Cal-(IT)2

Fundamental Physics Research will Power the New Internet

Invited Talk to the

UCSD Physics Department Brown Bag

La Jolla, CA

January 8, 2001Larry Smarr, Cal-(IT)2

Cal-(IT)2

Proposed UC San Diego and UC Irvine California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology

• 220 Faculty and Senior Researchers

• Layered Structure– Materials and Devices

– Networked Infrastructure

– Interfaces and Software

– Strategic Applications

– Policy

• New Funding Model (4 Years)– State $100M

– Industry $140M

– Private $30 M

– Campus $30M

– Federal $100-200M

– Total $400-500M

• One of Three Awarded

Cal-(IT)2

The Conceptual Frameworkof Cal-(IT)2

www.calit2.net

Cal-(IT)2

Novel Materials and Devices are Needed in Every Part of the New Internet

UCIAdvanced displaysSensor networksOrganic/polymer

electronics;Biochips

Magnetic, optical data storage

Microwave amplifiers, receivers

High-speed optical switchesNanophotonic components

Spintronics/quantum encryption

Ultralow powerelectronics

Nonvolatile data storage

Smart chemical, biological, motion, positionsensors

telemedicine

environmental,climate, transportationmonitoring systems

optical network infrastructure

wireless network infrastructure

Microwave amplifiers, receivers

BiochipsBiosensorsHigh-densitydata storage

UCIAdvanced displaysSensor networksOrganic/polymer

electronics;Biochips

Magnetic, optical data storage

Microwave amplifiers, receivers

High-speed optical switchesNanophotonic components

Spintronics/quantum encryption

Ultralow powerelectronics

Nonvolatile data storage

Smart chemical, biological, motion, positionsensors

telemedicine

environmental,climate, transportationmonitoring systems

optical network infrastructure

wireless network infrastructure

Microwave amplifiers, receivers

BiochipsBiosensorsHigh-densitydata storage

Materials and Devices Team, UCSD

Cal-(IT)2

Components for Assembling Microdevices

Valveless Microfluidics

Mechanical Stress and Acceleration Sensors

Micro Optical Assemblies(Lenses and Mirrors)

MEMS structures fabricated and tested at the UCI Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility

Cal-(IT)2

Nanoelectronics Holds the Promise of Extending Moore’s Law

“Because of the recent rapid and radical progress in molecular electronics – where individual atoms and molecules replace lithographically drawn transistors – and related nanoscale technologies, we should be able to meet or exceed the Moore’s Law rate of progress for another 30 years.”

--Bill Joy, in “Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us”, Wired April 2000

Cal-(IT)2

Nanotechnology Blurs the Distinction Between Biology and Physics

50 nanometers

Human Rhinovirus

IBM Quantum CorralIron Atoms on Copper

Cal-(IT)2

Simulation of Semiconductor Laser Diodes

• Three Interacting Problems– Carrier Transport (Shockley Eqns.)– Electromagnetic Modes (Maxwell Eqns.)– Quantum Mechanical Energy States (Schroedinger Eqns.)

• Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers– Optical Cavity Formed in Vertical Direction– Light Taken From Top of Device (Surface Emission)– Mirrors Formed by Stacks of Dielectric Layers

Hess, Grupen, Oyafuso, Klein, & Register

National Center for Computational Electronics

Cal-(IT)2

UCSD Cal-(IT)2 Materials and Devices Program

Faculty Students and Post DocsTechnical support staff

Advanced fabrication and characterization facility:

State-of-the-art capability for materials and device processing/analysis

GaAs-based low-power

MOS

GaN-based microwave transistors

Chemical/biological

sensors

Spintronics

Nanophotonic components

High-speed optical

switches

Materials theory/

simulation Novel electronic materials

Advanced display

materials

Molecular materials/devices

Nanoscale ultralow power

electronics

Source: UCSD M&D Group

Cal-(IT)2

Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center Proposal

• Multidisciplinary Team– UCSD Physics (Schuller, Sham, Dynes, Hellman)– UCSD ECE, Chem, Bioeng, MAE, Chem Eng, others

• Nanoscale Devices and Systems Architectures – Nanoelectronics– Nanophotonics

• Biosystems at the Nanoscale – Nanofabrication by Biomolecular Recognition – Electrochemical Nanofabrication – Light Tweezers

• Nanoscale Structures, Novel Phenomena, and Quantum Effects – Nanolithography and Growth – Nanoscale Characterization – Quantum Effects

Cal-(IT)2

Planned Cal-(IT)2 UCSD Clean Room Facility

Cal-(IT)2

BI / NCSA Remote Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Source: Lyding, Brady

Cal-(IT)2

VCSEL + Near-field polarizer :Efficient polarization control,mode stabilization, and heat management

Composite nonlinear, E-O, and artificial dielectric materials control and enhance near-field coupling

Near-field coupling between pixels in Form-birefringent CGH (FBCGH)

FBCGH possesses dual-functionalitysuch as focusing and beam steering

Wavelength (m)1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5

Ref

lect

ivit

y

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0TETM

Information I/O through surface wave, guided wave,and optical fiber from near-field edge andsurface coupling

Near-field E-Omodulator controlsoptical propertiesand near-field micro-cavity enhances the effect

+V -V

Angle (degree)20 30 40

TM

Eff

icie

ncy

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Near-field E-O Modulator+ micro-cavity

FBCGH

VCSEL

Near-field E-O coupler

Micro polarizer

Fiber tip

Grating coupler

Thickness (m)0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80

TM

0th

ord

er e

ffic

ienc

y

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

RCWATransparency Theory

Near-field coupling

Nanotechnology Will be Essential for Photonics

Source: Shaya Fainman, UCSD

Cal-(IT)2

Building a Quantum Network Will Require Three Important Advances

• The development of a robust means of creating, storing and entangling quantum bits and using them for transmission, synchronization and teleportation

• The development of the mathematical underpinnings and algorithms necessary to implement quantum protocols

• The development of a repeater for long distance transmission with the minimum number of quantum gates consistent with error free transmission

DARPA

Cal-(IT)2

Quantum Telecommunications SystemsDARPA Proposal

• Multidisciplinary Team (UCSD, CalTech)– Physics (Sham, Schuller, Goodkind, Scherer) – Math (Meyers, Wallach) – ECE (Fainman, Yu, Rao, Tu)

• Protocols for Secure Quantum Communication• Quantum Devices• General Quantum Telecommunication Systems

– Algorithms– Quantum Channel Characterization– Bandwidth Enhancement

Cal-(IT)2

Possible Multiple Qubit Quantum Computer

• SEM picture of posts fabricated at the Cornell Nanofabrication Facility

– PI John Goodkind (UCSD Physics) & Roberto Panepucci of the CNF

• Electrons Floating over Liquid He

• One Electron per Gold Post

500 nm

ground plane

voltage leads

insulator

insulator

NSF ITR PROGRAM CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY/UCSD/MICHIGAN STATE

Cal-(IT)2

The Wireless Internet will Transform Computational Science and Engineering

• Teraflop Supercomputers Simulate in Dynamic 3D• Evolving a System Requires Knowing the Initial State• Add Wireless Sensors and Embedded Processors

– Give Detailed State Information– Allows for Comparison of Simulation with Reality

• Computational Fields – Environmental Modeling– Civil Infrastructure Responses to Earthquakes– Ecological Modeling– Biomedical Systems– Intelligent Transportation

Cal-(IT)2

The Wireless Internet Adds Bio-Chemical-Physical Sensors to the Grid

• From Experiments to Wireless Infrastructure

• Scripps Institution of Oceanography

• San Diego Supercomputer Center

• Cal-(IT)2

• Building on Pioneering Work of Hans-Werner Braun & Frank Vernon

Source: John Orcutt, SIO

Cal-(IT)2

Bringing the Civil Infrastructure Online

New Bay Bridge Tower with Lateral Shear Links

Wireless Sensor ArraysLinked to Crisis Management

Control Rooms

Source: UCSD Structural Engineering Dept.

Cal-(IT)2

The High PerformanceWireless Research and Education Network

NSF FundedPI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC

Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO45mbps Duplex Backbone

http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN

Linking Astronomical Observatories to the Internet is a Major Driver

Cal-(IT)2

Wireless Antennas Anchor Network High Speed Backbone

http://hpwren.ucsd.edu/Presentations/HPWREN

Source: Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC

Cal-(IT)2

Coming -- The Grid Physics Network

• Petabyte-scale computational environment for data intensive science– CMS and Atlas Projects of the Large Hadron Collider– Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory– Sloan Digital Sky Survey (200 million objects each with ~100 attributes)

• Paul Avery (Univ. of Florida) and Ian Foster (U. Chicago and ANL), Lead PIs– Largest NSF Information Technology Research Grant– 20 Institutions Involved– $12 million over four years– Requires distributed megacomputer

www.griphyn.org

Cal-(IT)2

Entropia’s Planetary Computer Grew to a Teraflop in Only Two Years

Deployed in Over 80 Countries

The Great Mersenne Prime (2P-1) Search (GIMPS)Found the First Million Digit Prime

www.entropia.com

Cal-(IT)2

SETI@home Demonstrated that PC Internet Computing Could Grow to Megacomputers

• Running on 500,000 PCs, ~1000 CPU Years per Day– 485,821 CPU Years so far

• Sophisticated Data & Signal Processing Analysis• Distributes Datasets from Arecibo Radio Telescope

Next Step-Allen Telescope Array

Cal-(IT)2

Companies Competing for Leadershipin Internet Computing

Intel Establishes Peer-to-Peer Working Group

Cal-(IT)2

Entropia Donation brings Internet Computing to Scientific Researchers

• Two Agreements Announced November 9, 2000 at SC00– Entropia, Inc., and the Alliance– Entropia, Inc., and the NPACI

• Entropia Will Donate 200 Million CPU Hours to PACI Program– Largest Computing Platform for National Academic User Community– Comparable to 10 Years Capacity of the Largest LES Systems

• Empower Computational Scientists – Access to Massive Resources

• Drive Development of Computer Science– Scalable Computational Algorithms and Techniques

Andrew Chien, Entropia, SC00