AMIPOX GRE PipeCalculation Manual

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Introduction ...................................................................................................... 01

1 Pipe Properties ................................................................................................ 03

1.1 Reinforced Wall Thickness .......................................................................... 03

1.2 Total Wall Thickness .................................................................................... 04

1.3 Diameters .................................................................................................... 04

1.4 Pipe Cross-Sectional Area .......................................................................... 05

1.5 Pipe Weight ................................................................................................. 05

1.6 Pipe’s Linear Moment of Inertia .................................................................. 06

1.7 Allowable Collapse Pressure ....................................................................... 06

1.8 Pipe Stiffness .............................................................................................. 07

1.9 Minimum Bending Radius ........................................................................... 08

2 Hydraulics ........................................................................................................ 09

2.1 Pipe Sizing .................................................................................................. 09

2.2 Pressure Drop/Loss Calculations ................................................................ 09

2.3 Pressure Surge ........................................................................................... 12

3 Above Ground Piping System ....................................................................... 14

3.1 Thermal Expansion and Contraction ........................................................... 14

3.2 Thrust Force Due to Pressure and Temperature ........................................ 14

3.3 Support System. .......................................................................................... 15

References

Table of contents

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This calculation manual is intended for use of Amipox GRE pipe design and focus primarily on the quantification of its section properties. ASTM D2992, ASME B31.3, and API 15LR&HR are available pipe standards that are used by this manual in determining the structural wall thickness of Amipox GRE pipe. Second, hydraulics of fluid is considered for pipe sizing, energy losses, and water hammer which are of equally important to be accounted by the designer. Thirdly, applications on above ground is fundamental in the Amipox GRE pipe system due to its helical winding process, such that above ground application is highlighted to undertake expansion or contraction due to temperature change, contraction and elongation due to Poisson’s effect, and longitudinal pressure respectively. These are the behavior of Amipox GRE biaxial pipes being considered. Additionally, series of equations are available in calculating the support spacing requirement of the pipeline that is needed to prevent excessive deflection due to weight of the pipe, fluid, and other loads. Lastly, for underground Amipox GRE pipeline design, AWWA M45 manual is referred to be used.

Introduction

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1.1 Reinforced Wall ThicknessAMIPOX GRE pipe’s minimum wall thickness is determined using (eqn.1.1) which is derived from ASTM D 2992 – 061 and ASME B31.32. The allowable hoop stress of Amipox pipe is taken conservatively with a 0.50 service factor (for static), then multiplied to its Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB). In certain projects where API standard is very much in demand, thus (eqn.1.2) and (eqn.1.3) from API3 15LR & 15HR are available for conformance, and as an option for the design engineer to be versatile in its engineering requirement.

1.1.1 Derived from ASTM D 2992 – 06 and ASME/ANSI B31.3

tr = PDi ; ∂h = F • HDB (eqn.1.1) tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm)∂h = allowable hoop stress (N/mm2)Di = average reinforced inner diameter (mm)F = service design factor (conservative value of 0.50 for static and

1.0 for cyclic are used for Amipox pipes)P = internal pressure (N/mm2)HDB = hydrostatic design basis (N/mm2)

1.1.2 API equations: 15LR & 15HR

Ps= (0.67) 2Ss tr ; tr = Ps Dm (Static) (eqn.1.2)

Pc= 2Sc tr ; tr = Pc Dm (Cyclic) (eqn.1.3)

tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm) Ss = 95% (LCL) of the LTHS @20 years (N/mm2) Sc = cyclic hydrostatic design basis (N/mm2) Dm= mean diameter (mm) Ps = internal static pressure (N/mm2) Pc = internal cyclic pressure (N/mm2)

1 Pipe Properties

(2∂h – P)

Dm

Dm

(0.67) 2Ss

2Sc

1 Standard Practice for Obtaining Hydrostatic or Pressure Design Basis for “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-RTR) Pipe and Fittings (Par.3.1.8.)2 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Code for Pressure Piping B31.3, (Par. A304.1.2.c p.82.)3 American Petroleum Institute (API): API Specifications 15LR (Par.5.5.1 to 5.5.2) and API Specifications 15HR (Par.5.1.1)

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1.2 Total Wall ThicknessAmipox pipe wall thickness consist of multiple layers namely resin rich liner, structural layer, and topcoat layer, which defines the total wall thickness. Normally for Amipox standard pipes, liner thickness is 0.50mm and top coat is 0.30 mm. However, topcoat layer is not considered in pipe design calculations.

1.2.1 Total Wall Thickness (t)

t = tr + tl (eqn.1.4)

t = total wall thickness (mm) tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm) tl = liner thickness 0.50mm for standard Amipox pipe

1.3 DiametersAmipox pipe is manufactured using a fixed steel mandrel. The inside diameter of the pipe is controlled by the outside diameter of the mandrel while the outside diameter of the pipe depends on the laminate thickness which is defined as a function of pipe’s pressure rating. Based on this fact, several notations for diameter were defined.

1.3.1 Average Outside Diameter (Do)

Do = di + 2t or Do = Di + 2tr (eqn.1.5)

Do = average outside diameter (mm) di = Pipe's inner diameter (mm) t = total wall thickness (mm) Di = average reinforced inner diameter (mm) tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm)

1.3.2 Mean Diameter (Dm)

Dm = Di + tr (eqn.1.6)

Dm= mean diameter (mm) Di = average reinforced inner diameter (mm) tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm)

1.3.3 Average Reinforced Inner Diameter (Di)

Di = di + 2ti (eqn.1.7)

Di = average reinforced inner diameter (mm) di = pipe's inner diameter (mm) tl = liner thickness (mm)

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1.4 Pipe Cross-Sectional Area1.4.1 Inner Pipe Cross-sectional Area (Ai)

Ai = π (di)2 (eqn.1.8)

Ai = inner pipe cross - sectional area (mm2) di = pipe's inner diameter (mm)

1.4.2 Cross-sectional area of minimum structural pipe wall (As)

As = π (Di+tr)(tr) (eqn.1.9)

As = cross–sectional area of min. structural pipe wall (mm2) Di = average reinforced inner diameter (mm) tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm)

1.4.3 Cross-sectional area of inner pipe's liner (Al)

Al = π (di+tl)(tl) (eqn.1.10)

Al = cross–sectional area of inner pipe's liner (mm2) di = pipe's inner diameter (mm) tl = liner thickness = 0.50 (mm): for standard Amipox pipe

1.4.4 Cross-sectional area of the pipe (A)

A = As+Al (eqn.1.11)

A = cross–sectional area of the pipe (mm2) As = cross–sectional area of min. structural pipe wall (mm2) Al = cross–sectional area of inner pipe's liner (mm2)

1.5 Pipe Weight1.5.1 Pipe's Self Weight (Wp)

Wp = (Asρs+Alρl) •9.81•10-6 (eqn.1.12)

Wp= pipe's self weight (N/m) As = cross-sectional area of min. structural pipe wall (mm2) ρs = density of structural wall = 1800 (kg/(m3) Al = cross-sectional area of inner pipe's liner (mm2) ρl = density of liner = 1200 (kg/(m3)

Note: (weight of pipe with no joints).

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1.5.2 Fluid Weight (Wf)

Wf = Aiρf • 9.81 • 10-6 (eqn.1.13)

Wf = fluid weight (N/m) Ai = inner pipe cross-sectional area (mm2) ρf = density of fluid (kg/(m3)

1.6 Pipe's Linear Moment of Inertia1.6.1 Moment of inertia of structural wall (Is)

Is = π (Do4 – Di

4) (eqn.1.14)

Is = moment of inertia of structural wall (mm4) Do = average outside diameter (mm) Di = average reinforced inner diameter (mm)

1.6.2 Moment of inertia of liner (Il)

Il = π (Di4 – di

4) (eqn.1.15)

Il = moment of inertia of liner (mm4) Di = average reinforced inner diameter (mm) di = pipe's inner diameter (mm)

1.6.3 Moment of inertia of the Pipe (I)

I = Is + Il (eqn.1.16)

I = moment of inertia of the Pipe (mm4) Is = moment of inertia of structural wall (mm4) Il = moment of inertia of liner (mm4)

1.7 Collapse PressureWhere pipes may be subjected to external pressure or vacuum might occur as the result of an unintentional condition such as sudden pump shut off or fast system drain down, the pipe wall must have resistance to external pressure without buckling, thus pipe allowable collapse pressure need to be evaluated.

1.7.1 Allowable Collapse Pressure (Pc) 2Ectr3 • 106

(1 – Va/hVh/a)di3 (eqn.1.17)

64

Pc =

64

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Ec t 3

7

1.8 Pipe StiffnessPipe stiffness values are required for the design and analysis of buried/underground pipe system.

1.8.1 STIS: Specific tangential stiffness

STIS = (eqn.1.18)

STIS = specific tangential stiffness (Pa) Dm = mean diameter (mm) Ec = circumferential modulus of elasticity (N/mm2) t = total wall thickness (mm)

1.8.2 PS : Pipe Stiffness, by parallel plate load test per ASTM D 2412

PS = 1000 (eqn.1.19)

PS = pipe stiffness (kPa) F = load per unit lenght (N/mm) Dyt = vertical pipe deflection (mm), per ASTM D2412 with a 5% deflection

1.8.3 PS : Pipe Stiffness, using pipe dimension and material property

PS = (eqn.1.20)

PS = pipe stiffness (kPa) E = ring modulus of elasticity (Gpa) It = moment of inertia of pipe wall/unit length = t3/12 (mm4/mm) rm = mean pipe radius (mm) = Dm/2 Dm = mean diameter (mm) Dyt = vertical pipe deflection (mm), per ASTM D2412 with a 5% deflection

12 Dm( )

FDyt

Pc = allowable collapse pressure (KPa) Ec = effective circumferential modulus (Gpa) tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm) Va/h = poisson ratio in hoop direction di = pipe's inner diameter (mm) Vh/a = poisson ratio in axial direction

Note: For industrial application use 70% of calculated value and for marine application use 30% of calculated value to resist at least 30 meter water column.

3Elt•106

0.149 rm+( )Dyt2

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1.8.4 SF : Stiffness Factor per ASTM D 2412

SF = 0.149r3m PS • 10-6 (eqn.1.21)

SF = stiffness factor (N m) rm = mean pipe radius (mm) PS = pipe stiffness (kPa)

1.9 Minimum Bending RadiusThere are situations that pipe may have to be bent during transportation, handling, and during installation to match trench line profile, for these cases it's important that the minimum bending radius is not to exceed the minimum allowable bending radius, which is dependent on temperature and pressure and can be calculated using (eqn.1.23).

1.9.1 Minimum allowable bending radius (Rm)

Rm = ; sb = sa - sp (eqn.1.23)

Rm= minimum allowable bending radius (m) Eb = axial bending modulus at minimum temperature (Gpa) Do = average reinforced outside diameter (mm) sb = allowable bending stress (Mpa) sa = allowable axial tensile stress (Mpa) for Amipox pipe 50% of the

ultimate axial strength from ASTM D2105 is utilized. sp = actual axial stress due to internal pressure (Mpa)

EbDo2sb

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2.1 Pipe SizingTo attain a consistent flow of the fluid and hydraulic characteristics of the system, it requires an appropriate pipe internal diameter. This section will provide detail on sizing for Amipox GRE pipe that will correspond to the required flow of the pipeline.

2.1.1 Maximum VelocityThe fluid velocity is the key factor for calculating the pipe inside diameter and needs to be carefully selected in consideration to velocity limitation factors such as: higher pressure losses, prevention of cavitation, reduction of erosion, and etc. more of this velocity limitations are defined in ISO 14692. For Amipox GRE pipe system, the maximum velocity for liquid is 5m/sec and for gasses can go up to 10m/sec.

2.1.2 Minimum Pipe Diameter2.1.2.1 Minimum pipe diameter for water

di = 186 (eqn.2.1)

di = pipe's inner diameter (mm) Q = flowrate (li/s) sg = specific gravity of fluid, for water (1.0) r = fluid density of fluid, for water (1000 kg/m3)

2.1.2.2 Minimum pipe diameter for corrosive or erosive fluids

di = 262 (eqn.2.2)

di = pipe's inner diameter (mm) Q = flowrate (li/s) sg = specific gravity of fluid, for water (1.0) r = fluid density of fluid

2.2 Pressure Drop/Loss CalculationsFluid mechanics equations used for metallic pipes can be used for Amipox GRE pipes especially in head loss calculation. Considering the smooth inner surface characteristics, Amipox GRE pipes take advantage to deliver flow efficiently with a very less energy loss. The absolute roughness of the pipe' inner surface is very critical factor for pipeline flow capacity. Amipox GRE pipe system's absolute surface roughness is 5.3x10-6 m when compared to new steel pipe which is 50 to 75x10-6 m, and for old steel pipes this value increases to 100 to 120x10-6 m.

Q/sg√3 ρ√

Q/sg√3 ρ√

2 Hydraulics

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2.2.1 Hazen-Williams Equation

For water applications the Hazen-Williams equation is a useful tool to estimate the pressure drop or head loss of liquids. The Hazen-Williams equation is applicable mainly for water pipes under full turbulent conditions. More often, this method is used for water in a temperature range of 0˚C to 37˚C.

Hazen-Williams defines a flow coefficient dependent on the pipe material. For Amipox fiberglass pipe system the Hazen-Williams value is 150 and does not change with time, while for the non-corroded steel pipe the value varies from 100 to 120, and for corroded old steel pipe the value reduces to 75.

2.2.1.1 Hazen-Williams Equation (hf)

hf = 10.67 ( )L (eqn.2.3)

hf = head loss over lenght of pipe (m) Q = flowrate (m3/s) C = Hazen-Williams coefficient (dimensionless), C = 150 for Amipox pipe di = pipe's inner diameter (m)

2.2.1.2 Hazen-Williams Equation for Amipox pipe with 100m pipe length (hf).

Head loss for Amipox GRE pipe for liquid flow in meters of water column per 100m pipe length using Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient C=150.

hfa = 0.1007 ( ) (eqn.2.4)

hfa = head loss for Amipox pipe (per 100 m length) Q = flowrate (m3/s) di = pipe's inner diameter (m)

2.2.2 Darcy-Weisbach EquationThis equation is valid for all fluids both in laminar and turbulent flow which is its primary advantage. Once pipe sizing is completed, characterization of flow either laminar or turbulent is necessary in selection of the friction factor to be used in this Darcy-Weisbach equation.

2.2.2.1 Darcy-Weisbach Formula (hf)

hf = f L v2 (eqn.2.5)

hf = lost head(m) f = friction factor L = length of pipe (m)

C1.85di4.87

di4.865

Q1.85

Q1.852

di (2g)

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di = pipe's inner diameter (m) v = fluid velocity (m/s) g = acceleration due to gravity = (9.81 m/s2)

2.2.2.2 Friction Factor (f)

For laminar flow – the Reynold's number Re ≤ 2000, friction factor is calculated as:

fl = 64 (eqn.2.6)

fl = friction factor for laminar flow (dimensionless) Re = Reynolds number

For turbulent flow - the Reynold's number Re ≤ 4000, friction factor can be determined from Colebrook equation:

= -2log[ + ] (eqn.2.7)

Note: In as much as equation is difficult to calculate because it is implicit in (ft ) diagrams and computer programs are used to give relation between friction factor (ft), Reynolds number (Re), and relative roughness One simplification to this formula within accuracy of 99% is by the use of (eqn.2.8).

ft = [1.8 log ]-2 (eqn.2.8)

e = absolute surface roughness factor (m) = 5.3x10-6 for Amipox fiberglass pipe ft = friction factor for turbulent flow(dimensionless) di = pipe's inner diameter (m) Re = Reynolds number

2.2.2.3 Reynolds number (Re)

Re = (eqn.2.9)

Re = Reynolds number v = fluid velocity (m/s) di = pipe's inner diameter (m) μ = kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

2.2.2.4 Head-loss in Amipox Fittings (hf)

hf = K (eqn.2.10)

hf = lost head (m) K = friction factors for fittings v = fluid velocity (m/s) g = acceleration due to gravity = (9.81 m/s2)

Re

1ft√

e 2.513.7di Re ft√

edi

( )

Re7( )

v2

2g

vdiμ

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Note: Values reflect in here applies to Amipox GRE piping system only, additional sources of minor losses such as valves and other appurtenances shall be taken into consideration by the user.

2.2.3 Manning's Equation (Partially filled pipeline)

The Manning's equation is used for water pipes with partial flow. This is the case normally in gravity flow condition, drainage lines, and sewerage applications where the flow is under the influence of an elevation head and gradient of pipeline only.

2.2.3.1 Manning's equation (Qm)

Qm = Ai (R) (S) (eqn.2.11)

Qm = flow rate (m3/sec) n = Manning's roughness factor, 0.009 typical Amipox pipes Ai = inner pipe cross-sectional area (m2) R = hydraulic radius (m) S = slope of hydraulic gradient

1n

23

12

Typical K values for Amipox GRE fittings45˚ Elbow Standard 0.3045˚ Elbow Mitered 0.5090˚ Elbow Standard 0.4090˚ Elbow Mitered 0.80Tee Standard (flow through flow) 0.40Tee Standard (flow through branch) 1.40Reducer Small Diameter

• One (1) Step 0.20• Two (2) Step 1.50

Reducer Large Diameter• One (1) Step 0.08• Two (2) Step 0.20

2.3 Pressure SurgeCommonly known as water hammer, which is the result of sudden change of fluid velocity in pipe system. This rapid wave movement makes significant change in pressure to the system and if reached to a certain magnitude, can cause rupture or collapse to the piping system regardless of pipe structure type. Such case needs to be considered in engineering design.

Water hammer is the function of wave velocity and fluid density. Wave velocity can be determined from the value of pipe's circumferential modulus of elasticity and other parameter. Since, the modulus of elasticity of Amipox pipes are significantly lower than steels pipes, wave velocity is expected to be lower, thus making Amipox pipes less susceptible to surge pressure when compared to steel pipes.

2.3.1 Water Hammer (Ps)

Ps = (a)(sg)(DV) (eqn.2.12)

Ps = surge pressure (kPa) a = wave velocity (m/s)

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sg = fluid specific gravity (dimensionless) DV = change in flow velocity (m/s)

2.3.2 Wave Velocity (a)

a = 1 [ ( + )] (eqn.2.13)

a = wave velocity (m/s) rf = density of fluid (kg/m3) g = gravitational constant, (9.81 m/s2) k = bulk modulus of compressibility of liquid (GPa) = 2.0 GPa for water di = pipe's inner diameter (mm) tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm) Ec = circumferential modulus of elasticity (N/mm2)

2.3.3 Time of pressure wave cycle (tw)

tw = (eqn.2.14)

tw = time of one pressure wave cycle (sec.) Lw = length of closed section of pipe (m) a = wave velocity (m/s)

2.3.4 Valve closure hammer pressure (Pv)

Pv = (eqn.2.15)

Note: Rapid valve closure can cause wave pressure buildup done by energy of moving fluid. These pressure wave travels throughout the system and can result to damage far from the wave source. The longer the time taken to close the valve, the less will be the risk of water hammer.

Pv = valve closure hammer pressure (kPa) Ps = surge pressure (kPa) Lw = length of closed section of pipe (m) tv = valve closing time (sec.)

2.3.5 Total pressure (Pt )To determine the highest pressure in the system, the working pressure has to be added with the calculated surge pressure.

Pt = Ps + Pw (eqn.2.16)

Pt = total pressure (kPa) Ps = surge pressure (kPa) Pw = working pressure (kPa)

rf 1g k•109

ditrE•c109

0.50

2Lwa

tv2PsLw

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3.1 Thermal Expansion and ContractionChange in lengths due to temperature, pressure and Poisson's effect in an unrestrained condition are very well considered in AMIPOX GRE piping system. The amount of thermal expansion linearly varies with temperature, thus thermal expansion coefficient is considered constant for Amipox pipes with a value of 18 x 10-6 mm/mm/˚C per ASTM D696. Pressure variation also will cause a length change due to the Poisson's effect, an increase in pressure will shorten the pipe.

3.1.1 Change in length due to thermal expansion

DLe = 1000 Ct(L)(DTc) (eqn.3.1)

DLe = thermal expansion length change (mm) Ct = coefficient of axial thermal expansion (mm/mm/˚C) L = length between anchors (m) DTc = temperature change (˚C)

3.1.2 Change in length due to internal pressure and Poisson's effect.

DLp = (1-2vh/a ) (eqn.3.2)

DLp = length change due to pressure and Poisson's effect (mm) P = internal pressure (N/mm2) di = pipe's inner diameter (mm) L = length between anchors (mm) t = total wall thickness (mm) Dm = mean diameter (mm) Vh/a = poisson ratio in axial direction Ec = effective circumferential modulus (N/mm2) El = longitudinal modulus of elasticity (N/mm2)

3.1.3 Total length of change

DLt = DLe + DLp (eqn.3.3)

DLt = total length change (mm) DLe = thermal expansion length change (mm) DLp = length change due to pressure and Poisson's effect (mm)

3.2 Thrust Force due to Pressure and TemperatureIn a fully restrained system we deal with thrust force rather than length change. Thus, in this section the calculation of thrust force is introduced which is in result of internal pressure and temperature change.

4tDmEl Ec

pdi2

L El

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3.2.1 Thrust force due to internal pressure and Poisson's effect.

Fp = PAs (1-2vh/a ) (eqn.3.4)

Fp = Thrust force due to internal pressure (N) P = internal pressure (N/mm2) As = cross-sectional area of min. structural pipe wall (mm2) Vh/a= poisson ratio in axial direction Ec = effective circumferential modulus (Gpa) El = longitudinal modulus of elasticity (N/mm2)

3.2.2 Thrust force due to temperature change.

Ft = CtDTcAEl (eqn.3.5)

Ft = Thrust force due to temperature (N) Ct = coefficient of axial thermal expansion (mm/mm/˚C) DTc= temperature change (˚C) A = cross-sectional area of the pipe (mm2) El = longitudinal modulus of elasticity (N/mm2)

3.2.3 Thrust force due to temperature change and pressure.For design anchors, the current effects of pressure and temperature need to be added.

F = Fp + Ft (eqn.3.6)

F = Thrust force due to pressure and temperature (N) Fp = Thrust force due to internal pressure (N) Ft = Thrust force due to temperature (N)

Ec

El

3.3 Support SystemThere are three (3) types of supports considered in Amipox GRE piping system namely: simple support, guide support, and anchor support. Simple support prevents excessive pipe deflections due to weight of the pipe and fluids. Guide support prevents lateral movement and buckling of the pipe system and lastly, anchor support restrains the movement of pipe against all applied forces.

3.3.1 Unsupported span length

Pipe's vertical deflection due to self and fluid weights are limited to 12.7mm only for Amipox GRE pipes thus, excess from this deflection shall be prevented by supports. The spacing of theses supports shall be determined by the following equations under defined support conditions namely: simple support, fixed support, and partial support mentioned earlier. Partial support is taken as the average of simple and fixed support. Thus for continuous beam analysis, unsupported span is considered equal to 20% increase in partial span and for simple beam analysis unsupported span is equal to 20% decrease in partial span.

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Ls = (eqn.3.7)

Ls = unsupported span (m) δm = allowable midspan deflection, 12.7mm value for Amipox pipe Eb = axial bending modulus at minimum temperature (Gpa) Is = moment of inertia of structural wall (mm4) Wp = pipe's self weight (N/m) Wf = fluid weight (N/m)

3.3.2 Guide Support Spacing

Thermal stresses creates compressive buckling load to the pipe when expansion occurs, unless the pipe is constrained in a close interval to prevent buckling. Below is the equation to determine the maximum allowable guide spacing interval.

Lg = (eqn.3.8)

Lg = maximum guide support spacing (mm) Eb = axial bending modulus at minimum temperature (Gpa) Is = moment of inertia of structural wall (mm4) Ct = coefficient of axial thermal expansion (mm/mm/˚C) As = cross-sectional area of min. structural pipe wall (mm2) DTc= temperature change (˚C) Ec = effective circumferential modulus (Gpa)

(δm)(Eb)(ls)•109

ϕ (Wp+Wf)4√

π2EblsCt(As)(DTc)(Ec)√

ϕ Description of pipe support 13 Single span simply supported (two supports per span length). 2.6 Pipe analyzed as fixed at both ends. 5.4 Pipe analyzed with partial support

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American Society for Testing Material International. (2006). ASTM D 2992: Standard practice for obtaining hydrostatic or pressure design basis for 'Fiberglass' (Glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin) pipe and fittings petroleum and natural gas industries – Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping . P.A., United States: Author.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (2006). ASME Code for pressure piping, B31.3: Process piping. Three Park Avenue, N.Y.: Author.

American Petroleum Institute. (2001). API Specification 15HR: Specification for high pressure fiberglass line pipe (3rd. Ed). Washington, D.C.: Author.

American Petroleum Institute. (2008). API Specification 15LR: Specification for low pressure fiberglass line pipe (7th. Ed). Washington, D.C.: Author.

American Water Works Association. (2005). AWWA Manual of Water Supply Practices M45: fiberglass pipe design (2nd. Ed). Washington, D.C.: Author.

International Standard. (2002). ISO 14692: Petroleum and natural gas industries – glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping (1ST. Ed). Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

Young, W.C., Budynas, R.G. (2002). Roark's formulas for stress and strain (7th ed.). Two Penn Plaza, New York: McGraw-Hill.

Utmost care has been taken to ensure that all contents of this brochure are accurate. However, AMIANTIT and its subsidiaries do not accept responsibility for any problems which may arise as a result of errors in this publication. Therefore customers should make inquiries into the potential product supplier and convince themselves of the suitability of any products supplied or manufactured by AMIANTIT and/or its subsidiaries before using them.

References

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This handbook is intended as a guide only. All values listed in the product specifications are nominal. Unsatisfactory product results may occur due to environmental fluctuations, variations in operating procedures, or interpolation of data. We highly recommend that any personnel using this data have specialised training and experience in the application of these products and their normal installation and operating conditions. The engineering staff should always be consulted before any of these products are installed to ensure the suitability of the products for their intended purpose and applications. We hereby state that we do not accept any liability, and will not be held liable, for any losses or damage which may result from the installation or use of any products listed in this handbook as we have not determined the degree of care required for product installation or service. We reserve the right to revise this data, as necessary, without notice. We welcome comments regarding this handbook.

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AMIPOXFirst Industrial CityP.O. Box 589Dammam 31421Saudi ArabiaTel.: + 966 (3) 847 1500Fax: + 966 92 000 4070info@amiantit.comwww.amiantit.comDistributed by:

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