Calving time grainger co_2010
Transcript of Calving time grainger co_2010
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Calving Time
Dr. Bob Coley
Coley Veterinary Services
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It is CALVING Time in Tennessee!!!!
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Reproduction is the Most Economically Important Trait in Beef Cattle!
The sorriest calf you ever sell is worth more than your best stillbirth!
Reproduction is estimated to be worth 10 times more than growth traits and 20 times more than carcass traits
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Reproductive Goals for the Beef Herd
90 to 95% in heat the first 21 days of the breeding season
70 to 80 percent conceive on first breeding
Less than 5% difficult calvings 90% of cows bred wean a calf
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Breed Heifers to Calve Earlier than the Cow Herd
Allows better calving supervision
Allows more time for them to start cycling and get bred back
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Breed Heifers to Calve at 24 Months of Age
Have heifers at 2/3 of mature body weight before breeding at 15 months of age
This requires that she gain about 1 and ½ pounds per day up to breeding
Weight gain should continue so that they calve in moderate body condition
Have heifers pregnancy checked and cull the extras
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Replacement Heifer Selection
Older, larger, structurally correct and from above average parents
Reproductive tract scores Scrotal circumference in sires Calving problems Pelvic area Breed of bull
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Measuring Pelvic Area to Prevent Difficult Births
Measuring the width and height of the birth canal
May help to find the extremely small ones, but is not as helpful as using calving ease bulls
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Calving Difficulties
Lighter calves are born easier than heavier ones and bigger heifers calve more easily than smaller ones
Generally, using genetically low birth weight sires is the easiest way to prevent calving difficulties
Research has not shown shape of calf to predict calving problems
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Breed of Bull
There is more variation between bulls than between breeds
However, low birth weight English breeds may have an advantage over Continental breeds for use on heifers
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Calving Problems
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3 stages of parturition
Preparatory
Fetal Expulsion
Expulsion of placenta or afterbirth
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Preparatory Stage (2-6 hours)
Calf rotates to upright position
Uterine contractions begin
Water sac expelled
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Delivery (1 hour or less)
Cow usually lying down
Fetus enters birth canal
Front feet and head protrude first
Calf delivery completed
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Cleaning (2-8 hours)
Caruncle-cotyledon (button) attachments relax
Uterine contractions expel membranes
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How Long Do I Wait?
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Normal Presentation
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One Hour
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Parturition
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Steps in calving assistance
3. Examine size of the calf relative to the birth canal. If too big can paralyze cow If determined early, a successful C-
section can be done
4. Attach obstetrical chains to the front legs Loop of each chain around each leg Slide chain up on the cannon bone 2-3
inches above the ankle joints and dew claws
Ensure chain pulls from bottom of the leg (dew claw side)
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Use Proper Technique
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Proper placement of OB chains
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Proper use of OB chains
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Proper use of OB chains
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Backwards
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One Leg Back
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Two Legs Back
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Head Back
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Breech
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Improper use of force!
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Starting the calf
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Starting the calf
Clear the airways and clean mucus from mouth area
Stimulate the calf by rubbing vigorously
If necessary give artificial respiration
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“I’ve Got A Problem!”
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Prolapse
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The Reproductive System of The Cow
The vagina The cervixThe uterus
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Types of Prolapses
Vagina Cervix Uterus Rectum
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Vagina and Cervix
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Uterus
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Retained Placenta
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Nursing Calf Management
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Colostrum = Key to Calf Health
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Colostrum Management
Colostrum – first milk
Contains antibodies (which fight disease) that are absorbed through the small intestine of the calf.
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Early consumption = BETTER
6 hours of life = 50% absorption
12 hours of life = 33% absorption
24 hours of life = 0% absorption
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Goal for Colostrum
2 quarts consumed in the first two hours of life
4 quarts before 12 hours High quality
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Colostrum Quality Influenced by
Nutrition Poor hay Minerals
Internal and external parasites Heat stress BCS Vaccinations Age of Cow
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Cow Colostrum = Better than Heifers
More disease exposure More antibodies
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Colostrum has long term impacts on production.
Less sickness Less deaths Higher ADG
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Nursing Calves
A number of procedures will help assure the newborn calf gets off to a healthy start. Examine for problems Dip navel, weigh Castrate, implant Identify with tag, tattoo, etc. Record
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Calf Scours
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Calf Diarrhea
Causes:RotavirusCoronavirusE.coliSalmonellaClostridium
perfringesCryptospordia
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Calf Diarrhea
LossesDeaths ( 50% in severe outbreaks)
Weight (35 lbs. Less at weaning)
Treatment costs
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CLINICAL SIGNS
Mild Cases:loose stool or diarrhea
Severe cases:profuse diarrhea (watery)depressionsunken eyesweaknesscomadeath
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Calf Diarrhea Prevention
Sanitation Clean pastures are best
Well drained and dry Protection from wind and elements
Reduce stress on cows and calves Assist with calving as needed Keep animals clean and dry Cows BCS 6-7
Make sure calves nurse ASAP 4-6 quarts of colostrum in 1st 24 hours
Vaccinate the cow prior to calving Disease protection thru colostrum Oral vaccines to newborns
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Treatment
Oral fluids (electrolytes) IV fluids Anti-diarrhea Antibiotics probiotics
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INFECTION
(Viruses and
Bacteria)+
STRESS
(Environmental and Management) = BRD
Bovine Respiratory Disease
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Calf Pneumonia
31% OF ALL CATTLE DEATHS88% OF DEATHS IN S.E. BEEF
CALVES$624 MILLION IN LOSSES
DEATHS MEDICAL TREATMENTS LABOR DECREASED ANIMAL
PERFORMANCE
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Calf Pneumonia
Agent – bacteria and viruses Transmission – aerosol spread Signs
Depression, respiratory distress, cough, fever, death
Treatment Antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs
Prevention Minimize stress, vaccination
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“Never Waste a Dead Calf”
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Pneumonia
Pictures needed
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Decision to Treat
Deviations from normal behavior
Not eating, staying in one place too long
Cough, nasal discharge
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Vaccinations for Nursing Calves
There are vaccines available for new-born calves, that may be useful in some situations.
Discuss vaccinating very young calves with a veterinarian.
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Preweaning Approximately one
month prior to weaning, calves should have a preweaning treatment. This includes: Vaccinations Parasite control Castration, dehorning Growth implant Bunk training
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Weaning Weaning calves is stressful.
Attempt to minimize the event by: Moving cows out, leaving calves in
a familiar environment. Having adequate water and hay
available. Placing feed and water along
fences – as calves pace the fence, they will discover them more easily
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Weaning Booster vacc. calves
that received pre-weaning treatment.
Calves not treated preweaning should be treated as per preweaning treatments.
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Preweaned, Weaning, and Weaned Calves
Too many TN calves are weaned and sold “fresh-off-the-cow”, resulting in: Highly-stressed calves Calves more likely to become
diseased This results in TN producers
receiving less money for their calves.
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