A

Term Paper

On

A BROADBAND NETWORK SYSTEM FOR FACTORY AUTOMATION

Subject – Computer Aided Manufacturing

Bachelor of Technology

In

Mechanical Engineering

Session – 2014-2015

Submitted To – Submitted By -

Mudita BHUPESH PANDEY

ME – 72

Roll No – 1112240057

Shri Ramswaroop Memorial College of Engineering and Management,

Affiliated to

Gautam Buddh Technical Lucknow University,

INTRODUCTION

The term broadband refers to the wide bandwidth characteristics of a transmission medium and its ability to transport multiple signals and traffic types simultaneously. The medium can be coaxial cable, optical fiber, twisted pair, DSL local telephone networks or wireless.

Broadband refers to a communication bandwidth of at-least 256 kbit/s. Each channel is 4 MHz wide and it uses an extensive range of frequencies to effortlessly relay and receive data between networks. In telecommunications, a broadband signaling method is one that handles a wide band of frequencies. Broadband is a relative term, understood according to its context. The wider (or broader) the bandwidth of a channel, the greater the information-carrying capacity, given the same channel quality.

In radio, for example, a very narrow-band will carry Morse code; a broader band will carry speech; a still broader band will carry music without losing the high audio frequencies required for realistic sound reproduction. This broad band is often divided into channels or frequency bins using passband techniques to allow frequency-division multiplexing, instead of sending a higher-quality signal. A television antenna may be described as "broadband" because it is capable of receiving a wide range of channels.

Personal computing facilitated easy access, manipulation, storage, and exchange of information, and required reliable data transmission. Communicating documents by images and the use of high-resolution graphics terminals provided a more natural and informative mode of human interaction than do voice and data alone. Video teleconferencing enhances group interaction at a distance. High-definition entertainment video improves the quality of pictures, but requires much higher transmission rates.

These new data transmission requirements may require new transmission means other than the present overcrowded radio spectrum. A modern telecommunications network (such as the broadband network) must provide all these different services (multi-services) to the user.

ABSTRACT

The emerging technology of wireless sensor network(BROADBAND NETWORK) has changed the way people interact with the physical world. BROADBAND NETWORK produces myriad interdisciplinary research issues on information processing, control, communication and computation.

It has also provided new paradigm for factory automation that has remarkable impacts on control, tracking, monitoring, and diagnostics of the manufacturing processes and equipments.

A communication network is a fundamental necessity in most modern industrial operations to support process control and other factory applications.

In many industrial facilities, wired networks are difficult to install or not flexible enough to support quick process reconfiguration, making wireless an ideal choice.

A Tropos industrial wireless mesh network provides customers with the flexibility to install the type of network they need, including support for remote locations and mobile equipment

LITERATURE SURVEY

Wireless technologies for telecommunication such as GSM, CDMA, GPRS, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, HSDPA and WiMAX etc. have revolutionary impacts on the personal communication.

Wi-Fi, based on IEEE 802.11 standard, has provided pervasive Internet access infrastructure at home, at office, at school and at public place for many kinds of information exchanges and Web application services.

For factory automation, the wireless telecommunication and wireless Internet services have also enabled e-manufacturing that providing more operation efficiency at enterprise level.

However, at the shop floor level, the fundamental networking technologies are still based on Field-bus that providing wired link between program logical controllers (PLC) and other devices such as transducers, actuators, motors and switches to form the control chain.

The radio frequency identification (RFID) technology serves for electronic labels for asset tracking and object identification in the factory yet lacks support for sensing, information processing and actuation by its transponders.

To simplify the machinery access and monitoring in hash environments as well as to reduce the cost of cabling and maintenance by using mobile or ad-hoc device, wireless personal area network (WPAN) based on IEEE 802.15 standards have become new fundamental technologies in factory automation.

Such sensors and actuators that are based on wireless interface and protocols provide new paradigm for factory automation as they have integrated sensing, control, computation and communication capabilities into a single tiny node and will form a mesh network called wireless sensor network (BROADBAND NETWORK). Control over the BROADBAND NETWORK with the characteristics of packet delay, packet loss and packet disorder has posed new challenges in the areas of traditional robust control, performance analysis and signal processing.

As BROADBAND NETWORK is the low power pervasive computation platform for factory monitoring, process control and supervisory control, optimization for power becomes one of the key issues that have implied the tradeoff between the control and communication performance.

Standardization of BROADBAND NETWORK is one of the most important industrial drives to its commercial success for factory automation applications. The standardization processes are focused in two areas: network protocol and sensor interface.

Modern broadband network services types:

Modern broadband network services in of following types-

Multimedia, multi-point, and multi-rate.

These aspects are examined individually in the following three sub-sections .

Multi-media

A multi-media call may communicate audio, data, still images, or full-motion video, or any combination of these media. Each medium has different demands for communication quality, such as:

bandwidth requirement, signal latency within the network, and signal fidelity upon delivery by the network.

The information content of each medium may affect the information generated by other media. For example, voice could be transcribed into data via voice recognition, and data commands may control the way voice and video are presented. These interactions most often occur at the communication terminals, but may also occur within the network.

Multi-point

Traditional voice calls are predominantly two party calls, requiring a point-to-point connection using only the voice medium. To access pictorial information in a remote database would require a point-to-point connection that sends low bit-rate queries to the database and high bit-rate video from the database. Entertainment video applications are largely point-to-multi-point connections, requiring one-way communication of full motion video and audio from the program source to the viewers. Video teleconferencing involves connections among many parties, communicating voice, video, as well as data. Offering future services thus requires flexible management of the connection and media requests of a multi-point, multi-media communication call.

Multi-rateA multi-rate service network is one which flexibly allocates transmission capacity to connections. A multi-media network has to support a broad range of bit-rates demanded by connections, not only because there are many communication media, but also because a communication medium may be encoded by algorithms with different bit-rates. For example, audio signals can be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 kbit/s to hundreds of kbit/s, using different encoding algorithms with a wide range of complexity and quality of audio reproduction. Similarly, full motion video signals may be encoded with bit-rates ranging from less than 1 Mbit/s to hundreds of Mbit/s. Thus a network transporting both video and audio signals may have to integrate traffic with a very broad range of bit-rates.

Control over BROADBAND NETWORK

In BROADBAND NETWORK, data fusion is carried out in a distributed manner. Due to energy constraints of the nodes, data transmission over network without any compression is unrealistic in general. Hence, local data compression becomes an important aspect of signal processing design. The static parametric data model has been proposed using the integrated design of local signal processing algorithms and communication strategies among sensor nodes.

For some dynamic parametric data models that was proposed, the different noise probability model such as non-Gaussian noise probability density functions (pdfs), known pdfs with some unknown parameters and multivariable pdfs, had been analyzed respectively.

The recursive algorithms were designed for distributed signal processing based on sign of innovations (SOI) and it has been proved that SOI Kalman filter (KF) comes close to traditional KF in terms of performance.

Standardization for BROADBAND NETWORK

Standardization for BROADBAND NETWORK has great impacts on its success in the factory automation application market. Any factory automation systems using BROADBAND NETWORK for control and maintenance comprise various components such as transducers, sensor nodes, communication protocols and integrated software and test environments for different functionalities. The factory automation application requires a common interface for the sensors and other devices to collect process data from shop floor, a standard network protocol to communicate and exchange information for the system control and diagnosis and open system architecture to facilitate the integration of these components from the variety of sources. The standardization will help to reduce the cost of the system deployment and shorten the cycle of development. The existing and emerging standards for BROADBAND NETWORK used for factory automation will be discussed in the following sections including IEEE 1451 for smart transducer, IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee for communication and some common frameworks of the system integration for the factory diagnosis and prognosis systems

Architecture for BROADBAND NETWORK-based CBM

As factory automation is moving towards more advanced, sophisticated and expensive machinery and devices, it calls for standard information exchange standard and architecture for the diagnostics and maintenance.Intelligent condition-based maintenance (CBM), a maintenance philosophy for machinery and equipment, is a form of proactive maintenance that make use of sensors, sensor networks and computational intelligence techniques to efficiently forecasts incipient failures and predicts the remaining useful life (RUL) of the equipment, based on real-time assessment of equipment condition, to perform maintenance only when there is objective evidence of need, so as to ensure near-zero downtime, minimize the total cost of maintenance.

Open System Architecture (OSA) for CBM has been developed and promoted by the team participants from the university, standard consortium, industry and military organization to demonstrate of system architecture that facilitates interoperability of CBM software modules. As the results, the seven functional layers are defined within the OSA-CBM development process: Data Acquisition, Data Manipulation, Condition Monitor, Health Assessment, Prognostics and a Human Interface or Presentation layer. Each layer has the capability of requesting data from any functional layer as needed and data flow will occur between adjacent functional layers.

CONCLUSION

Manufacturing is a very dynamic environment, and handling change and disturbances are high on its list of research challenges. To cope with these challenges, future manufacturing execution system designs must apply the most fundamental and recent insights in self-organizing systems. To build the control and monitoring applications of factory automation over the BROADBAND NETWORK needs the solid theory background in terms of control, information processing and communications. To make them market success, the standardization plays key roles for cost reduce and interoperability.

The subject of presented research is the development of models of integrated processes in the industrial company with a focus on controlling the processes of production. The development process requires analysis and research of different approaches in the field of the industrial system characteristics and process identification. The integral Information system that includes both business and part of production management is designed in modern programming environment.

The hardware device has been made to connect the existing, outdated management systems NC lathes, through the industrial network with a database of NC programs that allows the transfer of NC programs on the machine and return adjusted G-codes. Communication feedback from automated technological systems to control module via the operator panel and the network has been established.

The main contribution of the presented research is the integration of the highest with the lowest level of management, in the real industrial enterprises. Displaying solutions provides the necessary information for making quality decisions in the processes of planning, scheduling and control.

Looking forward to the convergence of control, information and communication theory, there are many challenges ahead for researchers. Deploying the industrial standard to the factory automation, there need more efforts to be carried out by industrial practitioners.

REFRENCES

[1] Vernadat, F.B. (2002) Enterprise modeling and integration (EMI): Current status and research perspective. Annual Reviews in Control, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 15-25.

[2] Boucher, T.O., Yalcin, O. (2006) Design of industrial information systems, Elsevier.

[3] Kehris, E. (2009) Web/based simulation of manufacturing systems. International Journal of Simulation Modelling, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 102-113.

[4] Momfard, M.A.S., Yang, J.B. (2007) Design of integrated manufacturing planning, scheduling and control systems: a new framework for automation. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol, vol. 33, p. 545-559.

[5] Cho, H., Son, Y.J., Jones, A. (2006) Design and conceptual development of shop-floor controllers through the manipulation of process plans. Int. J. Comput. Integ. Manuf., vol. 19, no. 4, p. 359-376.

[6] Vernadat, F.B. (2007) Interoperable enterprise systems: Principles, concept, and methods. Annual Reviews in Control, vol. 31, p. 137-145.

[7] Panneto, H., Molina, A. (2008) Enterprise integration and interoperability in manufacturing systems: Computer in Industry, vol. 59, p. 641-646.

[8] Morel, G., Panetto, H., Zaremba, M., Mayer, F. (2003) Manufacturing enterprise control and management engineering: paradigms and open issues. Annual Reviews in Control, vol. 27, p.199-209.

[9] Šormaz, D., Arumugam, J., Rajaraman, S. (2004) Integrative Process Plan Model and Representation for Intelligent Distributed Manufacturing Planning. International Journal of Production Research, vol. 42, no. 17, p. 3397-3417.

[10] Tasič, T., Buchmeister, B., Ačko, B. (2007) The development of advanced methods for scheduling production processes. Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 53, no. 12, p. 844-857.

A

Term Paper

On

INTEGRATION OF PLANT FLOOR INFORMATION FOR SCHEDULING AND CONTROL

Subject – Computer Aided Manufacturing

Bachelor of Technology

In

Mechanical Engineering

Session – 2014-2015

Submitted To – Submitted By -

MUDITA BARKHA PAL

ME – 72

Roll No – 1112240055

Shri Ramswaroop Memorial College of Engineering and Management,

Affiliated to

Gautam Buddh Technical Lucknow University,