ed on time @@@.

<. They ent to an art gallery. No0ody en4oyed it @@@.

B. 9esterday they had to get up early. They all managed to do this @@@.

C. They ere together yesterday. They ere all in a good mood @@@.

D. None o$ them too! any photographs# @@@. 111.? a!e sentences ith e"en. Use the ords in 0rac!ets.

1. She has 0een all o"er the orld. (the Antarctic) RShe has e"en 0een to the Antarctic.R

?. She has to or! e"ery day. (on Sundays) @@@.

<. They painted the hole room. (the $loor) They @@@.

B. 9ou could hear the noise $rom a long ay a ay. ($rom the next street)

9ou @@@.

C. They ha"e the indo s open all the time. ( hen it s $reeKing) @@@.

In the $ollo ing sentences you ha"e to use not ... e"en.

D. They didn t say anything to us. (hello). RThe didn t e"en say hello.R

E. I can t remem0er anything a0out her. (her name) I @@@.

G. There isn t anything to do in this to n. (a cinema) @@@.

L. 2e didn t tell any0ody here he as going. (his i$e) @@@.

111.< 8omplete these sentences using e"en a comparati"e.

1. It as "ery hot yesterday 0ut today it s Re"en hotter.R

?. The church is CMM years old 0ut the house next to it is @@@.

<. That s a "ery good idea 0ut I "e got an @@@ one.

B. The $irst Fuestion as "ery di$$icult to ans er. The second one as @@@.

C. 1 did "ery 0adly in the examination 0ut most o$ my $riends did @@@.

D. Neither o$ us as hungry. I ate "ery little and my $riend ate @@@.

111.B Put in i$# e"en# e"en i$ or e"en though.

1. R "en thoughR she can t dri"e# she has 0ought a car.

?. The 0us lea"es in $i"e minutes 0ut e can still catch it @@@ e run.

<. The 0us lea"es in t o minutes. -e on t catch it no @@@ e run.

B. 2is Spanish isn t "ery good @@@ a$ter three years in Spain.

C. 2is Spanish isn t "ery good @@@ he s li"ed in Spain $or three years.



D. @@@ ith the heating on# it as "ery cold in the house.

E. @@@ I as "ery tired# I couldn t sleep.

G. I on t $orgi"e them $or hat they said @@@ they apologise. L. @@@ I hadn t eaten anything $or ?B hours# I asn t hungry.

;p??B

UNIT 11? Although%though%e"en though In spite o$%despite


ast year 3ac! and 3ill spent their holidays 0y the sea.

It rained a lot 0ut they en4oyed themsel"es. 9ou can say:

Although it rained a lot# they en4oyed themsel"es. (' It rained a lot 0ut they ...)

or In spite o$ the rain# they en4oyed themsel"es. espite the rain# they en4oyed themsel"es. . A$ter although e use a su04ect "er0:

, Although it rained a lot# e en4oyed our holiday.

, I didn t get the 4o0 although I had all the necessary Fuali$ications.

8ompare the meaning o$ although and 0ecause:

, -e ent out although it as raining.

, -e didn t go out 0ecause it as raining.

8. A$ter in spite o$ or despite# e use a noun# a pronoun (this%that% hat etc.) or &ing:

, In spite o$ the rain# e en4oyed our holiday.

, I didn t get the 4o0 in spite o$ ha"ing all the necessary Fuali$ications.

, She asn t ell# 0ut in spite o$ this she ent to or!.

, In spite o$ hat I said yesterday# I still lo"e you.

espite is the same as in spite o$. Note that e say in spite o$ # 0ut despite ( ithout o$ ):

, She asn t ell# 0ut despite this she ent to or!. (not despite o$ this )

9ou can say in spite o$ the $act (that)... and despite the $act (that) ... :

, I didn t get the 4o0 in spite o$ the $act (that) I had all the necessary Fuali$ications.

, I didn t get the 4o0 despite o$ the $act (that) I had all the necessary Fuali$ications.

8ompare in spite o$ and 0ecause o$:

, -e ent out in spite o$ the rain. (or ... despite the rain.)

, -e didn t go out 0ecause o$ the rain.

. 8ompare although and in spite o$%despite:

, Although the tra$$ic as 0ad# I arri"ed on time. (not in spite o$ the tra$$ic as 0ad )

In spite o$ the tra$$ic# I arri"ed on time. (not in spite o$ the tra$$ic as 0ad )

, I couldn t sleep although I as "ery tired. (not despite I as tired )

, I couldn t sleep despite 0eing "ery tired. (not despite I as tired )

. Sometimes e use though instead o$ although:



, I didn t get the 4o0 though I had all the necessary Fuali$ications.

In spo!en nglish e o$ten use though at the end o$ a sentence:

, The house isn t "ery nice. I li!e the garden though. (' 0ut I li!e the garden) , I see him e"ery day. I "e ne"er spo!en to him though. (' 0ut I "e ne"er spo!en to him)

"en though (0ut not e"en alone) is a stronger $orm o$ although:

, "en though I as really tired# I couldn t sleep. (not "en I as really tired ... )

;p??C

= >8IS S

11?.1 8omplete the sentences. Use although a sentence $rom the 0ox.

I didn t spea! the language

he has a "ery important 4o0 I had ne"er seen her 0e$ore

e don t li!e them "ery much

it as Fuite cold# the heating as on

I d met her t ice 0e$ore

e "e !no n each other $or a long timeY

1. RAlthough he has a "ery important 4o0#R he isn t articularly ell@paid.

?. @@@# I recognised her $rom a photograph.

<. She asn t earing a coat @@@.

B. -e thought e d 0etter in"ite them to the party @@@.

C. @@@# I managed to ma!e mysel$ understood.

D. @@@# the room asn t arm.

E. I didn t recogniKe her @@@.

G. -e re not "ery good $riends @@@.

11?.? 8omplete the sentences ith although%in spite o$%0ecause%0ecause o$.

1. RAlthoughR it rained a lot# e en4oyed our holiday.

?. a. @@@ all our care$ul plans# a lot o$ things ent rong.

0. @@@ e had planned e"erything care$ully# a lot o$ things ent rong.

<. a. I ent home early @@@ I as $eeling un ell.

0. I ent to or! the next day @@@ I as still $eeling un ell.

B. a. She only accepted the 4o0 @@@ the salary# hich as "ery high.

0. She accepted the 4o0 @@@ the salary# hich as rather lo .

C. a. I managed to get to sleep @@@ there as a lot o$ noise.

0. I couldn t get to sleep @@@ the noise.

Use your o n ideas to complete the $ollo ing sentences:

D. a. 2e passed the exam although .@@@.



0. 2e passed the exam 0ecause @@@.

E. a. I didn t eat anything although @@@.

0. I didn t eat anything in spite o$ @@@. 11?.< a!e one sentence $rom t o. Use the ord(s) in 0rac!ets in your sentences.

1. I couldn t sleep. I as tired. (despite). RI couldn t sleep despite 0eing tired.R

?. They ha"e "ery little money. They are happy. (in spite o$)

In spite o$ @@@.

<. y $oot as in4ured. I managed to al! to the nearest "illage. (although)

B. I en4oyed the $ilm. The story as silly. (in spite o$)

C. -e li"e in the same street. -e hardly e"er see each other. (despite)

D. I got "ery et in the rain. I had an um0rella. (e"en though) 11?.B Use the ords in 0rac!ets to ma!e a sentence ith though at the end.

1. The house isn t "ery nice. (li!e%garden) RI li!e the garden though.R

?. It s Fuite arm. (a 0it indy) @@@.

<. -e didn t li!e the $ood. (ate) @@@.

B. iK is "ery nice. (don t li!e%hus0and) I @@@.

;??D

UNIT 11< in case


5eo$$ is a $oot0all re$eree. 2e al ays ears t o atches during a game 0ecause it is possi0le that one

atch ill stop.

2e ears t o atches in case one o$ them stops.

In case one o$ them stops ' 0ecause it is possi0le one o$ them ill stop .

Some more examples o$ in case:

, Ann might phone tonight. I don t ant to go out in case she phones. (' 0ecause it is possi0le she ill

phone)

, I ll dra a map $or you in case you can t $ind our house. (' 0ecause it is possi0le you on t 0e a0le to $ind

it)

-e use 4ust in case $or a smaller possi0ility:

, I don t thin! it ill rain 0ut I ll ta!e an um0rella 4ust in case. ('4ust in case it rains) o not use ill a$ter in

case. Use a present tense $or the $uture (see also Unit ?C):

, I don t ant to go out tonight in case Ann phones. (not in case Ann ill phone )

. In case is not the same as i$. -e use in case to say hy some0ody does (or doesn t do) something. 9ou

do something no in case something happens later. 8ompare:

W1 in case

, -e ll 0uy some more $ood in case Tom comes.



(' Perhaps Tom ill come* e ll 0uy some more $ood no # hether he comes or not* then e ll already ha"e

the $ood i$ he comes.)

, I ll gi"e you my phone num0er in case you need to contact me. , 9ou should insure your 0icycle in case it is stolen.

W? i$

, -e ll 0uy some more $ood i$ Tom comes.

(' Perhaps Tom ill come* i$ he comes# e ll 0uy some more $ood* i$ he doesn t come# e on t 0uy any

more $ood.)

, 9ou can phone me at the hotel i$ you need to contact me.

, 9ou should in$orm the police i$ your 0icycle is stolen.

8. 9ou can use in case ( past) to say hy some0ody did something: , -e 0ought some more $ood in case Tom came. (' 0ecause it as possi0le that Tom ould come)

, I dre a map $or Sarah in case she couldn t $ind the house.

, -e rang the 0ell again in case they hadn t heard it the $irst time.

. In case o$. is not the same as in case . In case o$... ' i$ there is... (especially in notices etc.):

, In case o$ $ire# please lea"e the 0uilding as Fuic!ly as possi0le. (' i$ there is a $ire)

, In case o$ emergency# telephone this num0er. (' i$ there is an emergency)

;p??E

= >8IS S

11<.1 ar0ara is going $or a long al! in the country. She is going to ta!e these things ith her:

some chocolate a map an um0rella her camera some ater a to el

She has decided to ta!e these things 0ecause:

perhaps she ll ant to ha"e a s im

it s possi0le she ll get lost

she might get hungry

she might ant to ta!e some photographs

perhaps she ll get thirsty

perhaps it ill rain

-rite sentences ith in case saying hy ar0ara has decided to ta!e these things ith her.

1. RShe s going to ta!e some chocolate in case she gets hungry.R

?. She s going to ta!e a map in case @@@.

<. She s going to @@@.

B. @@@.

C. @@@.

D @@@.

11<.? -hat do you say in these situations/ Use in case.



1. It s possi0le that ary ill need to contact you# so you gi"e her your phone num0er.

9ou say: 2ere s my phone num0er @@@.

?. A $riend o$ yours is going a ay $or a long time. ay0e you on t see her again 0e$ore she goes# so youdecide to say good0ye no .

9ou say: I ll say @@@.

<. 9ou are shopping in a supermar!et ith a $riend. 9ou thin! you ha"e e"erything you need 0ut perhaps

you "e $orgotten something. 9our $riend has the list. 9ou as! him to chec! it.

9ou say: 8an you @@@.

11<.< -rite sentences ith in case.

1. There as a possi0ility that Ann ould phone. So I didn t go out.

RI didn t go out in case Ann phoned.R ?. 3ohn thought that he might $orget the name o$ the 0oo!. So he rote it do n.

2e rote do n @@@.

<. 1 thought my parents might 0e orried a0out me. So I phoned them.

I phoned @@@.

B. 1 rote a letter to 3ane 0ut I didn t recei"e a reply. So I rote to her again 0ecause I thought that perhaps

she hadn t recei"ed my $irst letter.

I @@@.

C. I met some people hen I as on holiday in 7rance. They said they might come to ondon one day. I li"e

in ondon# so I ga"e them my address.

I @@@.

11<.B Put in case or i$.

1. Ann might phone this e"ening. I don t ant to go out Rin caseR she phones.

?. 9ou should tell the police Ri$R your 0icycle is stolen.

<. 1 hope you ll come to ondon sometime. @@@ you come# you can stay ith us#

B. This letter is $or Susan. 8an you gi"e it to her @@ you see her/

C. -rite your name and address on your 0ag @@@ you lose it.

D. 5o to the lost property o$$ice @@@ you lose your 0ag.

E. The 0urglar alarm ill ring @@@ some0ody tries to 0rea! into the house.

G. I "e 4ust painted the door. I ll put a - T PAINT notice next to it @@@ some0ody doesn t realiKe it s 4ust 0een

painted.

L. I as ad"ised to arrange insurance @@@ I needed medical treatment hile I as a0road.

;p??G

UNIT 11B Unless As long as and pro"ided%pro"iding

A. Unless




The clu0 is $or mem0ers only.

9ou can t go in unless you are a mem0er.

This means: 9ou can t go In except i$ you are a mem0er. or 9ou can go in only i$ you are a mem0er.

Unless ' except i$

Some more examples o$ unless:

, I ll see you tomorro unless I ha"e to or! late. (' except i$ I ha"e to or! late)

, on t tell Sue hat I said unless she as!s you. (' except i$ she as!s you)

, Shall I tell Sue hat you said/ Not unless she as!s you. (' only i$ she as!s you)

, I don t li!e $ish. I ouldn t eat it unless I as extremely hungry. (' except i$ I as extremely hungry)

-e o$ten use unless in arnings: , -e ll 0e late unless e hurry. (' except i$ e hurry)

, Unless you or! much harder# you on t pass the exam.

, I as told I ouldn t pass the exam unless I or!ed harder.

Instead o$ unless it is o$ten possi0le to say i$ ... not:

, on t tell Sue hat I said i$ she doesn t as! you.

, -e ll 0e late i$ e don t hurry.

. As long as etc.

as long as or so long as All these expressions mean i$ or on condition that .

pro"ided (that) or pro"iding (that) All these expressions mean i$ or on condition that .

7or example:

, 9ou can use my car as long as you dri"e care$ully.

, 9ou can use my car so long as you dri"e care$ully.

(' you can use my car 0ut you must dri"e care$ully@@this is a condition)

, Tra"elling 0y car is con"enient pro"ided (that) you ha"e some here to par!.

, Tra"elling 0y car is con"enient pro"iding (that) you ha"e some here to par!.

(' 0ut only i$ you ha"e some here to par!)

, Pro"iding (that) she studies hard# she ll pass her exams.

, Pro"ided (that) she studies hard# she ll pass her exams.

(' she must study hard @ i$ she does this# she ill pass)

8. -hen you are tal!ing a0out the $uture# dr# not use ill a$ter unless%as long as%pro"ided pro"iding. Use a

present tense (see also Unit ?C):

, -e ll 0e late unless e hurry. (not unless e ill hurry )

, Pro"iding she studies hard# she ill pass the exam. (not pro"iding she ill study )

;p??L

= >8IS S



11B.1 -rite a ne sentence ith the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence.

1. 9ou must or! much harder or you on t pass the exam.

R9ou on t pass# the exam unless you or! much harder.R ?. isten care$ully or you on t !no hat to do.

9ou on t !no hat to do @@@.

<. She must apologiKe to me or I ll ne"er spea! to her again.

I ll @@@.

B. 9ou ha"e to spea! "ery slo ly or he on t 0e a0le to understand you.

C. The company must o$$er me more money or I m going to loo! $or another 4o0.

11B.? -rite a ne sentence ith the same meaning. Use unless in your sentence.

1. 9ou are allo ed into the clu0 only i$ you re a mem0er. R9ou aren t allo ed into the clu0 unless you re a mem0er.R

?. I m going to the party only i$ you go too.

I m not going @@@.

<. The dog ill attac! you only i$ you mo"e suddenly.

B. 2e ll spea! to you only i$ you as! him a Fuestion.

C. The doctor ill see you today only i$ it s an emergency.

11B.< 8hoose the correct ord or expression $or each sentence.

1. 9ou can use my car Runless%as long asR you dri"e care$ully. (as long as is correct)

?. I m playing tennis tomorro Runless%pro"idingR it s raining.

<. I m playing tennis tomorro Runless%pro"idingR it s not raining.

B. I don t mind i$ you come in late Runless%as long asR you come in Fuietly.

C. I m going no Runless%pro"idedR you ant me to stay.

D. I don t atch tele"ision Runless%as long asR I "e got nothing else to do.

E. 8hildren are allo ed to use the s imming pool Runless%pro"idedR they are ith an adult.

G. RUnless%pro"idedR they are ith an adult# children are not allo ed to use the s imming pool.

L. -e can sit here in the corner Runless%as long asR you d rather sit o"er there 0y the indo .

1M. A: +ur holiday cost a lot o$ money.

: id it/ -ell# that doesn t matter Runless%as long asR you en4oyed yoursel"es.

11B.B Use your o n ideas to complete these sentences.

1. -e ll 0e late unless R e hurry.R

?. I li!e hot eather unless @@@.

<. I li!e hot eather pro"ided @@@.

B. Jate reads a ne spaper e"ery day as long as @@@.

C. I don t mind al!ing home as long as @@@.

D. I li!e to al! to or! in the morning unless @@@.



E. -e can meet tomorro unless @@@.

G. 9ou can 0orro the money pro"iding @@@.

L. 9ou on t achie"e anything unless @@@. ;p?<M

UNIT 11C As (reason and time)

A. As (reason)

As sometimes means 0ecause :

, As it as a pu0lic holiday# all the shops ere shut. (' 0ecause it as a pu0lic holiday)

, As they li"e near us# e see them Fuite o$ten.

, -e atched tele"ision all e"ening as e had nothing 0etter to do. d -e also use as to say that t o things

happened at the same time. See Section . . As (time)

9ou can use as hen t o things happen at the same time:

, I atched her as she opened the letter. ( I atched and she opened at the same time)

, As they al!ed along the street# they loo!ed in the shop indo s.

, 8an you turn o$$ the light as you go out# please/ (' on your ay out o$ the room)

+r you can say that something happened as you ere doing something else (' in the middle o$ doing

something else):

, 3ill slipped as she as getting o$$ the 0us.

, The thie$ as seen as he as clim0ing o"er the all.

ost o$ten e use as hen t o short actions happen at the same time:

, 5eorge arri"ed as Sue le$t. (' he arri"ed and Sue le$t at the same time)

, -e all a"ed good0ye to iK as she dro"e a ay in her car.

ut e also use as hen t o things happen together o"er a longer period o$ time:

, As the day ent on# the eather got orse.

, I 0egan to en4oy the 4o0 more as I got used to it.

9ou can also use 4ust as (' exactly at that moment):

, 3ust as I sat do n# the phone rang.

, 3ust as e ere going out# it started to rain.

, I had to lea"e 4ust as the con"ersation as getting interesting.

7or the past continuous ( as getting% ere going etc.) see Unit D.

8. As# hen and hile

-e use as only i$ t o things happen at the same time. -e use hen (not as ) i$ one thing happens a$ter

another. 8ompare hen and as:

, -hen I got home# I had a 0ath. (not as I got home )

, As I al!ed into the room# the phone started ringing. (' at the same time)



-e use as (time) $or actions and happenings. As a situation (not an action) usually means 0ecause (see

Section A):

, As e ere asleep# e didn t hear the door0ell. ('0ecause e ere asleep) , As they li"e near me# I see them Fuite o$ten. ('0ecause they li"e near me)

9ou cannot use as $or time in sentences li!e this. 9ou ha"e to use hile or hen:

, The door0ell rang hile e ere asleep. (not as e ere asleep )

, Angela got married hen she as ?<. (not as she as ?< )

;p?<1

= >8IS S

11C.1 -hat does as mean in these sentences/ (0ecause)# (at the same time as)

1. As they li"e near us# e see them Fuite o$ten. (0ecause) ?. 3ill slipped as she as getting o$$ the 0us. (at the same time as)

<. As I as tired# I ent to 0ed early.

B. Un$ortunately# as I as par!ing the car# I hit the car 0ehind.

C# As e clim0ed the hill# e got more and more tired.

D. -e decided to go out to cat as e had no $ood at home.

E. As e don t use the car "ery o$ten# e "e decided to sell it.

11C.? (Section A) 4oin a sentence $rom ist A ith one $rom ist . egin each sentence ith As.

A: 1. yesterday as a pu0lic holiday

?. it as a nice day

<. e didn t ant to a!e any0ody up

B. the door as open

C. none o$ us had a atch

: 1. I al!ed in

?. e came in "ery Fuietly

<. all the shops ere shut

B. e didn t !no hat time it as

C. e ent $or a al! 0y the sea

1. RAs yesterday as a pu0lic holiday# all the shops ere shut.R

?. @@@.

<. @@@.

B. @@@.

C. @@@.

11C.< (Section ) Use as to 4oin a sentence $rom ist A ith one $rom ist .

A: 1. e all a"ed good0ye to iK

?. e all smiled



<. I 0urnt mysel$

B. the cro d cheered

C. a dog ran out in $ront o$ the car : 1. e ere dri"ing along the road

?. I as ta!ing a hot dish out o$ the o"en

<. she dro"e a ay in her ear

B. e posed $or the photograph

C. the t o teams ran onto the $ield

1. R-e all a"ed good0ye to iK as she dro"e a in her car.R

?.@@@.

<. @@@. B. @@@.

C. @@@.

11C.B Put in as or hen. Sometimes you can use either as or hen.

1. Angela got married R henR she as ?<.

?. y camera as stolen @@@ I as on holiday.

<. 2e dropped the glass @@@ he as ta!ing it out o$ the cup0oard.

B. @@@ I le$t school# I ent to or! in a shop.

C. The train slo ed do n @@@ it approached the station.

D. I used to li"e near the sea @@@ I as a child.

11C.C Use your o n ideas to complete these sentences.

1. I sa you as @@@.

?. It 0egan to rain 4ust as @@@.

<. As I didn t ha"e enough money $or a taxi# @@@.

B. 3ust as I too! the photograph# @@@.

;p?<?

UNIT 11D i!e and as

A. i!e ' similar to # the same as . Note that you cannot use as in this ay:

, -hat a 0eauti$ul house6 It s li!e a palace. (not as a palace )

, -hat does Sandra do/ She s a teacher# li!e me. (not as me )

, e care$ul6 The $loor has 0een polished. It s li!e al!ing on ice. (not as al!ing )

, It s raining again. I hate eather li!e this. (not as this )

In these sentences# li!e is a preposition. So it is $ollo ed 0y a noun (li!e a palace)# a pronoun (li!e me%li!e

this) or &ing (li!e al!ing).

9ou can also say li!e (some0ody%something) doing something :



, -hat s that noise/ It sounds li!e a 0a0y crying.

. Sometimes li!e ' $or example :

, Some sports# li!e motor racing# can 0e dangerous. 9ou can also use such as (' $or example):

, Some sports# such as motor racing# can 0e dangerous.

8. -e use as (not li!e ) 0e$ore a su04ect "er0:

, I didn t mo"e anything. I le$t e"erything as I $ound it.

, They did as they promised. (' They did hat they promised.)

8ompare li!e and as in these sentences:

, 9ou should ha"e done it li!e this. (li!e pronoun) , 9ou should ha"e done it as I sho ed you. (as su04ect "er0)

-e also say as you !no %as I said%as she expected%as I thought etc.:

, As you !no # it s Tom s 0irthday next ee!. (' you !no this already)

, 3ane $ailed her dri"ing test# as she expected. she expected this 0e$ore)

Note that e say as usual%as al ays:

, 9ou re late as usual.

. As can also 0e a preposition 0ut the meaning is di$$erent $rom li!e. 8ompare:

W1 as

, renda 8asey is the manager o$ a company. As the manager# she has to ma!e many important decisions.

( As the manager ' in her position as the manager)

, uring the ar this hotel as used as a hospital. (so it really as a hospital)

li!e

, ary Stone is the assistant manager. i!e the manager ( renda 8asey)# she also has to ma!e important

decisions. ( i!e the manager ' similar to the manager)

, "eryone is ill at home. +ur house is li!e a hospital. (it isn t really a hospital)

As (preposition) ' in the position o$ # in the $orm o$ etc.:

, A $e years ago I or!ed as a 0us dri"er. (not li!e a 0us dri"er )

, -e "e got a garage 0ut e ha"en t got a car# so e use the garage as a or!shop.

, any nglish ords ($or example# or! and rain ) can 0e used as "er0s or nouns.

, ondon is all right as a place to "isit# 0ut I ouldn t li!e to li"e there.

, The ne s o$ her death came as a great shoc!.

-e say regard ... as:

, I regard her as my 0est $riend.

;p?<<

= >8IS S



11D.1 (Sections A# and Put in li!e or as.

1. It s raining again. I hate eather Rli!eR this.

?. 3ane $ailed her dri"ing test RasR she expected. <. o you thin! 8arol loo!s @@@ her mother/

B. 2e really gets on my ner"es. I can t stand people @@@ him.

C. -hy didn t you do it @@@ I told you to do it/

D. -hat does ill do/ 2e s a student @@@ most o$ his $riends.

E. -hy do you ne"er listen/ Tal!ing to you is @@@ tal!ing to the all.

G. @@@ I said yesterday# I m thin!ing o$ changing my 4o0.

L. Tom s idea seemed a good one# so e did @@@ he suggested.

1M. It s a di$$icult pro0lem. I ne"er !no hat to do in situations @@@ this. 11. I ll phone you tomorro @@@ usual# +J/

1?. This tea is a $ul. It tastes @@@ ater.

1<. Suddenly there as a terri0le noise. It as @@@ a 0om0 exploding.

1B. She s a "ery good s immer. She s ims @@@ a $ish.

1C. I m a$raid I can t meet you on Sunday @@@ e arranged.

1D. -e met Jeith last night. 2e as "ery cheer$ul @@@ al ays.

11D.? (Sections A and ) 8omplete the sentences using li!e or as one o$ the $ollo ing:

a 0eginner 0loc!s o$ ice a palace a 0irthday present a pro0lem a child a church inter a tourist guide

1. This house is 0eauti$ul. It s Rli!e a palace.R

?. argaret once had a part@time 4o0 @@@.

<. y $eet are really cold. They re @@@.

B. I "e 0een learning Spanish $or a $e years 0ut I still spea! @@@.

C. 1 onder hat that 0uilding ith the to er is. It loo!s @@@.

D. y 0rother ga"e me this atch @@@ a long time ago.

E. It s true that e disagree a0out some things 0ut I don t regard this @@@.

G. It s "ery cold $or the middle o$ summer. It s @@@.

L. 2e s ?? years old 0ut he sometimes 0eha"es @@@.

11D.< (All sections) Put in li!e or as.

1. 9our nglish is "ery $luent. I ish I could spea! @@@ you.

?. on t ta!e my ad"ice i$ you don t ant to. 9ou can do @@@ you li!e.

<. 9ou aste too much time doing things @@@ sitting in ca$es all day.

B. 1 ish I had a car @@@ yours.

C. There s no need to change your clothes. 9ou can go out @@@ you are.

D. y neigh0our s house is $ull o$ interesting things. It s @@@ a museum.

E. 1 thin! I pre$erred this room @@@ it as# 0e$ore e decorated it.



G. -hen e as!ed Sue to help us# she agreed immediately @@@ I !ne she ould.

L. Sharon has 0een or!ing @@@ a aitress $or the last t o months.

1M. -hile e ere on holiday# e# spent most o$ our time doing energetic things @@@ sailing# ater s!iing ands imming.

11. 9ou re di$$erent $rom the other people I !no . I don t !no anyone @@@ you.

1?. -e don t need all the 0edrooms in the house# so e use one o$ them @@@ a study.

1<. @@@ her $ather# 8atherine has a "ery good "oice.

1B. The ne s that Sue and 3im ere getting married came @@@ a complete surprise to me.

1C. At the moment I "e got a temporary 4o0 in a 0oo!shop. It s +J @@@ a temporary 4o0 0ut I ouldn t li!e to do

it permanently.

;p?<B UNIT 11E As i$

A. 9ou can use as i$ to say ho some0ody or something loo!s%sounds%$eels etc.:

, That house loo!s as i$ it s going to $all do n.

, Ann sounded as i$ she had a cold# didn t she/

, I "e 4ust come 0ac! $rom holiday 0ut I $eel tired and depressed. I don t $eel as i$ I "e 4ust had a holiday.

8ompare:

, 9ou loo! tired. (loo! ad4ecti"e)

9ou loo! as i$ you ha"en t slept. (loo! as i$ su04ect "er0)

, Tom sounded orried. (sound ad4ecti"e)

Tom sounded as i$ he as orried. (sound as i$ su04ect "er0)

9ou can use as though instead o$ as i$:

, Ann sounds as though she s got a cold. (' as i$ she s got a cold.)

. 9ou can also say It loo!s%sounds%smells as i$ (or as though):

, Sandra is "ery late# isn t she/ It loo!s as i$ she isn t coming.

, -e too! an um0rella ith us 0ecause it loo!ed as i$ it as going to rain.

, o you hear that music next door/ It sounds as i$ they re ha"ing a party.

, It smells as though someone has 0een smo!ing in here.

A$ter It loo!s%sounds%smells# many people use li!e instead o$ as i$%as though:

, It loo!s li!e Sandra isn t coming.

8. 9ou can use as i$ ith other "er0s to say ho some0ody does something:

, 2e ran as i$ he as running $or his li$e.

, A$ter the interruption# the spea!er carried on tal!ing as i$ nothing had happened.

, -hen I told them my plan# they loo!ed at me as i$ I as mad.

. A$ter as i$ e sometimes use the past hen e are tal!ing a0out the present.

7or example:



, I don t li!e Norma. She tal!s as i$ she !ne e"erything.

The meaning is not past in this sentence. -e use the past ( as i$ she !ne ) 0ecause the idea is not real:

Norma does not !no e"erything. -e use the past in the same ay ith i$ and ish (see Unit <G). Some more examples:

, She s al ays as!ing me to do things $or her@@as i$ I didn t ha"e enough to do. (I do ha"e enough to do)

, 2arry s only BM. -hy do you tal! a0out him as i$ he as an old man/ (he isn t an old man)

-hen you use the past in this ay# you can use ere instead o$ as:

, -hy do you tal! a0out him as i$ he ere an old man/

, They treat me as i$ I ere (or as) their o n son. (I m not their son)

;p?<C

= >8IS S 11E.1 Use the sentences in the 0ox to ma!e sentences ith as i$.

it has 4ust 0een cut I m going to 0e sic! he hadn t eaten $or a ee! she as en4oying it she had hurt her

leg he meant hat he as saying he needs a good rest she didn t ant to come

1. ar! loo!s "ery tired. 2e loo!s Ras i$ he needs a good rest.R

?. Sue as al!ing ith di$$iculty. She loo!ed @@@.

<. I don t thin! he as 4o!ing. 2e loo!ed @@@.

B. The grass is "ery short. It loo!s @@@.

C. Peter as extremely hungry and ate his dinner "ery Fuic!ly.

2e ate @@@.

D. 8arol had a 0ored expression on her $ace during the concert.

She didn t loo! @@@.

E. I "e 4ust eaten too many chocolates. No I m $eeling ill.

I $eel @@@.

G. I phoned mma and in"ited her to the party 0ut she asn t "ery enthusiastic a0out it.

She sounded @@@.

11E.? -hat do you say in these situations/ Use 9ou loo!%9ou sound%I $eel as i$... Use the ords in 0rac!ets

to ma!e your sentence.

1. 9ou meet ill. 2e has a 0lac! eye and some plasters on his $ace.

9ou say to him: R9ou loo! as i$ you "e 0een in a $ight.R (0e%a $ight)

?. 8hristine comes into the room. She loo!s a0solutely terri$ied.

9ou say to her: -hat s the matter/ 9ou @@@. (see%a ghost)

<. Sarah is tal!ing to you on the phone a0out her ne 4o0 and she sounds "ery happy a0out it.

9ou say to her: @@@. (en4oy%it)

B. 9ou ha"e 4ust run one !ilometre. 9ou are a0solutely exhausted.

9ou say to a $riend: I @@@. (run%a marathon)



11E.< a!e sentences 0eginning It loo!s as i$ ...%It sounds as i$ ...

you had a good time there s 0een an accident they are ha"ing an argument it s going to rain she isn t

coming e ll ha"e to al! 1. Sandra said she ould 0e here an hour ago. 9ou say: RIt loo!s as i$ she isn t coming.R

?. The s!y is $ull o$ 0lac! clouds. 9ou say: It @@@.

<. 9ou hear t o people shouting at each other next door.

9ou say: @@@.

B. 9ou see an am0ulance# some policemen and t o damaged cars at the side o$ the road.

9ou say: @@@.

C. 9ou and a $riend ha"e 4ust missed the last 0us home.

9ou say: @@@. D. Sue and a"e ha"e 4ust 0een telling you a0out all the interesting things they did hile they ere on

holiday. 9ou say: @@@.

11E.B These sentences are li!e the ones in Section . 8omplete each sentence using as i$

1. rian is a terri0le dri"er. 2e dri"es Ras i$ he ereR the only dri"er on the road.

?. I m ?M years old# so please don t tal! to me @@@ a child.

<. Ste"e has only met Nicola once 0ut he tal!s a0out her @@@ a close $riend.

B. It as a long time ago that e $irst met 0ut I remem0er it @@@ yesterday.

;p?<D

UNIT 11M 7or# during and hile

A. 7or and during

-e use $or a period o$ time to say 0o long something goes on:

$or t o hours# $or a ee!# $or ages 7or example:

, -e atched tele"ision $or t o hours last night.

, Oictoria is going a ay $or a ee! in Septem0er.

, -here ha"e you 0een/ I "e 0een aiting $or ages.

, Are you going a ay $or the ee!end/

-e use during noun to say hen something happens (not ho long):

during the $ilm during our holiday during the night

7or example:

, I $ell asleep during the $ilm.

, -e met a lot o$ people during our holiday.

, The ground is et. It must ha"e rained during the night.

-ith a time ord ($or example# the morning%the a$ternoon%the summer)# you can usually say in or during:

, It must ha"e rained in the night. (or ... during the night.)



, I ll phone you sometime during the a$ternoon. (or ... in the a$ternoon.)

9ou cannot use during to say ho long something goes on:

, It rained $or three days ithout stopping. (not during three days ) 8ompare during and $or:

, I $ell asleep during the $ilm. I as asleep $or hal$ an hour.

. uring and hile

8ompare:

-e use during noun:

I $ell asleep during the $ilm.

8ompare during and hile in these examples:

, -e met a lot o$ interesting people during our holiday. , >o0ert suddenly 0egan to $eel ill during the examination.

-e use hile su04ect "er0:

, I $ell asleep hile I as atching tele"ision.

, -e met a lot o$ interesting people hile e ere on holiday.

, >o0ert suddenly 0egan to $eel ill hile he as doing the examination.

Some more examples o$ hile:

, -e sa Amanda hile e ere aiting $or the 0us.

, -hile you ere out# there as a phone call $or you.

, 8hristopher read a 0oo! hile I atched tele"ision.

-hen you are tal!ing a0out the $uture# use the present (not ill ) a$ter hile:

, I ll 0e in ondon next ee!. I hope to see Tom hile I m there. (not hile I ill 0e there )

, -hat are you going to do hile you are aiting/ (not hile you ill 0e aiting )

See also Unit ?C.

;p?<E

= >8IS S

11G.1. Put in $or or during.

1. It rained R$orR three days ithout stopping.

?. I $ell asleep RduringR the $ilm.

<. I ent to the theatre last night. I met ucy @@@ the inter"al.

B. artin hasn t li"ed in ritain all his li$e. 2e li"ed in raKil @@@ $our years.

C. Production at the $actory as seriously a$$ected @@@ the stri!e.

D. I $elt really ill last ee!. I could hardly eat anything @@@ I three days.

E. I aited $or you @@@ hal$ an hour and decided that you eren t coming.

G. Sue as "ery angry ith me. She didn t spea! to me @@@ a ee!.

L. -e usually go out at ee!ends# 0ut e don t o$ten go out @@@ the ee!.



1M. 3ac! started a ne 4o0 a $e ee!s ago. e$ore that he as out o$ or! @@@ six months.

11. I need a change. I thin! I ll go a ay @@@ a $e days.

1?. The President ga"e a long speech. She spo!e @@@ t o hours. 1<. -e ere hungry hen e arri"ed. -e hadn t had anything to eat @@@ the 4ourney.

1B. -e ere hungry hen e arri"ed. -e hadn t had anything to eat @@@ eight hours.

11G.? Put in during or hile.

1. -e met a lot o$ people R hileR hile. e ere on holiday.

?. -e met a lot o$ people RduringR our holiday.

<. I met i!e @@@ I as shopping.

B. @@@ e ere in Paris# e stayed at a "ery com$orta0le hotel.

C. @@@ our stay in Paris# e "isited a lot o$ museums and galleries. D. The phone rang three times @@@ e ere ha"ing dinner.

E. The phone rang three times @@@ the night.

G. I had 0een a ay $or many years. @@@ that time# many things had changed.

L. -hat did they say a0out me @@@ I as out o$ the room/

1M. 3ac! read a lot o$ 0oo!s and magaKines @@@ .I. he as ill.

11. I ent out $or dinner last night. Un$ortunately# I 0egan to $eel ill @@@ the meal and had to go home.

1?. Please don t interrupt me @@@ I m spea!ing.

1<. There ere many interruptions @@@ the President s speech.

1B. 8an you lay the ta0le @@@ I get the dinner ready/

1C. -e ere hungry hen e arri"ed. -e hadn t had anything to eat @@@ e ere tra"elling.

11G.< Use your o n ideas to complete these sentences.

1. I $ell asleep hile RI as atching tele"ision.R

?. I $ell asleep during Rthe $ilm.R

<. I hurt my arm hile @@@.

B. 8an you ait here hile @@@/

C. ost o$ the students loo!ed 0ored during @@@.

D. I as as!ed a lot o$ Fuestions during @@@.

E. on t open the car door hile @@@.

G. The lights suddenly ent out during @@@.

L. It started to rain during @@@.

1M. It started to rain hile @@@.

;p?<G

UNIT 11L y and until# y the time...

A. y ( a time) ' not later than :

, I posted the letter today# so they should recei"e it 0y onday. (' on or 0e$ore onday# not later than



onday)

, -e d 0etter hurry. -e ha"e to 0e at home 0y C o cloc!. ('at or 0e$ore C o cloc!# not later than C o cloc!)

, -here s Sue/ She should 0e here 0y no . ('no or 0e$ore no @ so she should ha"e arri"ed already) 9ou cannot use until ith this meaning:

, Tell me 0y 7riday hether or not you can come to the party. (not Tell me until 7riday )

. -e use until (or till) to say 0o long a situation continues:

, Shall e go no / No# let s ait until (or till) it stops raining.

, I couldn t get up this morning. I stayed in 0ed until hal$ past ten.

, I couldn t get up this morning. I didn t get up until hal$ past ten.

8ompare until and 0y:

W1 until Something continues until a time in the $uture:

, 7red ill 0e a ay until onday. (so he ll 0e 0ac! on onday)

, I ll 0e or!ing until 11. <M. (so I ll stop or!ing at 11.<M)

W? 0y

Something happens 0y a time in the $uture:

, 7red ill 0e 0ac! 0y onday. (' he ll 0e 0ac! not later than onday)

, I ll ha"e $inished my or! 0y 11. <M. (I ll $inish my or! not later than 11. <M)

8. 9ou can say 0y the time something happens . Study these examples:

, It s not orth going shopping no . y the time e get to the shops# they ill 0e closed. (' the shops ill

close 0et een no and the time e get there)

, ($rom a letter) I m $lying to the United States this e"ening. So 0y the time you recei"e this letter# I ll 0e in

Ne 9or!. (' I ill arri"e in Ne 9or! 0et een no and the time you recei"e this letter)

, 2urry up6 y the time e get to the cinema# the $ilm ill already ha"e started.

9ou can say 0y the time something happened ($or the past):

, 3ane s car 0ro!e do n on the ay to the party last night. y the time she arri"ed# most o$ the other guests

had gone. (' it too! her a long time to get to the party and most o$ the guests ent home during this time)

, I had a lot o$ or! to do yesterday e"ening. I as "ery tired 0y the time I $inished. (' it too! me a long time

to do the or! and I 0ecame more and more tired during this time)

, -e ent to the cinema last night. It too! us a long time to $ind some here to par! the car. y the time e

got to the cinema# the $ilm had already started.

Also 0y then or 0y that time:

, 3ane $inally arri"ed at the party at midnight# 0ut 0y then (or 0y that time)# most o$ the guests had gone.

;p?<L

= >8IS S

11L.1 a!e sentences ith 0y.



1. I ha"e to 0e at home not later than C o cloc!. RI ha"e to 0e at home 0y C o cloc!.R

?. I ha"e to 0e at the airport not later than 1M.<M. 1 ha"e to 0e at the airport @@@.

<. et me !no not later than Saturday hether you can come to the party. et me !no @@@.

B. Please ma!e sure that you re here not later than ? o cloc!.

Please @@@.

C. I$ e lea"e no # e should arri"e not later than lunchtime.

11L.? Put in 0y or until.

1. 7red has gone a ay. 2e ll 0e a ay RuntilR onday.

?. Sorry# 0ut I must go. I ha"e to 0e at home R0yR C o cloc!.

<. I "e 0een o$$ered a 4o0. I ha"en t decided yet hether to accept it or not. I ha"e to decide @@@ Thursday. B. I thin! I ll ait @@@ Thursday 0e$ore ma!ing a decision.

C. It s too late to go shopping. The shops are only open @@@ C. <M. They ll 0e closed no .

D. I d 0etter pay the phone 0ill. It has to 0e paid @@@ tomorro .

E. on t pay the 0ill today. -ait @@@ tomorro .

G. A: 2a"e you $inished redecorating your house/

: Not yet. -e hope to $inish @@@ the end o$ the ee!.

L. A: I m going out no . I ll 0e 0ac! at B.<M. -ill you still 0e here/

: I don t thin! so. I ll pro0a0ly ha"e gone out @@@ then.

1M. I m mo"ing into my ne $lat next ee!. I m staying ith a $riend @@@ then.

11. I "e got a lot o$ or! to do. @@@ the time I $inish# it ill 0e time to go to 0ed.

1?. I$ you ant to do the exam# you should enter @@@ < April.

11L.< Use your o n ideas to complete these sentences. Use 0y or until.

1. 7red is a ay at the moment. 2e ll 0e a ay Runtil onday.R

?. 7red is a ay at the moment. 2e ll 0e 0ac! R0y onday.R

<. I m 4ust going out. I on t 0e "ery long. -ait here @@@.

B. I m going shopping. It s B.<M no . I on t 0e "ery long. I ll 0e 0ac! @@@.

C. I$ you ant to apply $or the 4o0# your application must 0e recei"ed @@@.

D. ast night I atched TO @@@.

11L.B >ead the situations and complete the sentences using y the time ...

1 3ane as in"ited to a party 0ut she got there much later than she intended.

R y the time she got to the partyR# most o$ the other guests had gone.

?. I had to catch a train 0ut it too! me longer than expected to get to the station.

@@@# my train had already gone.

<. I sa t o men ho loo!ed as i$ they ere trying to steal a car. I called the police 0ut it as some time

0e$ore they arri"ed.



@@@# the t o men had disappeared.

B. A man escaped $rom prison last night. It as a long time 0e$ore the guards disco"ered hat had

happened. @@@# the escaped prisoner as miles a ay.

C. I intended to go shopping a$ter $inishing my or!. ut I $inished my or! much later than expected.

@@@# it as too late to go shopping.

;?BM

UNIT 1?M At%on%in (time)

A. 8ompare at# on and in:

, They arri"ed at C o cloc!.

, They arri"ed on 7riday. , They arri"ed in +cto0er.%They arri"ed in 1LDG.

-e use:

at $or the time o$ day:

at C o cloc!# at 11.BC# at midnight# at lunchtime# at sunset etc.

on $or days and dates:

on 7riday%on 7ridays# on 1? arch 1LL1# on 8hristmas ay# on my 0irthday

in $or longer periods ($or example# months%years%seasons):

in +cto0er# in 1LDG# in the 1Gth century# in the past# in (the) inter# in the 1LEMs# in the iddle Ages# in (the)

$uture

. -e use at in these expressions:

at night: I don t li!e going out at night.

at the ee!end%at ee!ends: -ill you 0e here at the ee!end/

at 8hristmas%at aster(0ut on 8hristmas ay): o you gi"e each other presents at 8hristmas/

at the moment%at present: r enn is 0usy at the moment%at present.

at the same time: iK and I arri"ed at the same time.

Note that e usually as! -hat time ... / (not usually At hat time.../):

, -hat time are you going out this e"ening/

8. -e say:

in the morning(s)# in the a$ternoon(s)# in the e"ening(s)

, I ll see you in the morning.

, o you or! in the e"enings/

0ut:

on 7riday morning(s)# on Sunday a$ternoon(s)# on onday e"ening(s) etc.

, I ll 0e at home on 7riday morning.

, o you usually go out on Saturday e"enings/



. -e do not use at%on%in 0e$ore last%next%this%e"ery:

, I ll see you next 7riday. (not on next 7riday )

, They got married last arch. . In a $e minutes%in six months etc. ' a time in the $uture

, The train ill 0e lea"ing in a $e minutes. (' a $e minutes $rom no )

, 3ac! has gone a ay. 2e ll 0e 0ac! in a ee!. (' a ee! $rom no )

, She ll 0e here in a moment. (' a moment $rom no )

9ou can also say in six months time # in a ee! s time etc.:

, They re getting married in six months time. (or ... in six months.)

-e also use in... to say ho long it ta!es to do something:

, I learnt to dri"e in $our ee!s. it too! me $our ee!s to learn) ;p?B1

= >8IS S

1?M.1 8omplete the sentences. ach time use at# on or in one o$ the $ollo ing.

the e"ening the moment Sundays a0out ?M minutes ?1 3uly 1LDL he iddle Ages 1BL? the 1L?Ms 11

seconds 8hristmas the same time night

1. 8olum0us made his $irst "oyage $rom urope to America Rin 1BL?.R

?. In ritain most people do not or! @@@.

<. I$ the s!y is clear# you can see the stars @@@.

B. A$ter or!ing hard during the day# I li!e to relax @@@.

C. The $irst man al!ed on the moon @@@.

D. It s di$$icult to listen i$ e"eryone is spea!ing @@@.

E. 3aKK 0ecame popular in the United States @@@.

G. I m 4ust going out to the shop. I ll 0e 0ac! @@@.

L. (on the phone) 8an I spea! to 8lare/ I m a$raid she s not here @@@.

1M. In ritain people send each other cards @@@.

11. any o$ urope s great cathedrals ere 0uilt @@@.

1?. o0 is a "ery $ast runner. 2e can run 1MM metres @@@.

1?M.? Put in at# on or in here necessary. ea"e an empty space (@) i$ no preposition is necessary.

1. a. I ll see you RonR 7riday.

0. I ll see you (@) next 7riday. (no preposition)

?. a. -hat are you doing @@@ Saturday/

0. -hat are you doing @@@ the ee!end/

<. a. They o$ten go out @@@ the e"enings.

0. They o$ten go out @@@ Sunday e"enings

B. a. o you or! @@@ -ednesdays/



0. o you or!@@@ e"ery -ednesday/

C. a. -e usually ha"e a holiday @@@ the summer.

0. -e o$ten ha"e a short holiday @@@ 8hristmas. D. a. Pauline got married @@@ 1LL1.

0. Pauline got married @@@ 1G ay 1LL1.

c. 8hris is getting married @@@ this year.

1?M.< Put in at# on or in.

1. oKart as 0orn in SalK0urg @@@ 1ECD.

?. I ha"en t seen Jate $or a $e days. I last sa her @@@ Tuesday.

<. The price o$ electricity is going up @@@ +cto0er.

B. I "e 0een in"ited to a edding @@@ 1B 7e0ruary. C. 2urry up6 -e "e got to go @@@ $i"e minutes.

D. I m 0usy 4ust no 0ut I ll 0e ith you @@@ a moment.

E. 3enny s 0rother is an engineer 0ut he s out o$ or! @@@ the moment.

G. There are usually a lot o$ parties @@@ Ne 9ear s "e.

L. I hope the eather ill 0e nice @@@ the ee!end.

1M. Saturday night I ent to 0ed @@@ 11 o cloc!.

11. I don t li!e tra"elling @@@ night.

1?. -e tra"elled o"ernight to Paris and arri"ed @@@ C o cloc! @@@ the morning.

1<. The course 0egins @@@ E 3anuary and ends sometime @@@ April.

1B. It as Fuite a short 0oo! and easy to read. I read it @@@ a day.

1C. I might not 0e at home @@@ Tuesday morning 0ut I ll pro0a0ly 0e there @@@ the a$ternoon.

1D. y car is 0eing repaired at the garage. It ill 0e ready @@@ t o hours.

1E. The telephone and the door0ell rang @@@ the same time.

1G. ary and 2enry al ays go out $or a meal @@@ their edding anni"ersary.

1L. 2enry is D<. 2e ll 0e retiring $rom his 4o0 @@@ t o years time.

;p?B?

UNIT 1?1 +n time%in time# At the end%in the end

A. +n time and in time

+n time ' punctual# not late. I$ something happens on time# it happens at the time hich as planned:

, The 11.BC train le$t on time. ('it le$t at 11.BC)

, I ll meet you at E.<M. +J# 0ut please 0e on time. (' don t 0e late# 0e there at E.<M) , The con$erence as

"ery ell organised. "erything 0egan and $inished on time.

The opposite o$ on time is late:

, e on time. on t 0e late.Y

In time ($or something%to do something) ' soon enough



, -ill you 0e home in time $or dinner/ (' soon enough $or dinner)

, I "e sent 3ill her 0irthday present. I hope it arri"es in time ($or her 0irthday). (' soon enough $or her

0irthday) , I must hurry. I ant to get home in time to see the $oot0all match on tele"ision.

(' soon enough to see the $oot0all match)

The opposite o$ in time is too late:

, I got home too late to see the $oot0all match.

9ou can say 4ust in time ('almost too late):

, -e got to the station 4ust in time to catch the train.

, A child ran across the road in $ront o$ the car# 0ut I managed to stop 4ust in time.

. At the end and in the end At the end (o$ something) 'at the time hen something ends. 7or example:

at the end o$ the month# at the end o$ 3anuary# at the end o$ the match# at the end o$ the $ilm# at the end o$

the course# at the end o$ the concert

, I m going a ay at the end o$ 3anuary%at the end o$ the month.

, At the end o$ the concert# there as great applause.

, All the players shoo! hands at the end o$ the match. 9ou cannot say in the end o$ something . So you

cannot say in the end o$ 3anuary or in the end o$ the concert .

The opposite o$ at the end is at the 0eginning:

at the 0eginning o$ 3anuary# at the 0eginning o$ the concert

In the end ' $inally

-e use in the end hen e say hat the $inal result o$ a situation as:

, -e had a lot o$ pro0lems ith our car. In the end e sold it and 0ought another one. (' $inally e sold it)

, 2e got more and more angry. In the end he 4ust al!ed out o$ the room.

, 3im couldn t decide here to go $or his holidays. 2e didn t go any here in the end. The opposite o$ in the

end is usually at $irst:

, At $irst e didn t li!e each other "ery much# 0ut in the end e 0ecame good $riends.

;p?B<

= >8IS S

1?1.1 8omplete the sentences ith on time or in time.

1. The 0us as late this morning 0ut it s usually Ron time.R

?. The $ilm as supposed to start at G.<M 0ut it didn t 0egin @@@.

<. I li!e to get up @@@ to ha"e a 0ig 0rea!$ast 0e$ore going to or!.

B. -e ant to start the meeting @@@ so please don t 0e late.

C. I "e 4ust ashed this shirt. I ant to ear it this e"ening# so I hope it ill 0e dry @@@.

D. The train ser"ice isn t "ery good. The trains are rarely @@@.



A. In


in a room# in a 0uilding# in a 0ox# in a garden# in a to n%city# in a country , There s no one in the room%in the 0uilding%in the garden.

, -hat ha"e you got in your hand%in your mouth/

, -hen e ere in Italy# e spent a $e days in Oenice. (not at Oenice )

, I ha"e a $riend ho li"es in a small "illage in the mountains.

, oo! at those people s imming in the pool%in the sea%in the ri"er.

. At


at the 0us stop# at the door# at the indo # at the top (o$ the page)# at the 0ottom (o$ the page)# at the end o$ the street

, -ho is that man standing at the 0us stop%at the door%at the indo /

, Turn le$t at the tra$$ic lights%at the church%at the rounda0out.

, -rite your name at the top%at the 0ottom o$ the page.

, Angela s house is the hite one at the end o$ the street.

, -hen you lea"e the hotel# please lea"e your !ey at reception.

8. +n


on the ceiling# on the all# on the door# on the ta0le# on her nose# on the $loor# on a page

, I sat on the $loor%on the ground on the grass%on a chair%on the 0each.

, There s a dirty mar! on the all on the ceiling%on your nose%on your shirt.

, 2a"e you seen the notice on the notice 0oard%on the door/

, 9ou ll $ind details o$ TO programmes on page se"en (o$ the ne spaper).

. 8ompare in and at:

, There ere a lot o$ people in the shop. It as "ery cro ded.

0ut 5o along this road# then turn le$t at the shop. (some0ody gi"ing directions) 8ompare in and on:

, There is some ater in the 0ottle.

0ut There is a la0el on the 0ottle.

8ompare at and on:

, There is some0ody at the door. Shall I go and see ho it is/

0ut There is a notice on the door. It says o not distur0 .

;p?BC

= >8IS S

1??.1 Ans er the Fuestions a0out the pictures. Use in# at or on ith the ords 0elo the pictures.

(0ottle)# (tra$$ic lights)# (arm)# (door)# (Paris)# ( all)# (top% 0ottom %stairs)# (gate)# (end%Fueue)# (0each)



1. -here s the la0el/ R+n the 0ottle.R

?. -here is the car aiting/ @@@.

<. -here s the $ly/ @@@. B. a. -here s the notice/ @@@.

0. -here s the !ey/ @@@.

C. -here s the i$$el To er/. @@@.

D. -here are the shel"es/ @@@.

E. a. -here s the oman standing/ @@@.

0. And the cat/ @@@.

G. a. -here s the man standing/ @@@.

0. -here s the 0ird/ @@@. L. -here s Tom standing/ @@@.

1M. -here are the children playing/. @@@.

1??.? 8omplete the sentences. Use in# at or on one o$ the $ollo ing:

the indo your co$$ee the mountains that tree my guitar the ri"er the island the next garage

1. oo! at those people s imming Rin the ri"er.R

?. +ne o$ the strings @@@ is 0ro!en.

<. There s something rong ith the car. -e d 0etter stop @@@.

B. -ould you li!e sugar @@@/

C. The lea"es @@@ are a 0eauti$ul colour.

D. ast year e had a onder$ul s!iing holiday @@@.

E. There s no0ody li"ing @@@ It s uninha0ited.

G. 2e spends most o$ the day sitting @@@ and loo!ing outside.

1??.< 8omplete the sentences ith in# at or on.

1. -rite your name RatR the top o$ the page.

?. I li!e that picture hanging @@@ the all the !itchen.

<. There as an accident @@@ the crossroads this morning.

B. I asn t sure hether I had come to the right o$$ice. There as no name @@@ the door.

C. @@@ the end o$ the street there is a path leading to the ri"er.

D. 9ou ll $ind the sports results @@@ the 0ac! page o$ the ne spaper.

E. I ouldn t li!e an o$$ice 4o0. I couldn t spend the hole day sitting @@@ a des!.

G. y 0rother li"es @@@ a small "illage . the south@ est o$ ngland.

L. The man the police are loo!ing $or has a scar @@@ his right chee!.

1M. The headFuarters o$ the company are @@@ ilan.

11. Nicola as earing a sil"er ring @@@ her little $inger.

;p?BD



UNIT 1?< In%at%on (place) (?)

A. In -e say that some0ody%something is:

in a line%in a ro %in a Fueue%in a street

in a photograph%in a picture%(loo! at yoursel$) in a mirror

in the s!y%in the orld

in a 0oo!%in a ne spaper%in a magaKine%in a letter (0ut on a page )

, -hen I go to the cinema# I pre$er to sit in the $ront ro .

, I li"e in Jing Street. Sarah li"es in ueen Street.

, -ho is the oman in that photograph/ (not on that photograph ) , 2a"e you seen this article in the paper ('ne spaper)/

, It as a lo"ely day. There asn t a cloud in the s!y.

. +n

-e say that some0ody%something is:

on the le$t%on the right

on the ground $loor%on the $irst $loor%on the second $loor etc.

on a map%on the menu (in a restaurant)%on a list# on a $arm

, In ritain e dri"e on the le$t. (or . on the le$t@hand side.)

, +ur $lat is on the second $loor o$ the 0uilding.

, 2ere s a shopping list. on t 0uy anything that s not on the list.

, 2a"e you e"er or!ed on a $arm/

-e say that a place is on a ri"er%on a road%on the coast:

, ondon is on the ri"er Thames.

, Portsmouth is on the south coast o$ ngland. -e say that a place is on the ay to another place:

, -e stopped at a small "illage on the ay to ondon.

8. The corner

-e say in the corner o$ a room # 0ut at the corner (or on the corner) o$ a street :

, The tele"ision is in the corner o$ the room.

, There is a pu0lic telephone at%on the corner o$ the street.

. The $ront and the 0ac!

-e say in the $ront%in the 0ac! o$ a car:

, I as sitting in the 0ac! (o$ the car) hen e crashed.

0ut at the $ront%at the 0ac! o$ a 0uilding%cinema%group o$ people etc.:

, The garden is at the 0ac! o$ the house.

, et s sit at the $ront (o$ the cinema). (0ut in the $ront ro @@see Section A)



, I as standing at the 0ac!# so I couldn t see "ery ell.

Also on the $ront%on the 0ac! o$ a letter%piece o$ paper etc.:

, -rite your name on the 0ac! o$ this en"elope. ;p?BE

= >8IS S

1?<.1 Ans er the Fuestions a0out the pictures. Use in# at or on ith the ords 0elo the pictures.

(Fueue)# (second $loor)# (corner)# (corner)# ($ront)# (0ac!%car)# (mirror)# ($ront)# (0ac! ro )# (le$t%right)# ($arm)

1. -hat s Sue doing/

She s standing Rin a Fueue.R

?. Sue li"es in this 0uilding. -here s her $lat exactly/ @@@.

<. -here is the oman standing/ @@@. B. -here is the man standing/ @@@.

C. -here s the dog/ @@@.

D. -hat s the man doing/

2e s loo!ing @@@.

E. Ann is in this group o$ people. -here is she/ @@@.

G. Tom is at the cinema. -here is he sitting/ @@@.

L. a. -here s the post o$$ice/ @@@.

0. And the 0an!/ @@@.

1M. -here does Jate or!/ @@@.

1?<.? 8omplete the sentences. Use in# at or on one o$ the $ollo ing:

the est coast the orld the $ront ro the right the 0ac! o$ the en"elope the s!y the 0ac! o$ the class

my ay to or!

1. it as a lo"ely day. There asn t a cloud Rin the s!y.R

?. In most countries people dri"e @@@.

<. -hat is the tallest 0uilding @@@/

B. I usually 0uy a ne spaper @@@ in the morning.

C. San 7rancisco is @@@ o$ the United States.

D. -e ent to the theatre last night. -e had seats @@@.

E. I couldn t hear the teacher "ery ell. She spo!e Fuietly and I as sitting @@@.

G. -hen you send a letter# it is a good idea to rite your name and address @@@.

1?<.< 8omplete the sentences ith in# at or on.

1. It can 0e dangerous hen children play @@@ the street.

?. I$ you al! to the end o$ the street# you ll see a small shop @@@ the corner.

<. Is Tom @@@ this photograph/ I can t $ind him.

B. y o$$ice is the $irst $loor. It s @@@ the le$t as you come out o$ the li$t.



C. -e normally use the $ront entrance 0ut there s another entrance @@@ the 0ac!.

D. A: Is there anything interesting @@@ the paper today/

: -ell# there s an unusual photograph @@@ the 0ac! page. E. I lo"e to loo! up at the stars @@@ the s!y at night.

G. (in a restaurant) -here shall e sit/ +"er there# @@@ the corner.

L. -hen I m a passenger in a car# I pre$er to sit @@@ the $ront.

1M. It s a "ery small "illage. 9ou pro0a0ly on t $ind it @@@ your map.

11. Paris is @@@ the ri"er Seine.

;p?BG

UNIT 1?B In%at%on (place) (<)

A. In 0ed%at home etc. -e say that some0ody is in 0ed%in hospital%in prison:

, ar! isn t up yet. 2e s still in 0ed.

, Jay s mother is in hospital.

-e say that some0ody is at home%at or!%at school%at uni"ersity%at college:

, I ll 0e at or! until C.<M 0ut I ll 0e at home all e"ening.

, 3ulia is studying chemistry at uni"ersity.

Also at sea (' on a "oyage). 8ompare at sea and in the sea:

, It as a long "oyage. -e ere at sea $or <M days.

, I lo"e s imming in the sea.

. At a party%at a concert etc.

-e say that some0ody is at an e"ent (at a party%at a con$erence etc.):

, -ere there many people at the party%at the meeting/

, I sa 3ac! at a $oot0all match%at a concert last Saturday.

8. In and at $or 0uildings

9ou can o$ten use in or at ith 0uildings. 7or example# you can eat in a restaurant or at a restaurant. -e

usually say at hen e say here an e"ent ta!es place ($or example# a concert# a $ilm# a party# a meeting# a

sports e"ent):

, -e ent to a concert at the >oyal 7esti"al 2all.

, The meeting too! place at the company s headFuarters.

, The $ilm I ant to see is sho ing at the +deon (cinema).

-e say at the station%at the airport:

, on t meet me at the station. I can get a taxi.

-e say at some0ody s house:

, I as at 3udy s house last night. or I as at 3udy s last night.

Also: at the doctor s# at the hairdresser s etc.



-e use in hen e are thin!ing a0out the 0uilding itsel$:

, The rooms in 3udy s house are "ery small. (not at 3udy s house )

, I en4oyed the $ilm 0ut it as "ery cold in the cinema. (not at the cinema ) . In and at $or to ns etc.

-e normally use in ith cities# to ns and "illages:

, Tom s parents li"e in Nottingham. (not at Nottingham )

, The ou"re is a $amous art museum in Paris. (not at Paris )

ut you can use at or in hen you thin! o$ the place as a point or station on a 4ourney:

, o you !no i$ this train stops at (or in) Nottingham/ ('at Nottingham station)

, -e stopped at (or in) a small "illage on the ay to ondon.

. +n a 0us%in a car etc. -e usually say on a 0us%on a train%on a plane%on a ship 0ut in a car%in a taxi:

, The 0us as "ery $ull. There ere too many people on it.

, 5eorge arri"ed in a taxi.

-e say on a 0icycle%on a motorcycle%on a horse:

, ary passed me on her 0icycle.

7or 0y 0us%0y car%0y 0icycle etc.# see Unit 1?E.

;p?BL

= >8IS S

1?B.1 8omplete the sentences a0out the pictures. Use in# at or on ith the ords 0elo the pictures.

(the airport) (a train) (a con$erence) (hospital) (the hairdresser) (her 0icycle)#(Ne 9or!) (the National

Theatre)

1. 9ou can hire a car Rat the airport.R

?. a"e is @@@.

<. Tessa is @@@.

B. artinis @@@.

C. 3udy is @@@.

D. I sa ary @@@.

E. -e spent a $e days @@@.

G. -e sa a play @@@.

1?B.? 8omplete the sentences. Use in# at or on one o$ the $ollo ing:

sea hospital 0ed the station the cinema the plane school prison the airport the Sports 8entre

1. y train arri"es at 11.<M. 8an you meet me Rat the station/R

?. I didn t $eel "ery ell hen I o!e up# so I stayed @@@.

<. I thin! I d li!e to see a $ilm. -hat s on @@@ this ee!/

B. Some people are @@@ $or crimes that they did not commit.



C. -hat does your sister do/ 2as she got a 4o0/ No# she s still @@@.

D. I play 0as!et0all @@@ on 7riday e"enings.

E. A $riend o$ mine as in4ured in an accident a $e days ago. She s still @@@. G. +ur $light as delayed. -e had to ait @@@ $or $our hours.

L. I en4oyed the $light 0ut the $ood @@@ asn t "ery nice.

1M. ill or!s on ships. 2e is a ay @@@ most o$ the time.

1?B.< 8omplete these sentences ith in# at or on.

1. I didn t see you @@@ the party on Saturday. -here ere you/

?. It as a "ery slo train. It stopped @@@ e"ery station.

<. I don t !no here my um0rella is. Perhaps I le$t it @@@ the 0us.

B. Shall e tra"el @@@ your car or mine/ C. The exhi0ition @@@ the useum o$ odern Art $inished on Saturday.

D. -e stayed a "ery nice hotel hen e ere @@@ Amsterdam.

E. There ere $i$ty rooms @@@ the hotel.

G. Tom is ill. 2e asn t @@@ or! today. 2e as @@@ home @@@ 0ed.

L. I asn t in hen you phoned. I as @@@ my sister s house.

1M. It s al ays too hot @@@ my sister s house. The heating is al ays on too high.

11. I ha"en t seen Jate $or some time. I last sa her @@@ a"e s edding.

1?. Paul li"es @@@ ondon. 2e s a student @@@ ondon Uni"ersity.

;p?CM

UNIT 1?C To%at%in%into

A. -e say go%come%tra"el (etc.) to a place or e"ent. 7or example:

go to America# go to 0ed# ta!e (some0ody) to hospital# return to Italy# go to the 0an!# come to my house#

dri"e to the airport# go to a concert# 0e sent to prison

, -hen are your $riends returning to Italy/ (not returning in Italy )

, A$ter the accident three people ere ta!en to hospital.

In the same ay e say: on my ay to.%a 4ourney to.%a trip to. elcome to. etc.:

, -elcome to our country6 (not elcome in )

8ompare to ($or mo"ement) and in%at ($or position):

, They are going to 7rance. 0ut They li"e in 7rance.

, 8an you come to the party/ 0ut I ll see you at the party.

. een to

-e usually say I "e 0een to a place :

, I "e 0een to Italy $our times 0ut I "e ne"er 0een to >ome.

, Ann has ne"er 0een to a $oot0all match in her li$e.

, 3ac! has got some money. 2e has 4ust 0een to the 0an!.



8. 5et and arri"e

-e say get to a place :

, -hat time did they get to ondon%get to or!%get to the party/ ut e say arri"e in ... or arri"e at ... (not arri"e to ).

-e say arri"e in a country or to n%city :

, -hen did they arri"e in ritain%arri"e in ondon/

7or other places (0uildings etc.) or e"ents# e say arri"e at :

, -hat time did they arri"e at the hotel%arri"e at the party%arri"e at or!/

. 2ome

-e do not say to home . -e say go home%come home%get home%arri"e home%on the ay home etc. (no

preposition): , I m tired. et s go home. (not go to home )

, I met 8aroline on my ay home.

ut e say 0e at home # stay at home # do something at home etc. See Units E<8 and 1?BA.

. into

5o into ... # get into... etc. ' enter (a room%a 0uilding%a car etc.):

, She got into the car and dro"e a ay.

, A 0ird $le into the !itchen through the indo .

-e sometimes use in (instead o$ into):

, on t ait outside. 8ome in the house. (or 8ome into the house.)

Note that e say enter a 0uilding%enter a room etc. (not enter into )

The opposite o$ into is out o$:

, She got out o$ the car and ent into a shop.

Note that e usually say get on%o$$ a 0us%a train%a plane :

, She got on the 0us and I ne"er sa her again.

;p?C1

= >8IS S 1?C.1 Put in to%at%in%into here necessary. I$ no preposition is necessary lea"e an empty

space (@).

1. Three people ere ta!en RtoR hospital a$ter the accident.

?. I met 8aroline on my ay (@) home. (no preposition)

<. -e le$t our luggage @@@ the station and ent to $ind something to eat.

B. Shall e ta!e a taxi@@@ the station or shall e al!/

C. I must go @@@ the 0an! today to change some money.

D. The ri"er >hine $lo s @@@ the North Sea.

E. I m tired. As soon as I get @@@ home# I m going 0ed.

G. 2a"e you got your camera/ No# I le$t it @@@ home.



L. arcel is 7rench. 2e has 4ust returned @@@ 7rance a$ter t o years @@@ raKil.

1M. Are you going @@@ inda s party next ee!/

11. 8arl as 0orn @@@ 8hicago 0ut his $amily mo"ed @@@ Ne 9or! hen he as three. 2e still li"es @@@ Ne9or!.

1?. 2a"e you e"er 0een @@@ 8hina/

1<. I had lost my !ey 0ut I managed to clim0 @@@ the house through a indo .

1B. -e got stuc! in a tra$$ic 4am on our ay @@@ the airport.

1C. -e had lunch @@@ the airport hile e ere aiting $or our plane.

1D. -elcome @@@ the hotel. -e hope you en4oy your stay here.

1E. -hat do you say to someone "isiting your to n or country/ -elcome @@@6

1?C.? 2a"e you 0een to these places/ I$ so# ho many times/ 8hoose three o$ the places and rite asentence using 0een to.

Athens Australia Ireland ondon Paris >ome S eden the United States

1. (example ans ers) RI "e ne"er 0een to Australia.%I "e 0een to Australia three times.R

? @@@.

<. @@@.

B. @@@.

1?C.< Put in to%at%in here necessary. I$ no preposition is necessary lea"e an empty space (@).

1. -hat time does this train get RtoR ondon/

?. -hat time does this train arri"e @@@ ondon/

<. -hat time did you get @@@ home last night/

B. -hat time do you usually arri"e @@@ or! in the morning/

C. -hen e got @@@ the cinema# there as a long Fueue outside.

D. I arri"ed @@@ home $eeling "ery tired.

1?C.B -rite sentences using got into%out o$%on%o$$.

1. 9ou ere al!ing home. A $riend passed you in her car. She sa you# stopped and o$$ered you a li$t. She

opened the door. -hat did you do/ RI got into the car.R

?. 9ou ere aiting $or the 0us. At last your 0us came. The doors opened. -hat did you do then/ I @@@.

<. 9ou dro"e home in your car. 9ou arri"ed at your house and par!ed the car. -hat did you do then/ @@@.

B. 9ou ere tra"elling 0y train to anchester. -hen the train got to anchester# hat did you do/ @@@.

C. 9ou needed a taxi. A$ter a $e minutes a taxi stopped $or you. 9ou opened the door. -hat did you do

then/ @@@.

D. 9ou ere tra"elling 0y air. At the end o$ your $light the plane landed at the airport and stopped. The doors

ere opened# you too! your 0ag and stood up. -hat did you do then/ @@@.

;p?C?

UNIT 1?D +n%in%at (other uses)



A. +n holiday etc.

(0e%go) on holiday%on 0usiness%on a trip%on a tour%on a cruise etc.:

, Tom s a ay at the moment. 2e s on holiday in 7rance. (not in holiday ) , id you go to 5ermany on 0usiness or on holiday/

, +ne day I d li!e to go on a orld tour.

Note that you can also say: go to a place $or a holiday%$or my holiday(s) :

, Tom has gone to 7rance $or a holiday. (not $or holiday )

, -here are you going $or your holidays next summer/

. +ther expressions ith on

on tele"ision%on the radio:

, I didn t atch the ne s on tele"ision# 0ut I heard it on the radio. on the phone%telephone: , 9ou can t phone me. I m not on the phone. (' I ha"en t got a phone.)

, I "e ne"er met her 0ut I "e spo!en to her on the phone.

(0e%go) on stri!e%on a diet:

, There are no trains today. The rail ay or!ers are on stri!e.

, I "e put on a lot o$ eight. I ll ha"e to go on a diet.

(0e) on $ire:

, oo!6 That car is on $ire6

on the hole (' in general):

, Sometimes I ha"e pro0lems at or! 0ut on the hole I en4oy my 4o0.

on purpose (' intentionally):

, I m sorry. I didn t mean to annoy you. I didn t do it on purpose.

ut: 0y mista!e%0y chance%0y accident (see Unit 1?E).

8. xpressions ith in

in the rain%in the sun ('sunshine)%in the shade%in the dar! in 0ad eather etc.:

, -e sat in the shade. It as too hot to sit in the sun.

, on t go out in the rain. -ait until it stops.

( rite) in in!%in 0iro%in pencil:

, -hen you do the exam# you re not allo ed to rite in pencil.

Also: in ords# in $igures# in +8J TT >S etc.:

, Please $ill in the $orm in 0loc! letters.

(pay) in cash:

, I paid the 0ill in cash. 0ut I paid 0y cheFue 0y credit card (see Unit 1?E).

(0e%$all) in lo"e ( ith some0ody):

, 2a"e you e"er 0een in lo"e ith any0ody/

in (my) opinion:



, In my opinion# the $ilm asn t "ery good.

. At the age o$... etc.

-e say: at the age o$ ...%at a speed o$ ...%at a temperature o$ ... etc. 7or example: , 3ill le$t school at 1D. or ... at the age o$ 1D.

, The train as tra"elling at 1?M miles an hour. or ... at a speed o$ 1?M miles an hour.

, -ater 0oils at 1MM degrees celsius.

;p?C<

= >8IS S

1?D.1 8omplete the sentences using on one o$ the $ollo ing:

0usiness stri!e a tour the hole tele"ision $ire holiday a diet the phone purpose

1. oo!6 That car is R$ree6R Some0ody call the $ire 0rigade. ?. It s di$$icult to contact Sarah 0ecause she s not @@@.

<. -or!ers at the $actory ha"e gone @@@ $or 0etter pay and conditions.

B. Soon a$ter e arri"ed# e ere ta!en @@@ o$ the city.

C. A: I m going @@@ next ee!.

: Are you/ -here are you going/ Some here nice/

D. I $eel laKy this e"ening. Is there anything orth atching @@@/

E. I m sorry. It as an accident. I didn t do it @@@.

G. 5eorge has put on a lot o$ eight recently. I thin! he should go @@@.

L. 3ane s 4o0 in"ol"es a lot o$ tra"elling. She o$ten has to go a ay @@@.

1M. A: 2o did your exams go/

: -ell# there ere some di$$icult Fuestions 0ut @@@ they ere +J.

1?D.? 8omplete the sentences using in one o$ the $ollo ing:

0loc! letters cash my opinion the shade cold eather lo"e pencil

1. 2e li!es to !eep arm# so he doesn t go out much @@@.

?. iane ne"er uses a pen. She al ays rites @@@.

<. They $ell @@@ ith each other almost immediately and ere married in a $e ee!s.

B. Please rite your address clearly# pre$era0ly @@@.

C. I don t li!e the sun. I pre$er to sit @@@.

D. Ann thought the restaurant as +J# 0ut @@@ it asn t "ery good.

E. I hardly e"er use a credit card or cheFues. I pre$er to pay $or things @@@.

1?D.< Put in the correct preposition: on# in# at# or $or.

1. -ater 0oils RatR 1MM degrees celsius.

?. -hen I as 1B# I ent @@@ a trip to 7rance organised 0y my school.

<. I ouldn t li!e his 4o0. 2e spends most o$ his time tal!ing @@@ the phone.

B. 3ulia s grandmother died recently @@@ the age o$ EL.



C. 8an you turn the light on# please/ I don t ant to sit @@@ the dar!.

D. -e didn t go @@@ holiday last year. -e stayed at home.

E. I m going to Scotland @@@ a short holiday next month. G. I on t 0e here next ee!. I ll 0e @@@ holiday.

L. 2e got married @@@ 1E# hich is rather young to get married.

1M. There as an interesting programme @@@ the radio this morning.

11. my opinion# "iolent $ilms should not 0e sho n @@@ tele"ision.

1?. I ouldn t li!e to go @@@ a cruise. I thin! I d get 0ored.

1<. I mustn t eat too much. I m supposed to 0e @@@ a diet.

1B. In ritain# children start school @@@ the age o$ $i"e.

1C. There as panic hen people realiKed that the 0uilding as @@@ $ire. 1D. The arth tra"els round the Sun @@@ a speed o$ 1ME#MMM !ilometres an hour.

1E. id you en4oy your holiday/ Not e"ery minute# 0ut @@@ the hole# yes.

1G. -hen you rite a cheFue# you ha"e to rite the amount @@@ ords and $igures.

;p?CB

UNIT 1?E y

-e use 0y in a num0er o$ di$$erent ays:

A. -e use 0y. in many expressions to say 0o e do something. 7or example# you can:

send something 0y post# do something 0y hand# pay 0y cheFue%0y credit card (0ut pay in cash)

or something can happen 0y mista!e%0y accident%0y chance (0ut do something on purpose):

, id you pay 0y cheFue or in cash/

, -e hadn t arranged to meet. -e met 0y chance.

In these expressions e use 0y noun ithout a or the . -e say 0y chance%0y cheFue etc. (not 0y a

chance%0y a cheFue ).

. In the same ay e use 0y. to say ho some0ody tra"els:

0y car%0y train%0y plane%0y 0oat%0y ship%0y 0us%0y 0icycle etc.

and 0y road%0y rail%0y air%0y sea%0y underground

, iK usually goes to or! 0y 0us.

, o you pre$er to tra"el 0y air or 0y train/

ut e say on $oot :

, id you come here 0y car or on $oot/

9ou cannot use 0y i$ you say my car % the train a taxi etc. -e use 0y noun ithout #a%the%my etc. -e say:

0y car 0ut in my car (not 0y my car )

0y train 0ut on the train (not 0y the train )

-e use in $or cars and taxis:

, They didn t come in their car. They came in a taxi.



-e use on $or 0icycles and pu0lic transport (0uses# trains etc.):

, -e tra"elled on the D.BC train.

8. -e say something is done 0y some0ody%something (passi"e@see Units B1@B<): , 2a"e you e"er 0een 0itten 0y a dog/

, The programme as atched 0y millions o$ people.

8ompare 0y and ith:

, The door must ha"e 0een opened ith a !ey. (not 0y a !ey ) (' some0ody used a !ey to open it)

, The door must ha"e 0een opened 0y some0ody ith a !ey.

-e say a play 0y Sha!espeare # a painting 0y >em0randt # a no"el 0y Tolstoy etc.

, 2a"e you read any 0oo!s 0y Agatha 8hristie/

. y also means next to%0eside: , 8ome and sit 0y me. (' 0eside me)

, -here s the light s itch/ y the door.

. Note the $ollo ing use o$ 0y ...:

, 8lare s salary has 4ust gone up $rom 1#MMM pounds a month to 1#1MM pounds. So it has increased 0y 1MM

pounds%0y ten per cent.

, 3ohn and >oger had a race o"er 1MM metres. >oger on 0y a0out $i"e metres.

;p?CC

= >8IS S

1?E.1 8omplete the sentences using 0y one o$ the $ollo ing:

chance chance cheFue hand #mista!e satellite

1. -e hadn t arranged to meet. -e met R0y chance.R

?. I didn t intend to ta!e your um0rella. I too! it @@@.

<. I didn t put the pullo"er in the ashing machine. I ashed it @@@.

B# I$ you ha"en t got any cash# you can pay @@@.

C. The t o cities ere connected @@@ $or a tele"ision programme.

D. I ne"er suspected anything. It as only @@@ that I $ound out hat had happened.

1?E.? Put in 0y# in or on.

1. iK usually goes to or! R0yR 0us.

?. I sa 3ane this morning. She as @@@ the 0us.

<. 2o did you get here/ id you come @@@ train/

B. 2o did you get here/ id you come @@@ the train/

C. I decided not to go @@@ car. I ent @@@ my 0i!e instead.

D. I didn t $eel li!e al!ing home# so I came home @@@ a taxi.

E. Sorry e re late. -e missed the 0us# so e had to come @@@ $oot.

G. 2o long does it ta!e to cross the Atlantic @@@ sea/



1?E.< -rite three sentences li!e the examples. -rite a0out a 0oo!# a song# a painting# a $ilm etc.

1. R -ar and Peace is a 0oo! 0y Tolstoy.R

?. R >omeo and 3uliet is a play 0y Sha!espeare.R <. @@@.

B. @@@.

C. @@@.

1?E.B Put in the correct preposition: 0y# in# on or ith.

1. -ho is that man standing @@@ the indo /

?. I managed to put the $ire out @@@ a $ire extinguisher.

<. The plane as 0adly damaged @@@ lightning.

B. These photographs ere ta!en @@@ a $riend o$ mine. C. These photographs ere ta!en @@@ a "ery good camera.

D. I don t mind going @@@ car 0ut I don t ant to go your car.

E. Shall e get a taxi or shall e go @@@ $oot/

G. -hat s that music/ I !no it s @@@ eetho"en 0ut I can t remem0er hat it s called.

L. There as a small ta0le @@@ the 0ed a lamp and a cloc! it.

1M. +ur team lost the game only 0ecause o$ a mista!e @@@ one o$ our players.

1?E.C 8omplete the sentences using 0y.

1. 8lare s salary as 1#MMM pounds a month. No it is 1#1MM pounds.

2er salary Rhas increased 0y 1MM pounds a month.R

?. y daily ne spaper used to cost CM pence. 7rom today it costs DM pence.

The price has gone up @@@.

<. There as an election. 2elen got ?C "otes and Norman got ?<.

2elen on @@@.

B. I ent to Jate s house to see her 0ut she had gone out $i"e minutes 0e$ore I arri"ed.

I missed @@@.

;p?CD

UNIT 1?G Noun preposition (reason $or# cause o$ etc.)

A. Noun $or...

cheFue 7+> (a sum o$ money):

, They sent me a cheFue $or EC pounds.

demand 7+>%a need 7+> ...:

, The $irm closed do n 0ecause there asn t enough demand $or its product.

, There s no excuse $or 0eha"iour li!e that. There s no need $or it.

reason 7+> ...:

, The train as late 0ut no0ody !ne the reason $or the delay. (not reason o$)



. Noun o$...

an ad"antage%a disad"antage +7 ...:

, The ad"antage o$ li"ing alone is that you can do hat you li!e. 0ut e usually say: there is an ad"antage in (or to) doing something :

, There are many ad"antages in (or to) li"ing alone.

a cause +7 ...:

, No0ody !no s hat the cause o$ the explosion as.

a photograph%a picture%a map%a plan%a dra ing (etc.) +7 ...:

, She sho ed me some photographs o$ her $amily.

, I had a map o$ the to n# so I as a0le to $ind my ay around.

8. Noun in... an increase%a decrease%a rise%a $all IN (prices etc.):

, There has 0een an increase in the num0er o$ road accidents recently.

, ast year as a 0ad year $or the company. There as a 0ig $all in sales.

. Noun to ...

damage T+ ...:

, The accident as my $ault# so I had to pay $or the damage to the other car.

an in"itation T+ ... (a party%a edding etc.):

, id you get an in"itation to the party/

a solution T+ (a pro0lem)%a !ey T+ (a door)%an ans er T+ (a Fuestion)%a reply T+ (a letter)%a reaction T+ ...

, o you thin! e ll $ind a solution to the pro0lem/ (not a solution o$ the pro0lem )

, I as surprised at her reaction to my suggestion.

an attitude T+ ... (or T+-A> S ...):

, 2is attitude to his 3o0 is "ery negati"e. or 2is attitude to ards his 3o0.

. Noun ith ...%0et een ...

a relationship%a connection%contact -IT2 ...:

, o you ha"e a good relationship ith your parents/

, The police ant to Fuestion a man in connection ith the ro00ery.

0ut: a relationship%a connection%contact%a di$$erence T- N t o things or people:

, The police 0elie"e that there is no connection 0et een the t o crimes.

, There are some di$$erences 0et een ritish and American nglish.

;p?CE

= >8IS S

1?G.1 8omplete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the $irst.

1. -hat caused the explosion/ -hat as the cause Ro$ the explosion/R

?. -e re trying to sol"e the pro0lem. -e re trying to $ind a solution @@@.



<. Sue gets on ell ith her 0rother. Sue has a good relationship @@@.

B. Prices ha"e gone up a lot. There has 0een a 0ig increase @@@.

C. I don t !no ho to ans er your Fuestion. I can t thin! o$ an ans er @@@. D. I don t thin! that a ne road is necessary. I don t thin! there is any need @@@.

E. The num0er o$ people ithout 4o0s $ell last month. ast month there as a $all @@@.

G. No0ody ants to 0uy shoes li!e these any more. There is no demand @@@.

L. In hat ay is your 4o0 di$$erent $rom mine/ -hat is the di$$erence @@@/

1?G.? 8omplete the sentences using one o$ the $ollo ing nouns the correct preposition.

cause connection in"itation map reason damage contact !ey pictures reply

1. +n the all there ere some pictures and a Rmap o$R the orld.

?. Than! you $or the @@@ your party next ee!. <. Since she le$t home t o years ago# she has had little @@@ her $amily.

B. I can t open this door. 2a"e you got a @@@ the other door/

C. The @@@ the $ire at the hotel last night is still un!no n.

D. I rote to 3im last ee!# 0ut I still ha"en t recei"ed a @@@ my letter.

E. The t o companies are completely independent. There is no @@@ them.

G. 3ane sho ed me some old @@@ the city as it loo!ed 1MM years ago.

L. 8arol has decided to gi"e up her 4o0. I don t !no her @@@ doing this.

1M. It asn t a 0ad accident. The @@@ the car asn t serious.

1?G.< 8omplete the sentences ith the correct preposition.

1. There are some di$$erences R0et eenR ritish and American nglish.

?. "erything can 0e explained. There s a reason @@@ e"erything.

<. I$ I gi"e you the camera# can you ta!e a photograph @@@ me/

B. oney isn t the solution @@@ e"ery pro0lem.

C. There has 0een an increase @@@ the amount o$ tra$$ic using this road.

D. -hen I opened the en"elope# I as delighted to $ind a cheFue @@@ CMM pounds.

E. The ad"antage @@@ ha"ing a car is that you don t ha"e to rely on pu0lic transport.

G. There are many ad"antages @@@ 0eing a0le to spea! a $oreign language.

L. -hen Paul le$t home# his attitude @@@ his parents seemed to change.

1M. ill and I used to 0e good $riends 0ut I don t ha"e much contact @@@ him no .

11. There has 0een a sharp rise @@@ the cost o$ li"ing in the past $e years.

1?. I m sorry I ha"en t ritten to you $or so long. The reason @@@ this is that I "e 0een ill.

1<. -hat as mma s reaction @@@ the ne s/

1B. Jen sho ed me a photograph @@@ the house here he li"ed as a child.

1C. The company has re4ected the or!ers demands @@@ a rise pay.



1D. -hat as the ans er @@@ Fuestion < in the test/

1E. The $act that 3ane as o$$ered a 4o0 has no connection @@@ the $act that her cousin is the managing

director. ;p?CG

UNIT 1?L Ad4ecti"e preposition (1)

A. It as nice o$ you to ...

nice%!ind%good%generous%polite%silly%stupid etc. +7 some0ody (to do something):

, Than! you. It as "ery nice%!ind o$ you to help me.

, It is stupid o$ her to go out ithout a coat in such cold eather.

0ut (0e) nice%!ind%good%generous%polite%$riendly%cruel etc. T+ some0ody:

, They ha"e al ays 0een "ery nice%!ind to me. (not ith me ) , -hy ere you so un$riendly to Tessa/

. Ad4ecti"e a0out% ith

angry%annoyed%$urious A +UT something

angry%annoyed%$urious -IT2 some0ody 7+> doing something

, It s stupid to get angry a0out things that don t matter.

, Are you annoyed ith me $or 0eing late/

excited% orried%upset%ner"ous%happy etc. A +UT something:

, Are you excited a0out going on holiday next ee!/

, 8arol is upset a0out not 0eing in"ited to the party.

delighted%pleased%satis$ied%disappointed -IT2 something:

, I as delighted ith the present you ga"e me.

, -ere you disappointed ith your exam results/Y

8. Ad4ecti"e at%0y% ith

surprised%shoc!ed%amaKed%astonished AT% 9 something:

, "ery0ody as surprised at (or 0y) the ne s.

, I hope you eren t shoc!ed 0y (or at) hat I said.

impressed -IT2% 9 some0ody%something:

, I m "ery impressed ith (or 0y) her nglish. It s "ery good.

$ed up%0ored -IT2 something:

, I don t en4oy my 4o0 any more. I m $ed up ith it.%I m 0ored ith it.Y

. sorry a0out%$or

sorry A +UT something:

, I m sorry a out t e noise last night. -e ere ha"ing a party.

0ut usually sorry 7+> doing something:

, I m sorry $or shouting at you yesterday.



C. They didn t reply to our letter# hich asn t "ery polite @@@ them.

D. -e al ays ha"e the same $ood e"ery day. I m $ed up @@@ it.

E. I can t understand people ho are cruel @@@ animals. G. -e en4oyed our holiday# 0ut e ere a 0it disappointed @@@ the hotel.

L. I as surprised @@@ the ay he 0eha"ed. It as completely out o$ character.

1M. I "e 0een trying to learn Spanish 0ut I m not "ery satis$ied @@@ my progress.

11. inda doesn t loo! "ery ell. I m orried @@@ her.

1?. Are you angry @@@ hat happened/

1<. I m sorry @@@ hat I said. I hope you re not angry @@@ me.

1B. The people next door are $urious @@@ us ma!ing so much noise last night.

1C. 3ill starts her ne 4o0 next ee!. She s Fuite excited @@@ it. 1D. I m sorry @@@ the smell o$ paint in this room. I "e 4ust decorated it.

1E. I as shoc!ed @@@ hat I sa . I d ne"er seen anything li!e it 0e$ore.

1G. The man e inter"ie ed $or the 4o0 as intelligent 0ut e eren t "ery impressed @@@ his appearance.

1L. Are you still upset @@@ hat I said to you yesterday/

?M. 2e said he as sorry @@@ the situation 0ut there as nothing he could do.

?1. I $elt sorry @@@ the children hen e ent on holiday. It rained e"ery day and they had to spend most o$

the time indoors.

;p?DM

UNIT 1<M Ad4ecti"e preposition (?)

A. Ad4ecti"e o$ (1)

a$raid%$rightened%terri$ied%scared +7 ...:

, Are you a$raid o$ dogs/ 9es# I m terri$ied o$ them.

$ond%proud%ashamed%4ealous%en"ious +7 ....:

, -hy are you al ays so 4ealous o$ other people/

suspicious%critical%tolerant +7 ...:

, 2e didn t trust me. 2e as suspicious o$ my intentions.

. Ad4ecti"e o$ (?)

a are%conscious +7 ...

, id you !no he as married/ No# I asn t a are o$ that.

capa0le%incapa0le +7 ...

, I m sure you are capa0le o$ passing the examination.

$ull +7.%short +7 ...

, The letter I rote as $ull o$ mista!es. (not $ull ith )

, I m a 0it short o$ money. 8an you lend me some/

typical +7 ...



, 2e s late again. It s typical o$ him to !eep e"ery0ody aiting.

tired +7 ...:

, 8ome on# let s go6 I m tired o$ aiting. (' I "e had enough o$ aiting) certain%sure +7 or A +UT ...:

, I thin! she s arri"ing this e"ening 0ut I m not sure o$ that. (or . sure a0out that.)

8. Ad4ecti"e at% to% $rom% in% on% ith %$or

good%0ad%excellent%0rilliant%hopeless (etc.) AT ...:

, I m not "ery good at repairing things. (not good in repairing things )

married%engaged T+ ...:

, inda is married to an American. (not married ith )

0ut , inda is married ith three children. she is married and has three children) similar T+ ...:

, 9our riting is similar to mine.

di$$erent 7>+ (or T+) ...:

, The $ilm as di$$erent $rom hat I d expected. (or ... di$$erent to hat I d expected.)

interested IN ...:

, Are you interested in art/

!een +N ...:

, -e stayed at home 0ecause 8athy asn t "ery !een on going out.

dependent +N ... (0ut independent +7 ... ):

, I don t ant to 0e dependent on any0ody.

cro ded -IT2 (people etc.):

, The city centre as cro ded ith tourists. (0ut $ull o$ tourists )

$amous 7+> ...:

, The Italian city o$ 7lorence is $amous $or its art treasures.

responsi0le 7+> ...:

, -ho as responsi0le $or all that noise last night/

;p?D1

= >8IS S

1<M.1 8omplete the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the $irst one.

1. There ere lots o$ tourists in the city centre. The city centre as cro ded R ith tourists.R

?. There as a lot o$ $urniture in the room. The room as $ull @@@.

<. I don t li!e sport "ery much. I m not "ery !een @@@.

B. -e ha"en t got enough time. -e re a 0it short @@@.

C. I m not a "ery good tennis player. I m not "ery good @@@.

D. 8atherine s hus0and is >ussian. 8atherine is married @@@.



E. I don t trust >o0ert. I m suspicious @@@.

G. y pro0lem is not the same as yours. y pro0lem is di$$erent @@@.

1<M.? 8omplete the sentences ith one o$ the $ollo ing ad4ecti"es the correct preposition: a$raid di$$erent interested proud responsi0le similar sure

1. I thin! she s arri"ing this e"ening 0ut I m not Rsure o$R that.

?. 9our camera is @@@ mine 0ut it isn t exactly the same.

<. on t orry. I ll loo! a$ter you. There s nothing to 0e @@@.

B. o you ant to atch the ne s on tele"ision/ No# I m not @@@ the ne s.

C. The editor is the person ho is @@@ hat appears in a ne spaper.

D. rs a"is is a "ery !een gardener. She s "ery @@@ her garden and lo"es sho ing it to "isitors.

E. I as surprised hen I met her $or the $irst time. She as @@@ hat I expected. 1<M.< Put in the correct preposition.

1. The letter I rote as $ull Ro$R mista!es.

?. y home to n is not especially interesting. It s not $amous @@@ anything.

<. Jate is "ery $ond @@@ her younger 0rother.

B. I don t li!e going up ladders. I m a$raid @@@ heights.

C. 9ou loo! 0ored. 9ou don t seem interested @@@ hat I m saying.

D. id you !no that iK is engaged @@@ a $riend o$ mine/

E. I m not ashamed @@@ hat I did. In $act I m Fuite proud @@@ it.

G. I suggested e should all go out $or a meal 0ut no0ody else as !een @@@ the idea.

L. These days e"ery0ody is a are @@@ the dangers o$ smo!ing.

1M. The station plat$orm as cro ded @@@ people aiting $or the train.

11. She s much more success$ul than I am. Sometimes I $eel a 0it 4ealous @@@ her.

1?. I m tired @@@ doing the same thing e"ery day. I need a change.

1<. o you !no anyone ho might 0e interested @@@ 0uying an old car/

1B. -e "e got plenty to eat. The $ridge is $ull @@@ $ood.

1C. She is a "ery honest person. I don t thin! she is capa0le @@@ telling a lie.

1D. I m not surprised she changed her mind at the last moment. That s typical @@@ her.

1E. +ur house is similar @@@ yours. Perhaps yours is a 0it larger.

1G. 3ohn has no money o$ his o n. 2e s totally dependent @@@ his parents.

1<M.B -rite sentences a0out yoursel$. Are you good at these things or not/ Use:

0rilliant "ery good Fuite good not "ery good hopeless

1. (repairing things) RI m not "ery good at repairing things.R

?. (telling 4o!es) @@@.

<. (mathematics) @@@.

B. (remem0ering names) @@@.



;p?D?

UNIT 1<1 Oer0 preposition (1) at and to

A. Oer0 at loo!%ha"e a loo!%stare%glance (etc.) AT ...:

, -hy are you loo!ing at me li!e that/

laugh%smile AT ...:

, I loo! stupid ith this haircut. "ery0ody ill laugh at me.

aim%point (something) AT...# shoot%$ire (a gun) AT... (' in the direction o$ ):

, on t point that !ni$e at me. It s dangerous.

, -e sa some people ith guns shooting at 0irds.

. Oer0 to tal!%spea! T+ (some0ody) ( ith is also possi0le 0ut less usual):

, -ho as that man you ere tal!ing to/

, 8an I spea! to 3ane# please/

listen T+ ...:

, -e spent the e"ening listening to music. (not listening music )

rite (a letter) T+ ...:

, Sorry I ha"en t ritten to you $or such a long time.

0ut phone%telephone some0ody (no preposition):

, id you phone your $ather yesterday/ (not phone to your $ather )

in"ite (some0ody) T+ (a party%a edding etc.):

, They only in"ited a $e people to their edding.

8. Some "er0s can 0e $ollo ed 0y at or to# ith a di$$erence o$ meaning. 7or example:

shout AT some0ody ( hen you are angry):

, She got "ery angry and started shouting at me.

shout T+ some0ody (so that they can 0ear you):

, She shouted to me $rom the other side o$ the street.

thro something AT some0ody%something (in order to 0it them):

, Some0ody thre an egg at the minister.

thro something T+ some0ody ($or some0ody to catch):

, 3udy shouted 8atch6 and thre the !eys to me $rom the indo .

. xplain%descri0e%apologiKe

-e say explain something (T+ some0ody):

, 8an you explain this ord to me/ (not explain me this ord )

also: explain (to some0ody) that% hat%ho % hy ... :

, I explained to them hat I anted them to do. (not I explained them )



escri0e is similar:

, et me descri0e to you hat I sa .

Note that e say apologiKe T+ some0ody ($or ...) : , 2e apologiKed to me. (not 2e apologiKed me )

0ut than! some0ody ($or something) # as! some0ody ($or something) :

, 2e as!ed me $or money. (not 2e as!ed to me )

;p?D<

= >8IS S

1<1.1 8omplete the sentences. 8hoose one o$ the $ollo ing "er0s (in the correct $orm) the correct

preposition:

explain in"ite laugh listen point glance spea! thro thro rite 1. I loo! stupid ith this haircut. "ery0ody ill Rlaugh atR me.

?. I don t understand hat this means. 8an you RexplainR it RtoR me/

<. I @@@ my atch to see hat the time as.

B. -e "e 0een @@@ the party 0ut un$ortunately e can t go.

C. Please @@@ me6 I "e got something important to tell you.

D. on t @@@ stones @@@ the 0irds6 It s cruel.

E. I$ you don t ant to eat that sand ich# @@@ it @@@ the 0irds. They ll eat it.

G. Sally and Je"in had an argument and no they re not @@@ one another.

L. I @@@ 3oanna last ee! 0ut she hasn t replied to my letter yet.

1M. e care$ul ith those scissors6 on t @@@ them @@@ me6

1<1.? Put in to or at here necessary.

1. They only in"ited a $e people RtoR their edding.

?. oo! @@@ these $lo ers. Aren t they pretty/

<. Please don t shout @@@ me6 e nice to me6

B. I sa Sue as I as cycling along the road. I shouted @@@ her 0ut she didn t hear me.

C. on t listen @@@ hat he says. 2e doesn t !no hat he s tal!ing a0out.

D. 8an I spea! @@@ you $or a moment/ There s something I ant to as! you.

E. o you thin! I could ha"e a loo! @@@ your ne spaper# please/

G. I m a 0it lonely. I need some0ody to tal! @@@.

L. She as so angry she thre a chair @@@ me.

1M. The oman sitting opposite me on the train !ept staring @@@ me.

1<1.< 9ou as! some0ody to explain some things that you don t understand. -rite sentences using explain

(something) to me or explain to me (ho % hat ... etc.).

1. (I don t understand this ord.) R8an you explain this ord to me/R

?. (I don t understand hat you mean.) R8an you explain to me hat you mean/R



<. (I don t understand this Fuestion.) 8an you explain @@@.

B. (I don t understand the system.) 8an @@@.

C. (I don t understand ho this machine or!s.) @@@. D. (I don t understand hat your pro0lem is.) @@@.

1<1.B Put in to here necessary. I$ the sentence is already complete# lea"e an empty space (@)

1. I !no ho she is 0ut I "e ne"er spo!en RtoR her.

?. 5eorge on t 0e a0le to help you# so there s no point in as!ing (@) him.

<. I li!e to listen @@@ the radio hile I m ha"ing 0rea!$ast.

B. -e d 0etter phone @@@ the restaurant to reser"e a ta0le.

C. I apologiKed @@@ ridget $or the misunderstanding.

D. on t $orget to rite @@@ me hile you re a ay. E. I than!ed @@@ e"ery0ody $or all the help they had gi"en me.

G. I explained @@@ e"ery0ody hat they had to do.

L. i!e descri0ed @@@ me ho the accident happened.

1M. I d li!e to as! @@@ you some Fuestions.

;p?DB

UNIT 1<? Oer0 preposition (?) a0out%$or%o$%a$ter

A. Oer0 a0out

tal! A +UT ...%read A+UT ...%tell some0ody A+UT ...%ha"e a discussion A +UT...

, -e tal!ed a0out a lot o$ things at the meeting.

0ut discuss something (no preposition):

, -e discussed a lot o$ things at the meeting. (not discussed a0out )

also: do something A+UT something (' do something to impro"e a 0ad situation):

, I$ you re orried a0out the pro0lem# you should do something a0out it.

. 8are a0out# care $or and ta!e care o$

care A+UT some0ody%something (' thin! that some0ody%something is important):

, 2e s "ery sel$ish. 2e doesn t care a0out other people.

-e say care hat% here%ho (etc.) ( ithout a0out ):

, 9ou can do hat you li!e. I don t care hat you do.

care 7+> some0ody%something:

i) ' li!e something (usually in Fuestions and negati"e sentences):

, -ould you care $or a cup o$ co$$ee/ (' -ould you li!e .../)

, I don t care $or "ery hot eather. (' I don t li!e ...)

ii) ' loo! a$ter some0ody:

, Al0ert is GC and li"es alone. 2e needs some0ody to care $or him.

ta!e care +7 ... (' loo! a$ter):



, 2a"e a nice holiday. Ta!e care o$ yoursel$6 (' loo! a$ter yoursel$)

8. Oer0 $or

as! (some0ody) 7+>... , I rote to the company as!ing them $or more in$ormation a0out the 4o0.

0ut , I as!ed her a Fuestion.%They as!ed me the ay to the station. (no preposition)

apply (T+ a person# a company etc.) 7+> (a 4o0 etc.):

, I thin! this 4o0 ould suit you. -hy don t you apply $or it/

ait 7+> ...% ait 7+> something to happen:

, on t ait $or me. I ll 4oin you later.

, I m not going out yet. I m aiting $or the rain to stop.

search (a person%a place%a 0ag etc.) 7+> ...: , I "e searched (the house) $or my !eys 0ut I still can t $ind them.

lea"e (a place) 7+> (another place):

, I ha"en t seen her since she le$t (home) $or or! this morning. (not le$t to or! )

. oo! $or and loo! a$ter

loo! 7+> ... (' search $or# try to $ind):

, I "e lost my !eys. 8an you help me to loo! $or them/

loo! A7T > ... (' ta!e care o$):

, Al0ert is GC and li"es alone. 2e needs some0ody to loo! a$ter him. (not loo! $or )

, 9ou can 0orro this 0oo! i$ you promise to loo! a$ter it.

;p?DC

= >8IS S

1<?.1 Put in the correct preposition. I$ no preposition is needed# lea"e the space empty (@)

1. I m not going out yet. I m aiting R$orR the rain to Stop.

?. 9ou re al ays as!ing me @@@ money. As! some0ody else $or a change.

<. I "e applied @@@ a 4o0 at the $actory. I don t !no i$ I ll get it.

B. I$ I ant a 4o0 at the $actory# ho do I apply @@@/

C. I "e searched e"ery here @@@ 3ohn 0ut I ha"en t 0een a0le to $ind him.

D. I don t ant to tal! @@@ hat happened last night. et s $orget it.

E. I don t ant to discuss @@@ hat happened last night. et s $orget it.

G. -e had an interesting discussion @@@ the pro0lem 0ut e didn t reach a decision.

L. -e discussed @@@ the pro0lem 0ut e didn t reach a decision.

1M. I don t ant to go out yet. I m aiting @@@ the post to arri"e.

11. Jeith and Sonia are touring urope. They re in >ome at the moment# 0ut tomorro they lea"e @@@ Oenice.

1?. The roo$ o$ the house is in "ery 0ad condition. I thin! e ought to do something @@@ it.

1<. -e aited @@@ 3im $or hal$ an hour 0ut he ne"er came.



1B. Tomorro morning I ha"e to catch a plane. I m lea"ing my house @@@ the airport at E.<M.

1<?.? 8omplete the sentences ith one o$ the $ollo ing "er0s (in the correct $orm) preposition:

apply as! do lea"e loo! search tal! ait 1. Police are Rsearching $orR the man ho escaped $rom prison.

?. -e re still @@@ a reply to our letter. -e ha"en t heard anything yet.

<. 5eorge li!es his 4o0 0ut he doesn t @@@ it much.

B. -hen I d $inished my meal# I @@@ the aiter . the 0ill.

C. Jate is unemployed. She has @@@ se"eral 4o0s 0ut she hasn t had any luc!.

D. I$ something is rong# hy don t you @@@ something it/

E. inda s car is "ery old 0ut it s in excellent condition. She @@@ it ell.

G. iane is $rom oston 0ut no she li"es in Paris. She @@@ oston @@@ Parishen she as 1L.

1<?.< Put in the correct preposition a$ter care. I$ no preposition is needed# lea"e the space empty (@)

1. 2e s "ery sel$ish. 2e doesn t care Ra0outR other people.

?. Are you hungry/ -ould you care @@@ something to eat/

<. She doesn t care @@@ the examination. She s not orried hether she passes or $alls.

B. Please let me 0orro your camera. I promise I ll ta!e good care @@@ it.

C. o you li!e this coat/ Not really. I don t care @@@ the colour.

D. on t orry a0out arranging our holiday. I ll ta!e care @@@ that.

E. I ant to ha"e a good holiday. I don t care @@@ the cost.

G. I ant to ha"e a good holiday. I don t care @@@ ho much it costs.

1<?.B 8omplete the sentences ith loo! $or or loo! a$ter. Use the correct $orm o$ loo!.

1. I Rloo!ed $orR my !eys 0ut I couldn t $ind them any here.

?. Jate is @@@ a 4o0. I hope she $inds one soon.

<. -ho @@@ you hen you ere ill/

B. I m @@@ liKa0eth. 2a"e you seen her/

C. All the car par!s ere $ull# so e had to @@@ some here to par!.

D. A 0a0y@sitter is some0ody ho @@@ other people s children.

;p?DD

UNIT 1<< Oer0 preposition (<) a0out and o$

Some "er0s can 0e $ollo ed 0y a0out or o$# usually ith a di$$erence o$ meaning:

A. dream A +UT ...:

, I dreamt a0out you last night. ( hen I as asleep)

dream +7 0eing something%doing something (' imagine):

, I o$ten dream o$ 0eing rich.

, on t tell anyone hat I said. No# I ouldn t dream o$ it. ('I ould ne"er do it)



. hear A +UT ... (' 0e told a0out something):

, id you hear a0out the $ight in the clu0 on Saturday night/

hear +7 ... (' !no that some0ody%something exists): , -ho is Tom adely/ I "e no idea. I "e ne"er heard o$ him. (not heard $rom him )

Also: hear 7>+ ... (' recei"e a letter or phone call $rom some0ody):

, 2a"e you heard $rom 3ane recently/ 9es# I got a letter $rom her a $e days ago.

8. thin! A +UT ... and thin! +7 ...

-hen you thin! A +UT something# you consider it# you concentrate your mind on it:

, 9ou loo! serious. -hat are you thin!ing a0out/

, -ill you lend me the money/ I ll thin! a0out it.

-hen you thin! +7 something# the idea comes to your mind: , 2e told me his name 0ut I can t thin! o$ it no . (not thin! a0out it )

, That s a good idea. -hy didn t I thin! o$ that/ (not thin! a0out that )

-e also use thin! o$ hen e as! or gi"e an opinion:

, -hat did you thin! o$ the $ilm/ I didn t thin! much o$ it.

The di$$erence is sometimes "ery small. +$ten you can use o$ or a0out:

, -hen I m alone# I o$ten thin! o$ (or a0out) you.

9ou can say thin! o$ or thin! a0out doing something ($or possi0le $uture actions):

, y sister is thin!ing o$ (or a0out) going to 8anada. (' she is considering it)

. remind some0ody A +UT ... (' tell some0ody not to $orget):

, I m glad you reminded me a0out the meeting. I had completely $orgotten it.

remind some0ody +7 ... (' cause some0ody to remem0er):

, This house reminds me o$ the one I li"ed in hen I as a child.

, oo! at this photograph o$ >ichard. -ho does he remind you o$/

. complain (T+ some0ody) A+UT ... (' say that you are not satis$ied):

, -e complained to the manager o$ the restaurant a0out the $ood.

complain +7 a pain# an illness etc. (' say that you ha"e a pain etc.):

, -e called the doctor 0ecause 5eorge as complaining o$ a pain in his stomach.

7. arn some0ody +7%A +UT a danger# something 0ad hich might happen:

, "ery0ody has 0een arned o$%a0out the dangers o$ smo!ing.

arn some0ody A +UT some0ody%something hich is dangerous# unusual etc.:

, I !ne he as a strange person. I had 0een arned a0out him. (not arned o$ him )

, Oic!y arned us a0out the tra$$ic. She said it ould 0e 0ad.

;p?DE

= >8IS S

1<<.1 Put in the correct preposition.



1. id you hear Ra0outR hat happened at the party on Saturday/

?. 1 had a strange dream last night. id you/ -hat did you dream @@@/

<. +ur neigh0ours complained @@@ us @@@ the noise e made last night. B. Jen as complaining @@@ pains in his chest# so he ent to the doctor.

C. I lo"e this music. It reminds me @@@ a arm day in spring.

D. 2e lo"es his 4o0. 2e thin!s @@@ his 4o0 all the time# he dreams @@@ it# he tal!s @@@ it and I m $ed up ith

hearing @@@ it.

E. I tried to remem0er the name o$ the 0oo! 0ut I couldn t thin! @@@ it.

G. 3anet arned me @@@ the ater. She said it asn t sa$e to drin!.

L. -e arned our children @@@ the dangers o$ playing in the street.

1<<.? 8omplete the sentences using one o$ the $ollo ing "er0s (in the correct $orm) the correctpreposition:

complain dream hear remind remind remind thin! thin! arn

1. That s a good idea. -hy didn t I Rthin! o$R that/

?. ill is ne"er satis$ied. 2e is al ays @@@ something.

<. I can t ma!e a decision yet. I need time to @@@ your proposal.

B. e$ore you go into the house# I must @@@ you the dog. 2e is "ery aggressi"e sometimes# so 0e care$ul.

C. She s not a ell@!no n singer. Not many people ha"e @@@ her.

D. A: 9ou ouldn t go a ay ithout telling me# ould you/

: +$ course not. I ouldn t @@@ it.

E. I ould ha"e $orgotten my appointment i$ 3ane hadn t @@@ me @@@ it.

G. o you see that man o"er there/ oes he @@@ you @@@ any0ody you !no /

1<<.< 8omplete the sentences using 0ear or heard the correct preposition (a0out%o$%$rom).

1. I "e ne"er Rhear o$R Tom adely. -ho is he/

?. id you @@@ the accident last night/ 9es# Oic!y told me.

<. 3ill used to rite to me Fuite o$ten 0ut I ha"en t @@@ her $or ages no .

B. A: 2a"e you @@@ a riter called -illiam 2udson/

: No# I don t thin! so. -hat sort o$ riter is he/

C. Than! you $or your letter. It as good to @@@ you again.

D. o you ant to @@@ our holiday/ Not no . Tell me later.

E. I li"e in a "ery small to n in the north o$ ngland. 9ou "e pro0a0ly ne"er @@@ it.

1<<.B 8omplete the sentences using thin! a0out or thin! o$. Use the correct $orm o$ thin!.

1. 9ou loo! serious. -hat are you Rthin!ing a0out/R

?. I li!e to ha"e time to ma!e decisions. I li!e to @@@ things care$ully.

<. 2e s a "ery sel$ish person. 2e only @@@ himsel$.

B. I don t !no hat to get Ann $or her 0irthday. 8an you @@@ anything/



C. A: I "e $inished reading the 0oo! you lent me.

: 2a"e you/ -hat did you @@@ it/ id you li!e it/

D. -e re @@@ going out $or a meal this e"ening. -ould you li!e to come/ E. I don t really ant to go out ith Ian tonight. I ll ha"e to @@@ an excuse.

G. 8arol is rather homesic!. She s al ays @@@ her $amily 0ac! home.

L. -hen I as o$$ered the 4o0# I didn t accept immediately. I ent a ay and @@@ it $or a hile. In the end I

decided to ta!e the 4o0.

1M. I don t @@@ much @@@ this co$$ee. It s li!e ater.

;p?DG

UNIT 1<B Oer0 preposition (B) o$%$or%$rom%on A. Oer0 o$

accuse%suspect some0ody +7 ...:

, Sue accused me o$ 0eing sel$ish.

,Three students ere suspected o$ cheating in the examination.

appro"e +7 ...:

, 2is parents don t appro"e o$ hat he does# 0ut they can t stop him.

die +7 (an illness):

, -hat did he die o$/ A heart attac!.

consist +7 ...:

, -e had an enormous meal. It consisted o$ se"en courses.

. Oer0 $or

pay (some0ody) 7+> ...:

, I didn t ha"e enough money to pay (the aiter) $or the meal. (not pay the meal )

0ut pay a 0ill%a $ine%a tax%a $are%rent%a sum o$ money etc. (no preposition):

, I didn t ha"e enough money to pay my telephone 0ill.

than!%$orgi"e some0ody 7+> ...:

, I ll ne"er $orgi"e them $or hat they did.

apologiKe (to some0ody) 7+> ...:

, -hen I realiKed I as rong# I apologiKed (to them) $or my mista!e.

0lame some0ody%something 7+> ...:

, "ery0ody 0lamed me $or the accident.

also: some0ody is to 0lame $or ... :

, "ery0ody said that I as to 0lame $or the accident.

also: 0lame something +N ...:

, "ery0ody 0lamed the accident on me.



8. Oer0 $rom

Su$$er 7>+ (an illness etc.):

, The num0er o$ people su$$ering $rom heart disease has increased. protect some0ody%something 7>+ (or A5AINST) ...:

, Sun oil can protect the s!in $rom the sun. (or . against the sun.)

. Oer0 on

depend +N...%rely +N ...:

, -hat time ill you arri"e/ I don t !no . It depends on the tra$$ic.

, 9ou can rely on 3ill. She al ays !eeps her promises.

9ou can use depend hen% here%ho etc. (Fuestion ords) ith or ithout on:

, Are you going to 0uy it/ It depends ho much it is. (or depends on ho much) li"e +N (money%$ood): , 5eorge s salary is "ery lo . It isn t enough to li"e on.

congratulate (someone) +N ...%compliment (some0ody) +N ...

, I congratulated her on her successM the exam.

;p?DL

= >8IS S

1<B.1 8omplete the second sentence so that it means the same as the $irst.

1. Sue said I as sel$ish. Sue accused me Ro$ 0eing sel$ish.R

?. The misunderstanding as my $ault# so I apologiKed.

I apologiKed @@@.

<. She on the tournament# so I congratulated her.

I congratulated her @@@.

B. 2e has enemies 0ut he has a 0odyguard to protect him.

2e has a 0odyguard to protect him @@@.

C. There are 11 players in a $oot0all team.

A $oot0all team consists @@@.

D. She eats only 0read and eggs. She li"es @@@.

8omplete the second sentence using $or or on. (These sentences all ha"e 0lame.)

E. Jay said that hat happened as 3im s $ault. Jay 0lamed 3im R$or hat happened.R

G. 9ou al ays say e"erything is my $ault. 9ou al ays 0lame me @@@.

L. o you thin! the economic crisis is the $ault o$ the go"ernment/

o you 0lame the go"ernment @@@.

1M. I thin! the increase in "iolent crime is 0ecause o$ tele"ision.

I 0lame the increase in @@@.

No re rite sentences L and 1M using ... to 0lame $or ...

11. (L) o you thin! the go"ernment @@@.



1?. (1M) I thin! that @@@.

1<B.? 8omplete the sentences using one o$ the $ollo ing "er0s (in the correct $orm) the correct

preposition: accuse apologiKe appro"e congratulate depend li"e pay

1. 2is parents don t Rappro"e o$R hat he does# 0ut they can t stop him.

?. -hen you ent to the theatre ith Paul# ho @@@ the tic!ets/

<. It s not "ery pleasant hen you are @@@ something you didn t do.

B. Are you playing tennis tomorro / I hope so. It @@@ the eather.

C. Things are "ery cheap there. 9ou can @@@ "ery little money.

D. -hen I sa a"e# I @@@ him @@@ passing his dri"ing test.

E. 9ou ere "ery rude to 7iona. on t you thin! you should @@@ her/ 1<B.< Put in the correct preposition. I$ no preposition is necessary# lea"e the space empty (@)

1. Three students ere suspected Ro$R cheating in the examination.

?. Sally is o$ten not ell. She su$$ers @@@ "ery 0ad headaches.

<. 9ou !no that you can rely @@@ me i$ you e"er need any help.

B. It is terri0le that some people are dying @@@ hunger hile others eat too much.

C. Are you going to apologiKe @@@ hat you did/

D. The accident as my $ault# so I had to pay @@@ the damage.

E. I didn t ha"e enough money to pay @@@ the 0ill.

G. I complimented her @@@ her nglish. She spo!e $luently and made "ery $e mista!es.

L. She hasn t got a 4o0. She depends @@@ her parents $or money.

1M. I don t !no hether I ll go out tonight. It depends @@@ ho I $eel.

11. They ore arm clothes to protect themsel"es @@@ the cold.

1?. The apartment consists @@@ three rooms# a !itchen and 0athroom.

;p?EM

UNIT 1<C Oer0 preposition (C) in%into% ith%to%on

A. Oer0 in

0elie"e IN ...

, o you 0elie"e in 5od/ ('do you 0elie"e that 5od exists/)

, I 0elie"e in saying hat I thin!. ('I 0elie"e it is right to say hat I thin!)

specialiKe IN ...

, 2elen is a la yer. She specialiKes in company la .

succeed IN ...

, I hope you succeed in $inding the 4o0 you ant.

. Oer0 into

0rea! INT+ ...



, +ur house as 0ro!en into a $e days ago 0ut nothing as stolen.

crash%dri"e%0ump%run INT+ ...

, 2e lost control o$ the car and crashed into a all. di"ide%cut%split something INT+ (t o or more parts):

, The 0oo! is di"ided into three parts.

, 8ut the meat into small pieces 0e$ore $rying it.

translate (a 0oo! etc.) 7>+ one language INT+ another:

, 5eorge +r ell s 0oo!s ha"e 0een translated into many languages.

8. Oer0 ith

collide -IT2 ...

, There as an accident this morning. A 0us collided ith a car. (0ut crashed into ) $ill something -IT2. (0ut$ull o$.@see Unit 1<M ):

, Ta!e this saucepan and $ill it ith ater.

pro"ide%supply some0ody -IT2...

, The school pro"ides all its students ith 0oo!s.

. Oer0 to

happen T+ ...:

, -hat happened to that gold atch you used to ha"e/ (' here is it no /)

pre$er one thing%person T+ another:

, I pre$er tea to co$$ee.

. Oer0 on

concentrate +N ...:

, on t loo! out o$ the indo . 8oncentrate on your or!.

insist +N ...:

, I anted to go alone 0ut they insisted on coming ith me.

spend (money) +N ...:

, 2o much money do you spend on $ood each ee!/

;p?E1

= >8IS S

1<C.1 8omplete the second sentence so that it means the same as the $irst.

1. There as a collision 0et een a 0us and a car. A 0us collided R ith a car.R

?. I don t mind 0ig cities 0ut I pre$er small to ns.

I pre$er @@@.

<. I got all the in$ormation I needed $rom 3ill.

3ill pro"ided me @@@.

B. This morning I 0ought a pair o$ shoes hich cost @ DM.



This morning I spent @@@.

1<C.? 8omplete the sentences using one o$ the $ollo ing "er0s (in the correct $orm) the correct

preposition: 0elie"e concentrate di"ide dri"e $ill happen insist succeed

1. I anted to go alone 0ut Sue Rinsisted onR coming ith me.

?. I ha"en t seen 2arry $or ages. I onder hat has @@@ him.

<. I as dri"ing along hen the car in $ront o$ me stopped suddenly. Un$ortunately# I couldn t stop in time and

@@@ the 0ac! o$ it.

B. It s a "ery large house. It s @@@ $our $lats.

C. I don t @@@ ghosts. I thin! people only imagine that they see them.

D. Ste"e ga"e me an empty 0uc!et and told me to @@@ it @@@ ater. E. on t try and do t o things together @@@ one thing at a time.

G. It asn t easy 0ut in the end e @@@ $inding a solution to the pro0lem.

1<C.< Put in the correct preposition.

1. The school pro"ides all its students R ithR 0oo!s.

?. A strange thing happened @@@ me a $e days ago.

<. ar! decided to gi"e up sport so that he could concentrate @@@ his studies.

B. I don t 0elie"e @@@ or!ing "ery hard. It s not orth it.

C. y present 4o0 isn t onder$ul# 0ut I pre$er it @@@ hat I did 0e$ore.

D. I hope you succeed @@@ getting hat you ant.

E. As I as coming out o$ the room# I collided @@@ some0ody ho as coming in.

G. There as an a $ul noise as the car crashed @@@ a tree.

L. 3im is a photographer. 2e specialiKes @@@ sports photography.

1M. o you spend much money @@@ clothes/

11. The country is di"ided @@@ six regions.

1?. I pre$er tra"elling 0y train @@@ dri"ing. It s much more pleasant.

1<. Some0ody 0ro!e @@@ my car and stole the radio.

1B. I $elt Fuite cold 0ut Peter insisted @@@ ha"ing the indo open.

1C. Some ords are di$$icult to translate @@@ one language another.

1D. -hat happened @@@ the money I lent you/ -hat did you spend it/

1E. The teacher decided to split the class @@@ $our groups.

1G. I $illed the tan! 0ut un$ortunately I $illed it @@@ the rong !ind o$ petrol.

1<C.B Use your o n ideas to complete these sentences. Use a preposition.

1. I anted to go out alone 0ut my $riend insisted Ron coming ith me.R

?. I spend Fuite a lot o$ money @@@.

<. I sa the accident. The car crashed @@@.



B. Sarah pre$ers 0as!et0all @@@.

C. Sha!espeare s plays ha"e 0een translated @@@.

;p?E? UNIT 1<D Phrasal "er0s (getup% 0rea!do n %$ill in etc.)

A. -e o$ten use "er0s ith the $ollo ing ords:

in out on o$$ up do n a ay 0ac! round through a0out along o"er $or ard 0y

So you can say put out%get on%ta!e o$$%run a ay etc. These "er0s are phrasal "er0s. -e o$ten use

out%o$$%up etc. ith "er0s o$ mo"ement. 7or example:

get on: , The 0us as $ull. -e couldn t get on.

dri"e o$$: , A oman got into the car and dro"e o$$.

come 0ac!: , Sally is lea"ing tomorro and coming 0ac! on Saturday. turn round: , -hen I touched him on the shoulder# he turned round.

ut o$ten the second ord (out%o$$%up etc.) gi"es a special meaning to the "er0. 7or example:

0rea! do n: , Sorry I m late. The car 0ro!e do n. (' the engine stopped or!ing)

loo! out: , oo! out6 There s a car coming. (' 0e care$ul)

ta!e o$$: , It as my $irst $light. I as ner"ous as the plane too! o$$. (' ent into the air)

get up: , I as "ery tired this morning. I couldn t get up. (' get out o$ 0ed)

get on: , 2o as the exam/ 2o did you get on/ (' ho did you do/)

get 0y: , y 7rench isn t "ery good 0ut it s enough to get 0y. (' to manage)

. Sometimes a phrasal "er0 is $ollo ed 0y a preposition. 7or example:

, -hy did you run a ay $rom me/

, 9ou re al!ing too $ast. I can t !eep up ith you.

, Are you loo!ing $or ard to your holiday/

, 3ac! is trying to cut do n on smo!ing. ('reduce smo!ing)

8. Sometimes a phrasal "er0 has an o04ect. Usually there are t o possi0le positions $or the o04ect. So you

can say:

I turned o$$ Rthe light.R(o04ect) or I turned the light o$$.

I$ the o04ect is a pronoun (it%them%me%him etc.)# only one position is possi0le:

I turned it o$$. (not I turned o$$ it )

Some more examples:

, 8ould you $ill in this $orm/

, 8ould you $ill this $orm in/

0ut They ga"e me a $orm and told me to $ill it in. (not $ill in it )

, The police got into the house 0y 0rea!ing do n the door.

, The police got into the house 0y 0rea!ing the door do n.



0ut The door asn t loc!ed. -hy did the police 0rea! it do n/ (not 0rea! do n it )

, I thin! I ll thro a ay these ne spapers.

, I thin! I ll thro these ne spapers a ay. 0ut o you ant these ne spapers or shall I thro them a ay/ (not thro a ay them )

, on t a!e up the 0a0y.

, on t a!e the 0a0y up.

0ut The 0a0y is asleep. on t a!e her up. (not a!e up her )

;p?E<

= >8IS S

1<D.1 8omplete the sentences using one o$ these phrasal "er0s (in the correct $orm):

0rea! do n drop out (' stop ta!ing part in something)

clear up (' 0ecome 0righter@$or eather)

mo"e in (' start li"ing in a house etc.)

close do n (' go out o$ 0usiness)

sho o$$ (' sho ho cle"er you are)

doKe o$$ (' $all asleep)

turn up (' appear%arri"e)

1. Sorry I m late. The car R0ro!e do nR on the ay here.

?. I arranged to meet 3ane a$ter or! last night 0ut she didn t @@@.

<. -e "e 0ought a ne house. +h# ha"e you/ -hen are you @@@/

B. There used to 0e a shop at the end o$ the street 0ut it @@@ a year ago.

C. I ran in a marathon last ee! 0ut I asn t $it enough. I @@@ a$ter 1C !ilometres.

D. -e all !no ho onder$ul you are. There s no need to @@@.

E. I as "ery tired. I sat in an armchair and @@@.

G. The eather is horri0le at the moment# isn t it/ I hope it @@@ later.

1<D.? 8omplete the sentences using a ord $rom ist A and a ord $rom ist . 9ou need to use some

ords more than once.

A: a ay 0ac! $or ard on out up#

: at o$ to ith

1. 9ou re al!ing too $ast. I can t !eep Rup ithR you.

?. y holidays are nearly o"er. Next ee! I ll 0e @@@ or!.

<. -e "e nearly run @@@ money. -e "e got "ery little le$t.

B. artin isn t "ery happy in his 4o0 0ecause he doesn t get @@@ his 0oss.

C. I lo"e to loo! @@@ the stars in the s!y at night.

D. Are you loo!ing @@@ the party next ee!/



E. There as a 0an! ro00ery last ee!. The ro00ers got @@@ <M#MMM pounds.

1<D.< 8omplete the sentences using one o$ these "er0s (in the correct $orm) it%them%her%you:

cross out gi"e a ay# ma!e up# turn do n (' re$use) $ill in# gi"e 0ac!# sho round see o$$ (' see some0odylea"e)

1. They ga"e me a $orm and told me to R$ill in it.R

?. I$ you ma!e a mista!e on the $orm# 4ust @@@.

<. The story she told you asn t true. She @@@.

B. I don t li!e people ho 0orro things and don t @@@.

C. Jaty is going to Australia tomorro . I m going to the airport to @@@.

D. I had a lot o$ 0oo!s that I didn t ant to !eep# so I @@@ to a $riend. E. -ould you li!e to see the $actory/ -ould you li!e me to @@@/

G. Sue as o$$ered a 4o0 as a translator 0ut she @@@.

1<D.B 8omplete the sentences. Use the ord in 0rac!ets (a ay%up etc.) ith one o$ the $ollo ing:

that 0ox your cigarette a 4ac!et the tele"ision a ord it it them him

1. on t thro Ra ay that 0ox(or that a ay).R I ant to !eep it. (a ay)

?. o you ant this 0ox/ No# you can thro Rit a ay.R (a ay)

<. Shhh6 The children are asleep. on t a!e @@@. (up)

B. -e can turn @@@ No0ody is atching it. (o$$)

C. Tom got "ery angry and started shouting. I tried to calm @@@ (do n)

D. I tried @@@ in the shop 0ut I didn t 0uy it. (on)

E. Please put @@@ This is a no@smo!ing area. (out)

G. It as only a small $ire. I as a0le to put @@@ Fuite easily. (out)

L. 9ou can loo! @@@ in a dictionary i$ you don t !no hat it means. (up)

1M. 9ou re doing "ery ell. Jeep @@@6 (up)

;$$

;p?EB

APP N I= 1

>egular and irregular "er0s

1.1 >egular "er0s

I$ a "er0 is regular# the past simple and past participle end in &ed. 7or example*

in$initi"e: clean# $inish# use# paint# stop# carry

past simple# past participle: cleaned# $inished# used# painted# stopped# carried

7or spelling rules# see Appendix D.

7or the past simple (I cleaned%they $inished%she carried etc.)# see Unit C.

-e use the past participle to ma!e the per$ect tenses and $or all the passi"e $orms.



Per$ect tenses (ha"e%has%had cleaned):

, I ha"e cleaned the indo s. (present per$ect @ see Units E@G)

, They ere still or!ing. They hadn t $inished. (past per$ect @ see Unit 1C) Passi"e (is cleaned% as cleaned etc.):

, 2e as carried out o$ the room. (past simple passi"e) see Units B1@B<

, This gate has 4ust 0een painted. (present per$ect passi"e) 3

1.? Irregular "er0s

-hen the past simple%past participle do not end in &ed ($or example# I sa %I ha"e seen)# the "er0 is

irregular.

-ith some irregular "er0s# all three $orms (in$initi"e# past simple and past participle) are the same. 7or

example# hit: , on t hit me. (in$initi"e)

, Some0ody hit me as I came into the room. (past simple)

, I "e ne"er hit any0ody in my li$e. (past participle@present per$ect)

, 5eorge as hit on the head 0y a stone. (past participle@passi"e)

-ith other irregular "er0s# the past simple is the same as the past participle (0ut di$$erent $rom the in$initi"e).

7or example# tell @Q told:

, 8an you tell me hat to do/ (in$initi"e)

, She told me to come 0ac! the next day. (past simple)

, 2a"e you told any0ody a0out your ne 4o0/ (past participle@present per$ect)

, I as told to come 0ac! the next day. (past participle@passi"e)

-ith other irregular "er0s# all three $orms are di$$erent. 7or example# a!e @Q o!e% o!en:

, I ll a!e you up. (in$initi"e)

, I o!e up in the middle o$ the night. (past simple)

, The 0a0y has o!en up. (past participle @ present per$ect)

, I as o!en up 0y a loud noise. (past participle @ passi"e)

1.< The $ollo ing "er0s can 0e regular or irregular:

0urn @Q 0urned or 0urnt

dream @Q dreamed or dreamt XdremtY

lean @Q leaned or leant XlentY

learn @Q learned or learnt

smell @Q smelled or smelt

spell @Q spelled or spelt

spill @Q spilled or spilt

spoil @Q spoiled or spoilt

So you can say:



, I leant out o$ the indo . or I leaned out o$ the indo .

, The dinner has 0een spoilt. or The dinner has 0een spoiled.

In ritish nglish the irregular $orm (0urnt%learnt etc.) is more usual. 7or American nglish# see Appendix E.

;p?EC

1.B ist o$ irregular "er0s

in$initi"e past simple past participle

0e as% ere 0een

0eat 0eat 0eaten

0ecome 0ecame 0ecome

0egin 0egan 0egun 0end 0ent 0ent

0et 0et 0et

0ite 0it 0itten

0lo 0le 0lo n

0rea! 0ro!e 0ro!en

0ring 0rought 0rought

0roadcast 0roadcast 0roadcast

0uild 0uilt 0uilt

0urst 0urst 0urst

0uy 0ought 0ought

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

creep crept crept

cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug

do did done

dra dra dra n

drin! dran! drun!

dri"e dro"e dri"en

eat ate eaten

$all $ell $allen

$eed $ed $ed



ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen run ran run

say said said

see sa seen

see! sought sought

sell sold sold

send sent sent

set set set

se se ed se n%se ed sha!e shoo! sha!en

shine shone shone

shoot shot shot

sho sho ed sho n%sho ed

shrin! shran! shrun!

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sin! san! sun!

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

slide slid slid

spea! spo!e spo!en

spend spent spent

spit spat spat

split split split

spread spread spread

spring sprang sprung

stand stood stood

steal stole stolen

stic! stuc! stuc!

sting stung stung

stin! stan! stun!

stri!e struc! struc!

s ear sore s orn

s eep s ept s ept



s im s am s um

s ing s ung s ung

ta!e too! ta!en teach taught taught

tear tore torn

tell told told

thin! thought thought

thro thre thro n

understand understood understood

a!e o!e o!en

ear ore orn eep ept ept

in on on

rite rote ritten

;p?ED

APP N I= ?

Present and past tenses

W1 I do

present simple (@Q Units ?@B)

, Ann o$ten plays tennis.

, I or! in a 0an! 0ut I don t en4oy it "ery much.

, o you li!e parties/

, It doesn t rain much in summer.

W? I am doing

present continuous (@Q Units 1# <@B)

, -here s Ann/ She s playing tennis.

, Please don t distur0 me no . I m or!ing.

,2ello. Are you en4oying the party/

, It isn t raining at the moment.

W< I ha"e done

per$ect I present per$ect simple (@Q Units E@G# 1M@1B)

Ann has played tennis many times.

, I "e lost my !ey. 2a"e you seen it any here/

, 2o long ha"e they !no n each other/

, Is it still raining/ No# it has stopped.



, The house is dirty. -e ha"en t cleaned it $or ee!s.

WB I ha"e 0een doing

present per$ect continuous (@Q Units L@11) , Ann is "ery tired. She has 0een playing tennis.

, 9our re out o$ 0reath. 2a"e you 0een running/

, 2o long ha"e they 0een learning nglish/

, It s still raining. It has 0een raining all day.

, I ha"en t 0een $eeling ell recently. Perhaps I should go to the doctor.

WC I did

past simple (@Q Units C@D# 1<@1B)

, Ann played tennis yesterday a$ternoon. , I lost my !ey a $e days ago.

, There as a $ilm on TO last night 0ut e didn t atch it.

, -hat did you do hen you $inished or! yesterday/

WD I as doing

past continuous (@Q Unit D)

, I sa Ann in the par! yesterday. She as playing tennis.

, I dropped my !ey hen I as trying to open the door.

, The tele"ision as on 0ut e eren t atching it.

, -hat ere you doing at this time yesterday/

WE I had done

past per$ect (@Q Unit 1C)

, It asn t her $irst game o$ tennis. She had played many times 0e$ore.

, I couldn t get into the house 0ecause I had lost my !ey.

, The house as dirty 0ecause e hadn t cleaned it $or ee!s.

WG I had 0een doing

past per$ect continuous (@Q Unit 1D)

, Ann as tired yesterday e"ening 0ecause she had 0een playing tennis in the a$ternoon.

, 5eorge decided to go to the doctor 0ecause he hadn t 0een $eeling ell.

7or the passi"e# see Units B1@B<.

;p?EE

APP N I= <

The $uture

<.1 ist o$ $uture $orms

, I m lea"ing tomorro . present continuous (@Q Unit 1LA)

, y train lea"es at L.<M. present simple (@Q Unit 1L )



, I m going to lea"e tomorro . (0e) going to (@Q Units ?M# ?<)

, I ll lea"e tomorro . ill (@Q Units ?1@?<) , I ll 0e lea"ing tomorro . $uture continuous (@Q Unit ?B)

, I ll ha"e le$t 0y this time tomorro . $uture per$ect (@Q Unit ?B)

, I hope to see you 0e$ore I lea"e tomorro . present simple (@Q Unit ?C)

<.? 7uture actions

-e use the present continuous (I m doing) $or arrangements:

, I m lea"ing tomorro . I "e got my plane tic!et. (already planned and arranged)

, -hen are they getting married/ Next month.

-e use the present simple (I lea"e%it lea"es etc.) $or timeta0les# programmes etc#: , y train lea"es at L.<M. (according to the timeta0le)

, -hat time does the $ilm 0egin/

-e use (0e) going to ... to say hat some0ody has already decided to do:

, I "e decided not to stay here any longer. I m going to lea"e tomorro . (or I m lea"ing tomorro .)

, Are you going to atch the $ilm on tele"ision tonight/

-e use ill ( ll) hen e decide or agree to do something at the time o$ spea!ing:

, A: I don t ant you to stay here any longer.

: +J. I ll lea"e tomorro . ( decides this at the time o$ spea!ing)

, That 0ag loo!s hea"y. I ll help you ith it.

, I promise I on t tell any0ody hat happened. ( on t ' ill not)

<.< 7uture happenings and situations

ost o$ten e use ill to tal! a0out $uture happenings or situations ( something ill happen ):

, I don t thin! 3ohn is happy in his 4o0. I thin! he ll lea"e soon.

, This time next year I ll 0e in 3apan. -here ill you 0e/

-e use (0e) going to hen the situation no sho s hat is going to happen in the $uture:

, oo! at those 0lac! clouds. It s going to rain. (you can see the clouds no )

<.B 7uture continuous and $uture per$ect

-ill 0e (do)ing ' ill 0e in the middle o$ (doing something):

, This time next ee! I ll 0e on holiday. I ll 0e lying on a 0each and s imming in the sea.

-e also use ill 0e &ing $or $uture actions (see Unit ?B8):

, -hat time ill you 0e lea"ing tomorro /

-e use ill ha"e (done) to say that something ill already 0e complete 0e$ore a time in the $uture:

, I on t 0e here this time tomorro . I ll ha"e already le$t.

<.C -e use the present (not ill ) a$ter hen%i$% hile%0e$ore etc. (see Unit ?C):

, I hope to see you 0e$ore I lea"e tomorro . (not 0e$ore I ill lea"e )



, 9ou must come and see us hen you are in ngland again. (not hen you ill 0e )

, I$ e don t hu$$y# e ll 0e late.

;p?EG APP N I= B

odal "er0s (can%could% ill% ould etc.)

This appendix is a summary o$ modal "er0s (can%could% ill% ould etc.). 7or more in$ormation# see Units ?1@

BM.

B.1 8ompare can%could etc. $or actions:

can

, I can go out tonight. (' there is nothing to stop me)

, I can t go out tonight. could

, I could go out tonight. (0ut I m not "ery !een)

, I couldn t go out last night. (' I asn t a0le)

can or may

, 8an I go out tonight/ ('do you allo me to go out/)

ay I go out tonight/

ill% on t

, I thin! I ll go out tonight.

, I promise I on t go out.

ould

, I ould go out tonight 0ut I "e got too much to do.

, I promised I ouldn t go out.

shall

, Shall I go out tonight/ (' do you thin! it is a good idea/)

should or ought to

, I should(ought to) go out tonight. (' it ould 0e a good thing.)

must

, I must go out tonight. it is necessary)

, I mustn t go out tonight. it is necessary that I do not go out)

needn t

, I needn t go out tonight. (' it is not necessary that I go out)

8ompare could ha"e ...% ould ha"e ... etc.:

could

, I could ha"e gone out last night 0ut I decided to stay at home.

ould



, I ould ha"e gone out last night 0ut I had too much to do.

should or ought to

, I should(ought to) ha"e gone out last night. I m sorry I didn t. needn t

, I needn t ha"e gone out last night. (' I ent out 0ut it as not necessary)

B.? -e use ill% ould%may etc. to say hether something is possi0le# impossi0le# pro0a0le# certain etc.

8ompare:

-ill

, -hat time ill she 0e here/ She ll 0e here soon.

ould , She ould 0e here no 0ut she has 0een delayed.

should or ought to

, She should(ought to) 0e here soon. (' I expect she ill 0e here soon)

may or might or could

, She may 0e here no . I m not sure. (' it s possi0le that she is here)

, She might 0e here no. I m not sure. (' it s possi0le that she is here)

, She could 0e here no . I m not sure. (' it s possi0le that she is here)

must

, She must 0e here. I sa her come in. (' I m sure@@there is no other possi0ility)

can t

, She can t possi0ly 0e here. I !no $or certain that she s a ay on holiday.

8ompare ould ha"e ...%should ha"e ... etc.:

ill

, She ill ha"e arri"ed 0y no .

ould

, She ould ha"e arri"ed earlier 0ut she as delayed.

should or ought

, I onder here she is. She should ha"e arri"ed 0y no .

, I onder here she is. She ought to ha"e arri"ed 0y no .

may or might or could

, She may ha"e arri"ed. I m not sure. (' it s possi0le that she has arri"ed)

, She might ha"e arri"ed. I m not sure. (' it s possi0le that she has arri"ed)

, She could ha"e arri"ed. I m not sure. (' it s possi0le that she has arri"ed)

must

, She must ha"e arri"ed 0y no . (I m sure@@there is no other possi0ility)



C.< Negati"e short $orms

isn t(' is not) aren t(' are not) asn t(' as not) eren t(' ere not) doesn t(' doesn t) didn t(' did not)

don t(' do not) ha"en t(' ha"e not) hasn t(' has not) hadn t(' had not) can t(' cannot) couldn t(' could not)on t(' ill not) ouldn t(' ould not) shan t(' shall not) shouldn t(' should not) mightn t(' might not)

mustn t(' must not) needn t(' need not) daren t(' dare not)

Negati"e short $orms $or is and are can 0e:

he isn t%she isn t%it isn t or he s not%she s not%it s not

you aren t% e aren t%they aren t or you re not% e re not%they re not

;p?GM

APP N I= D

Spelling D.1 Nouns# "er0s and ad4ecti"es can ha"e the $ollo ing endings:

noun &s%es (plural): 0oo!s ideas matches

"er0 &s%&es (a$ter he%she%it): or!s en4oys ashes

"er0 &ing: or!ing en4oying ashing

"er0 &ed: or!ed en4oyed ashed

ad4ecti"e &er (comparati"e): cheaper Fuic!er 0righter

ad4ecti"e &est (superlati"e): cheapest Fuic!est 0rightest

ad4ecti"e &ly (ad"er0): cheaply Fuic!ly 0rightly

-hen e use these endings# there are sometimes changes in spelling. These changes are listed 0elo .

D.? Nouns and "er0s &s%&es

The ending is &es hen the ord ends in &s%&ss%&sh%&ch%&x:

match%matches# ash% ashes# 0us%0uses# miss%misses# 0ox%0oxes# search%searches

Note also:

potato%potatoes# do%does# tomato%tomatoes# go%goes

D.< -ords ending in &y (0a0y# carry# easy etc.)

I$ a ord ends in a consonant y (&0y%&ry%&sy%&"y etc.):

y changes to ie 0e$ore the ending &s:

0a0y%0a0ies lorry%lorries hurry%hurries study%studies country%countries apply%applies secretary%secretaries

try%tries

y changes to i 0e$ore the ending &ed:

hurry%hurried study%studied apply%applied try%tried

y changes to i 0e$ore the endings &er and @est:

easy%easier%easiest hea"y%hea"ier%hea"iest luc!y%luc!ier%luc!iest

y changes to i 0e$ore the ending &ly:

easy%easily hea"y%hea"ily temporary%temporarily



y does not change 0e$ore &ing:

hurrying# studying# applying# trying

y does not change i$ the ord ends in a "o el y (&ay%&ey%&oy%&uy): play%plays%played en4oy%en4oys%en4oyed 0uy%0uys# mon!ey%mon!eys

An exception is: day%daily

Note also: pay%paid# lay%laid# say%said

D.B Oer0s ending in &ie (die# lie# tie)

I$ a "er0 ends in &ie# ie changes to y 0e$ore the ending &ing: die%dying lie%lying tie%tying

;p?G1

APP N I= D

D.C -ords ending in @e (hope# dance# ide etc.) W1 Oer0s

I$ a "er0 ends in &e# e lea"e out e 0e$ore the ending &ing:

hope%hoping smile%smiling dance%dancing con$use%con$using

xceptions arc: 0e%0eing

and "er0s ending in &ee: see%seeing agree%agreeing

I$ a "er0 ends in &e# e add &d $or the past (o$ regular "er0s):

hope%hoped smile%smiled dance%danced con$use%con$used

W? Ad4ecti"es and ad"er0s

I$ an ad4ecti"e ends in &e# e add &r and &st $or the comparati"e and superlati"e:

ide% ider% idest late%later%latest large%larger%largest

I$ an ad4ecti"e ends in &e# e !eep e 0e$ore the ad"er0 ending &1y:

polite%politely extreme%extremely a0solute%a0solutely

I$ an ad4ecti"e ends in &le (simple# terri0le etc.)# the ad"er0 ending is &ply# &0ly etc.:

simple%simply terri0le%terri0ly reasona0le%reasona0ly

D.D ou0ling consonants (stop%stopping%stopped# et% etter% ettest etc.)

Sometimes a ord ends in "o el consonant. 7or example:

stop# plan# et# thin# slip# pre$er# regret

e$ore the endings &ing%&ed%&er%@est# e dou0le the consonant at the end. So p @Q pp# n @Q nn etc. 7or

example:

stop p @Q pp stopping stopped

plan n @Q nn planning planned

ru0 0 @Q 00 ru00ing ru00ed

0ig g @Q gg 0igger 0iggest

et t @Q tt etter ettest

thin n @Q nn thinner thinnest



I$ the ord has more than one sylla0le (pre$er# 0egin etc.)# e dou0le the consonant at the end only i$ the

$inal sylla0le is stressed:

pre7 >%pre$erring pre$erred per IT%permitting%permitted

re5> T%regretting%regretted

0e5IN%0eginning

I$ the $inal sylla0le is not stressed# e do not dou0le the $inal consonant:

OISit%"isiting%"isited

deO op%de"eloping%de"eloped

2APpen%happening%happened

re 0er%remem0ering%remem0ered In ritish nglish# "er0s ending in @1 ha"e @YI@ 0e$ore &ing and &ed hether the $inal sylla0le is stressed or

not:

tra"el%tra"elling%tra"elled

cancel%cancelling%cancelled

7or American spelling# see Appendix E.

Note that:

e do not dou0le the $inal consonant i$ the ord ends in t o consonants (&rt# &1p# &ng etc.):

start%starting%started# help%helping%helped# long%longer%longest

e do not dou0le the $inal consonant i$ there are t o "o el letters 0e$ore it (&oil# &eed etc.):

0oil%0oiling%0oiled# need%needing%needed# explain%explaining%explained# cheap%cheaper%cheapest#

loud%louder%loudest# Fuiet%Fuieter%Fuietest

e do not dou0le y or at the end o$ ords. (At the end o$ ords y and are not consonants.)

stay%staying%stayed# gro %gro ing# ne %ne er%ne est

;p?G?

APP N I= E

American nglish

There are a $e grammatical di$$erences 0et een ritish nglish and American nglish:

UNIT EA@ and 1<A

>ITIS2

The present per$ect is used $or an action in the past ith a result no :

, I "e lost my !ey. 2a"e you seen it/

, Sally isn t here. She s gone out.

The present per$ect is used ith 4ust# already and yet:

, A: -hat time is he lea"ing/

: 2e has already le$t.



, 2a"e you $inished your or! yet/

A >I8AN

The present per$ect +> past simple can 0e used: , I "e lost my !ey. 2a"e you seen it/ or I lost my !ey. id you see it/

, Sally isn t here. She s gone out. She ent out.

The present per$ect +> past simple can 0e used:

, I m not hungry. I "e 4ust had lunch. I "e 4ust had lunch.

, A: -hat time is he lea"ing/

: 2e has already le$t. 2e already le$t.

, 2a"e you $inished your or! yet/ or id you $inish your or! yet/

UNIT 1E >ITIS2: ha"e a 0ath%ha"e a sho er

A >I8AN: ta!e a 0ath%ta!e a sho er

UNIT ??

>ITIS2

-ill or shall can 0e used ith I% e:

, I ill%shall 0e late this e"ening. The Fuestions shall I .../ and shall e .../ are used to as! $or ad"ice etc.:

, -hich ay shall e go/

A >I8AN

Shall is unusual:

, I ill 0e late this e"ening. Should I .../ and should e .../ are used to as! $or ad"ice etc.:

, -hich ay should e go/

UNIT <?

>ITIS2

9ou can use needn t (do) or don t need to (do):

, -e needn t hurry. or -e don t need to hurry.

A >I8AN

Needn t is unusual. The usual $orm is don t need to:

, -e don t need to hurry.

UNIT <B A@

>ITIS2

A$ter demand# insist etc. you can use should:

, I demanded that he should apologiKe.

, -e insisted that something should 0e done a0out the pro0lem.

A >I8AN:

The su04uncti"e is normally used. Should is unusual a$ter demand# insist etc.:



, I demanded that he apologiKe.

, -e insisted that something 0e done a0out the pro0lem.

any "er0s ending in &ise in ritish nglish (apologise%organise%specialise etc.) are spelt ith &iKe(apologiKe%organiKe%specialiKe etc.) in American nglish.

;p?G<

APP N I= E

UNIT E<

>ITIS2

ritish spea!ers say to%in hospital ( ithout the ):

, Three people ere in4ured and ta!en to hospital.

A >I8AN American spea!ers say to%in the hospital :

, Three people ere in4ured and ta!en to the hospital.

UNIT EG8

>ITIS2

Nouns li!e go"ernment%team%$amily etc. can ha"e a singular or plural "er0:

, The team is%are playing ell.

A >I8AN

These nouns normally ta!e a singular "er0 in American nglish:

, The team is playing ell.

UNIT 1?M

>ITIS2: at the ee!end%at ee!ends:

, -ill you 0e here at the ee!end/

A >I8AN: on the ee!end%on ee!ends:

, -ill you 0e here on the ee!end/

UNIT 1?<A

>ITIS2: in a street:

, o you li"e in this street/

A >I8AN: on a street:

, o you li"e on this street/

UNIT 1<M8

>ITIS2: di$$erent $rom or di$$erent to:

, It as di$$erent $rom (or to) hat I d expected.

A >I8AN: di$$erent $rom or di$$erent than:

, It as di$$erent $rom (or than) hat I d expected.

UNIT 1<1



>ITIS2: rite to some0ody:

, Please rite to me soon.

A >I8AN: rite (to) some0ody ( ith or ithout to#): , Please rite (to) me soon.

APP N I= 1.<

>ITIS2

The "er0s in this section (0urn# spoil etc.) can 0e regular or irregular (0urned or 0urnt# spoiled or spoilt etc.)

A >I8AN: The "er0s in this section are normally regular (0urned# spoiled etc.)

APP N I= 1.B

>ITIS2: The past participle o$ get is got:

, your nglish has got much 0etter. (' has 0ecome much 0etter) 2a"e got is also an alternati"e to ha"e:

, I "e got t o 0rothers. (' I ha"e t o 0rothers.)

A >I8AN: The past participle o$ get is gotten:

, 9our nglish has gotten much 0etter.

2a"e got ' ha"e (as in ritish nglish):

, I "e got t o 0rothers.

APP N I= D.D

>ITIS2: tra"el @Q tra"elling%tra"elled# cancel @Q cancelling%cancelled

A >I8AN: tra"el @Q tra"eling%tra"eled# cancel @Q canceling%canceled

;p?GB

A ITI+NA = >8IS S

This section o$ exercises is di"ided into the $ollo ing sections:

Present and past (Units 1@D): xercise 1

Present and past (Units 1@1B): xercise ?@B

Present and past (Units 1@1E): xercise C@G

Past continuous and used to (Units D# 1G): xercise L

The $uture (Units 1L@?C): xercise 1M@1<

odal "er0s (Units ?D@BM): xercise 1B@1C

8onditionals (Units ?C# <E@<L): xercise 1D@1G

-ish (Units <G@BM): xercise 1L

Passi"e (Units B1@BB): xercise ?M@??

&ing and the in$initi"e (Units C?@DC): xercise ?<@?C

Articles (Units DG@EE): xercise ?D

8on4unctions (Units ?C# <E# 111@11C): xercise ?E

Prepositions (time) (Units 1?# 11G@1?1): xercise ?G



Prepositions (place etc.) (Units 1??@1?E): xercise ?L

Noun%ad4ecti"e preposition (Units 1?G@1<M): xercise <M

Oer0 preposition (Units 1<1@1<C): xercise <1 Present and past

Units 1@D# Appendix ?

1. Put the "er0 into the correct $orm# present simple (I do)# present continuous (I am doing)# past simple (I

did) or past continuous (I as doing).

1. -e can go out no . It Risn t rainingR (not%rain) any more.

?. Ann R as aitingR ( ait) $or me hen I Rarri"edR (arri"e).

<. I @@@ (get) hungry. et s go and ha"e something to eat.

B. -hat @@@ (you%do) in your spare time/ 2a"e you got any ho00les/ C. -hat speed @@@ (the car%do) at the time o$ the accident/

D. ary usually @@@ (phone) me on 7ridays 0ut she (not%phone) last 7riday.

E. A: -hen I last sa you# you @@@ (thin!) o$ mo"ing to a ne $lat.

: That s right# 0ut in the end I @@@ (decide) to stay here I as.

G. -hat s that noise/ -hat @@@ (happen)/

L. It s usually dry here at this time o$ the year. It @@@ (not%rain) much.

1M. 9esterday e"ening the phone @@@ (ring) three times hile e @@@ (ha"e) dinner.

11. inda as 0usy hen e @@@ (go) to see her yesterday. She (study) $or an exam. -e @@@ (not% ant) to

distur0 her# so e @@@ (not%stay) "ery long.

1?. -hen I $irst @@@ (tell) Tom the ne s# he @@@ (not%0elie"e) me. 2e @@@ (thin!) that I @@@ (4o!e).

;p?GC

Present and past

Units 1@1B# Appendix ?

?. 8hoose the right alternati"e.

1. "erything is going ell. -e Rdidn t ha"e%ha"en t hadR any pro0lems so $ar. (ha"en t had is right)

?. argaret Rdidn t go%hasn t goneR to or! yesterday. She asn t $eeling ell.

<. oo!6 That man o"er there R ears%is earingR the same s eater as you.

B. 9our son is much taller than hen I last sa him. 2e Rgre I has gro nR a lot.

C. I still don t !no hat to do. I Rdidn t decide%ha"en t decidedR yet.

D. I onder hy 3im Ris%is 0eingR so nice to me today. 2e isn t usually li!e that.

E. 3ane had a 0oo! open in $ront o$ her 0ut she Rdidn t read% asn t readingR it.

G. I asn t "ery 0usy. I Rdidn t ha"e% asn t ha"ingR much to do.

L. ary asn t happy in her ne 4o0 at $irst 0ut she R0egins%is 0eginningR to en4oy it no .

1M. A$ter lea"ing school# Tim R$ound%has $oundR it "ery di$$icult to get a 4o0.

11. -hen Sue heard the ne s# she R asn t%hasn t 0eenR "ery pleased.



1?. This is a nice restaurant# isn t it/ Is this the $irst time Ryou are%you "e 0eenR here/

1<. I need a ne 4o0. RI m doing%I "e 0een doingR the same 4o0 $or too long.

1B. Ann has gone out. +h# has she/ -hat time Rdid she go%has she gone/R 1C. 9ou loo! tired. 9es# RI "e played%I "e 0een playingR 0as!et0all.

1D. -here Rare you coming%do you comeR $rom/ Are you American/

1E. I d li!e to see Tina again. It s a long time Rsince I sa her%that I didn t see her.R

1G. o0 and Alice ha"e 0een married Rsince ?M years%$or ?M years.R

<. 8omplete the Fuestions using a suita0le "er0.

1 A: I m loo!ing $or Paul. R2a"e you seenR him/

: 9es# he as here a moment ago.

? A: -hy Rdid you goR to 0ed so early last night/ : ecause I as $eeling "ery tired.

<. A: -here @@@/

: 3ust to the post 0ox. I ant to post these letters. I ll 0e 0ac! in a $e minutes.

B. A: @@@ tele"ision e"ery e"ening/

: No# only i$ there s a good programme on.

C. A: 9our house is "ery 0eauti$ul. 2o long @@@ here/

: Nearly ten years.

D. A: 2o as your holiday/ @@@ a nice time/

: 9es# than!s. It as great.

E. A: @@@ 3ulie recently/

: 9es# I met her a $e days ago.

G. A: 8an you descri0e the oman you sa / -hat @@@/

: A red s eater and 0lac! leans.

L. A: I m sorry to !eep you aiting @@@ long/

: No# only a0out ten minutes.

1M. A: 2o long @@@ you to get to or! in the morning/

: Usually a0out BC minutes. It depends on the tra$$ic.

11. A: @@@ ith that ne spaper yet/

: No# I m still reading it. I on t 0e long.

1?. A: @@@ to the United States/

: No# ne"er# 0ut I ent to 8anada a $e years ago.

;p?GD

B. Use your on ideas to complete s sentences.

1. A: -hat s the ne restaurant li!e/ Is it good/

: I "e no idea RI "e ne"er 0eenR there.



?. A: 2o ell do you !no ill/

: Oery ell. -e @@@ since e ere children.

<. A: id you en4oy your holiday/ : 9es# it as really good. It s the 0est holiday @@@.

B. A: Is 3ac! still here/

: No# I m a$raid he isn t @@@ 0out ten minutes ago.

C. A: I li!e your suit. I ha"en t seen it 0e$ore.

: It s ne . It s the $irst time @@@.

D. A: 2o did you cut your !nee/

: I slipped and $ell hen @@@ tennis.

E. A: o you e"er go s imming/ : Not these days. I ha"en t @@@ a long time#

G. A: 2o o$ten do you go to the cinema/

: Oery rarely. It s nearly a year @@@ to the cinema.

L. A: I "e 0ought some ne shoes. o you li!e them/

: 9es# they re "ery nice. -here @@@ them/

Present and past

Units 1@1E# 1ML# Appendix ?

C. Put the "er0 in the correct $orm# past simple (I did)# past continuous (I as doing)# past per$ect (I had

done) or past per$ect continuous (I had 0een doing).

1. 9esterday a$ternoon Sharon R entR (go) to the station to meet Paul. -hen she @@@ (get) there# Paul @@@

(already% ait) $or her. 2is train @@@ (arri"e) early.

?. -hen I got home# ill @@@ (lie) on the so$a. The tele"ision as on 0ut he @@@ (not% atch) it. 2e @@@ ($all)

asleep and @@@ (snore) loudly. I @@@ (turn) the tele"ision o$$ @@@ ( a!e) up.

;p?GE

<. ast night I @@@ (4ust%go) to 0ed and @@@ (read) a 0oo! hen suddenly I @@@ (hear) a noise. I @@@ (get) up to see

hat it as 0ut I @@@ (not%see) anything# so I @@@ (go) 0ac! to 0ed.

B. ary had to go to Ne 9or! last ee!# 0ut she almost @@@ (miss) the plane. She @@@ (stand) in the Fueue at

the chec!@in des! hen she suddenly @@@ (realise) that she @@@ (lea"e) her passport at home. 7ortunately# she

doesn t li"e "ery $ar $rom the airport# so she @@@ (ha"e) time to ta!e a taxi home to get it. She @@@ (get) 0ac! to

the airport 3ust in time $or her $light.

C. I @@@ (meet) 5eorge and inda yesterday as I @@@ ( al!) through the par!. They @@@ (0e) to the Sports 8entre

here they .I @@@ (play) tennis. They @@@ (go) to a ca$e $or a drin! and @@@ (in"ite) me to 4oin them 0ut I @@@

(arrange) to meet a $riend and @@@ (not%ha"e) time.

D. a!e sentences $rom the ords in 0rac!ets. Put the "er0 in the correct $orm# present per$ect (I ha"e

done)# present per$ect continuous (I ha"e 0een doing)# Past per$ect 3 had done) or past per$ect continuous (I



had 0een doing).

1. Ann is sitting on the ground. She s out o$ 0reath. (she%run) RShe has 0een running.R

?. -here s my 0ag/ I le$t it under this chair. (some0ody%ta!e%it) @@@. <. -e ere all surprised hen 4enny and Andy got married last year. (they%only%!no %each other%a $e

ee!s) @@@.

B. It s still raining. I ish it ould stop. (it%rain%all day) @@@.

C. Suddenly I o!e up. I as con$used and didn t !no here I as. (I%dream) @@@.

D. I asn t hungry at lunchtime so I didn t ha"e anything to eat. (I%ha"e%a 0ig 0rea!$ast) @@@.

;p?GG

E. "ery year o0 and Alice spend a $e days at the same hotel 0y the sea. (they%go%t ere r years) @@@.

G. I "e got a headache. (I%ha"e%it%since I got up) @@@. L. Next ee! 5erry is going to run in a marathon. (he%train%"ery hard $or it) @@@.

E. Put the "er0s into the correct $orm.

3ulia and Je"in are old $riends. They meet 0y chance at a station.

3U IA: 2ello# Je"in. (1) @@@. (I%not%see) you $or ages. 2o are you/

J OIN: I m $ine. 2o a0out you/ (?) @@@ (you%loo!) ell.

3U IA: 9es# I m "ery ell than!s.

So# (<) @@@ (you%go) some here or (B) @@@ (you%meet) some0ody o$$ a train/

J OIN: (C) @@@ (I%go) to ondon $or a 0usiness meeting.

3U IA: +h. (D) @@@ (you%o$ten%go) a ay on 0usiness/

J OIN: uite o$ten# yes. And you/ -here (E) @@@. (9ou%go)/

3U IA: No here. (G) @@@ (I%meet) a $riend. Un$ortunately# her train (L) @@@ (0e) delayed @ (1M) @@@ (I% ait) here $or

nearly an hour.

J OIN: 2o are your children/

3U IA: They re all $ine# than!s. The youngest (11) @@@ (4ust%start) school.

J OIN: 2o (1?) @@@ (she%get) on/ (1<) @@@ (she%li!e) it/

3U IA: 9es# (1B) @@@ (she%thin!) it s great.

J OIN: (1C) @@@ (you% or!) at the moment/ -hen I last (1D) @@@ (spea!) to you# (1E) @@@ (you% or!) in a tra"el

agency.

3U IA: That s right. Un$ortunately# the $irm (1G) @@@ (go) out o$ 0usiness a couple o$ months a$ter (1L) @@@

(I%start) or! there# so (?M) @@@ (I%lose) my 4o0.

J OIN: And (?1) @@@ (you%not%ha"e) a 4o0 since then/

3U IA: Not a permanent 4o0. (??) @@@ (I%ha"e) a $e temporary 4o0s. y the ay# (?<) @@@ (you%see) 3oe

recently/

J OIN: 3oe/ 2e s in 8anada.

3U IA: >eally/ 2o long (?B) @@@ (he%0e) in 8anada/



J OIN: A0out a year no . (?C) @@@ (I%see) him a $e days 0e$ore (?D) @@@ (he%go). (?E) @@@ (he%0e) unemployed

$or months# so (?G) @@@ (he%decide) to try his luc! some here else. (?L) @@@ (he%really%loo! $or ard) to going.

3U IA: So# hat (<M) @@@ (he%do) there/ J OIN: I "e no idea. (<1) @@@ (I%not%hear) $rom him since (<?) @@@ (he%lea"e). Any ay# I must go and catch my

train. It as really nice to see you again.

3U IA: 9ou too. ye. 2a"e a good 4ourney.

J OIN: Than!s. ye.

;p?GL

G. Put the "er0 into the most suita0le $orm.

1. -ho @@@ (in"ent) the 0icycle/

?. o you still ha"e a headache/ No @@@ (it%go). I m all right no . <. I as the last to lea"e the o$$ice. "ery0ody else @@@ (go) home.

B. -hat @@@ (you%do) last ee!end/ @@@ (you%go) a ay/

C. I li!e your car. 2o long @@@ (you%ha"e) it/

D. -e decided not to go out 0ecause @@@ (it%rain) Fuite hard.

E. 3ill is an experienced teacher @@@ (she%teach) $or 1C years.

G. (I%0uy) a ne 4ac!et last ee! 0ut @@@ (1%not% ear) it yet.

L. A $e days ago @@@ (I%see) a man at a party hose $ace @@@ (0e) "ery $amiliar. At $irst I couldn t thin! here

@@@ (1%see) him 0e$ore. Then suddenly @@@ (I%remem0er) ho (it%0e).

1M. @@@ (you%hear) o$ Agatha 8hristie/ @@@ (she%0e) a riter ho @@@ (die) in 1LED. @@@ (she% rite) more than EM

detecti"e no"els @@@ (you%read) any o$ them/

11. A: -hat @@@ (this ord%mean)/

: I "e no idea @@@ (1%ne"er%see) it 0e$ore. oo! it up in the dictionary.

1?. A: @@@ (you%arri"e) at the theatre in time $or the play last night/

: No# e ere late. y the time e got there @@@ (it%already%0egin).

1<. I ent to 3ohn s room and @@@ (!noc!) on the door 0ut there @@@ (0e) no ans er. ither @@@ (he%go) out or @@@

(he%not% ant) to see anyone.

1B. Angela as!ed me ho to use the photocopier @@@ (she%ne"er%use) it 0e$ore# so @@@ (she%not%!no ) hat to

do.

1C. ary @@@ (go) $or a s im a$ter or! yesterday @@@ (she%need) some exercise 0ecause @@@ (she%sit) in an

o$$ice all day in $ront o$ a computer.

Past continuous and used to

Units D and 1G

L. 8omplete the sentences using the past continuous ( as doing) or used to ... Use the "er0 in 0rac!ets.

1. I ha"en t 0een to the cinema $or ages no . -e Rused to goR a lot. (go)

?. Ann didn t see me a"e to her. She R as loo!ingR in the other direction. (loo!)



<. I @@@ a lot 0ut I don t use my car "ery much these days. (dri"e)

B. I as!ed the dri"er to slo do n. She @@@ too $ast. (dri"e)

C. >ose and 3im met $or the $irst time hen they @@@ at uni"ersity. (study) D. -hen I as a child# I @@@ a lot o$ 0ad dreams. (ha"e)

E. -hen the phone rang# I @@@ a sho er. (ha"e)

G. -here ere you yesterday a$ternoon/ I @@@ "olley0all. (play)

L. o you do any sports/ Not these days. I @@@ "olley0all. (play)

1M. 5eorge loo!ed "ery nice. 2e @@@ a "ery nice suit. ( ear)

;p?LM

The $uture

Units 1L@?C# Appendix < 1M. -hat do you say to your $riend in these situations/ Use the ords gi"en in 0rac!ets. Use the present

continuous (I am doing)# going to... or ill (I ll).

1. 9ou ha"e made all your holiday arrangements. 9our destination is 3amaica.

7>I N : 2a"e you decided here to go $or your holiday yet/

9+U: 9es# RI m going to 3amaica.R (I%go)

?. 9ou ha"e made an appointment ith the dentist $or 7riday morning.

7>I N : Shall e meet on 7riday morning/

9+U: I can t on 7riday @@@. (I%go)

<. 9ou and some $riends are planning a holiday in ritain. 9ou ha"e decided to hire a car 0ut you ha"en t

arranged this yet.

7>I N : 2o do you plan to tra"el round ritain/ y train/

9+U: No# @@@. ( e%hire)

B. 9our $riend has t o young children. She ants to go out tomorro e"ening. 9ou o$$er to loo! a$ter the

children.

7>I N : I ant to go out tomorro e"ening 0ut I ha"en t got a 0a0y@sitter.

9+U: That s no pro0lem @@@. (I%loo! a$ter)

C. 9ou ha"e already arranged to ha"e lunch ith Sue tomorro .

7>I N : Are you $ree at lunchtime tomorro /

9+U: No @@@. (ha"e lunch)

D. 9ou are in a restaurant. 9ou and your $riend are loo!ing at the menu. 9ou as! your $riend i$ he%she has

decided hat to ha"e.

9+U: -hat @@@./ (you%ha"e)

7>I N : I don t !no . I can t ma!e up my mind.

E. 9ou and a $riend are reading. It s getting a 0it dar! and your $riend is $inding it di$$icult to read. 9ou decide

to turn on the light.



7>I N : It s getting a 0it dar!# isn t it/ It s di$$icult to read.

9+U: @@@ (I%turn on)

G. 9ou and a $riend are reading. It s getting a 0it dar! and you decide to turn on the light. 9ou stand up andal! to ards the light s itch.

7>I N : -hat are you doing/

9+U: @@@ (I%turn on)

11. Put the "er0 into the most suita0le $orm. Use a present tense (simple or continuous)# ill (I ll) or shall.

8on"ersation 1 (IN T2 +>NIN5)

3 NN9: (1) RAre you doingR (you%do) anything tomorro e"ening# 2elen/

2 N: No# hy/

3 NN9: -ell# do you $ancy going to the cinema/ Strangers on a Plane is on. I ant to see it 0ut I don t antto go alone.

2 N: +J# (?) @@ (I%come) ith you. -hat time (<) @@@ ( e%meet)/

3 NN9: -ell# the $ilm (B) @@@ (0egin) at G.BC# so (C) @@@ (I%meet) you at a0out G.<M outside the cinema# +J/

2 N: 7ine. (D) @@@ (I%see) ary later this e"ening. (E) @@@ (I%as!) her i$ she ants to come too/

3 NN9: 9es# do that. (G) @@@ (I%see) you tomorro then. ye.

;p?L1

8on"ersation ? ( AT > T2 SA A9)

2 N: 3enny and I (L) @@@ (go) to the cinema tomorro night to see Strangers on a Plane. -hy don t you

come ith us/

A>9: I d lo"e to come. -hat time (1M) @@@ (the $ilm%0egin)/

2 N: G.BC.

A>9: (11) @@@ (you%meet) outside the cinema/

2 N: 9es# at G.<M. Is that +J $or you/

A>9: 9es# (1?) @@@ (I%0e) there at G.<M.

1?. Put the "er0s in the most suita0le $orm. Sometimes there is more than one possi0ility.

1. A has decided to learn a language.

A: I "e decided to try and learn a $oreign language.

: 2a"e you/ -hich language (1) Rare you going to learnR (you%learn)/

A: Spanish.

: I see. And (?) @@@ (you%do) a course/

A: 9es# (<) @@@ (it%start) next ee!.

: That s great. I m sure (B) @@@ (you%en4oy) it.

A: I hope so. ut I thin! (C) @@@ (it%0e) Fuite di$$icult.

?. A ants to !no a0out s holiday plans#

A: I hear (1) @@@ (you%go) on holiday soon.



: That s right. (?) @@@ ( e%go) to 7inland.

A: I hope (<) @@@ (you%ha"e) a nice time.

: Than!s. (B) @@@ (I%send) you a postcard and (C) @@@ (I%get) in touch ith you hen (D) @@@ (I%get) 0ac!. <. A in"ites to a party.

A: (1) @@@ (I%ha"e) a party next Saturday. 8an you come/

: +n Saturday/ I m not sure. Some $riends o$ mine (?) @@@ (8ome) to stay ith me next ee! 0ut I thin! (<)

@@@ (they%go) 0y Saturday. ut i$ (B) @@@ (they%0e) still here# (C) @@@ (I%not%0e) a0le to come to the party.

A: +J. -ell# tell me as soon as (D) @@@ (you%!no ).

: >ight. (E) @@@ (I%phone) you during the ee!.

B. A and are t o secret agents arranging a meeting. They are tal!ing on the phone.

A: -ell# hat time (1) @@@ ( e%meet)/ : 8ome to the ca$e 0y the station at $our o cloc!. (?) @@@ (I% ait) $or you hen (<) @@@ (you%arri"e). (B) @@@ (I%sit)

0y the indo and (C) @@@ (I% ear) a 0right green s eater.

A: +J. (D) @@@ (Agent <ME%come) too/

: No# she can t 0e there.

A: +h. (E) @@@ (I%0ring) the documents/

: 9es. (G) @@@ (I%explain) e"erything hen (L) @@@ (I%see) you. And don t 0e late.

A: +J. (1M) @@@ (I%try) to 0e on time.

;p?L?

1<. Put the "er0 into the correct $orm. 8hoose $rom the $ollo ing:

present continuous (I am doing)

ill ( ll)% on t

present simple (I do)

ill 0e doing going to (I m going to do)

shall

1. I $eel a 0it hungry. I thin! @@@ (I%ha"e) something to eat.

?. -hy are you putting on your coat/ @@@ (you%go) some here/

<. -hat time @@@ (I%phone) you this e"ening/ A0out E.<M/

B. oo!6 That plane is $lying to ards the airport @@@ (it%land).

C. -e must do something soon# 0e$ore @@@ (it%0e) too late.

D. I m sorry you "e decided to lea"e the company @@@ (I%miss) you hen @@@ (you%go).

E. (I%gi"e) you my address/ I$ @@@ (I%gi"e) you my address @@@ (you% rite) to me/

G. Are you still atching that programme/ -hat time @@@ (it%end)/

L. (I%go) to ondon next ee!end $or a edding. y sister @@@ (get) married.

1M. I m not ready yet @@@ (I%tell) you hen @@@ (I%0e) ready. I promise @@@ (I%not%0e) "ery long.

11 A: -here are you going/



: To the hairdresser s @@@ (I%ha"e) my hair cut.

1?. She as "ery rude to me. I re$use to spea! to her again until @@@ (she%apologise).

1<. I onder here @@@ ( e%li"e) ten years $rom no /

1B. -hat do you plan to do hen @@@ (you%$inish) your course at college/

odal "er0s (can%must% ould) etc.

Units ?D@BM# Appendix B

1B. 8omplete s sentences using can%could%might%must%should% ould the "er0 in 0rac!ets. In some

sentences you need to use ha"e: must ha"e...%should ha"e... etc. In some sentences you need the negati"e

(can t%couldn t etc.).

1. A: I m hungry. : ut you "e 4ust had lunch. 9ou Rcan t 0eR hungry already. (0e)

?. A: I ha"en t seen our neigh0ours $or ages.

: No. They Rmust ha"e goneR a ay. (go)

<. A: -hat s the eather li!e/ Is it raining/

: Not at the moment 0ut it @@@ later.(rain)

B. A: -here has 3ulia gone/

: I m not sure. She @@@ to the 0an!. (go)

C. A: I didn t see you at 3ohn s party last ee!.

: No# I had to or! that e"ening# so I @@@. (go)

D. A: I sa you at 3ohn s party last ee!.

: No# you didn t. 9ou @@@ me. I didn t go to 3ohn s party. (see)

E. A: -hen did you post the letter to ary/

: This morning. So she @@@ it tomorro . (get)

;p?L<

G. A: -hen as the last time you sa ill/

: 9ears ago. I @@@ him i$ I sa him no . (recognise)

L. A: id you hear the explosion/

: -hat explosion/

A: There as a loud explosion a $e minutes ago. 9ou @@@ it. (hear)

1M. A: -e eren t sure hich ay to go. In the end e turned right.

: 9ou ent the rong ay. 9ou @@@ le$t. (turn)

1C. a!e sentences $rom the ords in 0rac!ets.

1. on t phone Ann no. (she might%ha"e%lunch)

RShe might 0e ha"ing lunch.R

?. I ate too much. No I $eet sic!. (I shouldn t%eat%so much)



RI shouldn t ha"e eaten so much.R

<. I onder hy Tom didn t phone me. (he must%$orget)

B. -hy did you go home so early/ (you needn t%go I home so early) C. 9ou "e signed the contract. (it%can t%change%no )

D. -hat s inda doing/ I m not sure. (she may I atch%tele"ision)

E. Ann as standing outside the cinema. (she must% ait%$or some0ody)

G. 2e as in prison at the time that the crime as committed# so (he couldn t%do%it).

L. -hy eren t you here earlier/ (you ought%0e%here earlier)

1M. -hy didn t you as! me to help you/ (I ould%help%you)

11. I m surprised no0ody told you that the road as "ery dangerous. (you should% arn)

1?. 5eorge as in a strange mood yesterday. (he might not%$eel%"ery ell) 8onditionals

Units ?C# <E@<L

1D. Put the "er0 into the correct $orm.

1. I$ you R$oundR a allet in the street# hat ould you do ith it/ ($ind)

?. I must hurry. y $riend ill 0e annoyed i$ IR m notR on time. (not%0e)

<. I didn t realise that 5ary as in hospital. i$ I Rhad !no nR he as in hospital# I ould ha"e gone to "isit

him. (!no )

B. I$ the phone @@@ I can you ans er it/ (ring)

C. I can t decide hat to do. -hat ould you do i$ you @@@ in my position/ (0e)

D. A: -hat shall e do tomorro /

: -ell# i$ it @@@ a nice day# e can go to the 0each. (0e)

;p?LB

E. A: et s go to the 0each.

: No# it s too cold. I$ it @@@ armer# I ouldn t mind going to the 0each. (0e)

G. A: id you go to the 0each yesterday/

: No# it as too cold. I$ it @@@ armer# e might ha"e gone. (0e)

L. I$ you @@@ enough money to go any here in the orld# here ould you go/ (ha"e)

1M. I m glad e had a map. I m sure e ould ha"e got lost i$ e @@@ one. (not%ha"e)

11. The accident as your $ault. I$ you @@@ more care$ully# it ouldn t ha"e happened. (dri"e)

1?. A: -hy do you read ne spapers/

: -ell# i$ I @@@ ne spapers# I ouldn t !no hat as happening in the orld. (not%read)

1E. 8omplete the sentences.

1. iK is tired all the time. She shouldn t go to 0ed so late.

I$ R iK didn t go to 0ed so late# she ouldn t 0e tired all the time.R

?. It s rather late. I don t thin! Ann ill come to see us no .



I d 0e surprised i$ Ann @@@.

<. I m sorry I distur0ed you. I didn t !no you ere 0usy.

I$ I d !no n you ere 0usy# I @@@. B. The dog attac!ed you# 0ut only 0ecause you pro"o!ed it.

I$ @@@.

C. I don t ant them to 0e upset# so I "e decided not to tell them hat happened.

They @@@ i$ @@@.

D. Un$ortunately# I didn t ha"e an um0rella and so I got "ery et in the rain.

I @@@.

E. artin $ailed his dri"ing test last ee!. 2e as "ery ner"ous and that s hy he $ailed.

I$ he @@@. 1G. Use your o n ideas to complete these sentences.

1. I d go out this e"ening i$ @@@.

?. I d ha"e gone out last night i$ @@@.

<. I$ you hadn t reminded me @@@.

B. -e ouldn t ha"e 0een late i$ @@@.

C. I$ I d 0een a0le to get tic!ets @@@.

D. -ho ould you phone i$ @@@.

E. 8ities ould 0e nicer places i$ @@@.

G. I$ there as no tele"ision @@@.

-ish

Units <G@BM

1L. Put the "er0 into the correct $orm.

1. I $eel sic!. I ish @@@ so much ca!e. (I%not%eat)

?. I m $ed up ith this rain. I ish @@@ raining. (it%stop)

<. It s a di$$icult Fuestion. I ish @@@ the ans er. (I%!no )

B. I should ha"e listened to you. I ish @@@ your ad"ice. (I%ta!e)

;p?LC

C. I ish @@@ here. She d 0e a0le to help us. (Ann%0e)

D. Aren t they ready yet/ I ish@@@. (they%hurry up)

E. It ould 0e nice to stay here. I ish @@@ to go no . ( e%not%ha"e)

G. -hen e ere in ondon last year# e didn t ha"e time to see all the things e anted to see. I ish @@@

more time. ( e%ha"e)

L. It s $reeKing today. I ish @@@ so cold. I hate cold eather. (it%not%0e)

1M. -hat s her name again/ I ish @@@ remem0er her name. (I%can)

11. -hat I said as stupid. I ish @@@ anything. (I%not%say)



1?. (in a car) 9ou re dri"ing too $ast. I ish @@@ a 0it. (you%slo do n)

1<. It as a terri0le $ilm. I ish @@@ to see it. ( e%not%go)

1B. 9ou re al ays tired. I ish @@@ to 0ed so late. (you%not%go) Passi"e

Units B1@BB

?M. Put the "er0 into the most suita0le passi"e $orm.

1. There s some0ody 0ehind us. I thin! e Rare 0eing $ollo edR ($ollo ).

?. A mystery is something that Rcan t 0e explainedR (can t%explain).

<. -e didn t play $oot0all yesterday. The match @@@ (cancel).

B. The tele"ision @@@ (repair). It s or!ing again no .

C. The church to er @@@ (restore). The or! is almost $inished. D. 2o old is the to er/ It @@@ (0elie"e) to 0e o"er DMM years old.

E. I$ I didn t do my 4o0 properly# I @@@ ( ould%sac!).

G. A: I le$t some papers on the des! last night and I can t $ind them no .

: They @@@ (might%thro ) a ay.

L. I learnt to s im hen I as "ery young. I @@@ (teach) 0y my mother.

1M. A$ter @@@ (arrest)# I as ta!en to the police station.

11. @@@ (you%e"er%arrest)/ No# ne"er.

1?. T o people @@@ (report) to @@@ (in4ure) in an explosion at a $actory in irmingham early this morning.

?1. Put the "er0 into the correct $orm# acti"e or passi"e.

1. This house is Fuite old. It R as 0uiltR (0uild) o"er 1MM years ago.

?. y grand$ather as a 0uilder. 2e R0uiltR. (0uild) this house many years ago.

<. Is your car still $or sale/ No# I @@@ (sell) it.

B. Is the house at the end o$ the street still $or sale/ No# it @@@ (sell).

C. Sometimes mista!es @@@ (ma!e). It s ine"ita0le.

D. I ouldn t lea"e your car unloc!ed. It @@@ (might%steal).

E. y 0ag has disappeared. It @@@ (must%steal).

G. I can t $ind my hat. Some0ody @@@ (must%ta!e) it 0y mista!e.

L. It s a serious pro0lem. I don t !no ho it @@@ (can%sol"e).

1M. -e didn t lea"e early enough. -e @@@ (should%lea"e) earlier.

11. "ery time I tra"el 0y plane# my $light @@@ (delay).

1?. A ne 0ridge @@@ (0uild) across the ri"er. -or! started last year and the 0ridge @@@ (expect) to open next

year.

;p?LD

??. >ead these ne spaper reports and put the "er0s into the most suita0le $orm.

1. 8astle $ire



-inton 8astle (1) R as damagedR (damage) in a $ire last night. The $ire# hich (?) @@@ (disco"er) at a0out L

o cloc!# spread "ery Fuic!ly. No0ody (<) @@@ (in4ure) 0ut t o people had to (B) @@@ (rescue) $rom an upstairs

room. A num0er o$ paintings (C) @@@ (0elie"e%destroy). It (D) @@@ (not%!no ) ho the $ire starred. ?. S2+P >+ >9

In Paxham yesterday a shop assistant (1) @@@ ($orce) to hand o"er CMM Pounds a$ter (?) @@@ (threaten) 0y a

man ith a !ni$e. The man escaped in a car hich (<) @@@ (steal) earlier in the day. The car (B) @@@ (later%$ind) in

a car par! here it (C) @@@ (a0andon) 0y the thie$. A man (D) @@@ (arrest) in connection ith the ro00ery and (E)

@@@ (still%Fuestion) 0y the police.

<. >+A A9S

>epair or! started yesterday on the Paxham@ ong orth road. The road (1) @@@ (resur$ace) and there ill 0e

long delays. ri"ers (?) @@@ (as!) to use an alternati"e route i$ possi0le. The or! (<) @@@ (expect) to last t oee!s. Next Sunday the road (B) @@@ (close) and tra$$ic (C) @@@ (di"ert).

B. Accident

A oman (1) @@@ (ta!e) to hospital a$ter her car collided ith a lorry near Norstoc! yesterday. She (?) @@@

(allo ) home later a$ter treatment. The road (<) @@@ (0loc!) $or an hour a$ter the accident and tra$$ic had to (B)

@@@ (di"ert). A police inspector said a$ter ards: The oman as luc!y. She could (C) @@@ (!ill).

&ing and the in$initi"e

Units C?@DC

?<. Put the "er0 into the correct $orm.

1. 2o old ere you hen you learnt Rto dri"e/R (dri"e)

?. I don t mind R al!ingR home 0ut I d rather RgetR a taxi. ( al!# get)

<. I can t ma!e a decision. I !eep @@@ my mind. (change)

B. 2e had made his decision and re$used @@@ his mind. (change)

C. -hy did you change your decision/ -hat made you @@@ your mind/ (change)

D. It as a really good holiday. I really en4oyed @@@ 0y the sea again. (0e)

E. id I really tell you I as unhappy/ I don t remem0er @@@ that. (say)

G. >emem0er @@@ Tom tomorro . +J. I on t $orget. (phone)

L. The ater here is not "ery good. I d a"oid @@@ it i$ I ere you. (drin!)

1M. I pretended @@@ interested in the con"ersation 0ut really it as "ery 0oring. (0e)

11. I got up and loo!ed out o$ the indo @@@ hat the eather as li!e. (see)

1?. I ha"e a $riend ho claims. @@@ a0le to spea! $i"e languages. (0e)

;?LE

1<. I li!e @@@ care$ully a0out things 0e$ore @@@ a decision. (thin!# ma!e)

1B. Ste"e used @@@ a $oot0aller. 2e had to stop @@@ 0ecause o$ an in4ury. (0e# play)

1C. A$ter @@@ 0y the police# the man admitted @@@ the car 0ut denied @@@ at 1MM miles an hour. (stop# steal# dri"e)

1D. A: 2o do you ma!e this machine @@@/ ( or!)



: I m not sure. Try @@@ that 0utton and see hat happens. (press)

?B. a!e sentences $rom the ords in 0rac!ets.

1. I can t $ind the tic!ets. (I%seem%lose%them) RI seem to ha"e lost them.R ?. I ha"en t got $ar to go. (it%not% orth%ta!e%a taxi) RIt s not orth ta!ing a taxi.R

<. I m $eeling a 0it tired. (I%not%$ancy%go%out) @@@.

B. Tim isn t "ery relia0le. (he%tend%$orget%things) @@@.

C. I "e got a lot o$ luggage. (you%mind%help%me#/) @@@.

D. There s no0ody in the house. (e"ery0ody%seem%go out) @@@.

E. -e don t li!e our $lat. ( e%thin!%mo"e) @@@.

G. The "ase as "ery "alua0le. (1%a$raid%touch%it) @@@.

L. ill ne"er carries money ith him. (he%a$raid%ro00ed) @@@. 1M. I ouldn t go to see the $ilm. (it%not% orth%see) @@@.

11. I m "ery tired a$ter that long al!. (I%not%used% al!%so $ar) @@@.

1?. Sue is on holiday. I recei"ed a postcard $rom her yesterday. (she%seem%en4oy%hersel$) @@@.

1<. a"e had lots o$ holiday photographs. (he%insist%sho %them to me) @@@.

1B. I don t ant to do the shopping. (I d rather%some0ody else%do% it) @@@.

?C. 8omplete the second sentence so that the meaning is similar to the $irst.

1. I as surprised I passed the exam. I didn t expect Rto pass the exam.R

?. id you manage to sol"e the pro0lem/ id you succeed Rin sol"ing the pro0lem/R

<. I don t read ne spapers any more. I "e gi"en up @@@.

B. I d pre$er not to go out tonight. I d rather @@@.

C. 2e can t al! "ery ell. 2e has di$$iculty @@@.

D. Shall I phone you this e"ening/ o you ant @@@/

E. No0ody sa me come in. I came in ithout @@@.

G. They said I as a cheat. I as accused @@@.

L. It ill 0e good to see them again. I m loo!ing $or ard @@@.

1M. -hat do you thin! I should do/ -hat do you ad"ise me @@@/

11. It s a pity I couldn t go out ith you. I d li!e @@@.

1?. I m sorry that I didn t ta!e your ad"ice. I regret @@@.

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Articles

Units DG@E

?D. Put in a%an or the here necessary. ea"e an empty space (@) i$ the sentence is already complete.

1. I don t usually li!e staying at (@) hotels# 0ut last summer e spent a $e days at RaR "ery nice hotel 0y

RtheRsea.



?. @@@ tennis is my $a"ourite sport. I play once or t ice @@@ ee! i$ I can# 0ut I m not @@@ "ery good player.

<. I on t 0e home $or @@@ dinner this e"ening. I m meeting some $riends a$ter @@@ or! and e re going to @@@

cinema. B. @@@ unemployment is "ery high at the moment and it s "ery di$$icult $or @@@ people to $ind @@@ or!.

C. There as @@@ accident as I as going @@@ home last night. T o people ere ta!en to @@@ hospital. I thin! @@@

most accidents are caused 0y @@@ people dri"ing too $ast.

D. 8arol is @@@ economist. She used to or! in @@@ in"estment department o$ @@@ loyds an!. No she or!s

$or @@@ American 0an! in @@@ United States.

E. A: -hat s @@@ name o$ @@@ hotel here you re staying/

: @@@ Imperial. It s in @@@ ueen Street in @@@ city centre. It s near @@@ station.

G. I ha"e t o 0rothers. @@@ older one is training to 0e @@@ pilot ith ritish Air ays. @@@ younger one is still at @@@school. -hen he lea"es @@@ school# he hopes to go to @@@ uni"ersity to study @@@ la .

8on4unctions

Units ?C# <E# 111@11

?E. 8hoose the right alternati"e.

1. I ll try to 0e on time 0ut don t orry Ri$% henR I m late. (i$ is right)

?. on t thro that 0ag a ay. RI$%-henR you don t ant it# I ll ha"e it.

<. Please report to reception Ri$% henR you arri"e at the hotel.

B. -e "e arranged to play tennis tomorro 0ut e on t play Ri$% henR it s raining.

C. 3enni$er is in her $inal year at school. She still doesn t !no hat she s going to do Ri$% henR she lea"es.

D. -hat ould you do Ri$% henR you lost your !eys/

E. I hope I ll 0e a0le to come to the party 0ut I ll let you !no Ri$%unlessR I can t.

G. I don t ant to 0e distur0ed# so don t phone me Ri$%unlessR it s something important.

L. Please sign the contract Ri$%unlessR you re happy ith the conditions.

1M. I li!e tra"elling 0y sea Ras long as%unlessR it s not rough.

11. 9ou might not remem0er the name o$ the hotel# so rite it do n Ri$%in caseR you $orget it.

1?. It s not cold no 0ut ta!e your coat ith you Ri$%in caseR it gets cold later.

1<. Ta!e your coat ith you and then you can put it on Ri$%inR case it gets cold later.

1B. The tele"ision is al ays on# Re"en i$%i$R no0ody is atching it.

1C. R "en%AlthoughR e played "ery ell# e lost the match.

1D. -e re not "ery close $riends Rdespite%althoughR e "e !no n each other a long time.

1E. -hen did you lea"e school/ RAs%-henR I as 1D.

1G. Ann ill 0e surprised R hen%asR she hears the ne s.

;p?LL

Prepositions (time)

Units 1?# 11G@1?1



?G. Put in one o$ the $ollo ing prepositions: at on in $or since during 0y until

1. 3ac! has gone a ay. 2e ll 0e 0ac! RinR a ee!.

?. -e re ha"ing a party @@@ Saturday. 8an you come/ <. I "e got an inter"ie next ee!. It s @@@ L.<M @@@ Tuesday morning.

B. Sue isn t usually here @@@ ee!ends. She goes a ay.

C. The train ser"ice is "ery good. The trains are nearly al ays @@@ time.

D. It as a con$using situation. any things ere happening @@@ the same time.

E. I couldn t decide hether or not to 0uy the s eater @@@ the end I decided not to.

G. The road is 0usy all the time# e"en @@@ night.

L. I as o!en up 0y a loud noise @@@ the night.

1M. I sa 2elen @@@ 7riday 0ut I ha"en t seen her @@@ then. 11. rian has 0een doing the same 4o0 @@@ $i"e years.

1?. Ann s 0irthday is @@@ the end o$ arch. I m not sure exactly hich day it is.

1<. -e "e got some $riends staying ith us @@@ the moment. They re staying 7riday.

1B. I$ you re interested in applying $or the 4o0# your application must 0e recei"ed @@@ 7riday.

Prepositions (place and other uses)

Units 1??@1?E

?L. Put in the missing preposition.

1. I d lo"e to 0e a0le to "isit e"ery country @@@ the orld.

?. 2a"e you read any 0oo!s @@@ argaret -hite/ No# I "e ne"er heard o$ her.

<. Is there a 0an! near here/ 9es# there s one @@@ the end o$ this road.

B. Tim is a ay at the moment# 2e s @@@ holiday.

C. 9ou "e got a dirty mar! @@@ your chee!. 2a"e a loo! @@@ the mirror.

D. -e ent @@@ a party @@@ inda s house on Saturday.

E. om0ay is @@@ the est coast o$ India.

G. oo! at the lea"es @@@ that tree. They re a 0eauti$ul colour.

L. 2a"e you e"er 0een @@@ To!yo/ No# I "e ne"er 0een @@@ 3apan.

1M. oKart died @@@ Oienna in 1EL1 @@@ the age o$ <C.

11. Are you @@@ this photograph/ 9es# that s me @@@ the le$t.

1?. -e ent @@@ the theatre last night. -e had seats @@@ the $ront ro .

1<. -here s the light s itch/ It s @@@ the all . the door.

1B. -hat time did you arri"e @@@ the party/

1C. I couldn t decide hat to eat. There as nothing @@@ the menu that I li!ed.

1D. -e li"e @@@ a to er 0loc!. +ur $lat is @@@ the $i$teenth $loor.

1E. -hat did you thin! o$ the $ilm/ Some parts ere a 0it stupid 0ut @@@ the hole I en4oyed it.



1G. -hen you paid the hotel 0ill# did you pay @@@ cash or @@@ credit card/

1L. 2o did you get here/ @@@ the 0us/ No @@@ car.

?M. A: I onder hat s @@@ tele"ision this e"ening. 2a"e you got a ne spaper/ : 9es# the TO programmes are @@@ the 0ac! page.

;p<MM

Noun%ad4ecti"e preposition

Units 1?G@1<M

<M. Put in the missing preposition.

1. The plan has 0een changed 0ut no0ody seems to !no the reason @@@ this.

?. on t as! me to decide. I m not "ery good @@@ ma!ing decisions.

<. Some people say that Sue is un$riendly 0ut she s al ays "ery nice @@@ me. B. -hat do you thin! is the 0est solution @@@ the pro0lem/

C. There has 0een a 0ig increase @@@ the price o$ land recently.

D. 2e li"es a rather lonely li$e. 2e doesn t ha"e much contact @@@ other people.

E. Paula is a !een photographer. She li!es ta!ing pictures @@@ people.

G. 5ordon got married @@@ a oman he met hen he as studying at college.

L. 2e s "ery 0ra"e. 2e s not a$raid @@@ anything.

1M. I m surprised @@@ the amount o$ tra$$ic today. I didn t thin! it ould 0e so 0usy.

11. Than! you $or lending me the guide 0oo!. It as $ull @@@ use$ul in$ormation.

1?. Please come in and sit do n. I m sorry @@@ the mess.

Oer0 preposition

Units 1<1@1<C

<1. Put in a preposition here necessary. I$ the sentence is already complete# lea"e an empty space (@).

1. She or!s Fuite hard. 9ou can t accuse her @@@ 0eing laKy.

?. -ho s going to loo! @@@ your children hile you re at or!/

<. The pro0lem is 0ecoming serious. -e ha"e to discuss @@@ it.

B. The pro0lem is 0ecoming serious. -e ha"e to do something @@@ it.

C. I pre$er this chair @@@ the other one. It s more com$orta0le.

D. I must phone @@@ the o$$ice to tell them I on t 0e at or! today.

E. The ri"er di"ides the city @@@ t o parts.

G. -hat do you thin! @@@ the ne manager/ She s all right# I suppose.

L. 8an some0ody please explain @@@ me hat I ha"e to do/

1M. o you li!e staying at hotels/ It depends @@@ the hotel.

11. 2a"e you e"er 0een to orla/ No# I "e ne"er heard @@@ it. -here is it/

1?. 9ou remind me @@@ some0ody I !ne a long time ago. 9ou too! 4ust li!e her.



1<. -hat s $unny/ -hat are you laughing @@@./

1B. -hat ha"e you done ith all the money you had/ -hat did you spend it @@@./

;p<M1

STU 9 5UI

This guide is to help you decide hich units you need to study. The sentences in the guide are grouped

together (Present and past# Articles and nouns etc.) in the same ay as the units in the 8ontents (page iii).

ach sentence can 0e completed using one or more o$ the alternati"es (A# # 8 etc.). There are 0et een

t o and $i"e alternati"es each time. IN S+ S NT N8 S +> T2AN +N A T >NATIO IS

P+SSI .

I$ you don t !no or i$ you are not sure hich alternati"es are correct# then you pro0a0ly need to study theunit(s) listed on the right. 9ou ill also $ind the correct sentence in this unit. (I$ t o or three units are listed#

you ill $ind the correct sentence in the $irst one.)

There is a !ey to this study guide on page <B<.

I7 9+U A> N+T SU> -2I82 IS >I52T

Present and past

1.1 @@@ this ee!/ No# she s on holiday.

A. is Susan or!ing . oes Susan or! 8. oes or! Susan (Unit 1# <)

1.? I don t understand this sentence. -hat @@@/

A. does mean this ord . does this ord mean 8. means this ord (Unit B# BG)

1.< 3ohn @@@ tennis once or t ice a ee!.

A. is playing usually . is usually playing 8. usually plays . plays usually (Unit ?# <# 1ML)

1.B 2o @@@ no / etter than 0e$ore/

A. you are $eeling . do you $eel 8. are you $eeling (Unit B)

1.C It as a 0oring ee!end @@@ anything.

A. I didn t . I don t do 8. I didn t do (Unit C)

1.D Tom @@@ his hand hen he as coo!ing the dinner.

A. 0urnt . as 0urning 8. has 0urnt (Unit D# 1B)

Present per$ect and past

?.1 3im is a ay on holiday. 2e @@@ to Spain.

A. is gone . has gone 8. has 0een (Unit E)

?.? "erything is going ell. -e @@@ any pro0lems so $ar.

A. didn t ha"e . don t ha"e 8. ha"en t had (Unit G)

?.< inda has lost her passport again. It s the second time this @@@.

A. has happened . happens 8. happened (Unit G# 1<)



?.B 9ou re out o$ 0reath @@@/

A. Are you running . 2a"e you run 8. 2a"e you 0een running (Unit L)

?.C -here s the 0oo! I ga"e you/ -hat @@@ ith it/ A. ha"e you done . ha"e you 0een doing 8. are you doing (Unit 1M)

?.D -e re good $riends. -e @@@ each other $or a long time.

A. !no . ha"e !no n 8. ha"e 0een !no ing . !ne (Unit 11# 1M)

?.E Sally has 0een or!ing here @@@.

A. $or six months . since six months 8. six months ago (Unit 1?)

;p<M?

?.G. It s t o years 3oe.

A. that I don t see . that I ha"en t seen 8. since I didn t see . since I sa (Unit 1?) ?.L. They @@@ out a$ter lunch and they "e 4ust come 0ac!.

A. ent . ha"e gone 8. are gone (Unit 1<# 1B# E)

?.1M. The 8hinese @@@ printing.

A. in"ented . ha"e in"ented 8. had in"ented (Unit 1<# 1C)

?.11. Ian @@@ in Scotland $or ten years. No he li"es in ondon.

A. li"ed . has li"ed 8. has 0een li"ing (Unit 1B# 11)

?.1?. The man sitting next to me on the plane as ner"ous 0ecause he 0e$ore @@@.

A. hasn t $lo n . didn t $ly 8. hadn t $lo n . asn t $lying (Unit 1C)

?.1<. @@@ a car hen they ere li"ing in ondon/

A. 2ad they . id they ha"e 8. -ere they ha"ing . 2a"e they had (Unit 1E)

?.1B. I @@@ tele"ision a lot 0ut I don t any more.

A. as atching . as used to atch 8. used to atch (Unit 1G)

7uture

<.1. @@@ tomorro # so e can go out some here.

A. I m not or!ing . I don t or! 8. I on t or! (Unit 1L# ?1)

<.?. That 0ag loo!s hea"y @@@ you ith it.

A. I m helping . I help 8. I ll help (Unit ?1)

<.<. I thin! the eather @@@ 0e nice later.

A. ill . shall 8. is going to (Unit ?<# ??)

<.B. Ann is in hospital. 9es# I !no @@@ her tomorro .

A. I "isit . I m going to "isit 8. I ll "isit (Unit ?<# ?M)

<.C. -e re late. The $ilm @@@ 0y the time e get to the cinema.

A. ill already start . ill 0e already started 8. ill already ha"e started (Unit ?B)

<.D. on t orry @@@ late tonight.

A. i$ I am . hen I am 8. hen I ll 0e . i$ I ll 0e (Unit ?C)



odals

B.1. The $ire spread through the 0uilding Fuic!ly 0ut e"ery0ody @@@.

A. as a0le to escape . managed to escape 8. could escape (Unit ?D) B.?. The phone is ringing. It @@@ 0e Tim.

A. might . can 8. could (Unit ?E# ?L)

B.<. -hy did you stay at a hotel hen you ent to Ne 9or!/ 9ou @@@ ith ar0ara.

A. can stay . could stay 8. could ha"e stayed (Unit ?E)

B.B. I "e lost one o$ my glo"es. I @@@ it some here.

A. must drop . must ha"e dropped 8. must 0e dropping . must ha"e 0een dropping (Unit ?G)

;p<M<

B.C. Ta!e an um0rella ith you hen you go out. It @@@ rain later. A. may . might 8. can . could (Unit <M)

B.D. -hat as rong ith you/ -hy @@@ go to hospital/

A. had you to . did you ha"e to 8. must you (Unit <1)

B.E. There s plenty o$ time. 9ou @@@ hurry.

A. don t ha"e to . mustn t 8. needn t (Unit <1# <?)

B.G. It as a great party last night. 9ou @@@ come. -hy didn t you/

A. must ha"e . should ha"e 8. ought to ha"e . had to (Unit <<)

B.L. 3ane @@@ a car.

A. suggested that I 0uy . suggested that I should 0uy 8. suggested me to 0uy (Unit <B)

B.1M. I thin! all dri"ers @@@ seat 0elts.

A. should ear . had 0etter ear 8. had 0etter to ear (Unit <C)

B.11. It s late. It s time @@@ home.

A. e go . e must go 8. e should go . e ent (Unit <C)

8onditionals and ish

C.1. I m not tired enough to go to 0ed yet. I ouldn t sleep i$ I @@@ to 0ed no .

A. go . ent 8. had gone . ould go (Unit <E)

C.?. I$ I ere you# I @@@ that coat. It s much too expensi"e.

A. on t 0uy . don t 0uy 8. am not going to 0uy . ouldn t 0uy (Unit <G)

C.<. I decided to stay at home last night. I ould ha"e gone out i$ I @@@ so tired.

A. asn t . eren t 8. ouldn t ha"e 0een . hadn t 0een (Unit <L)

C.B. I ish @@@ a car. It ould ma!e li$e so much easier.

A. ha"e . had 8. ould ha"e (Unit BM# <G)

Passi"e

D.1. -e @@@ 0y a loud noise during the night.

A. o!e up . are o!en up 8. ere o!en up . ere a!ing up (Unit B1)



D.?. There s some0ody al!ing 0ehind us. I thin! @@@.

A. e are $ollo ing . e are 0eing $ollo ed 8. e are $ollo ed . e are 0eing $ollo ing (Unit B?)

D.<. -here @@@ In ondon. A. ere you 0orn . are you 0orn 8. ha"e you 0een 0orn . did you 0orn (Unit B<)

D.B. The train @@@ arri"e at 11.<M 0ut it as an hour late.

A. supposed to . is supposed to 8. as supposed to (Unit BB)

D.C. -here @@@/ -hich hairdresser did you go to/

A. did you cut your hair . ha"e you cut your hair 8. did you ha"e cut your hair . did you ha"e your hair

cut (Unit BC)

;p<MB

>eported speech E.1. 2ello# 3im. I didn t expect to see you today. Sonia said you @@@ ill.

A. are . ere 8. as . should 0e (Unit BE# BG)

E.?. Ann @@@ and le$t.

A. said good0ye to me . said me good0ye 8. told me good0ye (Unit BE)

uestions and auxiliary "er0s

G.1. 2o @@@ / No0ody !no s.

A. happened the accident . did happen the accident 8. did the accident happen (Unit BG)

G.?. o you !no here @@@. No# he didn t say.

A. Tom has gone . has Tom gone 8. has gone Tom (Unit BL)

G.<. The police o$$icer stopped us and as!ed us here @@@.

A. ere e going . are e going 8. e are going . e ere going (Unit BL)

G.B. o you thin!@ it s going to rain/ @@@.

A. I hope not . I don t hope 8. I don t hope so (Unit CM)

G.C. 9ou don t !no here Jaren is @@@ Sorry# I "e no idea.

A. don t you . do you 8. is she (Unit C1)


L.1. 9ou can t stop me @@@ hat I ant.

A. doing . do 8. to do . that I do (Unit C?)

L.?. I must go no . I promised @@@ late.

A. not 0eing . not to 0e 8. to not 0e . I ouldn t 0e (Unit C<# BM)

L.<. o you ant @@@ ith you or do you ant to go alone/

A. me coming . me to come 8. that I come . that I ill come (Unit CB)

L.B. I m sure I loc!ed the door. I clearly remem0er @@@ it.

A. loc!ing . to loc! 8. to ha"e loc!ed (Unit CC)

L.C. She tried to 0e serious 0ut she couldn t help @@@.



A. laughing . to laugh 8. that she laughed (Unit CD)

L.D. I li!e @@@ the !itchen as o$ten as possi0le.

A. cleaning . clean 8. to clean . that I clean (Unit CE) L.E. I m tired. I d rather @@@ out this e"ening# i$ you don t mind.

A. not going . not to go 8. don t go . not go (Unit CG)

L.G. Shall I stay here/ I d rather @@@ ith us.

A. you come . you to come 8. you came . you ould come (Unit CG)

L.L. Are you loo!ing $or ard @@@ Ann again/

A. seeing . to see 8. to seeing (Unit CL# D1)

L.1M. -hen 3ane came to ritain# she had to get used @@@ on the le$t.

A. dri"ing . to dri"ing 8. to dri"e (Unit DM) L.11. I m thin!ing @@@ a house. o you thin! that s a good idea/

A. to 0uy . o$ to 0uy 8. o$ 0uying (Unit D1# DC)

;p<MC

I7 9+U A> N+T SU> -2I82 IS >I52T

L.1?. I m sure you ll ha"e no @@@ the exam.

A. di$$iculty to pass . di$$iculties to pass 8. di$$iculties passing . di$$iculty passing (Unit D?)

L.1<. A $riend o$ mine phoned @@@ me to a party.

A. $or in"ite . to in"ite 8. $or in"iting . $or to in"ite (Unit D<)

L.1B. 3im doesn t spea! "ery clearly @@@.

A. It is di$$icult to understand him. . 2e is di$$icult to understand. 8. 2e is di$$icult to understand him. (Unit

DB)

L.1C. The path as icy# so e al!ed "ery care$ully. -e ere a$raid @@@.

A. o$ $alling . $rom $alling 8. to $all (Unit DC)

L.1D. I didn t hear you @@@ in. 9ou must ha"e 0een "ery Fuiet.

A. come . to come 8. came (Unit DD)

L.1E. @@@ a hotel# e loo!ed $or some here to ha"e dinner.

A. 7inding . A$ter $inding 8. 2a"ing $ound . -e $ound (Unit DE)

Articles and nouns

1M.1. 8all an am0ulance. There s 0een @@@.

A. accident . an accident. 8. some accident (Unit DG)

1M.?. -here are you going/ I m going to 0uy @@@.

A. a 0read . some 0read 8. a loa$ o$ 0read (Unit DL)

1M.<. Sandra or!s at a 0ig hospital. She s @@@.

A. nurse . a nurse 8. the nurse (Unit EM# E1)

1M.B. She or!s six days @@@ ee!.



A. in . $or 8. a . the (Unit E1)

1M.C There are millions o$ stars in @@@.

A. space . a space 8. the space (Unit E?) 1M.D "ery day @@@ 0egins at L and $inishes at <.

A. school . a school 8. the school (Unit E<)

1M.E a pro0lem in most 0ig cities.

A. 8rime is . The crime is 8. The crimes are (Unit EB)

1M.G -hen @@@ in"ented/

A. as telephone . ere telephones 8. as the telephone . ere the telephones (Unit EC)

1M.L -e "isited @@@.

A. 8anada and United States . the 8anada and the United States 8. 8anada and the United States .the 8anada and United States (Unit ED)

1M.1M 3ulia is a student at @@@.

A. ondon Uni"ersity . the ondon Uni"ersity 8. the Uni"ersity o$ ondon (Unit EE)

1M.11 -hat time @@@ on tele"ision/

A. is the ne s . are the ne s 8. is ne s (Unit EG# DL)

1M.1? It too! us Fuite a long time to get here. It as @@@ 4ourney.

A. three hour . a three@hours 8. a three@hour (Unit EL)

;p<MD

1M.1< -here is/

A. the manager o$$ice . the manager s o$$ice 8. the o$$ice o$ the manager . the o$$ice o$ the manager s

(Unit GM)

Pronouns and determiners

11.1 I m going to a edding on Saturday @@@ is getting married#

A. A $riend o$ me . A $riend o$ mine 8. +ne my $riends (Unit G1)

11.? -hat time shall e @@@ this e"ening/

A. meet . meet us 8. meet oursel"es (Unit G?)

11.< They li"e on a 0usy road @@@ a lot o$ noise $rom the tra$$ic.

A. It must 0e . There must 0e 8. There must ha"e . It must ha"e (Unit G<)

11.B 2e s laKy. 2e ne"er does @@@ or!.

A. some . any 8. no (Unit GB)

11.C -hat ould you li!e to eat/ I don t mind @@@ hate"er you "e got.

A. Something . Anything 8. Nothing (Unit GB# GC)

11.D -e couldn t 0uy anything 0ecause @@@ o$ the shops ere open.

A. all . no one 8. none . nothing (Unit GC)

11.E -hen e ere on holiday# e spent @@@ money.



A. a lot o$ . much 8. too much (Unit GD)

11.G @@@ don t "isit this part o$ the to n.

A. The most tourists . ost o$ tourists 8. ost tourists (Unit GE) 11.L I as!ed t o people the ay to the station 0ut @@@ o$ them !ne .

A. none . either 8. 0oth . neither (Unit GG)

11.1M It as a great party @@@ en4oyed it.

A. "ery0ody . All 8. All o$ us . "ery0ody o$ us (Unit GL)

11.11 The 0us ser"ice is "ery good. There s a 0us @@@ ten minutes.

A. each . e"ery 8. all (Unit GL# LM)

>elati"e clauses

1?.1 I don t li!e stories @@@ ha"e unhappy endings. A. that . they 8. hich . ho (Unit L1)

1?.? I didn t 0elie"e them at $irst 0ut in $act e"erything @@@ as true.

A. they said . that they said 8. hat they said (Unit L?)

1?.< -hat s the name o$ the man @@@/

A. you 0orro ed his car . hich car you 0orro ed 8. hose car you 0orro ed . his car you 0orro ed

(Unit L<)

1?.B 8olin told me a0out his ne 4o0 @@@ "ery much.

A. that he s en4oying . hich he s en4oying 8. he s en4oying . he s en4oying it (Unit LB)

1?.C Sheila couldn t come to the party @@@ as a pity.

A. that . it 8 hat . hich (Unit LC)

;p<ME

1?.D Some o$ the people @@@ to the party can t come.

A. in"iting . in"ited 8. ho in"ited . they ere in"ited (Unit LD)

Ad4ecti"es and ad"er0s

1<.1 3ane doesn t en4oy her 4o0. She s @@@ 0ecause she does the same thing e"ery day.

A. 0oring . 0ored (Unit LE)

1<.? The oman as carrying a @@@ 0ag.

A. 0lac! small plastic . small and 0lac! plastic 8. small 0lac! plastic . plastic small 0lac! (Unit LG)

1<.< aria s nglish is excellent. She spea!s @@@.

A. per$ectly nglish . nglish per$ectly 8. per$ect nglish . nglish per$ect (Unit LL)

1<.B 2e @@@ to $ind a 4o0 0ut he had no luc!.

A. tried hard . tried hardly 8. hardly tried (Unit 1MM)

1<.C I ha"en t seen her $or @@@ I "e $orgotten hat she loo!s li!e.

A. so long . a so long time 8. a such long time . such a long time (Unit 1M1)

1<.D 1 ha"en t got @@@ on holiday at the moment.



A. money enough to go . enough money to go 8. money enough $or going . enough money $orgoing

(Unit 1M?)

1<.E et s get a taxi. It s @@@ to al!. A. a Fuite long ay . Fuite a long ay 8. rather a long ay (Unit 1M<)

1<.G The exam as Fuite easy @@@ e expected.

A. more easy that . more easy than 8. easier than . easier as (Unit 1MB)

1<.L The more electricity you use @@@.

A. your 0ill ill 0e higher . ill 0e higher your 0ill 8. the higher your 0ill ill 0e (Unit 1MC)

1<.1M 2e s a $ast runner. I can t run as $ast as @@@.

A. he . him 8. he can (Unit 1MD)

1<.11 The $ilm as really 0oring. It as @@@ I "e e"er seen. A. most 0oring $ilm . the more 0oring $ilm 8. the $ilm more 0oring . the most 0oring $ilm (Unit 1ME)

1<.1? Tom li!es al!ing @@@.

A. "ery morning he al!s to or!. . 2e al!s to or! e"ery morning. 8. 2e al!s e"ery morning to

or!. (Unit 1MG)

1<.1< @@@ a long time $or the 0us.

A. Al ays e ha"e to ait . -e al ays ha"e to ait 8. -e ha"e al ays to ait . -e ha"e to ait

al ays (Unit 1ML)

1<.1B Ann @@@ She le$t last month.

A. still doesn t or! here . doesn t still or! here 8. no more or!s here . doesn t or! here any more

(Unit 11M)

1<.1C @@@ she can t dri"e# she has 0ought a car.

A. "en . "en though 8. "en i$ . "en hen (Unit 111# 11?)

;p<MG

8on4unctions and prepositions

1B.1 I couldn t sleep @@@ "ery tired.

A. although I as . despite I as 8. despite o$ 0eing . in spite o$ 0eing (Unit 11?)

1B.? 9ou should insure your 0icycle @@@ stolen.

A. in case it ill 0e . i$ it ill 0e 8. in case it is . i$ it is (Unit 11<)

1B.< The clu0 is $or mem0ers only. 9ou @@@ you re a mem0er.

A. can t go in i$ . can go in only i$ 8. can t go in unless . can go in unless (Unit 11B)

1B.B Angela has 0een married a long time. She got married @@@ she as ?< years old. A. hen . as (Unit

11C)

1B.C -hat a 0eauti$ul house6 It s @@@ a palace.

A. as . li!e (Unit 11D)

1B.D They are "ery !ind to me. They treat me @@@ their o n son.



A. li!e I am . as i$ I am 8. as i$ I as . as i$ I ere (Unit 11E)

1B.E I ll 0e in ondon next ee!. I hope to see Tom @@@ there.

A. hile I ill 0e . hile I am 8. during my "isit . during I am (Unit 11G) 1B.G 7red is a ay at the moment. I don t !no exactly hen he s coming 0ac! 0ut I m sure he ll 0e 0ac! @@@

onday.

A. 0y :until (Unit 11L)

Prepositions

1C.1 I ll 0e at home @@@ 7riday morning. 9ou can phone me then.

A. at . on 8. in (Unit 1?M)

1C.? I m going a ay @@@ the end o$ 3anuary.

A. at . on 8. in (Unit 1?1) 1C.< -hen e ere in Italy# e spent a $e days @@@ Oenice.

A. at . to 8. in (Unit 1??# 1?B)

1C.B +ur $lat is @@@ the second $loor o$ the 0uilding.

A. at . on 8. in (Unit 1?<)

1C.C I sa 3ac! @@@ a concert last Saturday.

A. at . on 8. in (Unit 1?B)

1C.D -hat time did they @@@ the hotel/

A. arri"e to . arri"e at 8. arri"e in . get to get in (Unit 1?C)

1C.E Tom s a ay at the moment. 2e s @@@ holiday in 7rance.

A. at . on 8. in . $or (Unit 1?D)

1C.G -e tra"elled @@@ D.BC train# hich arri"ed at G.<M.

A. in the . on the 8. 0y the . 0y (Unit 1?E)

1C.L 2a"e you read any 0oo!s @@@ Agatha 8hristie/

A. o$ . $rom 8. 0y (Unit 1?E)

1C.1M The accident as my $ault# so I had to pay $or the damage @@@ the other car.

A. o$ . $or 8. to . on : at (Unit 1?G)

;p<ML

1C.11 -hy ere you so un$riendly @@@ Tessa/ 2a"e you had an argument ith her/

A. o$ . $or 8. to . ith (Unit 1?L)

1C.1? I m not "ery good @@@ repairing things.

A. at . $or 8. in . a0out (Unit 1<M)

1C.1< I don t understand this sentence. 8an you @@@/

A. explain to me this ord . explain me this ord 8. explain this ord to me (Unit 1<1)

1C.1B I$ you re orried a0out the pro0lem# you should do something @@@ it.

A. $or . a0out 8. against . ith (Unit 1<?)



1C.1C -ho is Tom adely/ I "e no idea. I "e ne"er heard @@@ him.

A. a0out . $rom 8. a$ter . o$ (Unit 1<<)

1C.1D -hat time ill you arri"e/ I don t !no . It depends @@@ the tra$$ic. A. o$ . $or 8. $rom . on (Unit 1<B)

1C.1E I pre$er tea @@@ co$$ee.

A. to . than 8. against . o"er (Unit 1<C# CG)

1C.1G They ga"e me a $orm and told me to @@@.

A. $ill in . $ill it in 8. $ill in it (Unit 1<D)

;$$

;p<1M

J 9 T+ = >8IS S In some o$ the exercises# you ha"e to use your o n ideas to rite sentences. xample ans ers are gi"en in

the !ey. I$ possi0le# chec! your ans ers ith some0ody ho spea!s nglish ell.

UNIT 1

1.1

? m loo!ing%am loo!ing

< s getting%is getting

B re staying%are staying

C m coming%am coming

D s starting%is starting

E re ma!ing%are ma!ing ... m trying%am trying

G s happening%is happening

1.?

? are you loo!ing

< s she studying%is she studying

B Is any0ody listening

C Is it getting

1.<

< m not en4oying%am not en4oying

B s ha"ing%is ha"ing

C m not eating%am not eating

D s learning%is learning

E aren t spea!ing% re not spea!ing%are not spea!ing

1.B

1 are you doing

? m training%am training



< Are you en4oying

B m not or!ing%am not or!ing

C m trying%am trying D m decorating%am decorating

E Are you doing

G are helping

1.C

? s getting%is getting

< is changing

B is rising or is increasing

C s getting%is getting UNIT ?

?.1

? drin!

< opens ... closes

B causes

C li"e

D ta!e place

?.?

? do the 0an!s close

< does artin come

B do you do

C ta!es ... does it ta!e

D play ... don t play

E does this ord mean

?.<

< rises

B ma!e

C don t eat

D doesn t 0elie"e

E translates

G doesn t tell

L $lo s

?.B

? oes your sister play tennis/

< -hich ne spaper do you read/



B -hat does your 0rother do/ or -hat is your 0rother s 4o0/

C 2o o$ten do you go to the cinema/

D -here does your mother li"e/ ?.C

? I promise

< I insist

B I apologise

C I recommend

UNIT <

<.1

< rong@@is trying B rong@@are they tal!ing

C right

D rong@@ s getting%is getting

E right

G rong@@ m coming%am coming

L rong@@are you getting

<.?

< s aiting%is aiting

B Are you listening

C o you listen

D $lo s

E s $lo ing%is $lo ing

G gro ... aren t gro ing% re not gro ing%are not gro ing

L s impro"ing%is impro"ing

1M s staying%is staying ... al ays stays

11 m starting%am starting

1? m learning am learning ... is teaching

1< $inish ... m or!ing%am or!ing

1B li"e ... do your parents li"e

1C is loo!ing ... s staying%is staying

1D does your $ather do ... isn t or!ing% s not or!ing%is not or!ing

1E en4oy ... m not en4oying%am not en4oying

1G al ays lea"es

1L s al ays lea"ing%is al ays lea"ing (al ays lea"es is also possi0le)

<.<



? It s al ays 0rea!ing do n.

< I m al ays ma!ing the same mista!e.%... that mista!e.

B 9ou re al ays lea"ing the lights UNIT B

B.1

? right

< rong@@ o you 0elie"e

B rong@@It tastes

C rong@@I thin!

B.?

? -hat are you doing/ I m thin!ing. < -ho does this um0rella 0elong to/

B The dinner smells good.

C Is any0ody sitting here/

D I m ha"ing dinner.

B.<

? doesn t 0elong%does not 0elong

< m using%am using

B need

C does he ant

D is he loo!ing

E 0elie"es

G don t remem0er%do not remem0er

L m thin!ing%am thin!ing

1M thin! ... don t use%do not use

11 pre$er

1? consists

B.B

? is 0eing

< is

B are you 0eing

C Is she

UNIT C

C.1

? had

< She al!ed to or!



B It too! her (a0out) hal$ an hour

C She started or!

D She didn t ha"e (any) lunch.%... eat (any) lunch. ;p<11

E She $inished or!

G She as tired hen she got home.

L She coo!ed

1M She didn t go

11 She ent to 0ed

1? She slept C.?

? taught

< sold

B dran!

C on

D $ell ... hurt

E thre ... caught

G spent ... 0ought ... cost

C.<

? id you go alone/

< -as the $ood good/

B 2o long did you stay there/

C id you stay at a hotel/

D 2o did you tra"el/

E -as the eather $ine/

G -hat did you do in the e"enings/

L id you meet any0ody interesting/

C.B

< didn t distur0

B ent

C didn t sleep

D didn t eat

E asn t

G laughed

L $le



1M didn t cost

11 didn t ha"e

1? ere UNIT D

D.1 xample ans ers:

< I as or!ing.

B I as in 0ed asleep.

C I as ha"ing a meal in a restaurant.

D I as atching TO at home.

D.? xample ans ers:

? as ha"ing a sho er. < ere aiting $or the 0us.

B as reading the paper.

C as atching it.

D.<

1 didn t see ... as loo!ing

? met ... ere going ... as going ... had ... ere aiting% aited

< as cycling ... stepped ... as going ... managed ... didn t hit

D.B

? ere you doing

< id you go

B as earing ( ore is also possi0le)

C ere you dri"ing ... happened

D too! ... asn t loo!ing

E didn t !no

G sa ... as trying

L as al!ing ... heard ... as $ollo ing ... started

1M anted

UNIT E

E.1

? y $ather has started a ne 4o0.

< I "e gi"en up smo!ing.%I ha"e gi"en ...

B 8harles and Sarah ha"e gone to raKil.

C SuKanne has had a 0a0y.

E.?

? She has 0ro!en her leg.%She s 0ro!en ...



< 2er nglish has impro"ed.%It has impro"ed.%It s impro"ed.

B 2e has gro n a 0eard.%2e s gro n ...

C The letter has arri"ed.%It has arri"ed.%It s arri"ed. D The 0us $are has gone up.%It has gone up.%It s gone up.

E.<

? "e 4ust seen%ha"e 4ust seen

< s already le$t%has already le$t

B ha"en t read it yet

C s already seen has already seen

D "e 4ust arri"ed ha"e 4ust arri"ed

E ha"en t told him yet E.B

? he s 4ust gone out%he has 4ust gone out

< I ha"en t $inished yet.

B I "e already done%I ha"e already done

C 2a"e you $ound a 4o0 yet/

D she s 4ust come 0ac!%she has 4ust come 0ac!

E.C

? 0een

< gone

B gone

C 0een

UNIT G

? 2a"e you e"er 0een to 8ali$ornia/

< 2a"e you e"er run a marathon/

B 2a"e you e"er spo!en to a $amous person/

C 2a"e you al ays li"ed in this to n/

D -hat s the most 0eauti$ul place you "e e"er "isited/

G.?

? ha"en t seen

< ha"en t eaten

B I ha"en t played (it)

C I "e had%I ha"e had

D I ha"en t read

E I "e ne"er 0een%I ha"en t 0een

G has 0een late% s 0een late



L I "e ne"er tried%I ha"e ne"er tried%I "e ne"er eaten

1M it s happened%it has happened that s happened%that has happened

11 I "e ne"er seen her%I ha"en t seen her G.<

? ha"en t read one%a ne spaper

< it hasn t made a pro$it.%it has made a loss.

B she hasn t or!ed ("ery) hard this term.

C it hasn t sno ed (much) this inter.

D ha"en t on many%any games this season.

G.B

? 2a"e you played tennis 0e$ore/ No# this is the $irst time I "e played tennis. < 2a"e you ridden a horse 0e$ore/ 2a"e you 0een on a horse 0e$ore/ No# this is the $irst time I "e ridden a

horse.%... I "e 0een on a horse.

B 2a"e you 0een to ondon 0e$ore/ No# this is the $irst time I "e 0een to ondon.

UNIT L

L.1

? ha"e 0een playing tennis.% "e 0een playing tennis.

< has 0een atching tele"ision.% s 0een atching tele"ision.

B has 0een running.% s 0een running.

L.?

? 2a"e you 0een aiting long/

< -hat ha"e you 0een doing/

B 2o long ha"e you 0een li"ing in a!er Street/

C 2o long ha"e you 0een selling computers/

L.<

? ha"e 0een aiting% "e 0een aiting

< ha"e 0een learning Spanish "e 0een learning Spanish

;P<1?

B She has 0een loo!ing $or a 4o0%She s 0een loo!ing.%Ann has 0een loo!ing.

C She has 0een or!ing in ondon She s 0een or!ing.% ary has 0een or!ing.

D ha"e 0een riting to each other "e 0een riting.

L.B

? ha"e 0een loo!ing% "e 0een loo!ing

< are you loo!ing

B ha"e 0een going% "e 0een going

C ha"e 0een thin!ing% "e 0een thin!ing



< 2o long ha"e you !no n 8arol/

B 2o long has your 0rother 0een in Australia/

C 2o long ha"e you had that 4ac!et/ D 2o long has Alan or!ed at the airport/ or 2o long has Alan 0een or!ing.

E 2o long ha"e you 0een ha"ing dri"ing lessons/

G 2a"e you al ays li"ed in 5lasgo /

11.<

< has 0een% s 0een

B ha"e 0een aiting% "e 0een aiting

C ha"e !no n% "e !no n

D ha"en t played E has 0een atching% s 0een atching

G ha"en t atched

L ha"e had% "e had

1M hasn t 0een

11 ha"e 0een $eeling% "e 0een

$eeling or ha"e $elt% "e $elt

1? has 0een li"ing% s 0een li"ing

1< ha"en t 0een

1B ha"e al ays anted% "e al ays anted

UNIT 1?

1?.1

? 2o long has she 0een learning Italian/ -hen did she start learning Italian/

< 2o long ha"e you !no n him%... !no n artin/ -hen did you $irst meet (him% artin)/

B 2o long ha"e they 0een married/ -hen did they get married/ (-hen did they marry/ is possi0le 0ut

less usual)

1?.?

< 0een ill since Sunday

B 0een ill $or a $e days

C married t o years ago

D had it $or ten years%had this camera $or ten years

E to 7rance three ee!s ago

G 0een or!ing in a hotel since 3une

1?.<

? $or

< $or



B since

C Since

D $or E since

G $or

L since

1?.B

? No# I ha"en t eaten in a restaurant $or ages.

< No# I ha"en t seen Sarah $or a0out a month.%No# I ha"en t seen her $or.

B No# I ha"en t 0een to the cinema $or a long time.

D No# it s ages since I (last) ate in a restaurant. E No# it s a0out a month since I (last) sa Sarah.

G No# it s a long time since I (last) ent to the cinema.

UNIT 1<

1<.1

? has gone to 0ed% s gone to 0ed

< has $allen%has dropped% has gone do n

B has turned on the light%has turned the light on%has turned it on

C has gro n% s gro n

D has ta!en o$$

1<.?

< ent

B has gone% s gone

C ha"e $orgotten% "e $orgotten

D $orgot

E had

G has 0een% s 0een

L ha"en t $inished

1M has 4ust gone% s 4ust gone

11 arrested

1? ga"e ... lost or ha"e lost% "e lost

1< as ... has disappeared% s disappeared

1B ha"e impro"ed% "e impro"ed

1<.<

< rong@@did Sha!espeare rite



B right

C rong@@ as

D right E rong@@ y grandparents got married.

G rong@@ ere you 0orn

L right

1M rong@@ as the scientist ho de"eloped.

;p<1<

1<.B

? has 0ro!en did that happen $ell

< 2a"e you had cut ... id you go did UNIT 1B

1B.1

< right

B rong@@I 0ought

C rong@@ ere you

D rong@@4enny le$t school

E right

G right

L rong@@ asn t

1M rong@@-hen as this 0oo! pu0lished

1B.?

? The eather has 0een cold recently.

< It as cold last ee!.

B I didn t read a ne spaper yesterday.

C I ha"en t read a ne spaper today.

D Ann has earned a lot o$ money this year.

E She didn t earn so much last year.

G 2a"e you had a holiday recently/

1B.<

? got ... as ... ent

< 2a"e you ashed it/ ( id you ash it/ is also possi0le)

B asn t

C or!ed

D has li"ed I s li"ed

E id you go ... as ... as



< I ha"en t got a guitar (no ). I had a guitar (ten years ago).

B I "e got a dog (no ). I had a dog (ten years ago).

1E.B ? has a s im

< had a party

B ha"e a loo!

C is ha"ing a rest% s ha"ing a rest

D had a chat

E id you ha"e a nice time

G had a 0a0y

L had a cigarette 1M as ha"ing a sho er

11 id you ha"e a good $light

UNIT 1G

1G.1

? used to ha"e%used to ride

< used to li"e

B used to li!e%used to lo"e%used to eat

C used to 0e

;p<1B

D used to ta!e

E used to 0e

G did you use to go

1G.?

<@D

2e used to go to 0ed early.

2e used to run three miles e"ery morning.

2e didn t use to go out in the e"ening.

2e didn t use to spend much money.%... spend a lot o$ money

1G.<

?@1M

She used to play the piano 0ut she hasn t played (the piano) $or years.

She used to 0e "ery laKy 0ut she or!s "ery hard these days.

She didn t use to li!e cheese 0ut she eats lots o$ cheese no .

She used to ha"e a dog 0ut it died t o years ago.

She used to 0e a hotel receptionist 0ut she or!s in a 0oo!shop no .



She used to ha"e lots o$ $riends 0ut she doesn t !no many people these days.

She ne"er used to read ne spapers 0ut she reads a ne spaper e"ery day no .

She didn t use to drin! tea 0ut she li!es it no . She used to go to a lot o$ parties 0ut she hasn t 0een to a party $or ages.

UNIT 1L

1L.1

? 2o long are you staying/

< -hen are you going/

B Are you going alone/

C Are you tra"elling 0y car/

D -here are you staying/ 1L.?

? am or!ing late% m or!ing late or ... or!ing till L o cloc!

< I m going to the theatre ( ith my mother)

B I m meeting 3ulia

1L.< xample ans ers:

? I m going to or! tomorro morning.

< I m not doing anything tomorro e"ening.

B I m playing $oot0all next Sunday.

C I m going to a party this e"ening.

1L.B

< are ha"ing% re ha"ing

B opens ... $inishes

C am not going% m not going ... am staying% m staying

D Are you doing

E are going% re going ... 0egins

G does this train get

L am going % m going ... Are you coming

1M is coming ... is tra"elling% s tra"elling ... arri"es ... am meeting% m meeting

11 am not using% m not using

1? does it $inish

UNIT ?M

?M.1

? I m going to phone her later.

< I m going to do it this a$ternoon.



B Not yet. I m going to read it a$ter dinner.

C (Not yet.) I m 4ust going to ha"e it.

?M.? ? -hat are you going to ear/

< -here are you going to put it/

B -ho are you going to in"ite/

?M.<

? I m going to gi"e it up.

< I m not going to ta!e it.

B I m going to complain.

?M.B ? 2e is going to 0e late.

< The 0oat is going to sin!.

B She is going to run out o$ petrol.

?M.C

? ere going to play

< as going to phone

B as going to gi"e up

C ere going to ha"e

UNIT ?1

?1.1

? I ll turn%I ll s itch%I ll put

< I ll go

B I ll do

C I ll sho %I ll teach

D I ll ha"e

E I ll send

G I ll gi"e%I ll 0ring

L I ll stay%I ll ait

?1.<

< I ll meet

B I ll lend

C I m ha"ing

D I on t $orget

E does your train lea"e

G on t tell



L Are you doing

1M -ill you come

11 1 on t tell ?1.B

? Shall I 0uy it/

< -hat shall I gi"e%0uy%get Ann ($or her 0irthday)/

B -here shall e go/

C Shall e go 0y car or (shall e) al!/%... or (shall e go) on $oot/

D -hat time shall I phone (you)/

UNIT ??

??.1 ? I m going

< ill get

B is coming

C e are going

D It on t hurt

??.?

? ill loo!

< ill li!e% ll li!e

B ill get% ll get

C ill 0e% ll 0e

D ill meet% ll meet

E ill come% ll come

G ill 0e% ll 0e

??.<

? on t

< ill% ll

B on t

C ill% ll

D on t

??.B

xample ans ers:

? I ll 0e in 0ed.

< I ll 0eat or!.

B I expect I ll 0e at home.

C I don t !no here I ll 0e this time next year.



??.C

? o you thin! it ill rain/

< -hen do you thin! it ill $inish/ B 2o much do you thin! it ill cost/

C o you thin! they ll get married/ ... they ill get married/

D -hat time do you thin! you ll 0e 0ac!/%... you ill 0e 0ac!/

E -hat do you thin! ill happen/

;p<1C

UNIT ?<

?<.1

? I ll lend < I ll get

B I m going to ash

C are you going to paint

D I m going to 0uy

E I ll sho

G I ll ha"e

L I ll do

1M it is going to $all

11 2e s going to ha"e ... he s going to do

?<.?

1 I ll get

? I m going to sit ... I ll 4oin

< you ll $ind

B I m not going to apply

C 9ou ll a!e (9ou re going to a!e is also possi0le)

D I ll ta!e ... -e ll lea"e ... Ann is going to ta!e

UNIT ?B

?B.1

? 0 is true

< a and c are true

B 0 and d are true

C c and d are true

D c is true

?B.?

? -e ll ha"e $inished



< e ll 0e playing

B I ll 0e or!ing

C the meeting ill ha"e $inished D he ll ha"e spent

E he ll ha"e 0een

G you ll still 0e doing

L she ll ha"e tra"elled

1M I ll 0e staying

11 -ill you 0e seeing

UNIT ?C

?C.1 ? goes

< ill tell% ll tell ... come

B see ... on t recognise% ill not recognise

C is% s

D ill ait% ll ait ... are% re

E ill 0e% ll 0e ... gets

G is

L phones ... am% m

?C.?

? I ll gi"e you my address hen I $ind some here to li"e. or ... hen I "e $ound some here to li"e.

< I ll come straight 0ac! home a$ter I do the shopping. or ... a$ter I "e done the shopping.

B et s go home 0e$ore it starts raining.

C I on t spea! to her until she apologises. or ... until she has apologised.

?C.<

? you lea"e%you go

< you $inish ith it% hen you $inish reading it or you "e $inished ith it you "e $inished reading it you "e read it

B you decide%you "e decided

C they $inish the ne road or they "e $inished the ne road or they "e 0uilt the ne road

?C.B

? I$ < -hen B i$

C I$ D hen E i$ G i$

UNIT ?D

?D.1

< can

B 0een a0le to



?E.<

? could ha"e gone

< could apply B could ha"e gone

C could come

?E.B

? Jen couldn t ha"e gone out ($or a meal) on 7riday e"ening (0ecause he had to or!).

< Jen could ha"e played tennis on onday a$ternoon.

B 2e couldn t ha"e lent 3ac! CM (0ecause he as short o$ money). or 2e couldn t ha"e lent him CM.

C 2e could ha"e come to 3ane s party. or 2e could ha"e gone to.

D 2e couldn t ha"e repaired her ashing machine (0ecause he doesn t !no anything a0out machines). UNIT ?G

?G.1

? must < can t

B must C can t

D must E must G can t

?G.?

< 0e

B ha"e 0een

C 0e

D go or ha"e 0een

E 0e going

G ha"e ta!en%ha"e stolen

L ha"e 0een

1M 0e $ollo ing

?G.<

< It must ha"e 0een "ery expensi"e.

B They must ha"e gone a ay.

C I must ha"e le$t it in the restaurant last night.

;p<1D

D The exam can t ha"e 0een "ery di$$icult.

E She must ha"e 0een listening to our con"ersation.%She must ha"e listened to.

G She can t ha"e understood hat I said.

L I must ha"e $orgotten to turn it o$$.

1M The dri"er can t ha"e seen the red light.

11 The neigh0ours must ha"e 0een ha"ing a party.



UNIT ?L

?L.1

? She may%might 0e 0usy. < She may%might 0e or!ing.

B She may%might ant to 0e alone.

C She may%might ha"e 0een ill yesterday.

D She may%might ha"e gone home early.

E She may%might ha"e had to go home early.

G She may%might ha"e 0een or!ing yesterday.

L She may%might not ant to see me.

1M She may%might not 0e or!ing today. 11 She may%might not ha"e 0een .$eeling ell yesterday.

?L.?

? 0e

< ha"e 0een

B 0e aiting

C ha"e or ha"e read

?L.<

? a. She may%might 0e atching TO in her room.

0. She may%might ha"e gone out.

< a. It may%might 0e in the car.

0. 9ou may%might ha"e le$t it in the restaurant last night.

B a. 2e may%might ha"e 0een in the 0ath.

0. 2e may%might not ha"e heard the 0ell.

?L.B

< might not ha"e 0een in"ited.

B couldn t ha"e 0een in"ited.

C couldn t ha"e 0een an accident.

D might not ha"e 0een an accident.

UNIT <M

<M.1

? I may%might 0uy a ercedes.

< I may%might go to ondon.

B I may%might hang it in the dining room.

C 2e may%might come on Saturday.

D She may%might go to uni"ersity.



<M.?

? might a!e

< might 0ite B might need

C might slip

D might 0rea!

<M.<

? might 0e a0le to meet%see

< might ha"e to or!

B might ha"e to go

<M.B ? I may%might not go out this e"ening.

< Tom may%might not li!e the present I 0ought $or him.

B Sue may%might not 0e a0le to meet us this e"ening.

<M.C

? may%might as ell go

< may%might as ell ha"e another drin!

B -e may%might as ell atch it. or ... atch the $ilm.

UNIT <1

<1.1

< ha"e to

B must or ha"e to

C had to

D must or ha"e to

E ha"e to

G ha"e to

L has to

1M ha"e to

11 had to

1? has had to

<1.?

? do you ha"e to get up%ha"e you got to get up

< does (she) ha"e to go/%has (she) got to go/

B did he ha"e to pay/

C did you ha"e to ait/

D do you ha"e to phone her no /%ha"e you got to phone her no /



E does he ha"e to lea"e/%has he got to lea"e/

<1.<

? don t ha"e to pay < didn t ha"e to ait

B doesn t ha"e to or!

C don t ha"e to go

D doesn t ha"e to sha"e

E don t ha"e to do

G didn t ha"e to go

<1.B

< don t ha"e to B mustn t

C don t ha"e to

D mustn t

E doesn t ha"e to

G mustn t

L mustn t

1M don t ha"e to

UNIT <?

<?.1

? needn t come

< needn t al!

B needn t as!

C needn t tell

D needn t explain

<?.?

< needn t

B must

C mustn t

D needn t

E needn t

G must ... mustn t

L needn t ... must

<?.<

? She needn t ha"e 0ought any eggs.

< 9ou needn t ha"e shouted (at me).



B 2e needn t ha"e sold his car.

C -e needn t ha"e ta!en the camera.

D I needn t ha"e rushed%I needn t ha"e hurried. <?.B

? 9ou needn t ha"e al!ed home. 9ou could ha"e ta!en a taxi.

< 9ou needn t ha"e stayed at a hotel. 9ou could ha"e stayed ith us.

B She needn t ha"e phoned me in the middle o$ the night# She could ha"e phoned me in the morning.

C 9ou needn t ha"e le$t ithout saying anything. 9ou could ha"e said good0ye to me.

UNIT <<

<<.1

? 9ou should loo! $or another 4o0. < 2e shouldn t go to 0ed so late.

B 9ou should ta!e a photograph.

;p<1E

C She shouldn t use her car so much.

D 2e should put some pictures on the alls.

<<.?

? I thin! smo!ing should 0e 0anned in restaurants.

< I don t thin! you should go out this e"ening.

B I thin! the go"ernment should resign.

<<.<

< should come

B should do

C should ha"e done

D should in

E should ha"e on

G should 0e

L should ha"e arri"ed

<<.B

< -e should ha"e reser"ed a ta0le.

B The shop should 0e open.%The shop should ha"e opened 0y no . or It should

C She shouldn t 0e dri"ing so $ast. or She shouldn t 0e doing CM miles an hour.

D 9ou should ha"e come to see me.

E The dri"er in $ront shouldn t ha"e stopped ithout arning.

G I should ha"e 0een loo!ing here I as going. or I should ha"e loo!ed here I as going.

UNIT <B



<B.1

? I should stay%I stay%I stayed a little longer.

< they should "isit%they "isit%they "isited the museum a$ter lunch. B e should pay% e pay% e paid the rent 0y 7riday.

C I should go%I go%I ent a ay $or a $e days.

<B.?

1 0. right c. right d. rong

? a. right 0. rong c. right

<B.<

? should say

< should orry B should lea"e

C should as!

D should listen

<B.B

? I$ Ann should arri"e 0e$ore I get home

< I$ there should 0e some%any letters $or me hile I m a ay

B I$ you should need (any) help

C Should there 0e some%any letters $or me hile I m a ay

D Should you need (any) help# let me !no .

<B.C

? I should !eep

< I should phone

B I should 0uy

UNIT <C

<C.1

1 0. had or d

c. close or shut

d. hadn t

? a. did

0. as done

c. thought

<C.?

? 9ou d 0etter put a plaster on it.

< -e d 0etter reser"e a ta0le.%-e d 0etter phone to reser"e ...

B 9ou d 0etter not go to or!.



E -ould you li!e to 0orro it/ or ... to read it/

UNIT <E

<E.1 < ould ta!e% d ta!e

B re$used

C ouldn t get

D closed do n (or as% ere closed do n)

E pressed

G ould 0e% d 0e

L didn t come

1M 0orro ed 11 al!ed

1? ould understand

<E.?

? -hat ould you do i$ your car as stolen or ... ere stolen

< -hat ould you do i$ you lost your passport)

B -hat ould you do i$ there as a $ire in the 0uilding/ or ... i$ there ere a $ire in the 0uilding/

<E.<

? I$ he too! the examination# he d $ail. or ... he ould $ail.

< I$ e stayed at a hotel# it ould cost too much money.

;p<1G

B I$ she applied $or the 4o0# she ouldn t get it.

C I$ e told them the truth# they ouldn t 0elie"e us.

D I$ e in"ited ill to the party# e d ha"e to in"ite his $riends too.

<E.B xample ans ers:

? some0ody 0ro!e into my house.

< I d ha"e a much nicer day than usual.

B you ere in"ited/

C you d loo! much nicer.

D I didn t come out ith you this e"ening/

UNIT <G

<G.1

< ould help% d help

B li"ed

C ould li"e% d li"e

D ould taste



E as% ere

G ouldn t ait ... ould go% d go

L didn t go 1M eren t ... ouldn t 0e

<G.?

? I$ he spo!e more clearly# people ould understand him.

< I$ the 0oo! asn t% eren t so expensi"e# I d 0uy it%I ould 0uy it. or I$ the 0oo! as% ere cheaper# ...

B I$ e could a$$ord it# e d% e ould go out more o$ten.

C I$ it asn t% eren t raining# e could ha"e lunch in the garden.

D I$ I didn t ha"e to or! tomorro e"ening# I could%I ould%I d meet you. or ... I d 0e a0le to meet you.

<G.< ? I had a !ey.

< I ish Ann as% ere here.

B I ish it asn t% eren t (so) cold.

C I ish I didn t li"e in a 0ig city.

D I ish I could go to the party.

E I ish I didn t ha"e to or! tomorro .

G I ish I !ne something a0out cars.

L I ish I as% ere lying on a 0eauti$ul sunny 0each.

<G.B xample ans ers:

1 I ish I as at home.

? I ish I had a 0ig garden.

< I ish I could tell 4o!es.

B I ish I as taller.

UNIT <L

<L.1

? he d missed%he had missed ... he ould ha"e 0een%he d ha"e 0een

< I ould ha"e $orgotten%I d ha"e $orgotten ... you hadn t reminded

B I d had%I had had ... I d ha"e sent%I ould ha"e sent

C e d ha"e en4oyed% e ould ha"e en4oyed ... the eather had 0een

D It ould ha"e 0een ... I d al!ed % I had al!ed

E I as%I ere

G I d 0een tired%I had 0een tired

<L.?

? I$ the dri"er in $ront hadn t stopped so suddenly# the accident ouldn t ha"e happened.

< I$ I d%I had !no n that 5eorge had to get up early# I d%I ould ha"e o!en him up.



B I$ 3im hadn t lent me the money# I ouldn t ha"e 0een a0le to 0uy the car. or ... I couldn t ha"e 0ought the

car.

C I$ argaret hadn t 0een earing a seat 0elt# she d%she ould ha"e 0een in4ured. D I$ you d%you had had (some) 0rea!$ast# you ouldn t 0e hungry no .

E I$ I d%I had had some money on me# I d%I ould ha"e got a taxi.

<L.<

? I ish I d%I had applied $or it. or ... $or the 4o0.

< I ish I d%I had learned to play a musical instrument.

B I ish I hadn t painted it red.%... painted the gate red.

C I ish I d%I had 0rought my camera.

D I ish they d%they had told me they ere coming. or I ish I d%I had !no n they ere coming. UNIT BM

BM.1

? ould en4oy d en4oy

< ould ha"e en4oyed% d ha"e en4oyed

B ould ha"e phoned% d ha"e phoned

C ould 0e% d 0e

D ould ha"e stopped d ha"e stopped

BM.?

? 2e promised he ould rite to me.

< They promised they ould ait $or us.

B 9ou promised you ouldn t tell 3ill hat I said.

BM.<

? I ish 3ohn ould come. I ish he ould come.

< I ish the 0a0y ould stop crying

B I ish some0ody ould gi"e me a 4o0.

C I ish you ould 0uy some ne clothes. or ... get some ne clothes.

D I ish you ouldn t dri"e so $ast.

E I ish you ouldn t (al ays) lea"e the door open.

G I ish people ouldn t drop litter in the street.

BM.B

? right

< rong@@I ish I had more money

B rong@@I ish it asn t% eren t so cold today.

C right

D right



E rong@@I ish e"erything asn t% eren t so expensi"e.

BM.C

? ould sha!e < ould al ays $orget

B ould share

UNIT B1

B1.1

? is made

< as damaged

B is included

C ere in"ited D are sho n

E are held

G as ritten ... as translated

L ere o"erta!en

B1.?

? 2o is glass made/

< -hen as Australia disco"ered/

B -hat is sil"er used $or/

C -hen as tele"ision in"ented/

B1.<

? co"ers

< is co"ered

B are loc!ed

C as posted ... arri"ed

D san! ... as rescued

E died ... ere 0rought

G gre

;p<1L

L as stolen

1M disappeared

11 did Sue resign

1? as ill sac!ed

1< is o ned

1B called ... as in4ured ... asn t needed

1C ere these photographs ta!en ... id you ta!e



11 2a"e you e"er 0een mugged/

UNIT B<

B<.1 ?@D:

eetho"en as 0orn in 1EEM.

Agatha 8hristie as 0orn in 1GL1.

5alileo as 0orn in 1CDB.

ahatma 5andhi as 0orn in 1GDL.

artin uther Jing as 0orn in 1L?L.

l"is Presley as 0orn in 1L<C.

eonardo da Oinci as 0orn in 1BC?. -illiam Sha!espeire as 0orn in 1CDB.

E I as 0orn in ...

B<.?

? I as as!ed some di$$icult Fuestions at the inter"ie .

< 3anet as gi"en a present 0y her colleagues hen she retired.

B I asn t told that 5eorge as ill.

C 2o much ill you 0e paid/

D I thin! Tom should ha"e 0een o$$ered the 4o0.

E 2a"e you 0een sho n hat to do/

B<.<

? 0eing in"ited

< 0eing gi"en

B 0eing attac!ed

C 0eing as!ed

D 0eing paid

B<.B

? got stung

< get 0ro!en

B get used

C got stolen

D got stopped

E get paid

G get damaged%get 0ro!en

L get as!ed

UNIT BB



BB.1

? The eather is expected to 0e good tomorro .

< The thie"es are 0elie"ed to ha"e get in through the !itchen indo . B any people are reported to 0e homeless a$ter the $loods.

C The prisoner is thought to ha"e escaped 0y clim0ing o"er a all.

D The man is alleged to ha"e dri"en through the to n at LM miles an hour.

E The 0uilding is reported to ha"e 0een 0adly damaged 0y $ire.

G a. The company is said to 0e losing a lot o$ money.

0. The company is 0elie"ed to ha"e lost a lot o$ money last year.

c. The company is expected to lose money this year. BB.?

? 2e is supposed to 0e "ery rich.

< 2e is supposed to rite poetry.

B 2e is supposed to ha"e 1? children.

C 2e is supposed to ha"e ro00ed a 0an! a long time ago.

BB.<

< are% re supposed to 0e

B are% re supposed to start

C aren t% re not supposed to 0loc!

D as supposed to phone

E eren t supposed to arri"e or ... supposed to come

UNIT BC

BC.1

1 0 ? a < a B 0

BC.?

? To ha"e it cleaned.

< To ha"e it repaired.

B To ha"e my hair cut.

BC.<

? I had it cut.

< They had it painted.

B She had them made.

BC.B

? ha"e another !ey made

< had your hair cut



B 2a"e you had your hair cut

C o you ha"e a ne spaper deli"ered

D are ha"ing a s imming pool 0uilt E ha"en t had the $ilm de"eloped

G ha"e it cleaned

L ha"e your ears pierced

BC.C

? She had her 0ag stolen on a train.

< 2e had his hat 0lo n o$$ in the ind.

B She had her passport ta!en a ay $rom her 0y the police.

;p<1L UNIT BD

BD.1

? 2e said that his $ather asn t "ery ell.

< 2e said that Sharon and Paul ere getting married next month.

B 2e said that argaret had had a 0a0y. She said that he didn t !no hat 7red as doing.

D 2e said that he had%he d seen 2elen at a party in 3une and she had seemed $ine. or 2e said that he sa

2elen. and she seemed.

E 2e said that he hadn t seen iane recently.

G 2e said that he asn t en4oying his 4o0 "ery much.

L 2e said that I could come and stay at his $lat i$ I as e"er in ondon.

1M 2e said that his car had 0een stolen a $e ee!s ago. or ... that his car as stolen.

11 2e said he anted to go on holiday 0ut he couldn t a$$ord it.

1? 2e said he ould%he d tell Ann he had%he d seen me. or ... he sa me.

BD.? xample ans ers:

? I thought you said she asn t coming.%... she as going some here else.

< I thought you said she didn t li!e him.

B I thought you said you didn t !no many people.

C I thought you said you ouldn t 0e here next ee!.%... you ould 0e a ay.

D I thought you said you ere staying at home.%... you eren t going out.

E I thought you said you couldn t spea! (any) 7rench.

G I thought you said you ent to the cinema last ee!.%... you had 0een to the cinema last ee!.

UNIT BE

BE.1

? ut you said you didn t li!e $ish.

< ut you said you couldn t dri"e.



B ut you said 3ane had a "ery ell@paid 4o0.

C ut you said you didn t ha"e any 0rothers or sisters.

D ut you said you had ne"er 0een to the United States. E ut you said you ere or!ing tomorro e"ening.

G ut you said 3ane as a $riend o$ yours.

BE.?

? Tell < Say B said

C told D said

E tell ... said

G tell ... say

L told 1M said BE.<

? her to slo do n.

< her not to orry.

B as!ed Tom to gi"e me a hand.

C as!ed me to open my 0ag.

D as!ed him to repeat hat he (had) said.

E told her not to ait $or me i$ I as late.

G as!ed her to marry him.

L I told him to mind his o n 0usiness.

UNIT BG

BG.1

? -here do you li"e no /

< Are you married/

B 2o long ha"e you 0een married/

C 2a"e you got (any) children/ or o you ha"e (any) children/

D 2o old are they/

E -hat does your hus0and do)

G oes he en4oy his 4o0/

L id he arrest anyone yesterday/

1M 2o o$ten do you go on holiday/

11 -here are you going next year) or -here are you going to go ../

BG.?

< -ho ga"e you the !ey/ or -ho ga"e it to you/

B -hat happened/



C -hat did she tell you/ or -hat did iane tell you/

D -ho does it 0elong to/ or -ho does this 0oo! .../

E -ho li"es in that house/ or -ho li"es there/ G -hat did you $all o"er/

L -hat $ell on the $loor/

1M -hat does it mean/ or -hat does this ord mean/

11 -ho did you 0orro it $rom/ or ... 0orro the money $rom/

1? -hat are you orried a0out/

BG.<

? 2o is cheese made/

< -hen as the computer in"ented/ B -hy isn t Sue or!ing today/

C -hat time are your $riends coming/

D -hy as the concert cancelled/

E -here as your mother 0orn/

G -hy didn t you come to the party/

L 2o did the accident happen/

1M -hy doesn t this machine or!/

BG.B

? on t you li!e him/

< Isn t it good/

B 2a"en t you got any/ on t you ha"e any/

UNIT BL

BL.1

? 8ould you tell me here the post o$$ice is/

< I onder hat the time is.

B I ant to !no hat this ord means.

C o you !no hat time they le$t/

D I don t !no i$% hether Sue is going out tonight.

E 2a"e you any idea here 8arol li"es/

G I can t remem0er here I par!ed the car.

L 8an you tell me i$( hether there is a 0an! near here/

1M Tell me hat you ant.

11 I don t !no hy Jay didn t come to the party.

1? o you !no i$% hether you ha"e to pay to par! here/

1< I "e no idea ho that oman is.



1B o you !no i$% hether Ann recei"ed my letter/

1C 8an you tell me ho $ar it is to the airport/

BL.? 1 she has gone

? hen she ill 0e 0ac!% hen she ll 0e 0ac!

< i$% hether she ent out alone

BL.<

? 2e as!ed me here I had 0een. or ... here I d 0een.

< 2e as!ed me ho long I had 0een 0ac!. or ... ho long I d 0een 0ac!.

B 2e as!ed me hat I as doing no .

C 2e as!ed me here I as li"ing. D 2e as!ed me hy I had come 0ac!%... hy I d come 0ac!%... hy I came 0ac!.

;p<?1

E 2e as!ed me i$% hether I as glad to 0e 0ac!.

G 2e as!ed me i$% hether I had any plans to go a ay again.

L 2e as!ed me i$% hether I could lend him some money.

UNIT CM

CM.1

? doesn t < as B ill

C am ... isn t

D should E on t

G do L could

1M ould ... could ... can t

CM.?

< o you/ I don t.

B idn t you/ I did.

C 2a"en t you/ I ha"e.

D id you/ I didn t.

CM.< xample ans ers:

< So did I or id you/ I didn t.

B Neither ill I or -on t you/ -hy not/

C So do I or o you/ I li"e in a "illage.

D So ould I or -ould you/ I ouldn t.

E Neither can I or 8an t you/ I can.

CM.B

? I hope so.



< I expect so.

B I don t thin! so.

C I m a$raid not. D I m a$raid so.

E I suppose so.

G I hope not.

L I thin! so.

UNIT C1

C1.1

< ha"en t you

B I ere you C does she

D isn t he

E hasn t she

G can t you

L ill he

1M aren t there

11 shall e

1? is it

1< aren t I

1B ould you

1C ill you

1D should I

1E ill you

1G had he

C1.?

? It s ("ery) expensi"e# isn t it/

< The $ilm as great# asn t it/

B She has%She has got%She s got a lo"ely "oice# hasn t she/ or She has a lo"ely "oice# doesn t she/

C It doesn t loo! "ery good# does it/

D 9ou "e had your hair cut# ha"en t you/

E This 0ridge isn t "ery sa$e# is it/

C1.<

? 3ac!# you couldn t get me some stamps# could you/

< Jate# you don t !no here Ann is# do you/ or ... you ha"en t seen Ann# ha"e you/

B 2elen# you ha"en t got a 0icycle pump# ha"e you/ or ... you don t ha"e a 0icycle pump# do you/



C >o0in# you ha"en t seen my !eys ha"e you/

UNIT C?

C?.1 ? ma!ing < listening

B applying C ashing

D 0eing E or!ing

G using L seeing

1M riting 11 0eing

1? trying

C?.?

? playing tennis < dri"ing too $ast

B going $or a s im

C 0rea!ing into the shop

D aiting a $e minutes

C?.<

? tra"elling during the rush hour

< going a ay (until) tomorro

B not ha"ing a licence

C turning the radio do n

D not interrupting me all the time

C?.B xample ans ers:

? going out

< sitting on the $loor

B ha"ing a picnic

C laughing

D 0rea!ing do n

UNIT C<

C<.1

? She agreed to help him.

< 2e o$$ered to carry her 0ag.

B They arranged to meet at G o cloc!.

C She re$used to tell him her name.

C<.?

? to get

< to 0uy%to ha"e%to dri"e



B (ho ) to use%(ho ) to operate

C to 0e

D say or to say C<.<

? to go < going

B aiting C to go

D 0ar!ing E to call

G ha"ing L missing

1M to $ind

C<.B

? Tom appears to 0e orried a0out something. < 9ou seem to !no a lot o$ people.

B y nglish seems to 0e getting 0etter.

C That car appears to ha"e 0ro!en do n.

D a"id tends to $orget things.

E They claim to ha"e sol"ed the pro0lem.

C<.C

? ho to use

< hat to do

B ho to ride

C hat to say

D hether to go

UNIT CB

CB.1

? do you ant me to lend you some

< ould you li!e me to shut it

B ould you li!e me to sho you

C do you ant me to repeat it

D do you ant me to ait

CB.?

? to stay ( ith them) $or a $e days.

< She ouldn t let him use her phone.

B She arned him to 0e care$ul.

C 2e as!ed her to gi"e him a hand.

CB.<

? I didn t expect it to rain.



< et him do hat he ants.

B 5lasses ma!e him loo! older.

C I ant you to !no the truth. D >emind me to phone my sister.

E Sarah persuaded me to apply $or the 4o0.

G y la yer ad"ised me not to say anything to the police.

L I as arned not to 0elie"e e"erything he says.

1M 2a"ing a car ena0les you to tra"el round more easily.

;p<??

CB.B

? to go < to do B read C to go

D to go E eating

G cry L to study

UNIT CC

CC.1

? dri"ing < to go

B to go C raining

D to 0uy E as!ing

G as!ing L to ans er

1M 0rea!ing 11 to pay

1? eating 1< to shut

1B meeting ... to see

1C crying or to cry

1D to get

CC.?

? 2e can remem0er going to Paris hen he as eight.

< 2e can t remem0er $alling into a ri"er.

B 2e can remem0er crying on his $irst day at school.

C 2e can t remem0er saying he anted to 0e a doctor. or 2e can t remem0er anting to 0e.

D 2e can t remem0er 0eing 0itten 0y a dog.

CC.<

1 0. lending

c. to phone

d. to gi"e

e. lea"ing%putting



? a. saying

0. to say or to tell you

< a. to 0ecome 0. or!ing

c. reading

UNIT CD

CD.1

? Try turning it the other ay.

< 2a"e you tried mo"ing the aerial/

B -hy don t you try phoning him at or!/

C 2a"e you tried ta!ing an aspirin/ CD.?

? It needs cutting.

< It needs redecorating.

B They need tightening.

C It needs emptying.

CD.<

1 0. !noc!ing c. to put

d. as!ing e. to reach

$. to concentrate

? a. to go 0. loo!ing

c. cleaning d. to go

e. 9ou don t need to iron ... It doesn t need ironing

< a. o"erhearing 0. get or to get

c. smiling

d. ma!e or to ma!e

UNIT CE

CE.1

< li!es ta!ing%to ta!e photographs.

B doesn t li!e dri"ing%to dri"e.

C li!es or!ing%to or! in the open air.

D doesn t li!e ta!ing%to ta!e ris!s.

E li!es doing%to do nothing.

G doesn t li!e 0eing%to 0e !ept aiting.

CE.? xample ans ers:

? I don t mind playing cards.



< I hate doing the ironing.

B I en4oy going to museums.

C I don t li!e lying on the 0each all day. CE.< xample ans ers:

? I ouldn t li!e to 0e a dentist.

< I d li!e to 0e a hairdresser.

B I d hate to 0e an airline pilot.

C I ouldn t mind 0eing a tourist guide.

CE.B

? aiting < going%to go

B riting C or!ing%0eing D to come to go

E earing to ear

G to sit L to get

1M to tal!%to spea!

CE.C

? I ould li!e%I d li!e to ha"e seen the programme.

< I ould hate to ha"e lost my atch.

B I ould lo"e to ha"e met Ann.

C I ouldn t li!e to ha"e 0een alone.

D I ould pre$er to ha"e tra"elled 0y train.

UNIT CG

CG.1

? I pre$er tennis to $oot0all. or ... $oot0all to tennis.

< I pre$er phoning people to riting letters. or ... riting letters to phoning people.

B I pre$er going to the cinema to atching $ilms on TO. or ... atching $ilms on TO to going to the cinema.

D I pre$er to phone people rather than rite letters. or ... to rite letters rather than phone people.

E I pre$er to go to the cinema rather than atch $ilms on TO. or ... to atch $ilms on TO rather than go to the

cinema.

CG.?

< I d pre$er to listen to some music.

B I d rather go $or a s im.

C I d rather ait a $e minutes.

D I d pre$er to eat at home.

E I d rather thin! a0out it $or a hile.

G I d rather stand.



L I d pre$er to go alone.

11 I d rather go $or a s im than play tennis.

1? I d rather ait a $e minutes than lea"e no . 1< I d pre$er to eat at home rather than go to a restaurant.

1B I d rather thin! a0out it $or a hile than decide no .

CG.<

? I told her

< ould you rather I did it

B ould you rather I ans ered it

CG.B

? stayed < stay B didn t C as D didn t

UNIT CL

CL.1

? lending you any money.

< remem0ering names.

B passing the exam.

C 0eing late/

D eating at home# e ent to a restaurant.

E doing nothing.

G telling any o$ their $riends.

L playing ell.

;<?<

CL.?

? 0y standing on a chair.

< 0y turning a !ey.

B 0y 0orro ing too much money.

C 0y dri"ing too $ast.

D 0y putting some posters up on the alls.

CL.<

? paying < going

B saying C going

D using

E tra"elling%0eing

G telling



L doing%ha"ing

CL.B

? I m loo!ing $or ard to seeing her. < I m not loo!ing $or ard to going to the dentist.

B She s loo!ing $or ard to lea"ing school (next summer).

C I m loo!ing $or ard to playing tennis (tomorro ).

UNIT DM

DM.1

? he asn t used to ha"ing dinner so early# 0ut a$ter some time he got used to it. ... 2e is used to ha"ing

dinner at six o cloc!. (or 2e is used to eating at six o cloc!.) < She asn t used to or!ing nights ... to get used to it ... She is used to or!ing nights.

DM.?

? No# I m used to sleeping on the $loor.

< I m used to or!ing hard.%I m used to hard or!.

B I m not used to going to 0ed (so) late.

DM.<

? 2e asn t used to the heat%... to the hot eather%... to li"ing in a hot climate.

< She had to get used to li"ing

B The children soon got used to her.%... to their ne teacher.

C (example ans ers) 9ou ould ha"e to get used to the eather to the $ood%to spea!ing a $oreign language.

DM.B

< drin! B eating

C ha"ing D ha"e

E go G 0e L 0eing

UNIT D1

D1.1

? doing

< coming%going

B doing%trying

C 0uying

D hearing

E going

G ha"ing

L 0eing

1M atching



11 in"iting%as!ing

D1.?

? in sol"ing < o$ li"ing

B o$ causing

C ($rom) al!ing

D $or interrupting

E o$ spending

G $rom escaping

L on helping

1M to playing D1.<

? Tom insisted on dri"ing Ann to the station.

< 3im congratulated me on getting married.

B rs ond than!ed Sue $or coming to see her.

C I arned 3ac! against staying at the hotel near the airport.

D ary apologised to me $or not phoning (me) earlier.

E 3ane accused me o$ 0eing sel$ish.

UNIT D?

D?.1

? It s no use as!ing Tom.

< There s no point in going out

B it s no good phoning her no

C it s not orth complaining (a0out hat happened)

D I thin! it s a aste o$ time reading ne spapers.

D?.?

? repairing.

< "isiting.

B It s orth considering.

C It s orth reading.

D They aren t%They re not orth !eeping.

D?.<

? There s no point in eating i$ you re not hungry.

< There s no point in or!ing i$ you don t need money.

B There s no point in studying i$ you $eel tired.

D?.B



? I ha"e di$$iculty remem0ering people s names.

< She had no di$$iculty getting a 4o0.

B o you ha"e di$$iculty understanding him/ C 9ou on t ha"e any di$$iculty getting a tic!et $or the concert.

D?.C

? reading

< riting

B atching

C clim0ing%going% al!ing

D?.D

? go s!iing < ent s imming

B goes riding

C go shopping

UNIT D<

D<.1

? I had to go to the 0an! to get some money.

< I m sa"ing money to go to 8anada.

B I ent into hospital to ha"e an operation.

C I m earing t o pullo"ers to !eep arm.

D I phoned the police station to report that my car had 0een stolen.

D<.?

? to read

< to al! or to go on $oot

B to drin!

C to put I to carry

D to discuss%to consider%to tal! a0out

E to 0uy%to get

G to tal!%to spea!

L to ear%to put on

1M to cele0rate

11 to help I to assist

D<.<

? $or < to B to

C $or D to E $or

G $or ... to



D<.B

? -e ore arm clothes so that e ouldn t get cold.

< The man spo!e "ery slo ly so that I ould understand hat he said. or ... so that I could understand ... B I hispered so that no0ody else could hear our con"ersation. or ... ould hear our con"ersation.

C Please arri"e early so that e can start the meeting on time.

;p<?B

D She loc!ed the door so that she ouldn t 0e distur0ed.

E I slo ed do n so that the car 0ehind could o"erta!e.

UNIT DB

DB.1

? This machine is Fuite easy to use. < The indo as "ery di$$icult to open.

B Some ords are impossi0le to translate.

C That chair isn t sa$e to stand on.

D A car is expensi"e to maintain.

DB.?

? It s an easy mista!e to ma!e.

< It s a nice place to li"e (in).

B It as a good game to atch.

DB.<

? It s careless o$ you to ma!e the same mista!e again and again.

< It as nice o$ on and 4enny to in"ite me to stay ith them.

B It asn t "ery considerate o 3ohn to ma!e so much noise ( hen I as trying to sleep).

DB.B

? am% as glad to hear

< ere surprised to see

B am% as sorry to hear

DB.C

? Paul as the last (person) to arri"e.

< 7iona as the only student%the only one to pass the exam.

B I as the second customer% person to complain (to the restaurant manager a0out the ser"ice).

C Neil Armstrong as the $irst person%man to al! on the moon.

DB.D

? are 0ound to 0e

< is sure to $orget

B is not%isn t li!ely to rain



? arri"e

< ta!e it%do it

B it ring C him play%him playing

D you loc! it%you do it

E her $all

DD.?

? -e sa a"e and 2elen playing tennis.

< -e sa 8lare ha"ing a meal in a restaurant.%-e sa 8lare eating in a restaurant.

B -e heard ill playing the guitar.

C -e could smell the dinner 0urning. D -e sa inda 4ogging.

DD.<

< happen

B tell

C crying

D cycling

E say

G run ... open

L explode

1M cra ling

11 slam

1? sleeping clim0

UNIT DE

DE.1

? mma as sitting in an armchair reading a 0oo!.

< Sue got home late $eeling "ery tired.

B Sarah ent out saying she ould 0e 0ac! in an hour.

C inda as in ondon $or t o years or!ing as a tourist guide.

D ary al!ed round the to n loo!ing at the sights and ta!ing photographs.

DE.?

? I $ell asleep atching tele"ision.

< The man slipped getting o$$ a 0us.

B I got et al!ing home in the rain.

C argaret had an accident dri"ing to or! yesterday.

D To $iremen ere o"ercome 0y smo!e trying to put out the $ire.



DE.<

? 2a"ing 0ought our tic!ets# e ent into the theatre.

< 2a"ing had dinner# they continued their 4ourney. B 2a"ing done all her shopping# ucy ent $or a cup o$ co$$ee.

DE.B

? Thin!ing they might 0e hungry# I o$$ered them something to eat.

< eing a $oreigner# she needs a "isa to stay in this country.

B Not !no ing his address# I asn t a0le to contact him.

C 2a"ing tra"elled a lot# Sarah !no s a lot a0out other countries.

D Not 0eing a0le to understand nglish# the man didn t !no hat I anted.

E 2a"ing spent nearly all our money# e couldn t a$$ord to stay in a hotel. UNIT DG

DG.1

< a "ery nice restaurant

B right

C a tooth0rush

D a 0an!

E an insurance company

G right

L right

1M a petrol station

11 a pro0lem

1? an inter"ie $or a 4o0

1< a nec!lace

1B a "ery good game

DG.?

< a !ey

B a coat

C sugar

D a 0iscuit

E electricity

G a letter

L 0lood

1M a Fuestion

11 a moment

1? a decision



DG.<

? days < meat

B a Fueue C letters D $riends E people

G air L patience

1M language 11 countries

1? space

;<?C

UNIT DL

DL.1

? a. a paper 0. any paper < a. a light 0. ight

B a. time 0. a onder$ul time

C ad"ice

D "ery good eather

E 0ad luc!

G 4o0

L 4ourney

1M total chaos

11 some

1? doesn t

1< 9our hair is ... it

1B the damage ... as

DL.?

? in$ormation

< chairs

B $urniture

C hair

D progress

DL.<

? I d li!e some in$ormation a0out places to see (in this to n).

< 8an you gi"e me some ad"ice a0out hich examinations to ta!e/%... some ad"ice a0out examinations/

B -hat time is the ne s (on TO)/

C It s a 0eauti$ul "ie isn t it/ or It s 0eauti$ul scenery isn t it/

D -hat horri0le eather6

UNIT EM



EM.1

< It s a "egeta0le.

B It s a. game. C They re musical instruments.

D It s a (tall%high) 0uilding.

E They re planets.

G It s a $lo er.

L They re ri"ers.

1M They re 0irds.

1? 2e as a riter%a dramatist a play right.

1< 2e as a scientist%a physicist. 1B They ere American presidents%presidents o$ the United States.

1C She as an actress%a $ilm actress%a $ilm star.

1D They ere singers%musicians.

1E They ere painters%artists.

EM.?

? 2e s a aiter.

< She s a tra"el agent.

B 2e s a pilot.

C She s a dri"ing instructor.

D 2e s a plum0er.

E She s a 4ournalist.

G 2e s an interpreter.

EM.<

B a C an

D @ (collect stamps)

E a G Some

L @ (I "e got sore $eet.)

1M a 11 a ... a

1? @ (Those are nice shoes.)

1< some

1B a "isa ... some countries

1C a teacher. 2er parents ere teachers too.

1D @ (going to concerts)

1E some

1G a liar ... al ays telling lies



UNIT E1

E1.1

1 ... and a magaKine. The ne spaper is in my 0ag 0ut I don t !no here I put the magaKine. ? I sa an accident this morning. A car crashed into a tree. The dri"er o$ the car asn t hurt 0ut the car as

0adly damaged.

< ... A 0lue one and a grey one. The 0lue one 0elongs to my neigh0ours* I don t !no ho the o ner o$ the

grey one is.

B y $riends li"e in an old house in a small "illage. There is a 0eauti$ul garden 0ehind the house. I ould li!e

to ha"e a garden li!e that.

E1.?

1 a. a 0. the c. the ? a. a 0. a c. the

< a. a 0. the c. the

B a. an ... The 0. the c. the

C a. the 0. a c. a

E1.<

? the dentist

< the door

B a mista!e

C the 0us station

D a pro0lem

E the post o$$ice

G the $loor

L the 0oo!

1M a 4o0 in a 0an!

11 a small $lat near the city centre

1? a small supermar!et at the end o$ the street

E1.B xample ans ers:

< +nce or t ice a year.

B Thirty miles an hour.

C A0out se"en hours a night.

D To or three times a ee!.

E A0out t o hours a day.

UNIT E?

E?.1

? a nice holiday ... the 0est holiday



< the nearest shop ... the end o$ this street

B listen to the radio ... I ha"en t got a radio

C to tra"el in space ... go to the moon D go to the cinema ... a lot o$ $ilms on tele"ision

E a nice day ... 0y the sea

G $or 0rea!$ast ... eat 0rea!$ast

L here >oom ?C is ... on the second $loor

1M the most expensi"e hotel ... a cheaper hotel

E?.?

? the ... the

< @ B The

C @

D the

E the in$ormation ... the top o$ page 1C.

G The

E?.<

? in a small "illage in the country

< The moon ... the earth

B the highest mountain in the orld

C the same thing

D a "ery hot day ... the hottest day o$ the year

E ha"e lunch ... eat a good 0rea!$ast

G li"e in a $oreign country ... the language

L on the rong plat$orm. -e ere on Plat$orm < instead o$ Plat$orm G.

E?.B

? the cinema < the sea

B dinner C uestion G

D the gate E 5ate ?1

;p<?D

UNIT E<

E<.1

? to school

< at home

B $or school* or $or or!

C to or! or to school



D in hospital

E at uni"ersity

G in 0ed L to prison

E<.?

1 c. school d. school e. get home $rom school ... The school isn t "ery $ar $. school g. the school

? a. uni"ersity 0. uni"ersity c. the uni"ersity

< a. the hospital 0. the hospital c. hospital d. hospital

B a. church 0. church c. the church

C a. prison 0. the prison c. prison

D a. 0ed 0. home c. or! d. 0ed e. or! $. or! E a. the sea 0. sea c. the sea

UNIT EB

EB.1 xample ans ers:

? I li!e cats.

< I don t li!e Koos.

B I don t mind $ast $ood restaurants.

C I m not interested in $oot0all.

EB.?

< spiders B meat

C the Fuestions D the people

E 2istory G lies

L the hotels 1M The ater

11 the grass 1? patience

EB.<

< Apples B the apples

C -omen ... men

D tea E The "egeta0les

G i$e L s!iing

1M the people

11 people ... aggression

1? All the 0oo!s

1< the 0eds 1B ar

1C The 7irst -orld -ar

1D unemployment

1E the marriage



1G ost people ... marriage ... $amily li$e ... society

UNIT EC

EC.1 1 0. the cheetah

c. the !angaroo (and the ra00it)

? a. the s an

0. the penguin

c. the o l

< a. the heel

0. the laser

c. the telescope B a. the rupee

0. escudo

c. the ...

EC.?

? a < the B a C the

D the E a G (@) L The

EC.<

? the in4ured

< the unemployed

B the sic!

C the rich ... the poor

EC.B

? a 5erman the 5ermans

< a 7renchman%a 7rench oman the 7rench

B a >ussian the >ussians

C a 8hinese the 8hinese

D a raKilian the raKilians

E an nglishman%an nglish oman the nglish

G a%an ... the ...

UNIT ED

ED.1

? the < The ... the

B @ C the D @

ED.?



< right

B the United States

C The south ... the north D right

E the 8hannel

G the iddle ast

L right

1M right

11 the S iss Alps

1? The United Jingdom

1< The Seychelles .. the Indian +cean 1B The >i"er Oolga ... the 8aspian Sea

ED.<

? In South America

< The Nile

B S eden

C The United States

D The >oc!ies

E The editerranean

G Australia

L The Paci$ic

1M The Indian +cean

11 The Thames

1? The anu0e

1< Thailand

1B The Panama 8anal

1C The AmaKon

UNIT EE

EE.1

?. Turner s in 8arter >oad

< the Par! 2otel in Par! >oad

B St Peter s in aines Street

C the >oyal +a! in Union Street

D the 8ity useum in aines Street

E loyds an! in 7orest A"enue

G Oictoria Par! at the end o$ aines Street



L the Ne 8hina 2ouse in 8arter >oad

EE.?

? The i$$el Toer < The Oatican

B uc!ingham Palace

C road ay

D The -hite 2ouse

E The Acropolis

G St ar! s 8athedral

EE.< ? 2yde Par!

< St 3ames s Par!

B The 5rand 2otel ... a!er Street

C 5at ic! Airport

D i"erpool Uni"ersity

E 2arrison s

G the Ship Inn

L The Statue o$ i0erty .. Ne 9or! har0our

1M the Science useum

11 I ... ritish Telecom

1? The 8lassic

1< the 5reat -all

1B the Independent ... the 2erald

1C 8am0ridge Uni"ersity Press

;p<?E

UNIT EG

EG.1

< shorts

B a means

C means

D some scissors or a pair o$ scissors

E a series

G series

L species

EG.?



? politics < economics

B athletics C physics

D gymnastics E electronics EG.<

? don t < ant

B as C aren t

D asn t E does or do

G isn t L they are

1M are 11 o 1? is

EG.B

?. earing 0lac! 4eans < right (is playing is also correct)

B nice people

C Ten pounds is not enough.

D some ne py4amas or a ne pair o$ py4amas

E right (hasn t is also correct)

G any people ha"e

L a policeman%a police oman%a polce o$$icer

1M 2a"e the police

11 These scissors aren t

UNIT EL

EL.1

? a computer magaKine

< holiday photographs

B mil! chocolate

C a $actory inspector

D a central ondon hotel

E examination results

G the dinig room carpet

L a $oot0all clu0 scandal

1M a t o@part Fuestion

11 a se"en@year@old girl

EL.?

1 a. a house0oat

0. a 0oathouse

? a. a race horse



0. a horse race

< a. a cardphone

0. a phonecard

EL.<D

? room num0er

< seat 0elt

B credit card

C eather $orecast

D ne paper editor

E shop indo EL.B

< ?M@pound

B 1C@minute

C DM minutes

D t o@hour

E $i"e courses

G t o@year

L CMM@year

1M $i"e days

11 six@mile

UNIT GM

GM.1

< that man s 4ac!et

B the top o$ the page

C 8harles s daughter

D The cause o$ the pro0lem

E yesterday s ne spaper

G my $ather s ne spaper

L the name o$ this street

1M the children s toys

11 the ne manager o$ the company or the company s ne manager

1? the result o$ the $oot0all match

1< our neigh0our s garden

1B the ground $loor o$ the 0uilding

1C on and ary s children



1D the economic policy o$ the go"ernment or the go"ernment s economic policy

1E 8atherine s hus0and

1G the hus0and o$ the oman tal!ing to ary 1L i!e s parents car

?M 2elen s $riend s edding

GM.?

? a 0oy s name

< children s school

B a girls school

C a omen s magaKine

GM.< ? ast ee! s storm caused a lot o$ damage.

< The to n*s only cinema has closed do n.

B ritain s exports to the United States ha"e $allen recently.

C The region s main industry is tourism.

GM.B

? $i"e minutes al! or a $i"e@minute al!

< t o ee!s holiday or a t o@ ee! holiday

B an hour s sleep

UNIT G1

G1.1

? -e must a relation o$ yours.

< 2enry 0orro ed a 0oo! o$ mine.

B Anne in"ited some $riends o$ hers to her $lat.

C -e had dinner ith a neigh0our o$ ours.

D I ent on holiday ith t o $riends o$ mine.

E Is that man a $riend o$ yours/

G I met a $riend o$ 3ane s at the party.

G1.?

? my o n tele"ision

< her o n money

B her o n 0usiness

C his o n pri"ate 4et

D his o n ideas

E its o n parliament

G1.<



? your o n $ault

< his o n ideas

B your o n pro0lems C her o n decisions

G1.B

? ma!es her o n clothes

< rites his o n songs

B 0a!e our o n 0read

G1.C

? my o n ? mysel$

B himsel$ C themsel"es D hersel$ E their o n

G yoursel$ L our o n

1M her o n

UNIT G?

G?.1

? hurt himsel$

< 0lame hersel$

B Put yoursel$

C en4oyed themsel"es

D 0urn yoursel$

E express mysel$

G?.?

? me < mysel$ B us

C yoursel$ D you E oursel"es

G themsel"es L them

G?.<

? $eel < dried hersel$

B concentrate C de$end yoursel$

D meeting E relax G ash

;p<?G

G?.B

? themsel"es

< each other

B each other

C themsel"es



D each other

E oursel"es

G each other L oursel"es to each other

G?.C

? 2e cut it himsel$.

< I ll post it mysel$.

B inda told me hersel$. or inda hersel$ told me.

C -hy can t you phone him yoursel$/ or ... do it yoursel$/

UNIT G<

G<.1 < Is there ... there is%there s

B there as ... It as

C It as

D There as

E is it

G It as

L It is%It s

1M there asn t

11 Is it ... it s

1? there as ... There as

1< It as

1B There asn t

1C There as ... it asn t

G<.?

? There is a lot o$ salt in the soup.

< There as nothing in the 0ox.

B There as a lot o$ "iolence in the $ilm.

C There ere a lot o$ people in the shops.

D xample ans ers:

There is%There s a lot to do in this to n.%... a lot o$ li$e in this to n.%... a lot happening in this to n.

G<.<

? There might 0e or There should 0e

< there ill 0e or there should 0e

B There s going to 0e or There might 0e

C There used to 0e



D there should 0e

E there ouldn t 0e

G<.B ? there as a lot o$ sno

< right

B There used to 0e a church here

C right

D There must ha"e 0een a reason.

E right

G There s sure to 0e a car par! some here.

L there ill 0e an opportunity 1M right

11 there ould 0e some0ody to meet me at the station 0ut there asn t any0ody.

UNIT GB

GB.1

? some < any

B any ... some

C some D any

E any G some

L any

1M any (some is also possi0le)

GB.?

? some0ody%someone

< any0ody%anyone

B anything

C something

D some0ody%someone ...any0ody%anyone

E something ... any0ody%anyone

G Any0ody%Anyone

L any0ody%anyone

1M any here

11 any here

1? some here

1< any here

1B any0ody%anyone

1C something



1D Any0ody%Anyone

1E She ne"er tells any0ody anything or ... anyone anything.

GB.< ? Any day

< Anything

B any here

C Anything

D Any time

E Any0ody%Anyone

G Any ne spaper%Any one

UNIT GC GC.1

? No0ody%No one.

< No here.

B None.

C None.

D No0ody%No one.

E Nothing.

L asn t tal!ing to any0ody%anyone.

1M I m not going any here.

11 I ha"en t got any luggage.

1? They ha"en t got any children.

1< I didn t meet any0ody%anyone.

1B I didn t 0uy anything.

GC.?

< no B any

C None D none

E No G any

L any 1M none

GC.<

? no0ody%no one

< No here

B anything

C Nothing ... anything

D Nothing

E any here



G No0ody%no# one said anything.

GC.B

? no0ody < any0ody

B Any0ody

C Nothing

D Anything

E anything

UNIT GD

GD.1

< a lot o$ salt

B right

C right

D a lot

E many%a lot o$

G a lot

L right

GD.?

? plenty o$ money

< plenty o$ room

B plenty to learn

C are plenty o$ things to see

D There are plenty o$ hotels.

GD.<

? little < many

B much C many

D $e E little

GD.B

< a $e dollars

B a little time

C right

D right

E only a $e ords

GD.C

? a little < a $e



B $e C little

D A little

E little G a $e

;p<?L

UNIT GE

GE.1

< @ B o$ C o$ D @

E o$ G @ L @

GE.?

< o$ my spare time B o$ the house

C accidents

D o$ ther $riends

E o$ the population

G 0irds

L o$ the pople I in"ited

1M o$ her opinions

11 uropean countries

1? (o$) my dinner

GE.<

< any people

B Some o$ the photographs

C Some people

D most o$ the $ood

E all (o$) the money

G all the time

L most o$ the time

1M ost people

11 hal$ (o$) the Fuestions

GE.B

? All o$ them

< none o$ us

B some o$ it

C none o$ them

D None o$ it



E Some o$ them

G all o$ it

UNIT GG GG.1

? Neither < either (o$ them)

B 0oth C ither

D Neither

GG.?

? either < 0oth

B Neither o$

C neither ... 0oth%0oth the%0oth o$ the D 0oth%0oth o$

GG.<

? either o$ them

< 0oth o$ them

B neither o$ us

C neither o$ them

GG.B

< oth 3im and 8arol are on holiday

B 5eorge neither smo!es nor drin!s.

C Neither 3im nor 8arol has (got) a car.

D The $ilm as 0oth long and 0oring.

E That man s name is either >ichard or >o0ert.

G I "e got neither the time nor the money to go on holiday.

L -e can lea"e either today or tomorro .

GG.C

? either < any B none

C any D either E neither

G none

UNIT GL

GL.1

< "ery0ody% "eryone

B "erything

C all

D e"ery0ody%e"eryone

E e"erything



G All

L e"ery0ody%e"eryone

1M All 11 e"ery0ody%e"eryone

1? "ery0ody% "eryone

1< All

1B e"erything

GL.?

? The hole team played ell.

< 2e ate the hole 0ox (o$ chocolates).

B They searched the hole house. C Ann or!ed the hole day.

D The hole $amily play%plays tennis.

E It rained the hole ee!.

G Ann or!ed hole ee!.

L It rained all ee!.

GL.<

? e"ery $our hours

< e"ery $our years

B e"ery $i"e minutes

C e"ery six months

GL.B

? e"ery day

< all day

B The hole 0uilding

C e"ery time

D all the time

E all my luggage

UNIT LM

LM.1

< ach B "ery C ach

D e"ery E each G e"ery

LM.?

< "ery B ach C e"ery

D e"ery E each G e"ery

L e"ery 1M each 11 "ery



1? each

LM.<

? Sonia and I had ten pounds each.%... each had ten pounds. < Those postcards cost BM pence each.%... are BM pence each.

B -e paid BM each.%-e each paid BM.

LM.B

? e"eryone < e"ery one

B "eryone C e"ery one

UNIT L1

L1.1

? A 0urglar is someone ho 0rea!s into a house to steal things. < A customer is someone ho 0uys something $rom a shop.

B A shopli$ter is someone ho steals $rom a shop.

C A co ard is someone ho is not 0ra"e.

D An atheist is someone ho doesn t 0elie"e in 5od.

E A pensioner is someone ho no longer or!s and gets money $rom the state.

G A tenant is someone ho pays rent to li"e in a house or $lat.

L1.?

? The man ho%that ans ered the phone told me you ere a ay.

< The aitress ho%that ser"ed us as "ery impolite and impatient.

B The 0uilding that% hich as destroyed in the $ire has no 0een re0uilt.

C The people ho%that ere arrested ha"e no 0een released.

D The 0us that% hich goes to the airport runs e"ery hal$ hour.

L1.<

? ho%that runs a ay $rom home

< that% hich on the race

B ho%that stole my car

C ho%that in"ented the telephone

D that% hich ere on the all

E that% hich cannot 0e explained

G that% hich gi"es you the meaning o$ ords

L ho%that are ne"er on time

1M that% hich can support li$e

;p<<M

UNIT L?

L?.1



< ( ho) B ho

C ( ho) D (that)

E that G (that)

L that

L?.?

? (that% hich) Ann is earing

< (that% hich) e anted to "isit

B (that% hich) you re going to see

C ( ho%that) I in"ited to the party

D (that% hich) you had to do E (that% hich) e hired

G (that% hich) Tom recommended to us

L?.<

? (that% hich) e ere in"ited to

< ( ho%that) I or! ith

B (that% hich) you told me a0out

C (that% hich) e ent to last night

D (that% hich) I applied $or

E ( ho%that) you can rely on

G ( ho%that) I sa you ith

L?.B

? (that) < hat

B that C (that)

D (that) E hat

G (that)

UNIT L<

L<.1

? hose i$e is an nglish teacher.

< ho o ns a restaurant.

B hose am0ition is to clim0 "erest.

C ho ha"e 4ust got married.

D hose parents used to or! in a circus.

L<.?

? here e can ha"e a really good meal

< here I can 0uy some postcards



B here e had the car repaired

C here 3ohn is staying

D here she (had) 0ought it L<.<

? here < ho

B hose C here

D hose E hom

L<.B xample ans ers:

? e got stuc! in a li$t

< I didn t rite to you

B you phoned C they ha"en t got a car

D ary got married

UNIT LB

LB.1

< hich e en4oyed "ery much.

B I ent to see the doctor# ho told me to rest $or a $e days.

C 3ohn# ho% hom I ha"e !no n $or a "ery long time# is one o$ my closest $riends.

D Sheila# hose 4o0 in"ol"es a lot o$ tra"elling# is a ay $rom home a lot.

E The ne stadium# hich can hold LM#MMM people# ill 0e opened next month.

G -e o$ten go to "isit our $riends in ristol# hich is only <M miles a ay.

L 5lasgo # here my 0rother li"es# is the largest city in Scotland.

LB.?

< The stri!e at the car $actory# hich lasted ten days# is no o"er.

B I "e $ound the 0oo! I as loo!ing $or. or ... the 0oo! that% hich I as loo!ing $or.

C The population o$ ondon# hich as once the largest city in the orld# is no $alling.

D 7e o$ the people ho%that applied $or the 4o0 had the necessary Fuali$ications.

E argaret sho ed me a photograph o$ her son# ho is a policeman.

LB.<

< y o$$ice# hich ... the 0uilding is ... (commas)

B The o$$ice that% hich ... (no commas)

C She told me her address# hich ... (comma)

D There are some ords that% hich ... (no commas)

E The sun# hich ... in the uni"erse# pro"ides ... (commas)

UNIT LC

LC.1



? This is a photograph o$ our $riends# ith hom e ent on holiday. or ... ho e ent on holiday ith.

< The edding# to hich only mem0ers o$ the $amily ere in"ited# too! place last 7riday. or The edding#

hich only mem0ers o$ the $amily ere in"ited to# too! place ... B Sheila# $or hom e had 0een aiting# $inally arri"ed. or Sheila# ho e had 0een aiting $or# $inally

arri"ed.

C -e clim0ed to the top o$ the to er# $rom hich e had a 0eauti$ul "ie . or ... hich e had a 0eauti$ul

"ie $rom.

LC.?

? -e ere gi"en a lot o$ in$ormation# most o$ hich as useless.

< There ere a lot o$ people at the party# only a $e o$ hom I had met 0e$ore.

B I ha"e sent her t o letters# neither o$ hich she has recei"ed. C Ten people applied $or the 4o0 none o$ hom ere suita0le.

D Jate has got t o cars# one o$ hich she hardly e"er uses.

E Norman on CM#MMM# hal$ o$ hich he ga"e to his parents.

G 3ulia has t o sisters# 0oth o$ hom are teachers.

LC.<

? 3ill isn t on the phone# hich ma!es it di$$icult to contact her.

< Neil has passed his examinations# hich is good ne s.

B +ur $light as delayed# hich meant e had to ait $our hours at the airport.

C Ann o$$ered to let me stay in her house# hich as "ery nice o$ her.

D The street I li"e in is "ery noisy at night# hich ma!es it di$$icult to sleep.

E +ur car has 0ro!en do n# hich means e can t go a ay tomorro .

UNIT LD

LD.1

? I didn t tal! much to the man sitting next to me on the plane.

< The taxi ta!ing us to the airport 0ro!e do n.

B At the end o$ the street there is a path leading to the ri"er.

C A ne $actory employing CMM people has 4ust opened in the to n.

D The company sent me a 0rochure containing all the in$ormation I needed.

LD.?

? The indo 0ro!en in the storm last night has no 0een repaired.

< ost o$ the suggestions made at the meeting ere not "ery practical.

B The paintings stolen $rom the museum ha"en t 0een $ound yet.

C -hat as the name o$ the man arrested 0y the police/

;p<<1



LD.<

< li"ing B o$$ering

C called D 0lo n E sitting ... reading

G or!ing ... studying

LD.B

< There s some0ody coming.

B There ere a lot o$ people tra"elling.

C There as no0ody else staying there.

D There as nothing ritten on it.

E There s a course 0eginning next onday. UNIT LE

LE.1

? a. exhausting 0. exhausted

< a. depressing 0. depressed c. depressed

B a. exciting 0. exciting c. excited

LE.?

? interested < exciting

B em0arrassing C em0arrassed

D amaKed E astonishing

G amused

L terri$ying ... shoc!ed

1M 0ored ... 0oring

11 0oring ... interesting

LE.<

? 0ored < con$using

B disgusting C interested

D annoyed E 0oring

G interested L exhausted

1M excited 11 amusing

1? interesting

UNIT LG

LG.1

? an unusual gold ring

< a nice ne pullo"er

B a ne green pulloer



C a 0eauti$ul old house

D 0lac! leather glo"es

E an old American $ilm G a long thin $ace

L 0ig 0lac! clouds

1M a lo"ely sunny day

11 a long ide a"enue

1? a small 0lac! metal 0ox

1< a 0ig $at 0lac! cat

1B a lo"ely little old "illage

1C 0eauti$ul long 0lac! hair 1D an interesting old 7rench painting

1E an enormous red and yello um0rella

LG.?

< the last t o days

B the $irst t o ee!s o$ Septem0er

C the next $e days

D the $irst three Fuestions (o$ the examination)

E the next t o years

G the last three days o$ our holiday

LG.<

? tastes a $ul or tasted a $ul

< $eel $ine

B smell nice

C loo! et

D sounds Fuite interesting or sounded Fuite interesting

LG.B

? happy < happily

B "iolent C terri0le

D properly

UNIT LL

LL.1

? 0adly < easily B patiently

C unexpectedly D regularly

LL.?

< sel$ishly B terri0ly



C sudden D colour$ully

E color$ul G 0adly

L 0adly 1M sa$e 11 angrily

LL.<

? care$ul < continuously

B happily C $luent

D specially E complete

G per$ectly L ner"ous

1M $inancially%completely

LL.B ? seriously ill

< a0solutely enormous

B slightly damaged

C unusually Fuiet

D completely changed

E unnecessarily long

G 0adly planned

UNIT 1MM

1MM.1

? good < ell B good

C ell D ell E ell

G good L ell 1M good

11 ell

1MM.?

? ell@!no n

< ell@!ept

B ell@0alanced

C ell@in$ormed

D ell@dressed

E ell@paid

G -ell done6 (? separate ords)

1MM.<

? right < right B rong@hard

C right D rong@slo ly

1MM.B



? hardly hear

< hardly slept

B hardly spea! C hardly said

D hardly changed

E hardly recognised

1MM.C

? hardly any

< hardly anything

B hardly any0ody%hardly anyone

C hardly e"er D 2ardly any0ody%2ardly anyone

E hardly any here

G hardly e"er

L hardly any

1M hardly anything ... hardly any here

UNIT 1M1

1M1.1

B so C so D such a

E so G such L such a

1M such a 11 so 1? so .. such

1< so 1B such a 1C such a

1M1.?

< I as so tired (that) I couldn t !eep my eyes open.

B -e had such a good time on holiday (that) e didn t ant to come home.

C She spea!s nglish so ell (that) you ould thin! it as her nati"e language. or She spea!s such good

nglish (that) ...

;p<<?

D I "e got such a lot o$ things to do (that) I don t !no here to 0egin. or I "e got so many things to do

(that) ...

E The music as so loud (that) you could hear it $rom miles a ay.

G I had such a 0ig 0rea!$ast (that) I didn t eat anything else $or the rest o$ the day.

L It as such horri0le eather (that) e spent the hole day indoors.

1M1.< xample ans ers:

? a. It s so oppressi"e.



0 It s such an oppressi"e place.

< a. She s so $riendly.

0. She s such a $riendly person. B a. It s so exhausting.

0. It s such an exhausting 4o0.

C a. I ha"en t seen you $or so long.

0. I ha"en t seen you $or such a long time.

UNIT 1M?

1M?.1

? enough money

< enough mil! B arm enough

C enough room

D ell enough

E enough time

G enough Fuali$ications

L 0ig enough

1M enough cups

1M?.?

? too 0usy to tal!

< too late to go

B arm enough to sit

C too nice to 0e

D enough energy to play

E too $ar a ay to hear

G enough nglish to read

1M?.<

? This co$$ee is too hot to drin!.

< The piano as too hea"y to mo"e.

B This coat isn t arm enough to ear in inter.

C The situation is too complicated to explain.

D This so$a isn t ide enough $or three people to sit on.

E The all as too high to clim0 o"er.

G Some things are too small to see ithout a microscope.

UNIT 1M<

1M<.1



? Fuite a good "oice.

< Fuite a long ay.

B Fuite a 0usy day. C Fuite a nice time.

D Fuite a strong ind.

E Fuite a $rightening experience.

G Fuite a lot o$ mista!es.

1M<.?

? Fuite ell 0ut it s rather noisy

< rather long 0ut Fuite interesting

B Fuite a hard or!er 0ut he s rather slo C rather disappointed ... Fuite pleased

D uite a ell@paid 4o0 0ut it s ight hard or!

E Fuite near us 0ut it s rather di$$icult.

1M<.<

< more than a little ...

B completely

C more than a little ...

D more than a little ...

E completely

1M<.B

? Fuite sa$e.

< Fuite impossi0le.

B Fuite right.

C Fuite di$$erent.

D Fuite unnecessary.

E Fuite sure.

G Fuite amaKing.

UNIT 1MB

1MB.1

? stronger < smaller

B more expensi"e

C armer

D more interesting

E more di$$icult

G 0etter L orse



1M longer

11 more Fuietly

1? more o$ten 1< $urther

1B happier%more cheer$ul

1MB.?

< more serious than

B thinner C 0igger

D more interested

E more important than

G simpler%more simple L more cro ded than

1M more peace$ul than

11 more easily

1? higher than

1MB.<

? It ta!es longer 0y train than 0y car.

< I ran $urther than a"e.

B 3oe did orse than 8hris.

C y $riends arri"ed earlier than I expected.

D The 0uses run more o$ten than the trains. or ... run more $reFuently than the trains. or The 0uses are

more $reFuent than the trains.

E -e ere 0usier than usual at or! today. or -e ere 0usier at or! today than usual.

UNIT 1MC

1MC.1

? much 0igger

< much more complicated than

B a 0it happier

C $ar more interesting than

D a 0it more slo ly

E a lot easier

G slightly older

1MC.?

? any earlier

< no more expensi"e than

B any $urther



< as long as

B as soon as

C as o$ten as D as Fuietly as

E 4ust as com$orta0le as

G 4ust as ell@Fuali$ied as

L 4ust as 0ad as

1MD.B

? 9our hair is the same colour as mine.

< I arri"ed at the same time as you (did).

B y 0irthday is (on) the same day as Tom s. or y 0irthday is the same as Torn s. 1MD.C

? than him%than he does

< as me%as I do

B than us%than e ere

C than her%than she is

D as them%as they ha"e 0een

UNIT 1ME

1ME.1

? It s the cheapest restaurant in the to n.

< It as the happiest day o$ my li$e.

B She is the most intelligent student in the class.

C It is the most "alua0le painting in the gallery.

D It is the 0usiest time o$ the year.

G 2e s one o$ the richest men in the orld.

L It is one o$ the oldest castles in ritain.

1M She is one o$ the 0est players in the team.

11 It as one o$ the orst experiences o my li$e.

1? 2e is one o$ the most dangerous criminals in the country.

1ME.?

< larger B the longest

C happier D the orst

E the most popular

G the highest ... higher

L most en4oya0le

1M more com$orta0le



11 the Fuic!est

1? The oldest or The eldest

1ME.< ? That s the $unniest 4o!e I "e e"er heard.

< This is the 0est co$$ee I "e e"er tasted.

B She is the most patient person I "e e"er met.

C That s the $urthest (or $arthest) I "e e"er run.

D It is% as the orst mista!e I "e e"er made.

E -ho is the most $amous person you I"e e"er met/

UNIT 1MG

1MG.1 < 3im doesn t li!e $oot0all "ery much.

B right

C I ate my dinner Fuic!ly.

D Are you going to in"ite a lot o$ people to the party/

E right

G id you go to 0ed late last night/

L right

1M right

11 I met a $riend o$ mine on my ay home.

1? I $ell o$$ my 0icycle yesterday.

1MG.?

? -e on the game easily.

< I closed the door Fuietly.

B iane spea!s 5erman Fuite ell.

C Tim atches tele"ision all the time.

D Please don t as! that Fuestion again.

E oes Jen play $oot0all e"ery ee!end/

G I 0orro ed some money $rom a $riend o$ mine.

1MG.<

? I go to the 0an! e"ery 7riday.

< -hy did you come home so late/

B Ann dri"es her car to or! e"ery day.

C I ha"en t 0een to the cinema recently.

D Please rite your name at the top o$ the page.

E I remem0ered her name a$ter a $e minutes.



G -e al!ed around the to n all morning.

L I didn t see you at the party on Saturday night.

1M -e $ound some interesting 0oo!s in the li0rary. 11 Sally too! the children to the Koo yesterday.

1? They are 0uilding a ne hotel opposite the par!.

UNIT 1ML

1ML.1

< I usually ha"e ...

B right

C Ste"e hardly e"er gets angry.

D I also ent to the 0an!. E 3ane al ays has to hurry ..

G -e ere all tired so e all $ell asleep.

L right

1ML.?

? -e ere all on holiday.

< -e ere all staying at the same hotel.

B -e all en4oyed oursel"es.

C 8atherine is al ays "ery generous.

D I don t usually ha"e to or! on Saturdays.

E o you al ays atch tele"ision in the e"enings/

G 2e is also learning Italian.

L That hotel is pro0a0ly "ery expensi"e.

1M It pro0a0ly costs a lot to stay there.

11 I can pro0a0ly help you.

1? I pro0a0ly can t help you.

1ML.<

? usually ta!e

< am usually

B has pro0a0ly gone

;p<<B

C ere 0oth 0orn

D can also sing

E o$ten 0rea!s

G ha"e ne"er spo!en

L al ays ha"e to ait



1M can only read

11 ill pro0a0ly 0e lea"ing

1? pro0a0ly on t 0e 1< is hardly e"er

1B are still li"ing

1C ould ne"er ha"e met

1D 9es# I al ays am at this time o$ day. (0ut I am al ays tired)

UNIT 11M

11M.1

< 2e doesn t rite poems any more.

B 2e still ants to 0e a teacher. C 2e s not%2e isn t interested in politics any more.

D 2e s still single.

E 2e doesn t go $ishing any more.

G 2e hasn t got a 0eard any more.%2e doesn t ha"e ...

1M@1?

2e no longer rites poems.

2e is no longer interested in politics.

2e no longer goes $ishing.

2e no longer has a 0eard.%2e has no longer got a 0eard.%2e s no longer got ...

11M.?

? 2e hasn t gone yet.

< They ha"en t $inished their dinner yet.

B They ha"en t o!en up yet.

C She hasn t $ound a 4o0 yet. or ... $ound one yet.

D I ha"en t decided ( hat to do) yet.

E It hasn t ta!en o$$ yet.

11M.<

C I don t ant to go out yet. Dshe doesn t or! there any more

E I still ha"e a lot o$ $riends there.

G -e "e already met.

L o you still li"e in the same house

1M ha"e you already eaten

11 2e isn t here yet.

1? he still isn t here (he isn t here yet is also possi0le)

1< are you already a mem0er



1B 1 can still remem0er it "ery clearly.

1C These trousers don t $it me any more.

1D 2a"e you $inished ith the paper yet/ No# I m still reading it. UNIT 111

111.1

? e"en Angela

< not e"en Sharon

B e"en Angela

C e"en inda

D not e"en Angela

111.? ? She e"en has to or! on Sundays.

< They e"en painted the $loor. B9ou could e"en hear the noise $rom the next street. or ... hear it $rom.

C They e"en ha"e the indo s open hen it s $reeKing. or ... ha"e them open.

E I can t e"en remem0er her name.

G There isn t e"en a cinema.

L 2e didn t e"en tell his i$e ( here he as going).

111.<

? e"en older

< e"en 0etter

B e"en more di$$icult

C e"en orse

D e"en less

111.B

? i$ < e"en i$ B e"en

C e"en though D "en

E "en though G e"en i$

L "en though

UNIT 11?

11?.1

? Although I had ne"er seen her 0e$ore

< although it as Fuite cold

B although e don t li!e them "ery much

C Although I didn t spea! the language

D Although the heating as on

E although I d met her t ice 0e$ore



G although e "e !no n each other $or a long time

11?.?

? a. In spite o$ 0. Although < a. 0ecause 0. although

B a. 0ecause o$ 0. in spite o$

C a. although 0. 0ecause o$

xample ans ers:

D a. he didn t study "ery hard.

0. he studied "ery hard.

E a. I as hungry.

0. 0eing hungry%my hunger%the $act that I as hungry 11?.<

? In spite o$ ha"ing "ery little money# they are happy.

< Although my $oot as in4ured# I managed to al! to the nearest "illage. or I managed to al! to the

nearest "illage although my ...

B I en4oyed the $ilm in spite o$ the silly story.%... in spite o$ the story 0eing silly.%... in spite o$ the silliness o$ the

story.%... in spite o$ the $act the story as silly. or In spite o$ ...# I en4oyed the $ilm.

C espite li"ing in the same street# e hardly e"er see each other. or espite the $act that e li"e in. or -e

hardly e"er see each other despite ...

D I got "ery et in the rain e"en though I had an um0rella. or "en though I had an um0rella# I got ...

11?.B

? It s a 0it indy though.

< -e ate it though.

B I don t li!e her hus0and though.

UNIT 11<

11<.1

? she gets lost

< She s going to ta!e an um0rella in case it rains.

B She s going to ta!e her camera in case she ants to ta!e some photographs.

C She s going to ta!e some ater in case she gets thirsty.

D She s going to ta!e a to el in case she ants to ha"e a s im.

11<.?

1 in case you need to contact me.

? I ll say good0ye no in case I don t see you again 0e$ore you go.

< 8an you chec! the list in case e "e $orgotten something/ or ... $orgotten anything/

11<.<



? 2e rote do n the name o$ the 0oo! in case he $orgot it.

< I phoned my parents in case they ere orried a0out me.

B I rote to 3ane again in case she hadn t recei"ed my $irst letter. C I ga"e them my address in case they came to ondon one day.

;p<<C

11<.B

< I$ B i$ C in case

D i$ E i$ G in case

L in case

UNIT 11B

11B.1 ? unless you listen care$ully.

< I ll ne"er spea! to her again unless she apologises to me.

B 2e on t 0e a0le to understand you unless you spea! "ery slo ly.

C I m going to loo! $or another 4o0 unless the company o$$er (or o$$ers) me more money.

11B.?

? I m not going to the party unless you go too. or ... unless you come too.

< The dog on t attac! you unless you mo"e suddenly.

B 2e on t spea! to you unless you as! him a Fuestion.

C The doctor on t see you today unless it s an emergency.

11B.<

? unless < pro"iding

B as long as C unless

D unless E pro"ided

G Unless L unless

1M as long as

11B.B xample ans ers:

? I ha"e to or!.

< I don t ha"e to or!.

B she has time.

C it isn t raining.

D I m in a harry.

E you ha"e something else to do.

G you pay it 0ac! as soon as possi0le.

L you ta!e ris!s.

UNIT 11C



11C.1

< 0ecause

B at the same time as C at the same time as

D 0ecause

E 0ecause

11C.?

? As it as a nice day# e ent $or a al! 0y the sea.

< As e didn t ant to a!e any0ody up# e came in "ery Fuietly.

B As the door as open# I al!ed in.

C As none o$ us had a atch# e didn t !no hat time it as. 11C.<

? -e all smiled as e posed $or the photograph.

< I 0urnt mysel$ as I as ta!ing a hot dish out o$ the o"en

B The cro d cheered as the t o teams ran onto the $ield.

C A dog ran out in $ront o$ the car as e ere dri"ing along the road.

11C.B

? hen < as B -hen

C as time D hen

11C.C

xample ans ers:

1 you ere getting into your car.

? e started playing tennis.

< I had to al! home.

B some0ody al!ed in $ront o$ the camera.

UNIT 1D

11D.1

< li!e B li!e C as D li!e

E li!e G As L as 1M li!e

11 as 1? li!e 1< li!e

1B li!e 1C li!e 1D as 1E as

11D.?

? as a tourist guide

< li!e 0loc!s o$ ice

B li!e a 0eginner

C li!e a church



D as a 0irthday present

E as a pro0lem

G li!e inter L li!e a child

11D.<

1 li!e ? as < li!e

B li!e C as D li!e

E as G as L as

1M li!e 11 li!e 1? as

1< i!e 1B as 1C as

UNIT 11E 11E.1

? as i$ she had hurt her leg.

< as i$ he meant hat he as saying.

B as i$ it has 4ust 0een cut.

C as i$ he hadn t eaten $or a ee!.

D as i$ she as en4oying it.

E as i$ I m going to 0e sic!.

G as i$ she didn t ant to come.

11E.?

? 9ou loo! as i$ you "e seen a ghost.

< 9ou sound as i$ you re en4oying it. or ... as i$ you "e 0een en4oying it.

B I $eel as i$ I "e run a marathon.

11E.<

? It loo!s as i$ it s going to rain.

< It sounds as i$ they are ha"ing an argument.

B It loo!s as i$ there s 0een an accident.

C It loo!s as i$ e ll ha"e to al!.

D It sounds as i$ you had a good time.

11E.B

? as i$ I as% ere

< as i$ she as% ere

B as i$ it as% ere

UNIT 11G

11G.1

< during B $or C during



D $or E $or G $or

L during 1M $or 11 $or

1? $or 1< during 1B $or 11G.?

< hile B -hile C uring

D hile E during G uring

L hile 1M hile 11 during

1? hile 1< during 1B hile

1C hile

11G.<

xample ans ers: <. I as doing the house or!.

B I ma!e a Fuic! phone call/

C the lesson.

D the inter"ie .

E the car is mo"ing.

G the meal.

L the game

1M e ere playing $oot0all

UNIT 11L

11L.1

? 0y 1M.<M

< 0y Saturday hether you can come to the party.

B Please ma!e sure you re here 0y ? o cloc!. or Please 0e here ...

C I$ e lea"e no # e should arri"e 0y lunchtime.

;p<<D

11L.?

< 0y B until

C until ... 0y

D 0y E until

G 0y L 0y

1M until 11 y

1? 0y

11L.< xample ans ers:

< until I come0ac!.

B 0y C o cloc!.



C 0y next 7riday.

D until midnight.

11L.B ? y the time I got to the station

< y the time the police arri"ed

B y the time the guards disco"ered hat had happened

C y the time I (had) $inished my or!

UNIT 1?M

1?M.1

? on Sundays.

< at night. B in the e"ening.

C on ?1 3uly 1LDL.

D at the same time.

E in the 1L?Ms.

G in a0out ?M minutes.

L at the moment.

1M at 8hristmas.

11 in the iddle Ages.

1? in 11 seconds.

1?M.?

? a. on 0. at

< a. in 0. on

B a. on 0. @

C a. in 0. at

D a. in 0. on c. @

1?M.<

1 in ? on < in

B on C in D in

E at G on L at

1M +n Saturday night ... at 11 o cloc!

11 at

1? at C o cloc! in the morning

1< on E 3anuary ... in April

1B in

1C on Tuesday morning ... in the a$ternoon



1D in 1E at 1G on

1L in

UNIT 1?1 1?1.1

? on time

< in time

B on time

C in time

D on time

E in time

G in time L on time

1?1.?

? I% e got home 4ust in time.

< I%stopped him 4ust in time.

B I% e got to the cinema 4ust in time $or the 0eginning o$ the $ilm.

1?1.<

? at the end o$ the month

< at the end o$ the course

B at the end o$ the race

C at the end o$ the inter"ie

1?1.B

? In the end she resigned.

< In the end I ga"e up.

B In the end e decided not to go. or ... e didn t go.

1?1.C

? In < at ... at

B in C in D at

E in G at L in

UNIT 1??

1??.1

? At the tra$$ic lights.

< +n his arm. or +n the man s arm.

B a. +n the door.

0. In the door.

C In Paris.



D +n the all.

E a. At the top o$ the stairs.

0. At the 0ottom (o$ the stairs). G a. At the gate.

0. +n the gate.

L At the end o$ the Fueue.

1M +n the 0each.

1??.?

? on my guitar

< at the next garage

B in your co$$ee C on that tree

D in the mountains

E on the island

G at the indo

1??.<

? on the all in the !itchen

< at B on

C At D on

E at

G in ... in

L on 1M in 11 on

UNIT 1?<

1?<.1

? +n the second $loor.

< +n the corner. or At the corner.

B In the corner.

C In the 0ac! o$ the car.

D in a mirror.

E At the $ront.

G In the 0ac! ro .

L a. +n the le$t.

0. +n the right.

1M +n a $arm.

1?<.?

? on the right



< in the orld

B on my ay to or!

C on the est coast D in the $ront ro

E at the 0ac! o$ the class

G on the 0ac! o$ the en"elope

1?<.<

1 in ? on or at

< in B on ... on

C at

D in the paper .. on the 0ac! page E in G in L in

1M on 11 on

UNIT 1?B

1?B.1

? on a train

< at a con$erence

B in hospital

C at the hairdresser%at the hairdresser s

D on her 0icycle

E in Ne 9or!

G at the National Theatre

1?B.?

? in 0ed

< -hat s on at the cinema

B in prison

C at school

D at the Sports 8entre

E in hospital

G at the airport

L on the plane

1M at sea

;p<<E

1?B.<

1 at ? at < on



B in C at

D at%in a "ery nice hotel ... in Amsterdam

E in G at or! ... at home in 0ed

L at 1M in 11 at

1? in ondon ... at ondon Uni"ersity

UNIT 1?C

1?C.1

< at B to C to D into

E get home ... going to 0ed

G at L to 7rance ... in raKil

1M to

11 in 8hicago ... mo"ed to Ne 9or! li"es in Ne 9or!

1? to 1< into 1B to

1C at 1D to

1E -elcome to ...

1?C.? xample ans ers:

? I "e 0een to S eden once.

< I "e ne"er 0een to the United States.

B I "e 0een to Paris a $e times.

1?C.<

? in B at D @ < @ C to

1?C.B

? I got on the 0us.

< I got out o$ the car.

B I got o$$ the train.

C I got into the taxi. or I got in The taxi

D I got o$$ the plane.

UNIT 1? D

1?D.1

? on the phone

< on stri!e

B on a tour

C on holiday



D on tele"ision

E on purpose

G on a diet L on 0usiness

1M the hole

1?D.?

1 in cold eather

? in pencil

< in lo"e

B in 0loc! letters C in the shade

D in my opinion

E in cash

1?D.<

? on < on B at

C in D on E $or

G on L at 1M on

11 In my opinion ... on tele"ision

1? on 1< on 1B at

1C on 1D at 1E on

1G in

UNIT 1?E

1?E.1

? 0y mista!e

< 0y hand

B 0y cheFue

C 0y satellite

D 0y chance

1?E.?

? on < 0y B on

C 0y car ... on my 0i!e

D in E on G 0y

1?E.<

xample ans ers:

< Ulysses is a no"el 0y 3ames 3oyce.



B 9esterday is a song 0y Paul c8artney.

C 5urnica is a painting 0y Pa0lo Picasso.

1?E.B 1 0y ? ith < 0y

B 0y C ith

D 0y car ... in your car

E on G 0y

L 0y the 0ed ith a lamp and a cloc! on it

1M 0y

1?E.C

? 0y ten pence. < 0y t o "otes.

B Jate 0y $i"e minutes.%her 0y $i"e minutes.

UNIT 1?G

1?G.1

? to the pro0lem

< ith her 0rother

B in prices

C to your Fuestion

D $or a ne road

E in the num0er o$ people ithout 4o0s

G $or shoes li!e these any more

L 0et een your 4o0 and mine

1?G.?

? in"itaion to

< contact ith

B !ey to

C cause o$

D reply to

E connection 0et een

G pictures o$

L reason $or

1M damage to

1?G.<

? $or < o$ B to

C in D $or E o$



G in or to

L to or to ards

1M ith 11 in 1? $or 1< to 1B o$

1C $or a rise in pay

1D to 1E ith

UNIT 1?L

1?L.1

? That as nice o$ her.

< That as generous o$ him.

B That asn t "ery nice o$ them. C That s "ery !ind o$ you.

D That asn t "ery polite o$ him.

E That s 0it childish o$ them.

1?L.?

? !ind to

< sorry $or

B annoyed ith

C annoyed a0out

D impressed ith%impressed 0y

E 0ored ith (or 0ored 0y)

G astonished at%astonished 0y

;p<<G

1?L.<

? o$ < to ... to

B o$ C o$

D ith E to

G ith L at%0y

1M ith 11 a0out

1? a0out

1< sorry a0out or sorry $or ... angry ith

1B $urious ith us $or ma!ing

1C a0out 1D a0out

1E at%0y 1G ith%0y

1L a0out ?M a0out ?1 $or

UNIT 1<M



1<M.1

? o$ $urniture

< on $port B o$ time

C at tennis

D to a >ussian (man)

E o$ >o0ert

G $rom yours%to yours

1<M.?

? similar to

< a$raid o$ B interested in

C responsi0le $or

D proud o$

E di$$erent $rom%di$$erent to

1<M.<

? $or < o$ B o$

C in D to E o$ ... o$

G on L o$ 1M ith

11 o$ 1? o$ 1< in

1B o$ 1C o$ 1D o$

1E to 1G on

1<M.B

xample ans ers:

? I m hopless at telling 4o!es

< I m not "ery good at mathematics.

B I m Fuite good at remem0ering names.

UNIT 1<1

1<1.1

< glanced at

B in"ited to

C listen to

D thro stones at

E thro it to

G spea!ing to

L rote to



1M point them at

1<1.?

? at < at B to C to D to E at

G to L at 1M at

1<1.<

< 8an you explain this Fuestion to me/

B 8an you explain the system to me/

C 8an you explain to me ho this machine or!s/

D 8an you explain to me hat your pro0lem is/

1<1.B < to B @ C to

D to E @ G to

L to 1M @

UNIT 1<?

1<?.1

? $or < $or B to

C $or D a0out E @

G a0out L @ 1M $or

11 $or 1? a0out 1< $or

1B $or

1<?.?

? aiting $or

< tal! a0out

B as!ed the aiter $or the 0ill

C applied $or

D do something a0out it

E loo!s a$ter or has loo!ed a$ter

G le$t oston $or Paris

1<?.<

? $or < a0out B o$

C $or D o$ E a0out G @

1<?.B

? loo!ing $or

< loo!ed a$ter

B loo!ing $or



? $or the misunderstanding ( hich as my $ault).

< on inning the tournament.

B $rom his enemies.%against his enemies. C o$ 11 players.

D on 0read and eggs.

G $or e"erything.

L $or the economic crisis/

1M "iolent crime on tele"ision.

11 is to 0lame $or the economic crisis/

1? tele"ision is to 0lame $or the increase in "iolent crime.

1<B.? ? paid $or

< accused o$

B depends on

C li"e on

D congratulated him on

E apologise to

;p<<L

J 9 T+ = >8IS S

1<B.<

? $rom < on

B o$ C $or

D $or E @

G on L on

1M on or @

11 $rom or against

1? o$

UNIT 1<C

1<C.1

? small to ns to 0ig cities.

< ith all the in$ormation I needed.

B DM on a pair o$ shoes.

1<C.?

? happened to

< dro"e into

B di"ided into



C 0elie"e in

D $ill it ith

E 8oncentrate on G succeeded in

1<C.<

? to < on

B in C to

D in E ith

G into L in

1M on 11 into

1? to 1< into 1B on

1C $rom one language into another

1D happened to ... spend it on

1E into

1G ith

1<C.B xample ans ers:

? on 0oo!s.

< into a all.

B to "olley0all.

C into many languages.

UNIT 1<D

1<D.1

? turn up

< mo"ing in

B closed do n

C dropped out

D sho o$$

E doKed o$$

G clears up

1<D.?

? 0ac! at

< out o$

B on ith

C up at

D $or ard to



E a ay ith

1<D.<

? cross it out < made it up

B gi"e them 0ac!

C see her o$$

D ga"e them a ay

E sho you round

G turned it do n

1<D.B

< them up B the tele"ision o$$ or o$$ the tele"ision

C him do n

D a 4ac!et on or on a 4ac!et

E your cigarette out or out your cigarette

G it out

L a ord up or up a ord

1M it up

;p<BM

1.

< m getting%am getting

B do you do

C as the car doing

D phones ... didn t phone

E ere thin!ing ... decided

G s happening%is happening

L doesn t rain

1M rang ... ere ha"ing

11 ent ... as studying ... didn t ant ... didn t stay

1? told ... didn t 0elie"e ... thought ... as 4o!ing

?.

? didn t go

< is earing

B has gro n

C ha"en t decided

D is 0eing



E asn t reading

G didn t ha"e

L is 0eginning 1M $ound

11 asn t

1? you "e 0een

1< I "e 0een doing

1B did she go

1C I "e 0een playing

1D do you come 1E since I sa her

1G $or ?M years

<.

< are you going

B o you atch

C ha"e you li"ed%ha"e you 0een li"ing%ha"e you 0een

D id you ha"e

E 2a"e you seen

G as she earing

L 2a"e you 0een aiting%2a"e you 0een here

1M does it ta!e

11 2a"e you $inished

1? 2a"e you (e"er) 0een

B

? ha"e !no n each other%ha"e 0een $riends

< I "e e"er had%I "e e"er 0een on%I "e had $or ages (etc.)

B 2e ent 2e ent home%2e ent out 2e le$t

C I "e orn it

D I as playing

E 0een s imming $or%had a s im $or

G since I "e 0een%since I (last) ent

L did you 0uy%did you get

C

1 got ... as already aiting ... had arri"ed



? as lying ... asn t atching ...had $allen ... as snoring ... turned ... o!e

< had 4ust gone ... as reading ... heard ... got ... didn t see ... est

B missed ... as standing ... realised ... had le$t ... had ... got C met ... as al!ing ... had 0een ... had 0een playing ... ere going ... in"ited ... had arranged ... didn t

ha"e

D.

? Some0ody has ta!en it.

< They had only !no n each other ($or) a $e ee!s.

B It has 0een raining all day.%It has rained all day.

C I had 0een dreaming.

D I d had (' I had had) a 0ig 0rea!$ast. E They "e 0een going there $or years.

G I "e had it since I got up.

L 2e has 0een training "ery hard $or it.

E.

1 I ha"en t seen

? 9ou loo!%9ou re loo!ing

< are you going

B are you meeting

C I m going

D o you o$ten go

E are you going

G I m meeting

L has 0een

1M I "e 0een aiting

11 has 4ust started

1? is she getting

1< oes she li!e

1B she thin!s

1C Are you or!ing

1D spo!e

1E you ere or!ing

1G ent

1L I started I had started

?M I lost

?1 you ha"en t had



?? I "e had

?< ha"e you seen

?B has he 0een ?C I sa

?D he ent

?E 2e had 0een

?G he decided%he d decided

?L 2e as really loo!ing $or ard

<M is he doing

<1 I ha"en t heard

<? he le$t G

1 in"ented

? it s gone%it has gone

< had gone

B did you do ... id you go

C ha"e you had

D it as raining

E She has 0een teaching

G I 0ought . I ha"en t orn

L I sa ... as ... I d seen%I had seen ... I remem0ered .... it as

1M 2a"e you heard ... She as died ... She rote ... 2a"e you read

11 does this ord mean ... I "e ne"er seen

1? id you arri"e ... it had already 0egun

1< !noc!ed ... as ... he d gone he had gone ... he didn t ant

1B She d ne"er used%She had ne"er used ... she didn t !no

1C ent ... She needed ... she d 0een sitting%she had 0een sitting

L.

< used to dri"e

B as dri"ing

C ere studying

D used to ha"e

E as ha"ing

G as playing

L used to play

1M as earing



1M.

? I m going to the dentist.

< e re going to hire a car. B I ll loo! a$ter the children.

C I m ha"ing lunch ith Sue.

D are you going to ha"e/

E I ll turn on the light.

G I m going to turn on the light.

11.

? I ll come

< shall e meet B 0egins

C I ll meet

D I m seeing

E Shall I as!

G I ll see

L are going

1M does the $ilm 0egin

11 Are you meeting

1? I ll 0e

;p<B1

1?.

1 (?) are you going to do

(<) it starts

(B) you ll en4oy

(C) it ill 0e%it s going to 0e

? (1) you re going

(?) -e re going

(<) you ha"e%you ll ha"e

(B) I ll send

(C) I ll get

(D) I get

< (1) I m ha"ing%I m going to ha"e

(?) are coming

(<) they ll ha"e gone



1M should ha"e turned

1C.

< 2e must ha"e $orgotten. B 9ou needn t ha"e gone home so early.

C It can t 0e changed no .

D She may 0e atching tele"ision.

E She must ha"e 0een aiting $or some0ody.

G he couldn t ha"e done it.

L 9ou ought to ha"e 0een here earlier.

1M I ould ha"e helped you.

11 9ou should ha"e 0een arned. 1? 2e might not ha"e 0een $eeling "ery ell.%2e might not ha"e $elt "ery ell.

1D.

B rings

C ere

D is

E as% ere

G had 0een

L had

1M hadn t had

11 had dri"en had 0een dri"ing

1? didn t read

1E.

? came (to see us no ).

< ouldn t ha"e distur0ed you.

B I$ you hadn t pro"o!ed the dog# it ouldn t ha"e attac!ed you.

C They ould 0e upset i$ I told them hat happened.%. hat had happened.

D I ouldn t ha"e got (so) et i$ I d had an um0rella.

E I$ he hadn t 0een (so) ner"ous# he ouldn t ha"e $ailed.

1G.

xample ans ers:

1 I asn t $eeling so tired.

? I hadn t had so much to do.

< I ould ha"e $orgotten 3ane s 0irthday.

B you hadn t ta!en so long to get ready.

C I ould ha"e gone to the concert.



D you ere in trou0le/

E there as no tra$$ic.

G people ould go out more. 1L.

< I !ne

B I d ta!en%I had ta!en

C Ann ere%Ann as

D they d hurry up%they ould hurry up

E e didn t ha"e

G e d had%I e had had

L it asn t%it eren t 1M I could

11 I hadn t said

1? you d slo do n%you ould slo do n

1< e hadn t gone 1B you ouldn t go%you didn t go

?M.

< as cancelled

B has 0een repaired

C is 0eing restored

D is 0elie"ed

E ould 0e sac!ed

G might ha"e 0een thro n

L as taught

1M 0eing arrested

11 2a"e you e"er 0een arrested

1? are reported ... ha"e 0een in4ured

?1.

< ha"e sold

B has 0een sold

C are made

D might 0e stolen

E must ha"e 0een stolen

G must ha"e ta!en

L can 0e sol"ed

1M should ha"e le$t

11 is delayed



1? is 0eing 0uilt ... is expected

??

8astle $ire ? as disco"ered

< as in4ured

B 0e rescued

C are 0elie"ed to ha"e 0een destroyed

D is not !no n

Shop ro00ery

1 as $orced

? 0eing threatened < had 0een stolen

B as later $ound

C had 0een a0andoned

D has 0een arrested

E is still 0eing Fuestioned

>oad delays

1 is 0eing resur$aced

? are as!ed%are 0eing as!ed ha"e 0een as!ed

< is expected

B ill 0e closed

C ill 0e di"erted

Accident

1 as ta!en

? as allo ed

< as 0loc!ed

B 0e di"erted

C ha"e 0een !illed

;p<B?

?<.

< changing

B to change

C change

D 0eing

E saying

G to phone



L drin!ing

1M to 0e

11 to see 1? to 0e

1< to thin! ... ma!ing

1B to 0e ... playing

1C 0eing stopped .... stealing ... dri"ing

1D or! ... pressing

?B.

< I don t $ancy going out.

B 2e tends to $orget things. C -ould you mind helping me/

D "ery0ody seems to ha"e gone out.

E -e re thin!ing o$ mo"ing.

G I as a$raid to touch it.

L 2e is a$raid o$ 0eing ro00ed.

1M It s not orth seeing.

11 I m not used to al!ing so $ar.

1? She seems to 0e en4oying hersel$.

1< 2e insisted on sho ing them to me#

1B rather some0ody else did it.

?C.

< reading ne spapers.

B not go out tonight%stay at home tonight.

C al!ing or in al!ing.

D me to phone you this e"ening/

E any0ody seeing me%0eing seen.

G o$ 0eing a cheat%o$ cheating.

L to seeing them again.

1M to do/

11 to ha"e gone out ith you.

1? not ta!ing your ad"ice%not ha"ing ta!en your ad"ice%that I didn t ta!e your ad"ice.

?D

? Tennis ... t ice a ee! ... a "ery good player

< $or dinner ... a$ter or! ... to the cinema

B Unemployment ... $or people ...$ind or!



C RanR accident ... going home ... ta!en to hospital ... I thin! most accidents ... 0y people dri"ing

D RanR economist ... in RtheR in"estment department ... o$ loyds an! ... $or an American 0an! ... in the

United States E RtheR name o$ RtheR hotel...RTheR Imperial... in ueen Street in RtheR city centre...near RtheR station.

G RTheR older one...RaR pilot ith ritish Air ays ...RTheR younger one... at school... go to uni"ersity... study

la

?E.

? i$ < hen

B i$ C hen

D i$ E i$

G unless L i$ 1M as long as

11 in case 1? in case

1< i$ 1B e"en i$

1C Although 1D although

1E hen 1G hen

?G.

? on

< RatR L.<M RonR Tuesday

B at C on

D at E In

G at L during%in

1M RonR 7riday..RsinceR then

11 $or 1?at

1< RatR the moment...RuntilR 7riday

1B 0y

?L.

1 in ? 0y

< at B on

C RonR your chec!...RinR the mirror

D RtoR a party RatR inda s house

E on G on

L to ... to

1M in Oienna ... at the age o$ <C

11 in this photograph ... on the le$t

1? to the theatre ... in the $ront no



1< on the all 0y the door

1B at 1C on

1D in a to er 0loc! ... on the $i$teenth $loor 1E on

1G pay in cash or pay cash ... 0y credit card

1L +n the 0us ... 0y car

?M on ... on

<M.

1 $or ? at

< to B to

C in D ith E o$ G to

L o$ 1M at%0y

11 o$ 1? a0out

<1.

1 o$ ? a$ter

< @ B a0out

C to D @

E into G o$

L to 1M on

11 o$ 1? o$

1< at 1B on

;p<B<

J 9 T+ STU 9 5UI (see page <M1)

Note that sometimes more than one alternati"e is correct.

Present and past

1.1 A

1.?

1.< 8

1.B # 8

1.C 8

1.D A

Present per$ect and past

?.1

?.? 8

?.< A



?.B 8

?.C A

?.D ?. E A

?.G

?.L A

?.1M A

?.11 A

?.1? 8

?.1<

?.1B 8 7uture

<.1 A

<.? 8

<.< A#

<.B

<.C 8# 8

<.D A

odals

B.1 A#

B.? A# 8

B.< 8

B.B

B.C A# #

B. D

B.E A# 8

B.G # 8

B.L A#

B.1M A

B.11

8onditionals and ish

C.1

C.?

C.<

C.B

Passi"e



D.1 8

D.?

D.< A D.B 8

D.C

>eported speech

E.1

E.? A

uestions and auxiliary "er0s

G.1 8

G.? A G.<

G.B A

G.C


L.1 A

L.? #

L.<

L.B A

L.C A

L.D 8

L.E

L.G 8

L.L 8

L.1M

L.11 8

L.1?

L.1<

L.1B A#

L.1C A

L.1D A

L.1E # 8

Articles and nouns

1M.1

1M.? # 8

1M.<



1M.B 8

1M.C A

1M.D A 1M.E A

1M.G 8

1M.L 8

1M.1M A# 8

1M.11 A

1M.1? 8

1M.1<

Pronouns and determiners 11.1

11.? A

11.<

11.B

11.C

11.D 8

11.E A# 8

11.G 8

11.L

11.1M A# 8

11.11

>elati"e clauses

1?.1 A# 8

1?.? A#

1?.< 8

1?.B

1?.C

1?.D

Ad4ecti"es and ad"er0s

1<.1

1<.? 8

1<.< # 8

1<.B A

1<.C A#

1<.D



1<.E # 8

1<.G 8

1<.L 8 1<.1M # 8

1<.11

1<.1? A#

1<.1<

1<.1B

1<.1C

8on4unction and prepositions

1B.1 A# 1B.? 8

1B.< # 8

1B.B A

1B.C

Cambridge English Grammar in Use (Intermediate Incl Answers)[A4]

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Transcript of Cambridge English Grammar in Use (Intermediate Incl Answers)[A4]