caiet de practica tehnologia constructiilor

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PRACTICE NOTEBOOK

TECHNOLOGICAL AND ORGANISATION PRACTICE

Advisor Student

Iasi, 2012

Notebook Content


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1.Practice Objectives2.Health and Safety in Construction3.Types of Activities Performed

Practice objectives


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1.Enrich students' knowledge in technology and organization workand generally in the composition and execution of buildings.

2.Acquisition by students of the method of expression in writingand graphically by schemes and technological sheets, both overall

design and details that makes the practical implementation of

various technological processes, in appropriate terms of quality,

work safety and economic efficiency.

3. Initiate students in the daily activities of the leader of a workpoint, achieve an objective of building activity that characterizez

the immediate following college graduation period.

Health and Safety in Construction

Minimum safety and health requirements for construction sites


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1. Stability and solidity

1.1. Materials, equipment and, in general, anything that, to shift something, may affect safety and

health, should be fixed in an appropriate and safe way.

1.2. Access to any surface material that has not adequate strength is not permitted unless equipment is

used or suitable means so that work is done safely.

2. Power distribution equipment

2.1. Installations must be designed, made and used so as not to present a fire or explosion, and workers

are properly protected against the risk of electrocution by direct or indirect affect.

2.2. The design, construction and choice of material and protection devices must take into account the

type and power of the energy distributed, external conditions influence and competence of persons

with access to parts of the plant.

3. Routes and emergency exits

3.1. Emergency routes and exits must be permanently free and lead in the most direct way possible in a

secure area.

3.2. In an emergency, all construction sites must be able to evacuate quickly and safely as possible for

workers.

3.3. Number, location and dimensions of emergency routes and exits is determined according to use of

equipment and site dimensions and the rooms and the number of persons that may be present.

3.4. Emergency routes and exits must be marked in accordance with the provisions of nationallegislation transposing Directive 92/58/CEE.

Signaling panels must be made of a sufficiently durable material and be placed in appropriate places.

3.5. To be used at any time, without difficulty, routes and emergency exits and passages and doors that

have access to them must not be blocked by objects.

3.6. Emergency routes and exits requiring illumination must be provided with safety lighting, adequate

intensity in case of power failure.

4. Detection of fire and fire fighting

4.1. Depending on site characteristics and the size and destination rooms, equipment present, the

physical and chemical properties of substances or materials present, and the number of persons that

may be present, it is necessary to provide a sufficient number of devices appropriate fire-fighting and, if

necessary, a sufficient number of fire detectors and alarm systems.


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4.2. Extinguishing devices, fire detectors and alarm systems must be maintained and checked

periodically.

At regular intervals should be made appropriate tests and exercises.

4.3. Non-automatic extinguisher must be accessible and easy to handle.

4.4. They must be marked according to the national legislation transposing Directive 92/58/CEE.

Signaling panels must be sufficiently resistant and placed in appropriate places.

5. Ventilation taking into account the working methods used and the physical demands placed on

workers, have taken steps to ensure workers enough fresh air. If using an installation of ventilation, it

must be maintained in working order and must not expose workers to drafts which could affect health.

When necessary for health workers, a control system must signal any accidental shutdown of the plant.

6. Exposure to particular risks

6.1. Workers should not be exposed to hazardous noise levels or harmful external influences such as

gases, vapors or dust.

6.2. When workers must enter into an area whose atmosphere is likely to contain a toxic substance or

harmful, have insufficient oxygen content or to be inflammable, the work area must be controlled and

taken appropriate measures to prevent any danger.

6.3. In a closed space a worker can not be in any way exposed to a high risk environment. The worker

must at least be supervised at all times from the outside and must take all appropriate measures to be

awarded first aid effectively and immediately.

7. Temperature. During working hours, the temperature must be appropriate for human beings, taking

into account the working methods used and the physical demands that are subject workers.

8. Natural and artificial lighting of constrcutin ssites, rooms and traffic routes on the site

8.1. Construction sites\, rooms and traffic routes must have, as far as possible, enough natural light.

When daylight is not sufficient and also at night jobs should be provided with appropriate and sufficient

artificial light. When necessary, portable light sources used, protected against shock. The color of

artificial light used must not alter or influence the perception of signals or signposts.

8.2. Lighting installations in rooms, work stations and the traffic routes must be located so as not at riskof injury to workers.

8.3. Rooms, workstations and traffic routes where workers are exposed to risks in case of failure of

artificial lighting operation, must be provided with emergency lighting of adequate intensity.

9. Doors and gates


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9.1. Sliding doors must be fitted with a safety system to prevent derailed and falling over.

9.2. Doors and gates opening upwards must be fitted with a safety system to prevent their fall.

9.3. Doors and gates along the paths of safety must be marked accordingly.

9.4. In the immediate vicinity of gates for vehicle traffic must be doors for pedestrian. They must be

clearly indicated and should be kept free at all times.

9.5. Mechanical doors and gates must function without risk of injury to workers. They must be equipped

with emergency stop devices, accessible and easily identified, except that open automatically in case of

blackout, and must be able to be opened manually.

10. Traffic routes - danger areas

10.1. Traffic routes, including mobile stairs, fixed ladders, loading bays and ramps must be calculated,

placed and arranged, and accessible so that it can be used easily, safely and in accordance with their

destination, and workers are traffic near these horses are not exposed to any risk.

10.2. Ways that serve the movement of persons and / or goods and the place where loading or

unloading operations must be sized according to the number of potential users and the type of activity.

If vehicles are used on traffic routes, a sufficient safety clearance or adequate protective means must be

provided for other site users. Traffic routes must be clearly marked, regularly checked and maintained.

10.3. Traffic routes for vehicles must be located so that there is a sufficient distance from doors, gates,

passages for pedestrians, corridors and stairs.

10.4. If the site has limited access areas, these areas must be provided with devices to prevent workers

entering without service duties in those areas. Have taken appropriate measures to protect workers

skills to break into dangerous areas. Danger areas must be clearly indicated.

11. Loading bays and ramps

11.1. Loading bays and ramps must be appropriate size loads to be transported.

11.2. Loading bays must have at least one output.

11.3. Ramps must be safe, so that workers can not fall.

12. Space for freedom of movement at the work area sites should be set, depending on equipment and

material necessary so that workers are provided with adequate freedom of movement for their

activities.

13. First Aid


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13.1. The employer must ensure that first aid can be made at any time. The employer shall provide

trained personnel for this purpose. Care must be taken to ensure evacuation for medical care to injured

workers or victims of sudden illness.

13.2. To be provided one or more first aid rooms, depending on site size and types of activities.

13.3. For first aid rooms must be equipped with equipment and materials needed for first aid and to be

easily accessible to stretchers.

13.4. These spaces must be marked in accordance with the provisions of national legislation transposing

Directive 92/58/CEE.

13.5. First aid materials must be provided in all places where working conditions require. They must be

properly marked and should be easily accessible. An indication panel located in a visible place must

clearly indicate the address and telephone number of emergency service.

14. Falling objects. Workers must be protected from falling objects, whenever it is technically possible,

by means of collective protection.

Materials and equipment must be placed or stored so as to avoid their collapse or overthrow. If

necessary, must be provided or covered passages will prevent access to dangerous areas.

15. Falls from height

15.1. Falls from height must be prevented with material resources, especially with solid safety railings,

high enough and having at least one border, an intermediate handrail and protection, or other

equivalent alternative means.

15.2. Work at height can not be made, in principle, but with appropriate equipment or using collective

protection devices such as railings, nets or catch platforms.

If, due to the work, you can not use such equipment must be provided adequate means of access and

must use seat belts or other safe means of anchoring.

16. Scaffolding and ladders

16.1. All scaffolding must be designed, constructed and maintained so as to avoid their collapse or

accidental displacement.

16.2. Working platforms, gangways and scaffolding ladders shall be constructed, dimensioned,protected and used so that people do not fall or be exposed to falling objects.

16.3. Scaffolding should be inspected by a competent person as follows:

a) before use;

b) at regular intervals;


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c) after any change, the period of inactivity, exposure to weather or earthquake or other circumstances

that could affect the strength or stability.

16.4. Stairs must have adequate strength and be properly maintained.

They must be correctly used in appropriate places and according to their destination.

16.5. Mobile scaffolding must be secured against involuntary displacement.

17. Lifting

17.1. All higher plants and accessories, including components and fasteners, anchor and support, must

be:

a) well designed and constructed and sufficiently strong for their intended use;

b) correctly installed and used;

c) maintained in good condition;

d) checked and subjected to regular tests and checks, according to legal provisions in force;

e) handled by skilled workers with appropriate training.

17.2. All installations of high and lifting accessories must be clearly marked maximum load value.

17.3. Higher plants and their accessories may be used for purposes other than those intended.

18. Vehicles and machinery for excavation and handling

18.1. All vehicles and machinery for excavation and handling must be:

a) well designed and constructed, taking into account as far as possible ergonomic principles;

b) maintained in good condition;

c) properly used.

18.2. Drivers and operators of vehicles and machinery for excavation and handling must be properly

trained.

18.3. Have taken preventive measures to avoid falling into excavations or into water vehicles andmachines for excavation and handling.

18.4. When necessary, the excavation and material handling machines must be equipped with resilient

elements, designed to protect the head against crushing when the car rollover and falling objects.

19. Plant, machinery, equipment


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19.1. Plant, machinery and equipment, including hand tools, with or without motor, must be:

a) well designed and constructed, taking into account as far as possible ergonomic principles;

b) maintained in good condition;

c) used exclusively for work for which they were designed;

d) operated by workers with appropriate training.

19.2. Plants and pressure vessels must be inspected and tested periodically and control.

20. Excavations, wells, underground works, tunnels, embankments

20.1. If excavations, wells, underground works or tunnels, have taken appropriate measures:

a) to prevent the risk of burial by the overthrow of land, with some support, ditch cleaning or other

appropriate means;

b) to prevent the fall hazards to persons, materials or objects;

c) to ensure sufficient ventilation to all workstations, so as to achieve a breathable atmosphere that is

not dangerous or harmful to health;

d) to allow workers to shelter in a safe place in case of fire or irruption of water falling materials.

20.2. Before starting, embankment should be taken to minimize hazards due to underground cables and

other distribution systems.

20.3. Have provided safe ways to enter and exit the excavation area.

20.4. Heaps of earth, materials and moving vehicles should be kept at a sufficient distance from

excavations, will eventually build appropriate barriers.

21. Demolition

When a building or demolition works can cause hazards:

a) adopt preventive measures and appropriate methods and procedures;

b) the work must be planned and executed under the supervision of a competent person.

22. Metal or concrete formwork and heavy prefabricated

22.1. Metal or concrete buildings and their components, formwork, prefabricated components or

temporary supports and scaffolding must be installed or removed only under the supervision of a

competent person.


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22.2. Appropriate prevention measures shall be provided to protect workers against hazards due to

insecurity and instability of temporary work.

22.3. Formwork, temporary supports and assistance for must be designed and calculated, operated and

maintained so that it can withstand, without risk, the tasks faced by.


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Types of Activities Performed

Team no. 2 was assigned to two work points:

SC CONEST SA FILARMONICA SC RALS GRUP SRL CASA PLESU

The activity at each work point had to be carefully observed. Information

about the construction processes were noted down and pictures were

taken for a better understanding of them.


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SC CONEST SA

FILARMONICA

The goal of the project was to rehabilitate the Filarmonica building

(section 3B), by keeping the original faade. This couldnt be done because

the front faade wall was beginning to crack and so the whole building had

to be demolished. The purpose for the building: rehearsal rooms, living

spaces, bathrooms.

The whole activity at SC CONEST SA for team no. 2 was guided by

Eng. Teodorescu Stefan and Eng. Baciu Andrei.


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The activity of team no. 2 at SC CONEST SA was to observe the

technological processes that were to take place and to see the way an engineer

manages his site.

The structure of the building is made of a mat foundation, Vierendeelbeams at the underground level and a steel frame structure for the

superstructure(HEA and HEB profiles for beams and columns). The slabs are

made of reinforced concrete, or reinforced concrete and corrugated steel sheets,

and there are also beams and columns made of reinforced concrete too. The

masonry walls are made of BCA or BCA and brick. The roofing system is made of

metallic purlins (2 channel profiles welded together) and wooden rafters and

battens. The wooden structure is treated with fireproofing agents.

Vierendeel beam

Metallic columns and beams

Corrugated steel sheet for

reinforced concrete slab


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Masonry brick wall

Roofing system

The reinforcement for the beam, slab and columns at the front faade

could be observed.

The slab was reinforced with PC 52 bars 10/10, repartition bars OB 37

8/20 and spacers (caprite, purici) for sustaining the upper reinforcement and for

the concrete covering.


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The beam was reinforced with 812 bars PC52, 210 bars PC 52 and

stirrups 8/15 OB 37.

The casing reinforcement of the columns was made and then put into

place.

Slab reinforcement

Beam and slab reinforcement

Manufacturing of casing

reinforcement for columns


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The formwork for the slab and the beam was done using modulated panels

125x60x10 cm, but also using boards where they were necessary for

completion. These elements were sustained by vertical metallic props.

Beam formwork

Metallic props for sustaining the

formwork panels

Modulated formwork panels


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The next phase was the placing of the concrete into the beam and slab

from the front faade. The concrete was delivered with a mixing truck and put

into place with a pump. The placed concrete was vibrated with an electric vibrator

for beams, and after it was leveled.

Concrete mixing truck and

concrete pump

Pouring of concrete and vibration of concrete


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Leveling of concrete

The next technological process observed was the excavation of the soil

done for realizing the English court and for linking a pipe to a drain. The

excavation was done at a -4.00 m with a back acting excavator.

Back acting excavator Excavation


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The masonry wall from the front faade was done in 2 layers, one of full

brick masonry 240x115x63 mm, and the second one from BCA masonry. The

mortar used was M25 Z mortar. The full brick masonry wall was reinforced with 2

bars 6 placed from 60 to 60 cm and linked with the column reinforcement.

Full brick masonry wall

Wall and column reinforcement

In the last day spent at SC CONEST SA, there could be seen a reinforcing of

a slab and a wall made for the English court, both of reinforced concrete. The

slab was reinforced with PC 52 bars 16/15, the repartition bars OB 37 8/20

and spacers for sustaining the upper reinforcement and for the concrete

covering. The wall was reinforced with PC 52 bars 16/15 at the exterior part

and 12/15 for the interior part. The reinforcement also contained spacers

(agrafe) used for keeping the bars in the right position and repartition bars OB

37 8/20 cm.


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Reinforcing of the slab and wall of the English court


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SC RALS GRUP SRL

Casa Plesu

The goal of the project was the building of an individual dwelling, the

construction being carried out by Eng. Vezeteu Romica, which was also

responsible for guiding team no. 2 through the technological processes

performed at the site. The construction started in 2012 and has a period of 3

years for finishing.

The foundation of the house is a continuous wall footing. At the basement

level, there will be shear walls made of reinforced concrete, and from the ground

level up it will be a frame reinforced concrete structure (columns and beams) and

masonry walls.


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The reinforcement of the columns was made of PC 52 bars, 16 and 14.

The stirrups were made from OB 37 steel, 8 spaced at 10 or 20 cm. The columns

were of square, rectangular or L shape.

Reinforcement of columns

After finishing the columns reinforcing, the wall formwork was built. It was

made from planks nailed to vertical wooden posts and sustained by wooden

bracings. The formwork was treated with an agent for the safe and easy removal

of the formwork after the placing of the concrete. The reinforcement of the

columns was covered during spraying so that the concrete, when placed, to be

able to work together with the reinforcement.


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