Calculating carbon dioxide emissions from individual transport over large distances using smartphone...

7/21/2019 Calculating carbon dioxide emissions from individual transport over large distances using smartphone android devi

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1 : Barb Deluisi,

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3 Android : http://developer.android.com/index.html..........37

4 Android : Digital Academy android

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Abstract

This project aims to create a software that calculates in real time the amount of emitted

carbon dioxide (CO2) from the movement of a person. Measurements are mainly for long-

distance (eg between county capitals and country capitals), when we consider that the vast

majority of movement is effected by means of fuel. All conventional means of transport (cars,

buses , trains, airplanes, ships) are included. The devices on which the software can be installed

and running, it's the type devices smartphone (with GPS) and OS android.

CO2emissions will be calculated based on average prices for each category of vehicles (eg cars

petrol 1400k.e, boeing 737 airplane type, etc.), as defined by European standards Euro 1 to 4.

The software will be able to:

1. Calculate the CO2 emissions based on average speed, distance traveled per person and

transportation.

2. Save metrics for future use.

3. Categorize the "habits" of the user.

4. Identify the type of transportation between some categories (e.g, car, train, boat, etc.).

5. Consider the CO2 emissions and inform the user.


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http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/l24094_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/other/l24094_el.htm


29/75

29

,

.

.

:

-Perpignan

, TGV/

-M-Salsbourg/Linz-, Fehmarn

, Straubing-Vilshofen,

Galileo, TGV

- N - M

TGV Nimes

.

, :

20%.

, ,

.


30/75

30

-: , ,

,

.

- : 2000,

40.000 . .

2% .

-:

. ,

. ,

.

,

, , . ,

.

- :

, :

2002-2010

,

, ,

e-Europe.

,

.

, :

-

,

.

) ,
http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_for_goods/motor_vehicles/interactions_industry_policies/l24257_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_for_goods/motor_vehicles/interactions_industry_policies/l24257_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_for_goods/motor_vehicles/interactions_industry_policies/l24257_el.htmhttp://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_for_goods/motor_vehicles/interactions_industry_policies/l24257_el.htm


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31

( ),

(, ),

, .

) ,

. ) ,

.

.

, :

( )

.

.

(URL 4)

,

...


32/75

32

1.4

.. ...

.. .

.

.

Wackernagel Rees

1996 (WackernagelRees 1996).

.(Pandey-Agrawal J. S. Pandey

2011: 135-136)

, "" 2

, 1.7 .

( , ,

), 50 "" (URL 5).

.. ..

.

..

:

..

.. , .

2003 .., ..

21%(URL 1).


33/75

33

1.5 android

Android

8 Android

Android .

(kernel) Linux.

, , .

. , , ,

,

.

tablets, . android

, , media centers,

, .., Android

.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Android_robot.svg


34/75

34

2011 Android

2013

Android

.(URL 6)

android

Android Inc. ...

2003 Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears Chris White

(Andy Rubin)

., ,

,

smartphone. Google Android Inc. 17 2005. 5

2007 Open Handset

Alliance.

Open Handset Alliance

:

Aplix (www.aplixcorp.com), Ascender Corporation (www.ascendercorp.com), Audience

(www.audience.com), Broadcom (www.broadcom.com), China Mobile

(www.chinamobile.com), eBay (www.ebay.com), Esmertec (www.esmertec.com), Google

(www.google.com), HTC (www.htc.com), Intel (www.intel.com), KDDI (www.kddi.com),

Living Image (www.livingimage.jp), LG (www.lge.com), Marvell (www.marvell.com),

Motorola (www.motorola.com), NMS Communications (www.nmscommunications.com),Noser (www.noser.com), NTT DoCoMo, Inc. (www.nttdocomo.com), Nuance

(www.nuance.com), Nvidia (www.nvidia.com), PacketVideo (www.packetvideo.com),

Qualcomm (www.qualcomm.com), Samsung (www.samsung.com), SiRF (www.sirf.com),

SkyPop (www.skypop.com), SONiVOX (www.sonivoxrocks.com), Sprint Nextel

(www.sprint.com), Synaptics (www.synaptics.com), TAT - The Astonishing Tribe (www.tat.se),

Telecom Italia (www.telecomitalia.com), Telefnica (www.telefonica.es), Texas Instruments

(www.ti.com), T-Mobile (www.t-mobile.com), Wind River (www.windriver.com)
http://www.windriver.com/http://www.windriver.com/


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35

Android Google

, Android

(BEGINNING Android 4 application

Development Wei-Meng Lee).

Android

Android Linux kernel

device drivers,

,

. device drivers , WiFi, ,

.. native C++ OpenGL, SQLite, Media library ..

Dalvik JVM. , Android Java

.

PC JRE (Java

Runtime Environment), Android JRE Dalvik VM.

,

VM

, Java SE .dex

.class. , Google, garbage collector.

Java , Java ME, Google

Dalvik. , ,

Android , Dalvik

instance VM. Android SDK

.

, .. ,

SMS, .

SDK. ,

application stack Application Layer.(URL 7)


36/75

36

9 Android

Google Play (Android market)

Google Play Google

. Android (

Google) PC.

Google Google

(Gmail, YouTube . Google + ..).

Android


37/75

37

2009

:

Google Maps

GPS

, ,

wi-fi, Bluetooth

web browser

Android Market

Gmail, Google Search, Google Talk, Youtube player

Google Sync

2009

,

Android , Froyo. Froyo

,

, , cloud

.

A

PI

2.2 Froyo 8 20 2010 0.8%

2.3.3 -

2.3.7

Gingerbread 10 9 2011 14.9%

4.0.3 - Ice Cream Sandwich 15 16 2011 12.3%
https://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.2.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.2.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.3.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.3.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.0.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.0.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.3.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.3.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-2.2.html


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38

4.0.4

4.1.x Jelly Bean 16 9 2012 29.0%

4.2.x 17 13 2012 19.1%

4.3 18 24 2013 10.3%

4.4 KitKat 19 31 2013 13.6%

4 Android

10 Android

(URL 8)

1.6

,

.. .

.

, .
https://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.0.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.1.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.2.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.4.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.4.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.4.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.3.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.2.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.1.htmlhttps://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.0.html


39/75

39

:

Tripzoom

Novay

.

tripzoom

smartphone,

. To tripzoom

,

.

tripzoom ,

, smartphones,

, ,

tripzoom.

tripzoom : )

tripzoom , ,

, tripzoom app

iPhone Android )

. ELGG

,

.

, blogs,

, .

.

tripzoom iPhones Android smartphones App Store Google Play.

tripzoom.

, (..

GPS, ) ,

.

tripzoom

, tripzoom , .(URL 9)


40/75

40

CO2GO

..

smartphone.

GPS. , GPS

. , GPS

. , GPS

,

CO2.(URL 10)

CarbonDiem

smartphone

. ,

. CarbonDiem

.

.(URL 11)

CO2GREENDRIVE

Danish Cultural Institute

. Danish Cultural Institute .

.

, .(URL 12)

CO2-vergelijker

. ,

.

, - (39

.), 4.8kg ...


41/75

41

8 CO2 MPV . '

1,2 kg ..(URL 13)


42/75

42

2: - -

2.1

android smartphones, , .. .

smartphones android

2.3 .

,

.

(low level) .

API . proprietary database

.

.apk

Google Play .

.

11


43/75

43

(6). (7).

.

(8)

. . , (11)

13

12


44/75

44

(11).

.

, ,

.

,

,

.

16 15

14

19

18 17


45/75

45

2.2

. :

smartphone,

,

i. : smartphone

GCS WGS 1984

haversine, .

ii. : smartphone timestamp

.

.iii. : ,

..

iv. : ,

.

v. :

,

(, Diesel).vi. : ,

.

vii. : ,

.

viii. : ,

.


46/75

46

i) .. .

, : Diesel.

..

.

.. ,

,

.

i. , ,

1000 , Peugeot 107 .. 99

. 113 , 78. 95,5

99 Peugeot 107

.

ii. ,

1001 1300 , Nissan Note .. 109

. 129

, 89 .

..

/

1000 .. 99

1001 1300 .. 109

1301 1600 .. 152

1601 2000 .. 179

>2000 .. 218


47/75

47

109 99

Nissan Note .

iii. , 1301

1600 , Toyota Avensis .. 152

. .

.

iv. ,

1301 1600 , Volkswagen Scirocco

.. 172 . , ,

.

.

v.

2000 Jeep Grand Cherokee

.. 218 .

.

.

i. ,

1000 1300 , Opel Astra .. 109

. 129

88 .

Diesel .

/

1001 1300 .. 109

1301 1600 .. 109

1601 2000 .. 149

>2000 .. 174


48/75

48

108,5 109

Opel Astra .

ii. ,

1301 1600 , Ford Focus .. 109

. 129 88 .

108,5 109

Ford Focus .

iii. ,

1601 2000 , Opel Insignia Sw .. 149

. 195

99 . 147 149

Ford Focus .

iv. ,

2000 , Audi A8 ..174

.

.

.

ii) .. .

:

125 500 .. 106 ../

>500 .. 139 ../

..

Treatise (URL 14),

.

iii) .. .

, , Treatise.


49/75

49

500 .. .

.

iv) .

flight distance calculator travelmath

(URL 15), .

v) .

vi) .. .

Airbus A320,

.

Aegean Airlines 25 .(URL 24).

Aegean Airlines (URL 23).

.. :

= 840 km/h

= 2750 L/h

= 168 (max)

= 2750 840 = 3,274 L/km

.. = 3,274 x 2,580 ( ..) = 8.447 kg/km

60( )

vii) .. .

(URL 22 )

30.000 - - ,

416 .


50/75

50

594 ,

, ,

50 .

, , 50 416

, 121.4063714 .

diesel 3.1688

300, .. 384.71 /300.

2.2

.

,

.

android smartphones

CGS WGS 1984. haversine.

haversine (Robusto 1957: 38-40)

. smartphone ,

.

haversine : a = sin(/2) + cos 1 cos 2 sin(/2), c = 2 atan2( a,

(1a) ), d = R c, , , R

( = 6,371km).

publicdoublecalculateDistance(Point a,Point b)

{doubleR=6371000; //meters

doublef1=Math.toRadians(a.getLatitude());

doublef2=Math.toRadians(b.getLatitude());

doubleDf=Math.toRadians(b.getLatitude()-a.getLatitude());

doubleDl=Math.toRadians(b.getLongitude()-a.getLongitude());

doublevar=Math.sin(Df/2)*Math.sin(Df/2)+Math.cos(f1)*Math.cos(f2)*Math.sin(Dl/2)*Math.sin(Dl/2);

doublec=2*Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(var),Math.sqrt(1-var));

returnd=R*c;

}


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51

2.3

.

..

:

( ..

, ), .

.

,

.


52/75

52

:

i. : GPS. .

..

.

ii. :

iii. : GPS. .

..

.

iv. : GPS. .

..

.

v. :

.

vi. :

.

2.4

.

android

.xml .

.xml .

. android smartphones

.

.

.


53/75

53


54/75

54

android:layout_height="120dp"

android:layout_marginBottom="100dp"

android:contentDescription="@string/ImageDescription"

android:src="@drawable/ic_launcher"/>


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55

main :

.

packagecom.fi; //

//

importandroid.app.Activity;

importandroid.app.AlertDialog;

importandroid.content.Context;

importandroid.content.DialogInterface;

importandroid.content.Intent;

importandroid.os.AsyncTask;

importandroid.os.Bundle;

importandroid.util.Log;

importandroid.view.Menu;

importandroid.view.View;

importandroid.widget.Button;

importandroid.widget.TextView;

importandroid.content.Context;

importandroid.graphics.Color;

//

publicclassMainActivity extendsActivity {

//

privateButton mStartButton;

privateButton mStopButton;privateTextView distanceView;

privateContext cont;

privatebooleandone;

privateBundle ThreadInfo;

privateCO2assesment calculate;

privateGPSTracker test;

doubled=0;


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56

publicbooleanisDone() {

returndone;

}

publicvoidsetDone(booleandone) {

this.done = done;

}

//

@Override

protectedvoidonCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);

setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

cont=this;

//

ThreadInfo = getIntent().getExtras();

distanceView=(TextView)findViewById(R.id.distanceView);

distanceView.setTextColor(Color.RED);

test=newGPSTracker(this);

distanceView.setText("X:"+Double.toString(test.getLatitude())+"Y:"+Double.toString(te

st.getLongitude())+"Distance:"+Double.toString(d));

mStartButton = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btn_start);

mStartButton.setOnClickListener(newView.OnClickListener() {

@Override

publicvoidonClick(View v) {

// TODOAuto-generated method stub

Intent i = newIntent(MainActivity.this, Vehicles.class);

startActivity(i);


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57

}

});

mStopButton=(Button) findViewById(R.id.btn_stop);

mStopButton.setEnabled(false);

mStopButton.setOnClickListener(newView.OnClickListener() {

// . stop

.

@Override

publicvoidonClick(View v) {

// TODOAuto-generated method stubMainActivity.this.mStartButton.setEnabled(true);

calculate.stopAsyncThread(true);

MainActivity.this.mStopButton.setEnabled(false);

}

});

//

if(ThreadInfo != null) {

String value = ThreadInfo.getString("CalculationData");

if(value != null)

{

this.showDialog("DEBUG",value);

this.mStartButton.setEnabled(false);

this.mStopButton.setEnabled(true);

calculate=newCO2assesment();

String[] values=value.split(";");

calculate.execute(values);

}

}

}


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privateclassCO2assesment extendsAsyncTask {

//

privateinttype;//0 car,1 motor,2 bus,3 train

privateintpassengers;

privatedoubledistance;

privatefloatcar_Co2_production;

privatefloatmotor_Co2_production;

privatefloatbus_CO2;

privatefloattrain_CO2;

privatebooleandone=false;privatefinalContext mContext=cont;

publicintgetType()

{

returnCO2assesment.this.type;

}

publicvoidstopAsyncThread(booleanbool)

{

this.done=bool;

}

publicvoidsetType(intt)

{

CO2assesment.this.type=t;

}

publicintgetPassengers() {

returnpassengers;


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59

}

publicvoidsetPassengers(intpassengers) {

this.passengers = passengers;

}

publicdoublegetDistance() {

returndistance;

}

publicvoidsetDistance(doubledistance) {

this.distance = distance;

}

publicfloatgetCar_Co2_production() {

returncar_Co2_production;

}

publicvoidsetCar_Co2_production(floatcar_Co2_production) {

this.car_Co2_production = car_Co2_production;

}

publicfloatgetMotor_Co2_production() {

returnmotor_Co2_production;

}

publicvoidsetMotor_Co2_production(floatmotor_Co2_production) {

this.motor_Co2_production = motor_Co2_production;


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}

publicfloatgetBus_CO2() {

returnbus_CO2;

}

publicvoidsetBus_CO2(floatbus_CO2) {

this.bus_CO2 = bus_CO2;

}

publicfloatgetTrain_CO2() {

returntrain_CO2;

}

publicvoidsetTrain_CO2(floattrain_CO2) {

this.train_CO2 = train_CO2;

}

publicContext getmContext() {

returnmContext;

}

@Override

protectedvoidonProgressUpdate(Double... values) {

MainActivity.this.distanceView.setText("");

MainActivity.this.distanceView.setText("Distance:"+values[0].toString()+"

Point X:"+values[1]+" Point Y:"+values[2]);

}

@Override


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61

protectedString doInBackground(String... params) {

CO2assesment.this.setType(Integer.parseInt(params[0]));

CO2assesment.this.setPassengers(Integer.parseInt(params[1]));

switch(CO2assesment.this.getType())

{

case0:

CO2assesment.this.setCar_Co2_production(Float.parseFloat(params[2]));

break;

case1:

CO2assesment.this.setMotor_Co2_production(Float.parseFloat(params[2]));

break;

case2:CO2assesment.this.setBus_CO2(Float.parseFloat(params[2]));

break;

case3:

CO2assesment.this.setTrain_CO2(Float.parseFloat(params[2]));

break;

default:

break;

}

double[] data=newdouble[3];

data[0]=distance;

data[1]=MainActivity.this.test.getLatitude();

data[2]=MainActivity.this.test.getLongitude();

this.publishProgress(data[0],data[1],data[2]);

intfirstrun=0;

Point start,current,previous=null;

this.distance=0;

switch( CO2assesment.this.getType())

{

case0:

while(!done)

{


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62

if(firstrun == 0)

{

start=new

Point(MainActivity.this.test.getLatitude(),MainActivity.this.test.getLongitude());

previous=start;

}

else{

current=new


// haversine

this.setDistance(this.getDistance()+MainActivity.this.calculateDistance(previous,current));

previous=current;

}

firstrun++;

try{

Thread.sleep(8000);

} catch(Exception e)

{

Log.d("Thread Stop:",e.toString());

}

}

break;

case1:


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63

while(!done)

{

if(firstrun == 0)

{

start=new


previous=start;

}

else{

current=new


previous=current

}

firstrun++;

try{

Thread.sleep(900000);

} catch(Exception e)

{

Log.d("Thread Stop:",e.toString());

}

}

break;

case2:

break;

case3:

break;

default:

break;

}

returnDouble.toString(this.getDistance());


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64

}

@Override

protectedvoidonPostExecute(String result) {

MainActivity.this.showDialog("Distance Measurement","Distance:"+d+"meters");

}

}

@Override

publicbooleanonCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {// Inflate the menu; this adds items to the action bar if it is present.

getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.main, menu);

returntrue;

}

@Override

publicvoidonResume() {

super.onResume();

}

publicvoidshowDialog(String title,String message)

{

AlertDialog.Builder builder = newAlertDialog.Builder(MainActivity.this);

builder.setCancelable(true);

builder.setTitle(title);

builder.setMessage(message);

builder.setInverseBackgroundForced(true);

builder.setPositiveButton("",

newDialogInterface.OnClickListener() {

@Override

publicvoidonClick(DialogInterface dialog,

intwhich) {


65/75

65

}

});

AlertDialog alert = builder.create();

alert.show();

}

//Haversine

publicdoublecalculateDistance(Point a,Point b)

{

doubleR=6371000; //km

doublef1=Math.toRadians(a.getLatitude());

doublef2=Math.toRadians(b.getLatitude());

doubleDf=Math.toRadians(b.getLatitude()-a.getLatitude());

doubleDl=Math.toRadians(b.getLongitude()-a.getLongitude());

double

var=Math.sin(Df/2)*Math.sin(Df/2)+Math.cos(f1)*Math.cos(f2)*Math.sin(Dl/2)*Math.sin(Dl/2)

;

doublec=2*Math.atan2(Math.sqrt(var),Math.sqrt(1-var));

returnd=R*c;

}

}


66/75

66

3:

3.1

:

GPS (, , , )

()

()

.

.

smartphone.

. smartphone

(hardware) . (

) (

).


67/75

67

.

ArcGIS 58.274 .

(

), ,

,

, ,

,

96 .

Peugeot 107 1000..

.

.

smartphone doogee dg450.

60.508

.., 2.995,178 .

ArcGIS

2.234 .

.

smartphone Samsung.

61.946

.. 3.066,369 .

ArcGIS

3.672 .

---.

161 .

130 .


68/75

68

.

.. 166707,6 .

218 .

.. 33.241 .

3.2

.

.. .

Carbon Footprint :

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) - UK

World Resource Institute (WRI) Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol

Vehicle Certification Agency (VCA) - UK

US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) - USA

US Department of Energy (DOE) - USA

Green House Office - Australia

Standards Association (CSA) GHG RegistriesCanada

Sun earth tools .

.

Carbon footprint Sun earth tools

58 5.990,356 .. 10.000 .. 5.740 ..


69/75

69

Carbon Footprint.

( ) Carbon Footprint

.

. Sun Earth Tools .

. Sun Earth Tools

.

.

Carbon footprint Sun earth tools

218 33.241 .. 20.000 ..

13.000 .

Carbon Footprint

.

.


70/75

70

4

smartphone

.

, . ,

, , .

.

(low level). API

. proprietary database

.

, ,

.

: ,

.

. ,

. ,

, .

GPS (,

, , ) ,

haversine, ,

, .

, , ,

.


71/75

71

.

.

.

, .

:

,

.

.

.

.

.


72/75

72

( )

1. Archer David (2007), Global Warming, Understanding the forecast, Blackwell, Oxford

2007.

2. EEA technical Reports,Air Quality in Europe - 2011 Report, Luxembourg No 12/2011.

3. European Union (2011), White Paper on transport, Roadmap to a single European

transport area - towards a competitive and Resource efficient transport system .

4. Hickman A. J. (1999), Methodology for calculating transport emissions and energy

consumption project Report SE/491/98,Transport Research Laboratory.

5. IPCC (2007), Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical

Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon S, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen,

M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, H.L. Miller]. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

6. Kitzes J. A., Galli, Reed A., Rizk S., Ewing B., Wackernagel M. (2010), Guidebook to

the National Footprint Accounts, Global Footprint Network, Oakland.

7. Maslin Mark (2004), Global Warming. A very short introduction, Oxford University

Press, Oxford.

8. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (2012), The NOAA annual Greenhouse gas

index (AGGI), R/GMD, 325Broadway

9. Pandey Divya - Agrawal Madhoolika - Pandey Jai Shanker, Carbon footprint: current

methods of estimation,Inviron Monit Assess(2011), 178: 135-160.

10.Robusto C.C., The Cosine Haversine Formula, The American Mathematical Monthly(Jan.1957), 64 : 38-40.

11.Wackernagel, M. & Rees, W. E. (1996). Our ecological footprint: Reducing human

impact on the earth, Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.

12.WWF-GFN-ZSL-ESA (2012),LivingPlanet Report 2012 - Biodiversity, biocapacity and

better choices.

13. (2013),

.


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73

.. , ,

, , .

14. (2010), CO2

2008-2009

, , 169, , , .

15. (2006),

, , ,

, .

URL 1 = ,

http://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/campaign/pdf/gases_el.pdf,. . 14/06/2014.

URL 2 =

Europa, ..,

http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/tackling_climate_change/l28044_el.

htm,. . 20/06/2014.

URL 3 = :

Europa, ..,

http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/tackling_climate_change/l28157_el.

htm,. . 20/06/2014.

URL 4 = : 2010

Europa, ..,

http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/tackling_climate_change/l24007_el.htm , . . 20/06/2014.

URL 5 = S.O.S.,

http://medsos.gr/medsos/2008-08-12-07-20-53/2009-06-17-14-45-56/2009-06-17-14-48-

33/750-2009-12-16-11-51-50.html), . . 12/06/2014.

URL 6 = Android, operating system,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system),. . 10/6/2014.
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