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ACIACI-- Airport Environmental Airport Environmental ColloquiumColloquium

Cairo International AirportCairo International Airport

Speaker : Mohamed Sherby

ACI Africa Representative on WESC Cairo Airport Head of Noise and Air

Quality Center

26-27 Nov2008 Cairo Egypt

General AdministrationGeneral Administrationfor Environmental for Environmental

OperationsOperations

Cairo Airport CompanyCairo Airport Company

Air Quality Section

Basic information for pollutantsAir PollutionAny change in the properties or specifications of the natural air which causes hazards to human health or to the environment, whether resulting from natural factors or human activities, including noise.

Under the Clean Air Act, EPA establishes air quality standards to protect public health, from harm, as well as protecting against decreased visibility and damage to crops, vegetation, and buildings.

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

particulate matter (PM) carbon monoxide (CO)sulfur dioxide (SO2) nitrogen dioxide (NO2)ozone (O3) lead (Pb)

EPA has set national air quality standards for six common air pollutants (also called the criteria pollutants):

Primary PM SourcesIndustrial Process.

Industrial, Commercial residential fuel combustion.

Windblown dust e.g., from mines.

Re entrained dust from Vehicle traffic on roads.

Open burning and agriculture burning.

Natural sources (sea salt and volcanoes).

Particulate Matter (PM)

Environmental effectsRegional haze, visibility degradation and smog, pendent on PM size.

Soiling of building and Property.

Alteration of local weather.

Health effects (fine PM)Respiratory Problems.

Lung diseases.

Premature death.

Chronic bronchitis.

Particulate Matter (PM) effects

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Automobiles.

Residential heating and cooking.

Industrial processes.

Open burning.

Prescribed or agricultural burning.

Sources

Created by incomplete combustion of Created by incomplete combustion of Carbonaceous fuel Sources Like:Carbonaceous fuel Sources Like:

Carbon Monoxide (CO) effectsEnvironmental effects

Global warming.

Health EffectsHeart diseases.

Prohibits the oxygen carrying ability of blood.

Respiratory problems.

Affects the central nervous system.

Death at higher concentration.

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

SourcesFossil-fuel combustion.

Combustion of sulfur containing materials (e.g., coal).

Industrial processes.

Volcanoes.

SOSOxx used to categorize SOused to categorize SO22 and SOand SO33..

Sulfur Dioxide(SO2)effectsEnvironmental effects

Visibility degradation.Acid deposition.Secondary PM precursor.Corrosion.

Health EffectsRespiratory problems.Lung diseases.Aggravation of existing cardio-vascular diseases.

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)NONOxx used to categorize NO and NOused to categorize NO and NO22..

sourcesVehicle traffic.High-temperature combustion processes Like:

Power plants (thermal and cogeneration).

Industrial combustion (Fossil fuels).

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) effectsEnvironmental effects

Photochemical smog.Ozone formation.Visibility degradation.Acid deposition.Secondary PM precursor.Eutrophication.

Health EffectsRespiratory problems.Lung diseases.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Combustion sourcesStationary traffic.

Vehicular traffic.

Evaporative sourcesSurface coating and paints.

Petroleum products storage and distribution (e.g., refineries and fuel stations).

Solvents (consumer products, industrial uses).

VOCs effectsEnvironmental effects

Secondary aerosol formation haze and particulate matter precursor).Photochemical smog and ground-level ozone formation.

Health effectsRespiratory problems.Nose and throat infection.Skin allergies.Cancer.Kidney ,live, and brain damage.Damage to nervous, reproductive and immune systems.

Ozone (O3)Formed by free radical reactions of reactive VOCs and NOx in the presence of sunlight.

Temperature inversions (warm air is trapped near the surface ) promote smog formation.

VOC + NOx + Sunlight = Ozone

Lead (Pb)

SourcesMetal processing.

Fuel combustion.

Waste incinerators.

Lead-acid battery manufacturing.

Lead-based paint manufacturing.

A metal found naturally in the environment.A metal found naturally in the environment.Used in manufactured products.Used in manufactured products.

Lead (Pb) effects

Environmental effectsSlowing of vegetative growth.Elevated levels in water causes reproductive damage to some aquatic and animal life.

Health effectsDamage to kidneys, liver brain , and nerves.Leads to osteoporosis and reproductive disorders.Cause high blood pressure and increased risk of heart attacks.

Sources of Air pollution at Airports

Sources of Air pollution at Airports

Mobile sourcesAircraft, ground support equipment, automobiles, maintenance and construction equipment.Not typically subject to permitting.

Stationary sourcesHeating units, generators, fuel storage tanks.

Area sourcesFuel facilities.Construction.

Air Quality Monitoring

Two Air Quality monitoring systems are installed Up and Down wind from TB3 to find out the impact of TB3 operations activities on ambient air quality in the Airport vicinity

Cairo AirportCairo Airport

Up Wind Air Quality Monitoring Station Hall 4

Down Wind Air Quality Monitoring Station

Terminal 2Terminal 2

Air Quality Monitoring StationInterior View

Environmental Monitoring Control Center at CAI

Life Time DATALife Time DATA

Annex 5Annex 5

24 Hrs

1 Year

150

70

Repairable Particles Repairable Particles (PM10)(PM10)

I Year60

24 Hrs150Black Smoke Black Smoke (BS)(BS)

8 Hrs120

1 Hr200

Ozone(OOzone(O33))

24 Hr150

1 Hr400Nitrogen Nitrogen Dioxide(NODioxide(NO22))

8 Hrs10 Milligram / Cubic meter

1 Hr30 Milligram / Cubic meterCarbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide (CO)(CO)

1 Year60

24 Hr150

1Hr350SulphurSulphur Dioxide Dioxide

(SO(SO22))

EXPOSURE EXPOSURE PERIODPERIOD

MAXIMUM LIMITMAXIMUM LIMITPOLLUTANTPOLLUTANT

B.SB.S

Hall 4 Daily BS Concentration (AUG 2008)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1-Aug

3-Aug

5-Aug

7-Aug

9-Aug

11-Aug

13-Aug

15-Aug

17-Aug

19-Aug

21-Aug

23-Aug

25-Aug

27-Aug

29-Aug

31-Aug

Conc

. µg/

m3

Day

Air Quality Limit / 24 Hour =150Hall 4 BS Concentration (OCT 2008)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1-Oct

3-Oct

5-Oct

7-Oct

9-Oct

11-O

ct

13-O

ct

15-O

ct

17-O

ct

19-O

ct

21-O

ct

Con

c. µ

g/m

3

Day - Hour

Hall 4 BS Concentration (AUG 2008)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1-Aug

3-Aug

5-Aug

7-Aug

9-Aug

11-A

ug

13-A

ug

15-A

ug

17-A

ug

19-A

ug

21-A

ug

23-A

ug

25-A

ug

27-A

ug

29-A

ug

31-A

ug

Co

nc

. µg

/m3

Day - Hour

PM10PM10

Hall 4 Daily PM10 Concentration (AUG 2008)

2030405060708090

100110120

1-Aug

3-Aug

5-Aug

7-Aug

9-Aug

11-Aug

13-Aug

15-Aug

17-Aug

19-Aug

21-Aug

23-Aug

25-Aug

27-Aug

29-Aug

31-Aug

Conc

. µg/

m3

Day

Air Quality Limit / 24 Hour =150

Hall 4 Daily PM10 Concentration (OCT 2008)

0102030405060708090

1-Oct

3-Oct

5-Oct

7-Oct

9-Oct

11-O

ct

13-O

ct

15-Oct

17-Oct

19-Oct

21-O

ct

Con

c. µ

g/m

3

Day


COCOTB 2 CO 8-h Concentration 8 hour (AUG 2008)

0

2

4

1-Au

g

3-Au

g

5-Au

g

7-Au

g

9-Au

g

11-A

ug

13-A

ug

15-A

ug

17-A

ug

19-A

ug

21-A

ug

23-A

ug

25-A

ug

27-A

ug

29-A

ug

31-A

ug

Co

nc

. m

g/m

3


Day - 8 Hour

TB 2 CO Concentration (AUG 2008)

0

2

4

1-Aug

3-Aug

5-Aug

7-Aug

9-Aug

11-A

ug

13-A

ug

15-A

ug

17-A

ug

19-A

ug

21-A

ug

23-A

ug

25-A

ug

27-A

ug

29-A

ug

31-A

ug

Co

nc

. mg

/m3

Air Quality Limit / Hour =30

Day - Hour

TB 2 CO Concentration (SEP 2008)

0

2

4

6

1-Sep

3-Sep

5-Sep

7-Sep

9-Sep

11-S

ep

13-S

ep

15-S

ep

17-S

ep

19-S

ep

21-S

ep

23-S

ep

25-S

ep

27-S

ep

29-S

ep

Co

nc.

mg

/m3


Day - Hour

COCO22

Hall 4 CO2 Concentration (SEP 2008)

200

250

300

350

400

1-Sep

3-Sep

5-Sep

7-Sep

9-Sep

11-Sep

13-Sep

15-Sep

17-Sep

19-Sep

21-Sep

23-Sep

25-Sep

27-Sep

29-Sep

Con

c.m

g/m

3

Day - Hour

Hall 4 CO2 Concentration (JUNE 2008)

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

1-Ju

n

3-Ju

n

5-Jun

7-Ju

n

9-Ju

n

11-Ju

n

13-J

un

15-J

un

17-J

un

19-J

un

21-Ju

n

23-J

un

25-J

un

27-J

un

29-Ju

n

Co

nc

.mg

/m3

Day - Hour

Hall 4 CO2 Concentration (JUNE 2008)

0

5010

015

020

025

030

035

040

0

1-Ju

n

3-Ju

n

5-Ju

n

7-Ju

n

9-Ju

n

11-J

un

13-J

un

15-J

un

17-J

un

19-J

un

21-J

un

23-J

un

25-J

un

27-J

un

29-J

un

Co

nc

. m

g/m

3

SOSO22

Hall 4 SO2 Concentration (AUG 2008)

0

20

40

60

1-A

ug

3-A

ug

5-A

ug

7-A

ug

9-A

ug

11

-Au

g

13

-Au

g

15

-Au

g

17

-Au

g

19

-Au

g

21

-Au

g

23

-Au

g

25

-Au

g

27

-Au

g

29

-Au

g

31

-Au

g

Co

nc. µ

g/m

3


Day - Hour

Hall 4 Daily SO2 Concentration (AUG 2008)

0

5

10

15

20

25

1-Aug

3-Aug

5-Aug

7-Aug

9-Aug

11-Aug

13-A

ug

15-Aug

17-A

ug

19-Aug

21-A

ug

23-A

ug

25-A

ug

27-A

ug

29-Aug

31-A

ug

Co

nc.

µg

/m3

Day


Hall 4 SO2 Concentration (OCT2008)

0

20

40

1-Oct

3-Oct

5-Oct

7-Oct

9-Oct

11-O

ct

13-O

ct

15-O

ct

17-O

ct

19-O

ct

21-O

ct

Co

nc

. µg

/m3


Day - Hour

NONO22

TB 2 Daily NO2 Concentration (AUG 2008)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1-Aug

3-Aug

5-Aug

7-Aug

9-Aug

11-A

ug

13-A

ug

15-A

ug

17-A

ug

19-Aug

21-Aug

23-A

ug

25-A

ug

27-A

ug

29-Aug

31-Aug

Co

nc

. µg

/m3

Day


TB 2 NO2 Concentration (AUG 2008)

020406080

100

120

140

160

1-Aug

3-Aug

5-Aug

7-Aug

9-Aug

11-Aug

13-Aug

15-Aug

17-Aug

19-Aug

21-Aug

23-Aug

25-A

ug

27-A

ug

29-A

ug

31-A

ug

Co

nc

. µg

/m3


Day - Hour

Hall 4 NO2 Concentration (OCT 2008)

0

20

40

60

80100

120

1-Oct

3-Oct

5-Oct

7-Oct

9-Oct

11-O

ct

13-O

ct

15-O

ct

17-O

ct

19-O

ct

21-O

ct

Co

nc.

µg

/m3


Day - Hour

TB 2 O3 8-h Concentration 8 hour (AUG 2008)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1-Aug

3-Aug

5-Aug

7-Aug

9-Aug

11-A

ug

13-A

ug

15-A

ug

17-A

ug

19-A

ug

21-A

ug

23-A

ug

25-A

ug

27-A

ug

29-A

ug

31-A

ug

Co

nc

. µ

g/m

3


Day - 8 Hour

OO33

Hall 4 O3 Concentration (OCT 2008)

0

50

100

150

200

1-Oct

3-Oct

5-Oct

7-Oct

9-Oct

11-O

ct

13-O

ct

15-O

ct

17-O

ct

19-O

ct

21-O

ct

Co

nc

. µg

/m3

Day - Hour


TB 2 O3 Concentration (AUG 2008)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1-Aug

3-Aug

5-Aug

7-Aug

9-Aug

11-A

ug

13-Aug

15-Aug

17-A

ug

19-Aug

21-A

ug

23-Aug

25-Aug

27-A

ug

29-Aug

31-A

ug

Con

c. µ

g/m

3


Day - Hour

Our RecommendationsOur Recommendations1.1. Improve the quality of fuel and alternative fuel use Improve the quality of fuel and alternative fuel use

less polluted environment.less polluted environment.

2.2. Expansion of the project for replacement of old Expansion of the project for replacement of old Vehicles and the development of standards and Vehicles and the development of standards and specifications for cars.specifications for cars.

3.3. Spread environmental awareness for workers.Spread environmental awareness for workers.

4.4. Masks provide protection for workers.Masks provide protection for workers.

5.5. Increase green areas around the airport.Increase green areas around the airport.

6.6. Prevent build new cities neighbor the airport.Prevent build new cities neighbor the airport.

Mohamed Sherby

ACI Africa Representative on WESC Cairo Airport Head of Noise

and Air Quality Center

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