CalTrans Guide TRB04-4484 S719
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Transcript of CalTrans Guide TRB04-4484 S719
Guide to the Investigation and Remediation of Distress inFlexible Pavements
Presentation for:2004 Annual Meeting of theTransportation Research Board
Based on Study Funded by:California Dept. of Transportation
Authors
Mike Cook, P.E. (Caltrans)Steve Seeds, P.E. (APTech)Haiping Zhou, P.E., PhD. (MACTEC)Gary Hicks, P.E., PhD. (MACTEC)
Why did we need this?
Caltrans• 12 autonomous districts• Has lost a lot of experience• Staff amenable to new technology
Some practices have become outdatedNeed for standardized approaches that address typical flexible pavement problems
Purpose of Presentation
Identify documentationReview basic processHighlight featuresShare information
Documentation
Office Manual• Detailed reference• Limited productionField Manual• Assumes familiarity with
Office Manual• Contains all primary tools• Assists field personnel
Overview of Guide
IntroductionTypes of Flexible Pavements• Hot-Mix Asphalt• Surface Treatments• Composite (HMA over PCCP)
Factors Affecting Pavement Distress and Performance
EnvironmentEnvironment
Traffic
Pavement Performance
PavementMaterials
SubgradeSoil
Overview of Guide
IntroductionTypes of Flexible PavementsFactors Affecting Pavement Distress and PerformanceTypes of Pavement Distress and Their Mechanisms
Pavement Distress Types
Typical distress types for both HMA pavements and surface treatments• HMA
♦Cracking, Deformation, Deterioration, Mat problems
• Surface Treatments♦Seal Coats, Slurry Seals/Microsurfacing
Distresses are consistent with Caltrans Condition Survey Procedure
Distress Types Covered
Pavement Distress Mechanisms
√√Stripping
√√Reflection Cracking
√√Top Down Cracking
√√Thermal Cracking
√Fatigue Cracking
√Rutting
Mtls.Moist.Temp.
Wheel LoadDistress Type
Climate
Example Illustration of Distress Mechanism (Rutting)
Overview of Guide
IntroductionTypes of Flexible PavementsFactors Affecting Pavement Distress and PerformanceTypes of Pavement Distress and Their MechanismsInvestigation of Distress
Main Objective of Process:
Identify and address the cause of the problem, not just the symptom.
Flowchart of ProcessOverall Problem
Possible Investigation Requirements
RecordsReview
FieldDistressSurvey
StructuralEvaluation
FieldSampling
andTesting
LabTesting
Data Analysis
Probable Cause(s)
Typical Distresses and Possible CausesD
istre
ss C
ateg
ory
Distress Type
Low
-Stre
ngth
or L
ow-S
tabi
lity
Mix
Poo
r Mix
Gra
datio
n
Low
Asp
halt
Con
tent
Hig
h As
phal
t Con
tent
Low
Air
Void
Con
tent
Hig
h Ai
r Voi
d C
onte
nt
Impr
oper
Fin
es C
onte
nt T
ende
r Mix
Seg
rega
ted
Mix
Poo
r Sur
face
Pre
para
tion
Exc
ess/
Insu
ffici
ent P
rime/
Tack
Impr
oper
Cra
ck S
ealin
g Te
chni
ques
Impr
oper
Com
pact
ion
Tech
niqu
es
Exc
ess
Moi
stur
e in
Mix
Low
HM
A Th
ickn
ess
Low
Bas
e/Su
bbas
e Th
ickn
ess
Poo
r Sub
grad
e C
ompa
ctio
n
Poo
r Bas
e/Su
bbas
e C
ompa
ctio
n
Poo
r Bas
e/Su
bbas
e G
rada
tion
Hig
h As
phal
t Bin
der V
isco
sity
Low
Asp
halt
Bin
der V
isco
sity
Tem
p. S
usce
ptib
le A
spha
lt Bi
nder
Rap
id A
ging
Asp
halt
Bin
der
Moi
stur
e Se
nsiti
ve M
ix
Poo
r Agg
rega
te D
urab
ility
Poo
r Agg
rega
te S
ound
ness
Poo
r Agg
rega
te C
lean
ness
Hig
h Ex
posu
re to
Moi
stur
e
Coo
l/Col
d Pr
evai
ling
Tem
pera
ture
s
Hot
Pre
vailin
g Te
mpe
ratu
res
Fre
eze-
Thaw
Cyc
ling
Lar
ge D
aily
Tem
pera
ture
Cyc
les
Hig
h Tr
affic
Vol
ume
Hig
h ES
AL T
ruck
Vol
ume
Exp
osur
e to
Stu
dded
Tire
s/C
hain
s In
adeq
uate
Pav
emen
t Stru
ctur
e
Poo
r Mat
eria
l Sel
ectio
n
Poo
r Dra
inag
e
Nar
row
or N
on-E
xist
ent S
houl
der
Nar
row
Lan
e W
idth
Exc
essi
ve H
oriz
onta
l Geo
met
ry
Longitudinal ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○Fatigue ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○
Transverse ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○Reflective ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○
Block ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○Edge ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ●
Rutting ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ○Corrugation ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ○
Shoving ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ○Depression ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○
Overlay Bumps ● ● ●Delamination ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○
Potholes ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○Patching ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○Raveling ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○Stripping ○ ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ●
Polished Aggr ○ ● ○ ● ● ○Pumping ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○
Segregation ● ● ● ○Checking ○ ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Bleeding ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○
Legend: ● Common cause of distress ○ Occasional cause of distress
Overall Problem Possible Causes of DistressStructural GeometricConstruction Materials Climate Traffic Design
Mat
P
robl
ems
Mix Design Design
Cra
ckin
gD
efor
mat
ion
Det
erio
ratio
n
Typical Distresses and Possible Causes
Low
-Str
engt
h or
Low
-Sta
bilit
y M
ix
Poo
r Mix
Gra
datio
n
Low
Asp
halt
Con
tent
Hig
h A
spha
lt C
onte
nt
Low
Air
Void
Con
tent
Hig
h A
ir Vo
id C
onte
nt
Impr
oper
Fin
es C
onte
nt
Ten
der M
ix
Seg
rega
ted
Mix
Longitudinal ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○Fatigue ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○
Transverse ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Reflective ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Block ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Edge ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
● Common cause of distress ○ Occasional cause of distress
Construction
Distress Type
Dis
tress
Cat
egor
yMix Design
Cra
ckin
g
Possible Data Review/RequirementsLaboratory Testing (General Material Characteristics)
Des
ign
Rep
orts
Pla
ns a
nd S
peci
ficat
ions
QC
/QA
Rec
ords
As-
Built
Dra
win
gs
Lab
Mat
eria
l Tes
t Res
ults
Pas
t Sur
veys
/ND
T/Sa
mpl
ing
Res
ults
Mai
nten
ance
/Rep
air H
isto
ries
Tra
ffic
Dat
a
Env
ironm
enta
l/Clim
ate
Rec
ords
PM
S R
epor
ts
Win
dshi
eld
Surv
ey
Det
aile
d D
istre
ss S
urve
y
Non
dest
ruct
ive
Test
ing
Eva
luat
ion
of N
DT
Uni
form
ity
Stru
ct. C
apac
ity E
val.
(Cal
trans
)
Stru
ct. C
apac
ity E
val.
(Bac
kcal
c.)
Cor
ing
Aug
er B
ase,
Sub
base
and
/or S
ubgr
ade
She
lby
(Pus
h) T
ube
Tes
t Pit
(Tre
nch)
Dyn
amic
Con
e/St
anda
rd P
enet
rom
eter
Soi
l Cla
ssifi
catio
n
Gra
datio
n
Moi
stur
e C
onte
nt
Den
sity
Den
sity
Asp
halt
Con
tent
Air
Void
Con
tent
Asp
halt
Bind
er V
isco
sity
Asp
halt
Tem
pera
ture
Sus
cept
ibilit
y
Agg
rega
te G
rada
tion
Coa
rse
Aggr
egat
e Ab
rasi
on
Agg
rega
te D
urab
ility
Agg
rega
te S
ound
ness
Moi
stur
e Se
nsiti
vity
R-V
alue
(Unb
ound
Mat
eria
ls)
Ind
irect
Ten
sile
(Bou
nd M
ater
ials
)
Res
ilient
Mod
ulus
(Fin
e/C
oars
e M
atls
)
Mod
ulus
(Asp
halt
Mix
ture
s)
Low Strength or Low Stability Mix ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ●Poor Mix Gradation ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ●Low or High Asphalt Content ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○Low or High Air Void Content ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○Improper Fines Content ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ●Tender Mix ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ●Segregated Mix ● ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ●Surface Prep./Excess/Lack Prime/Tack ● ● ○ ○ ○ ●Improper Crack Sealing Techniques ○ ● ● ○Improper Compaction Techniques ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ●Excess Moisture In Mix ● ● ○ ○ ○ ●Low HMA Thickness ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ●Low Base/Subbase Thickness ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○Poor Subgrade Compaction ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○Poor Base/Subbase Compaction ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○Poor Base/Subbase Gradation ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ○Low or High Binder Viscosity ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ● • ○ ○Temp. Susceptible Asphalt Binder ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ • ○Rapid Aging Asphalt Binder ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○Moisture Sensitive Mix ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ●Poor Aggregate Durability ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○Poor Aggregate Soundness ● ○ ○ ○ ● • • ●Poor Aggregate Cleanness ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ●High Exposure to Moisture ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Cool/Cold Prevailing Temperatures ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Hot Prevailing Temperatures ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Freeze-Thaw Cycling ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ●Large Daily Temperature Cycles ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ●High Traffic Volume ● ○ ● ○ ○High ESAL Truck Volume ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ●Exposure to Studded Tires/Chains ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● • •Inadequate Pavement Structure ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Poor Material Selection ○ ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Poor Drainage ○ ● ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○Narrow or Non-Existent Shoulders ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Narrow Lane Width ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Excessive Horizontal Geometry ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Legend: ● Typical test or data requirement ○ Occasional test or data requirement
Mat
eria
lsM
ix D
esig
nDistress
Possible Causes of Distress
Unbound Mat'ls (Strength-Related)Testing MethodsSurvey Bound MaterialsG
eom
etric
D
esig
nC
limat
eTr
affic
Stru
ctur
al
Des
ign
Structural Field Sampling &Records Review EvaluationC
onst
ruct
ion
Possible Data Review/Requirements
Des
ign
Rep
orts
Pla
ns a
nd S
peci
ficat
ions
QC
/QA
Rec
ords
As-
Bui
lt D
raw
ings
Lab
Mat
eria
l Tes
t Res
ults
Pas
t Sur
veys
/ND
T/Sa
mpl
ing
Res
ults
Mai
nten
ance
/Rep
air H
isto
ries
Win
dshi
eld
Surv
ey
Det
aile
d D
istr
ess
Surv
ey
Non
dest
ruct
ive
Test
ing
Eva
luat
ion
of N
DT
Uni
form
ity
Str
uct.
Cap
acity
Eva
luat
ion
Low Strength or Low Stability Mix ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ○Poor Mix Gradation ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○Low or High Asphalt Content ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○Low or High Air Void Content ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○Improper Fines Content ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○Tender Mix ● ○ ○Segregated Mix ● ● ● ○ ●
● Typical test or data requirement ○ Occasional test or data requirement
Mix
Des
ign
Distress
Possible Causes of Distress
SurveyStructuralRecords Review Evaluation
Con
stru
ctio
n
Use of Selection Tables
Overall Problem(by Distress Category
and Type)
Possible Causes(by GeneralCategory)
Possible DataRequirements
Overview of Guide
IntroductionTypes of Flexible PavementsFactors Affecting Pavement Distress and PerformanceTypes of Pavement Distress and Their MechanismsInvestigation of DistressRemediation of Distress
Cost Analysis
Flowchart of Process
Repair/Rehabilitation Alternatives
Structural Section Design and/or Mix Design
Probable Cause(s)
Patch Sealing/Micro-Milling
SurfaceLevel
SurfaceTreat-ment
Over-lay
Removeand
Replace
Recon-struct
Treatment Selection
Candidate Rehab & Repair Treatments
Par
tial D
epth
Ful
l Dep
th
Cra
ck S
ealin
g
Rou
t and
Sea
l
Saw
and
Sea
l*
Mic
ro-M
illing
Col
d M
illing
(Par
tial D
epth
)
Rut
Fille
r
Lev
elin
g C
ours
e
Chi
p Se
al
Fog
Sea
l
Slu
rry
Seal
Mic
rosu
rfaci
ng
San
d Se
al
Scr
ub S
eal
Bon
ded
Wea
ring
Cou
rse
OG
FC
Thi
n O
verla
y ( ≤
30
mm
)
CAP
M ( ≤
75
mm
)
Stru
ctur
al O
verla
y
Inla
y (P
D M
ill &
Fill)
Hot
In-P
lace
Rec
ycle
Par
tial D
epth
CIP
R*
Ful
l Dep
th C
IPR
*
Hot
Cen
tral P
lant
Rec
ycle
Mill
& Fi
ll (F
ull D
epth
)
Ful
l Dep
th R
ecla
mat
ion
Virg
in M
ater
ials
Dra
inag
e Im
prov
emen
ts
Hea
ter S
carif
y
Fab
ric*
Geo
grid
*
SAM
I*
Longitudinal x x ○ x x x ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ x ● ● ○ x x x x ● x x x ● ● x
Fatigue ● ○ ○ x ○ ● x x x ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● x
Transverse ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ x ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ●Reflective ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ x ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ●
Block ● ○ ○ ○ x ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ●Edge ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Rutting ● ● ○ ● ● ● x ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○Corrugation ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Shoving ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ●Depression ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○
Overlay Bumps ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○Delamination ● ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○
Potholes ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ●Patching ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ○ ●Raveling ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ●Stripping ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○
Polished Aggr. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○Pumping ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○
Segregation ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○Checking ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ○ ○Bleeding ○ ● ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○
● Candidate treatment ○ Marginal treatment. Product selection is critical x Special product or technique required* Requires an overlay or other suitable surface treatment No Caltrans Specification
Surface Treatment HMA OverlayM
at
Prob
lem
sD
eter
iora
tion
Def
orm
atio
nC
rack
ing
Recon-struct Pre-Treatments
Dis
tress
Cat
egor
y
Distress Type
HMA Patch
Sealing/Micro-Milling
Remove & Replace (HMA Surface)
Surface Leveling
Candidate Rehab & Repair Treatments
Par
tial D
epth
Ful
l Dep
th
Chi
p Se
al
Fog
Sea
l
Slu
rry
Seal
Mic
rosu
rfac
ing
Bon
ded
Wea
ring
Cou
rse
OG
FC
Thi
n O
verla
y ( ≤
30
mm
)
CA
PM ( ≤
75
mm
)
Str
uctu
ral O
verla
y
Longitudinal x x x ○ ○ ○ x ● ●Fatigue ● x ○ ●
Transverse ○ ○ x ○ ○ ○ ○ ●Reflective ○ ○ x ○ ○ ○ ○ ●
Block x ○ ○ ○ ● ○Edge ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
● Candidate treatment ○ Marginal treatment. Product selection is criticalx Special product or technique required
HMA Overlay
Cra
ckin
g
Surface Treatment
Dis
tres
s C
ateg
ory
Type
HMA Patch
Distress Cause(s) Addressed
Low
-Stre
ngth
or L
ow-S
tabi
lity
Mix
Poo
r Mix
Gra
datio
n
Low
Asp
halt
Con
tent
Hig
h As
phal
t Con
tent
Low
Air
Void
Con
tent
Hig
h Ai
r Voi
d C
onte
nt
Impr
oper
Fin
es C
onte
nt
Ten
der M
ix
Seg
rega
ted
Mix
Poo
r Sur
face
Pre
para
tion
Exc
ess/
Insu
ffici
ent P
rime
or T
ack
Impr
oper
Cra
ck S
ealin
g Te
chni
ques
Impr
oper
Com
pact
ion
Tech
niqu
es
Exc
ess
Moi
stur
e in
Mix
Low
HM
A Th
ickn
ess
Low
Bas
e/Su
bbas
e Th
ickn
ess
Poo
r Sub
grad
e C
ompa
ctio
n
Poo
r Bas
e/Su
bbas
e C
ompa
ctio
n
Poo
r Bas
e/Su
bbas
e G
rada
tion
Hig
h As
phal
t Cem
ent V
isco
sity
Low
Asp
halt
Cem
ent V
isco
sity
Tem
p. S
usce
ptib
le A
spha
lt C
emen
t
Rap
id A
ging
Asp
halt
Cem
ent
Moi
stur
e S
ensi
tive
Mix
Poo
r Agg
rega
te D
urab
ility
Poo
r Agg
rega
te S
ound
ness
Poo
r Agg
rega
te C
lean
ness
Hig
h Ex
posu
re to
Moi
stur
e
Coo
l/Col
d Pr
evai
ling
Tem
pera
ture
s
Hot
Pre
vailin
g Te
mpe
ratu
res
Fre
eze-
Thaw
Cyc
ling
Lar
ge D
aily
Tem
pera
ture
Cyc
les
Hig
h Tr
affic
Vol
ume
Hig
h ES
AL T
ruck
Vol
ume
Exp
osur
e to
Stu
dded
Tire
s/C
hain
s
Inad
equa
te P
avem
ent S
truct
ure
Poo
r Mat
eria
l Sel
ectio
n
Poo
r Dra
inag
e
Nar
row
or N
on-E
xist
ent S
houl
der
Nar
row
Lan
e W
idth
Exc
essi
ve H
oriz
onta
l Geo
met
ry
Partial Depth ○ ○ ○ ●Full Depth ● ● ○ ○ ○
Crack Sealing ○ ●Rout and Seal ○ ●Saw and Seal* ○ ●Micro-Milling ○ ○ ●
Cold Milling (P. Depth) ● ● ●Rut Filler ● ○
Leveling Course ○ ●Chip Seal x x ● x ● ● ● ○Fog Seal ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○
Slurry Seal ○ ○ ○ ○ x ○ x ○ x ○ ○ ● ● ● ○Microsurfacing ○ ○ ○ ○ x ○ x ○ x ○ ○ ● ● ● ○ ○
Sand Seal ○ ● ● ● ● ○Scrub Seal ○ ● ● ● ● ○
Bonded Wearing Course ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○OGFC ○ ● ● ○ ●
Thin Overlay (≤ 30 mm) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○CAPM (≤ 75 mm) ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○Structural Overlay ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Inlay (PD Mill & Fill) ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Hot In-Place Recycle ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Partial Depth CIPR* ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ●
Full-Depth CIPR* ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ●Hot Central Plant Rec. ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ●Mill & Fill (Full Depth) ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
F.D. Reclamation ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ●Virgin Materials ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ●
Drainage Improvements ● ● ●Heater Scarify ○
Fabric* ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ● ○ ○ ○ ● ● ●Geogrid* ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ○ ● ○ ● ● ● ○ ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●SAMI* ○ ○ ○ ● ● ●
● Candidate treatment ○ Marginal treatment * Requires an overlay or other suitable surface treatment x Special product or technique required No Caltrans specification
Causes of Pavement Distress Addressed by Rehabilitation and Repair TreatmentsS
ealin
g/M
icro
-M
illin
gTr
eatm
ent C
ateg
ory
Candidate Treatments
Rec
on-
stru
ctPr
e-Tr
eatm
ents
Surfa
ce
Leve
ling
Rem
ove
and
Rep
lace
(HM
A
Surfa
ce)
Sur
face
Tre
atm
ent
HM
A
Ove
rlay
HM
A P
atch
Distress Cause(s) Addressed
Trea
tmen
t Cat
egor
yCandidate
Treatments
Low
-Str
engt
h or
Low
-Sta
bilit
y M
ix
Poo
r Mix
Gra
datio
n
Low
Asp
halt
Con
tent
Hig
h A
spha
lt C
onte
nt
Low
Air
Void
Con
tent
Hig
h A
ir Vo
id C
onte
nt
Impr
oper
Fin
es C
onte
nt
Ten
der M
ix
Seg
rega
ted
Mix
Partial Depth ○Full Depth ●Chip SealFog Seal ○
Slurry Seal ○ ○ ○ ○Microsurfacing ○ ○ ○ ○
BWC ○ ○ ○ ○ ○OGFC
Thin Overlay (≤ 30 mm) ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○CAPM (≤ 75 mm) ○ ○ ○ ● ● ○ ○ ○ ○
Structural Overlay ● ○ ● ● ● ● ○ ○ ○
● Candidate treatment ○ Marginal treatment
Surf
ace
Trea
tmen
tH
MA
O
verla
yH
MA
Pa
tch
Use of Treatment Selection Tables
Overall Problem(by Distress Category
and Type)
Candidate Rehabilitation and Repair Treatments
Causes of PavementAddressed by
R&R Treatments
Development Status
Method has been tested on several projectsReview process completeManuals have been finalized and will be produced for statewide distributionOne-day training course under development
Acknowledgements
Terrie Bressette (Caltrans)Rita Leahy (MACTEC)David Peshkin (APTech)
Thank You!