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![Page 1: California Drug Courts: Outcomes, Costs and Promising Practices An Overview of Phase II Study Results.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062618/5514228f550346ec488b58d1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
California Drug Courts: Outcomes, Costs and Promising
Practices
An Overview of Phase II Study Results
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The California Drug Court Cost Evaluation Team
Shannon M Carey, Ph.D. – NPC
Research
Michael W Finigan, Ph.D. – NPC
Research
David Crumpton, M.P.P. – NPC
Research
Mark Waller, B.S. – NPC Research
Francine Byrne, M.A. – California
AOC
Research Advisory Team: Elizabeth Deschenes, Ph.DSusan Turner, Ph.D.Hon. Jean Leonard
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In 1998 - California Administrative Office of the Courts (AOC)
Received a legislative mandate to perform statewide study of drug courts
Obtained a grant from the DCPO at the USDOJ to perform a statewide cost study of drug courts
Hired NPC Research to perform the study
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This Study Was Designed to Answer Two Key Policy Questions:
Are drug courts cost-effective (cost-
beneficial)?
What drug court practices appear most promising and cost-beneficial?
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Phase I: Building the Cost Analysis Methodology
Phase II: Validating & Revising the Methodology
Phase III: Developing a Cost Analysis Tool for Drug Courts to Use Statewide
Project Phases
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Phase II: Validating and Revising the Methodology
Six additional court sites Monterey Los Angeles (El Monte) Orange County (Santa Ana) Orange (Laguna Niguel) San Joaquin Stanislaus
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Costs and Benefits (Opportunity Resources)
Cost to taxpayer approach (Public Funds)
Transactional Cost Analysis
Research Strategies
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Methods
Site selection
Sample/Cohort Selection
TICA methods
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TICA*Transactional and Institutional Cost Analysis
Organizational/Institutional Analysis
Transaction Cost Analysis
Enhanced Cost-Benefit
*Dave Crumpton
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TICA Methods
Step 1: Determine the flow/process
Step 2: Identify the transactions
Step 3: Identify the agencies involved
Step 4: Determine the resources used
Step 5: Identify costs associated
Step 6: Calculate cost results
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RESULTS
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Drug courts had good retention rates
Average - 52%
4 out of the 9 sites – greater than 65%
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Drug Court Participants had lower recidivism rates.
17% Graduates29% All Participants41% Comparison Group
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Drug Court Participants had lower recidivism rates.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1 2 3 4Years
Num
ber o
f Arr
ests
Drug Court
Comparison
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Investment Costs
Costs for the case that led (or could have led) to participation in drug court
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Investment Transactions
• Drug Court Sessions/Court Case
• Individual and Group Treatment Sessions
• Other Services (e.g., GED classes, life skills)
• Case Management
• Drug tests
• Jail Time Served (As sanction or otherwise)
• Probation Time
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Net Investment – Cost for case that led to drug court for drug court participants subtracted by the cost for same kind of case for comparison group members.
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Net Investment by TransactionPortland, Oregon
CJ System Transactions DC Eligible
Case
Investment Cost per DC Participant
(n = 594)
Investment Cost
Per Non-DC
(n=573)
Cost
Benefit
(O.R.)
Arrest (1) $192.91 $192.91 $0
Booking (1) $284.34 $284.34 $0Court time (Stopwatches)
$681.54 $678.50 $3
Treatment $2,713.32 $2,009.18 $704
Jail time $1,610.89 $2,782.55 ($1,171)
Probation $513.64 $1,421.84 ($908)
Total cost $5,927.80 $7,369.32 ($1,442)
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$0.00
$1,000.00
$2,000.00
$3,000.00
$4,000.00
$5,000.00
$6,000.00
$7,000.00
$8,000.00
Drug Court Comparison
Investment costs per participant are not always much more than traditional court processing
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Average Net Investment Cost per Participant in 9 CA sites
$1392
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Net Investment by AgencyCalifornia
AgencyAverage Net
InvestmentPer Participant
Range
Superior Court ($464) ($79) – ($898)
District Attorney ($235) $103 – ($523)
Public Defender ($279) ($76) – ($448)
Probation $697 $2,143 – ($632)
Treatment Agencies $1918 $706 - $3,808
Law Enforcement ($44) $1,060 – ($1,033)
Corrections $0 $0
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Outcome Costs
Costs that occurred after drug court entry that were not associated with the program or the “eligible” case.
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Outcome/Impact Transactions• Re-arrests
• Jail Time Served (As sanction or otherwise)
• Probation Time Served
• Prison Time Served
• Subsequent Court Cases
• Subsequent Treatment
• Victimizations
• (Employment, Social Services)
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Net Outcome Benefits – Cost of drug court participants subtracted from the cost of comparison group members.
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Net Outcome Benefits
Averaged $11,000 per participant
Range $3200 - $15,200
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Net Outcome Benefits by AgencyCalifornia
Agency
Average Net Outcome Benefit
Per Participant
Range
Superior Court ($46) $342 – ($227)
District Attorney ($12) $148 – ($106)
Public Defender ($19) $171 – ($103)
Probation ($53) $474 – ($650)
Treatment Agencies $637 $336 – ($59)
Law Enforcement ($1,525) $620 – ($3,619)
Corrections ($3,292) ($541) – ($5,377)
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Overall Benefits
Combined net benefit per year for all
nine sites (including program costs)
$9,032,626
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• A single (or overseeing) treatment provider• High drug court team attendance at staffings• Court sessions start 1 every 2-3 weeks (start)• Treatment 2-3 times per week (start)• Drug tests 3 times per week (start)• Judges voluntary with no fixed term (or at least
two years)• Minimum 6 months clean before graduation
Promising Practices
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Phase III: Developing a Cost Analysis Web-Tool for Drug Court Self-Evaluation (DC-CSET)
Cost analysis tool will:
Utilize cost estimates, methods and protocols
validated in Phase II
Assist policymakers with decisions such as the
appropriate allocation of resources
Enable drug courts to self evaluate programs
Pilot web-tool coming this Fall
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Phase III: Developing a Cost Analysis Web-Tool for Drug Court Self-Evaluation (DC-CSET)
Find out more about this study and the DC-CSET at the CA AOC Booth (#204).
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Results
Cost and Drug Court Context Average Income of DC Service Area
Per Capita Income
$18,259
$11,242
$20,295
$15,078
$37,349
$12,152
$15,459 $16,369
$22,711
$14,745
$0
$5,000
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
$40,000
North CentralValley
South Metro1
SouthSuburban
South Metro2
Central Coast South Coast2
South Coast1
CentralValley
South CentralValley
State ofCalifornia
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Beyond Phase III
Similar studies should be conducted:
Domestic Violence CourtsMental Health Courts
Self assessment tool can be applied to other collaborative justice courts