Calculating Parenteral Feedings

Calculating Parenteral Feedings

11/26/2011 10:41:12 PMhttp://health.csusb.edu/dchen/368%20stuff/TPN%20calculation.htm


HSCI 368, D. Chen-Maynard, PhD, RD

Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) must be individualized for the patient. However, often there are standard concentrations of protein, carbohydrate, and

fat available in standard volumes, which limits the degree of individualization using these standard solutions. However, mixing different formulas in calculated

amounts can be used to develop feeding solutions for most patients. We can also calculate the nutrients to meet the needs of an individual patient using

these standard solutions.

Dextrose solution and lipid emulsions are common macronutrients used to provide energy in parenteral solution. Nitrogen for protein synthesis is obtained

from synthetic crystalline L-amino acid solutions.

When designing a TPN solution, you need to consider these questions:

1. What is the patient’s energy need? (Kcal required/day)

2. How much protein/nitrogen does the patient need in a day?

3. How much fluid can the patient tolerate and need?

4. How much fat emulsion can be given/tolerated?

5. How much dextrose is needed? Dextrose concentration?

6. Which electrolytes are needed and how much?

1. Which vitamins and mineral are needed and how much?2. What is the osmolality of the solution?3. What is the route of feeding used?

Where do you start to determine the composition of parenteral feeding?

Nutrition assessment should tell you the status of the patient so you can tailor the needs accordingly. Also the TPN solution is going tofully supply the need or is it supplemental?

1. START BY DETERMINING ENERGY NEEDS:

You may use Harris-Benedict + activity + infection/fever factor + etc = Energy (Kcal)

or you may use Kcal/Kg based on the following scale:

Normal need: 25-30 Kcal/kg/day

Elective surgery: 28-30 kcal/kg/day

Severe injury: 30-40 kcal/kg/day

Extensivetrauma/ burn: 45-55 kcal/ kg/ day

Example: for a 70 Kg male with elective surgery X 30 Kcal/Kg = 2,100 Kcal/day

2. NEXT, DETERMINE THE PROTEIN NEEDS:

Protein needs are determined by the patients, usually start with 0.83 gm/Kg and add stress and other factors as needed. Some patients may need up to2.5 g/Kg due to loss and other factors. For example a malnourished 70 Kg man may need 84 gm protein per day (70 Kg X 1.2 gm/Kg).

Another way to estimate protein needs is to use the non-protein energy (Kcal) to nitrogen (N) ratio. The non-protein energy to N ratio is based on thepremise that sufficient energy must be ingested before protein will be used for tissue maintenance and repair. The ratio of 100-150 Kcal: 1 gm N instressful condition promote anabolism and 250-300 Kcal: 1 gm N is adequate for normal body maintenance.

If your 50 Kg patient needs 1500 Kcal and you want an Energy:N ratio of 150:1, how many grams of N are you going to need? 1500 Kcal ÷150 Kcal/gm N = 10 gm N

Example of your patient, who needs 2,100 Kcal: 2100 ÷150 = 14 grams

Think back: with the first method of calculation of protein needs, we found that he needed 84 grams protein, while with the secondmethod, you need 14 gm N X 6.25 gm prot./gm N = 87.5 gram protein. Either method is correct and both are estimation of need.



Note: Prolonged TPN solution should contain 2 amino acids: Glutamine (most abundant amino acid in the blood that protects the gutepithelia tissue lining. Choline helps protect the liver from hepatic fat deposits that hinder its function.

How much protein in the solution? Assume that we give this 70 kg person 85 gm of protein using 10% amino acid solution:

10% solution has 100 gm protein/L so we can set up equation

85 gm / X ml = 100 gm/1000 ml

100X gm ml = 85000 gm ml

solvefor X: X =850ml, gmunitscancelout

3. NEXT CALCULATE THE AMOUNT OF FLUIDS THE PATIENT NEEDS:

There are 3 different methods to calculate fluid needs:

a. In general, patients need a minimum of 30 cc fluid/Kg body weight to maintain hydration: 30-50 cc/Kg is a good amount to aim, however,needs may go up at high as 100 cc/Kg in severely catabolic state such as burns. If the patient is overhydrated, TPN can be used in

concentrated form to "pull off" extracellular fluids (ECF).

b. Another method to calculate fluid needs is 100 cc free water/gram N intake + 1 cc/Kcal provided,

a. The third method to calculate fluid needs: 100 cc/Kg for first 10 Kg

+ 50 cc/Kg for the second 10 Kg

+20 cc/ Kgfor eachadditionalKg

Example:

using method a: 70 Kg X 33 cc/Kg = 2100 cc/day

70 KgX 50 cc/ Kg=3500cc/ daymethod b: 14 g N X 100 = 1,400 cc + 2100 cc for each Kcal provided =

3600 cc/day

method c: 100 cc/Kg X 10 Kg = 1000 cc

50 cc/Kg X 10 Kg = 500 cc

20 cc/Kg X 50 Kg = 1000 cc

total: 1000+500+1500=2,500cc/ day

So far, our NUTRITION PRESCRIPTION READS:

2,100 Kcal /day (of non-protein energy)

85 (range is 84.0 – 87.5) gram protein /day

2,100 – 3,500 cc fluid /day

Now, we need to calculate what is the contribution of total energy from fat and CHO?

3. THE AMOUNT OF FAT NEEDED DEPENDS ON THE TOTAL ENERGY NEED

At present, 10%, 20% and 30% fat emulsion are available.

10% fat emulsion has 1.1 Kcal/cc

20% fat emulsion has 2.0 Kcal/cc

30%fat emulsionhas3.0 Kcal/ cc

Fat emulsions are available most commonly in 250cc and 500 cc bottle. However, in three in one admixture, add any volume of fatyou need, the pharmacist can mix the appropriate amount in the bag.

Example: What is the energy content of a 500 cc bottle of 10% fat emulsion?

500cc X 1.1 Kcal/cc = 550 Kcal

Energy content of a 500 cc of 20% fat? 500 cc X 2.0 Kcal/cc = 1000 Kcal



Fat has 9 Kcal/gram so you can determine the number of fat grams if you need it.

e.g. How many grams of fat in 500 cc of 10% lipid fat? 500 cc X 1.1 Kcal/cc = 550 Kcal;

500 Kcal ÷9 Kcal/gram = 61 gram of fat , Actually, there are 55.6 gm of fat and 5.4 gram glycerol. Glycerol is not a fat. Purified egg lecithinphosphatides are used as emulsifier. Tg’s do not contribute to serum osmolarity, emulsions are made isotonic by adding glycerol. Lipidemulsions have osmolality of 270 to 340 mOsm/L. Soybean and safflowers are rich in linolenic acid.

The essential fatty acid (EFA) also has to be determined. It is estimated that 2-4% of Kcal must be from EFA and a per needs 1 to 2.5gram of fat/Kg.

MAXIMAL tolerance level of lipid is considered to be 2.5 gm/Kg body weight and 60% of energy from fat is also considered tobe upper limit. More than 60% of energy from fat may result in hyperlipidemia due to impaired lipid clearance by the body.

For our reference 70 Kg male, how much fat and EFA would you recommend?

1. EFA: you need 2-4% of energy from EFA: 2,100 Kcal X 0.02 = 42 Kcal

2,100 Kcal X 0.04 = 84 Kcal

2. Fat: you need 1.0 to 2.5 gram fat/Kg: 70 Kg X 1.0 = 70 gm fat

70 Kg X 2.5 = 175 gm fat

from our calculations, 500 cc of 10% lipid emulsion provides 61 grams fat and 550 kcal, so if you give 750 cc (1.5 bottle of 500 cc bottle) ofIntralipid you will be adding: 61g/bottle X 1.5 bottle = 91.5 g of fat /day and 550 kcal/bottle X 1.5 bottle = 825 Kcal/day from fat

To find out fat content of two commonly used fat emulsions:

Safflower oil has 77% EFA fat: 550 Kcal (10% 500cc) bottle of LIPOSIN gives 423.5 Kcal of EFA fat: 550 Kcal X 0.77 = 423.5 Kcal

INTRALIPID(soy based emulsion) has 52% EFA fat: 550 Kcal bottle of INTRALIPID gives 286 Kcal of fat: 550 Kcal X 0.52 = 286 Kcal offat

Your 70 Kg patient needs 84 Kcal of EFA energy, over the week, he will need:

84 Kcal X 7 days = 588 Kcal from EFA/week,

so how much INTRALIPID is he going to need in a week?

588 Kcal/week ÷286 Kcal from fat = 2.06 bottles of 10% fat emulsion.

Therefore he will need at least 1,000 cc or two 500 cc bottles per week for EFA. So he will need at least 1 L of Intralipid per week or 143ml/day to prevent EFA deficiency.

So if we add 1.5 (500cc) bottle per day, we will have sufficient EFA and provides 91.5 g fat and 825 Kcal. This provides 825 kcal from fat /2100 Kcal = 39.2 % of energy from fat and it is still way below the limit of 2.5 gm/Kg body weight (175g/day).

3. CARBOHYDRATE IS THE MAIN SOURCEOF FUEL TO MEET ENERGYNEEDS. Minimal amount of CHO needed per day is 100

grams.

In TPN, CHO is given as dextrose monohydrate, which yields 3.4 Kcal/gram (recall, glucose provides 4.0 Kcal/gm). Dextrose is available in 50 to 70%solution (D50W, D 70 are the most common solutions used to prepare TPN solutions).

The amount of fat used in solution will determine the amount of CHO needed.

Energy content of one liter (1000 cc) 50% Dextrose solution (D50W)?

1,000 cc X 50% = 500 gram dextrose X 3.4 Kcal/gram = 1,700 Kcal from CHO

Energy content of 1000 cc of D5W (5% dextrose solution)?

1,000 cc X 0.05 = 50 gm dextrose X 3.4 Kcal/gram = 170 Kcal

MAXIMUM rate of CHO administration should not exceed 5 mg CHO/Kg/min.

Excessive administration of CHO can lead to hyperglycemia, liver abnormalities, and increased ventilatory drive (increased CO2 production).

1,000 cc of D50W provides 500 gm CHO/L

500 gm CHO ÷70 Kg ÷24 hours ÷60 min/hr = 4.96 mg CHO/Kg/min, so maximum amount of CHO we can use is 500 gm/day



So how much CHO would your patient need?

2,100 Kcal/day with 85 gm protein, 750 cc 10% Intralipid, which provides 825 Kcal: 2,100 Kcal – 825 Kcal = 1,275 Kcal needed from CHO, to see how many

gram of dextrose is this? 1275 Kcal/3.4 Kcal/gm = 375 g dextrose needed: we can calculate it two ways:

1. If we use D50W as starting solution, we will need to use X ml of this solution:

375 g / X ml = 500g/1000 ml, if we solve for X, we have 375000 / 500 = 750 ml

2. one Liter (1 L) of D50W gives 1,700 kcal, to obtain 1,275 Kcal from CHO, how much D50W should you add? 1275 Kcal ÷1700 Kcal = 750 cc of D50W

Either method gives you the same answer of 750 cc of D50W needed in your final solution.

Since the fluid needs are 2,100 – 3,600 cc/day, with protein needs of 85 gm/day: your formulation for your 70 Kg patient will be: 10% amino acids 850 cc

D50W dextrose 750 cc

10% Intralipid 750cc

total volume: 2,350 cc/day

You need to add 70-150 cc fluid for electrolytes, vitamins, and additives to give a final volume of say 2500 ml

Vitamins/minerals:

electrolytes should be monitored and adjusted as needed

vitamin solutions include 12 vitamins except vitamin K which can be injected IM

trace elements: iron is not routinely added because it changes pH of solution, some minerals are incompatible with TPN solution due to their effects on pH.

Final concentration has: 2.65% amino acids

15 % dextrose

1000 cc of 10% Intralipid

total volume has about 2500 ml so to calculate rate/hr: 2500 ml/24 hr = 105 ml/hr so if we set the pump so that it will administer at 105 cc/hr for 24 hr,

we are ok with the infusion. Note: This formulation will be administered by central line only since dextrose concentration is greater than 10%.

Osmolarity Calculation for a TPN solution:

1. multiply gm of dextose per liter by 5 = mOsm/L by glucose

e.g. 50 g dextrose X 5 = 250 mOsm/L by glucose

2. multiply the gm of protein per liter by 10 = mOsm/L by protein

e..g 30 g protein X 10 = 300 mOsm/L

3. fat is isotonic and does not contribute to osmolarity4. electrolytes further add to osmolarity

e.g. NaCl = 2mOsm per NaCl molecule

250mOsm/ L+300mOsm/ l =550mOsm/ L

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Milieqivalent vs mg of electrolytes

Conversion from mg to mEq

a. divide mg by atomic wt and then multiply by valance

mg/atomic wt X valance = mEq

mineral element chemical symbol Atomic wt valance

chlorine Cl 35.4 1

potassium K 39 1

sodium Na 23 1

calcium Ca 40 2



magnesium Mg 24.3 2

sulfur S 32

sulfate SO4 96 2

Conversion of specific wt of sodium to sodium chloride

multiply by 2.54 e.g. 1000 mg Na = 1000 mg X 2.54 = 2,540 mg NaCl (2.5 g)

to convert specific wt of sodium chloride to sodium

multiply by 0.393

e.g. 2.5 gm NaCl = 2.5 g X 0.303 = 1.0 g sodium ( 1000 mg)

Calculating Parenteral Feedings

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