Calcium, Boron and Zinc Nutrition of ApplesP. S. 2008) Calcium, Boron a… · Calcium, Boron and...
Transcript of Calcium, Boron and Zinc Nutrition of ApplesP. S. 2008) Calcium, Boron a… · Calcium, Boron and...
Calcium, Boron and Zinc Nutrition of ApplesG.H. Neilsen, D. Neilsen and E.J. Hogue
L. Herbert, S. Kuchta and B. Rabie
Pacific Agri-Food Research CentreSummerland, B.C., Canada, V0H 1Z0
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Preparation of apple tissue for mineral analysis
Washing and drying fruit in preparation for chopping
13
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
9 6 3 H
Weeks before commercial harvest (H)
1989
1990Ave
rage
frui
t Ca
(mg/
100g
FW
)
Fruit Ca concentration (n=30, McIntosh)
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0
50
100
150
200
250
9 6 3 H
Weeks before commercial harvest (H)
1989
1990
Ave
rage
frui
t siz
e (g
)Fruit size (n=30, McIntosh)
15
0
2
4
6
8
10
9 6 3 H
Weeks before commercial harvest (H)
Abs
olut
e up
take
(m
g C
a/fru
it)
1989
1990
Absolute Ca uptake (n=30, McIntosh)
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Factors associated with fruit storage quality
Positive1. Fruit Ca concentration
Negative1. Large fruit size2. High fruit K/Ca3. High fruit K (Spartan)
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• Harvest 4.0 mg/100g FW
• 6 weeks prior to harvest
8.5 mg/100g FW (McIntosh)
10.0 mg/100g FW (Spartan)
9.5 mg/100g FW (G. Delicious)
Critical Ca concentrations
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Harvest Fruit Ca (mg/100g FW)
Ambrosia 5.55 b
Cameo 3.56 e
Gala 6.52 a
Fuji 4.69 c
Silken 3.89 d
Cultivar affects fruit Ca (2003, same block, trt)
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(6 tons/ha) 1975 1977 1979
Hydrated lime 210 237 181
Calcium sulphate 209 244 192
Check 211 231 178
NS NS NS
Spartan Fruit Ca (ppm dw)
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2002 2003 2002 2003
Soil Ca thiosulphate(105 g/tree) 3.4 3.5 12 36
Check 3.5 3.2 10 24
NS NS NS NS
Fruit Ca (mg/100g FW)
Bitter Pit (%)
Braeburn Fruit Ca
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Jonagold/McIntosh Fruit Ca
Fertigated N Fruit Ca (mg/100g FW)
(57 g N/tree) Yr 2 Yr 3
Urea (46) 6.2b 4.2
Ammonium nitrate (34) 5.3b 4.1
Calcium nitrate (15.5) 7.5a 4.4
** NS
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Current Production Recommendations Calcium - Apple
* CaCl2 compounds* 4 – 5 sprays* 10 day intervals (mid July)* 0.5% w/v; 8 – 12 kg/ha
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150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290
Day of the Year
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Ca
(mg/
fruit)
J J A S O
GalaSpartanFuji
StageStageoneone
Recommended Ca sprays
Typical Ca inflow into fruit
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Clorclear (0.5% w/v)
(34.5% Ca as CaCl2 )
Early 5 weekly (wk1 Jun - wk1 Jul)
Mid 5 weekly (wk1 Jul - wk2 Aug)
Late 5 weekly (wk2 Aug - wk2 Sep)
Ca Spray Timing (2001-2003)
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2001 2002 2003
Check 3.6 b 3.4 d 3.5
Early 3.3 bc 3.7cd 3.4
Mid 4.2 a 4.9 b 3.3
Late 4.4 a 5.7 a 3.8
**** **** NS
Harvest Fruit Ca concentration (mg/100g FW)
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Bitter Pit (%)
2001 2002 2003
Check 2 b 12 a 36 a
Early 0 b 0 c 6 d
Mid 0 b 0 c 9 cd
Late 3 b 2 bc 15 bcd
* ** **
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Braeburn Fruit Ca in response to Ca form (mg/100gFW)
1996 1997 1998
1. Check 4.16c 3.29b 3.64b
2. CaCl2 5.80a 4.49a 5.04a
3. Nutrical 4.71b 4.12a -
4. Calcimax 4.08c - -
Number sprays 6 4 5
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Nutrient deficient orchards(1993 n=19)
B, ZnMg*, CuKN, P, Ca, S, Mn, Fe
> 50%> 25%> 10%none
Survey of N,P fertigated high density orchards
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 20 40 60 80 100Sand (%)
Soi
l B (p
pm)
Measured 30cm beneath drip emitter
Soil B is affected by soil texture
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Day of the year
0.336 g Boron/tree/yearBackground
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
Soi
l sol
utio
n B
(ppm
)
End(Jul 29)
Start(May 23)
1995 1996
End
(Jul 20)
Soil solution B concentration in response to fertigation
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a b c da a b b
a b a ba b c b
a b c b
a b a b
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998Year
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Leaf
B (p
pm)
GalaFujiFiestaSpartan
No B applied0.336 g
B/tree/year
B sprayedB fertigated
0.175 gB/tree/year
Leaf B concentration in apple in response to application method
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Summary
B behaves very much like nitrate in coarse textured soils
B can quickly become depleted under irrigation but can be augmented by either broadcast or fertigated soil applications or foliar sprays
Care must be taken not to over-supply B
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1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998Year
0
10
20
30
40
50
Leaf
Zn
(ppm
)
GalaFujiFiestaSpartan
No Zn applied
Zn fertigated(g/tree/year)
Zn sprayed
3.5 7.0
a ab b c a a a a a a a ba b a c
a a a ba b a c
17.5
Total fertigated Zn = 91 kg/ha
Leaf Zn concentration in apple in response to application method
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Trt Zn-Form Application rate
Check 0 0
Early Dormant Zn SO4 (36%) 4.5g/L
Postharvest Zn SO4 (36%) 2.6g/L
Zn-spray experiment (Gabelman)
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TrtTrt Yr 1Yr 1 Yr 2Yr 2 Yr 3Yr 3
Check 2.50a 2.50a 2.50
Early Dormant 0.88bc 1.13cd 2.00
Postharvest 2.13abc 1.50bcd 2.00
Significance ** ** ns
* none(0), slight(1) to severe(3)
Average leaf chlorosis* (Gabelman)
48* 500ppm Zn L-133 (organic Zn)
Trts* 2001 2002
Check (no Zn) 12.3 11.3
Tight cluster (1) 12.9 12.4
Post petal fall (2x) 13.2 13.7
Post petal fall (4x) 10.9 13.1
Significance ns ns
Average leaf Zn (ppm, unsprayed leaves, Jonagold)
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TrtsTrts 20012001 20022002Check .011c .009d
Tight cluster (1) .013de .009d
Post petal fall (2x) .017cd .013c
Post petal fall (4x) .019bc .017b
Significance **** ****
Fruit Zn (mg/100g FW, washed, peeled)
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TrtsTrts FruitFruit
Kg/treeKg/tree n/treen/tree AverageSize(g)AverageSize(g)
Check 14.8 49.3 297
Tight cluster (1) 16.7 55.8 306
Post petal fall (2x) 17.6 52.9 329
Post petal fall (4x) 15.7 51.0 310
Significance ns ns ns
Cumulative yield (2001-2002)