Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire · Ordnance Datum (AOD) in Fields 1 and 2, down to 126m AOD in the...

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

Excavation Report

for

Turley Associates

on behalf of

Persimmon Homes (South

Coast) and Martin

Grant Homes

CA Project: 779015

CA Report: 17120


Excavation Report

CA Project: 779015 CA Report: 17120

prepared by Oliver Good, Project Officer

date

checked by Richard Massey, Senior Heritage Consultant

date March 28, 2017

approved by Karen Walker, Principal Post-Excavation Manager

5th April 2017

signed

date

issue 01

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report

entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report © Cotswold Archaeology

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... 1

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 2

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................ 3

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................... 9

4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 10

5. RESULTS - FIELDWORK SUMMARY ............................................................... 13

PHASING .................................................................................................... 14

GEOLOGY AND SOIL SEQUENCE ............................................................ 15

AREA 1 ....................................................................................................... 16

AREA 2 ....................................................................................................... 25

AREA 3 ........................................................................................................ 30

6. FINDS ................................................................................................................ 40

Worked and burnt flint by Jacky Sommerville 41

Pottery by E.R. McSloy 41

Worked Stone by Ruth Shaffrey 45

Metalworking Debris by David Starley 46

Fired clay by Katie Marsden 48

Metalwork by Katie Marsden 48

Items of Worked Bone by Katie Marsden and E.R. McSloy 50

7. THE BIOLOGICAL RECORD ............................................................................. 51

Animal Bone by Matilda Holmes ...................................................... 51 Charred Plant Remains by Sarah Wyles .......................................... 53

Mollusc Remains by Sarah Wyles ................................................ 55

Wood Charcoal by Dana Challinor ............................................. 56

8. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................... 57

9. STORAGE AND CURATION .............................................................................. 64

10. PUBLICATION ................................................................................................... 64


11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................... 64

12. REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 65

APPENDICES:

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................... 73

APPENDIX B: POTTERY ............................................................................................... 95

APPENDIX C: WORKED STONE .................................................................................. 96

APPENDIX D: METALWORKING DEBRIS .................................................................... 98

APPENDIX E; THE BIOLOGICAL RECORD .................................................................. 99

APPENDIX F: OASIS REPORT FORM .......................................................................... 102


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location plan (scale 1:25,000)

Fig. 2 Area Location (scale 1:2,000 @ A3)

Fig. 3 Plan and aerial photograph of Area 1 (scale 1;300 @ A3)

Fig. 4 Plan and aerial photograph of Area 2 (scale 1:100 @ A3)

Fig. 5 Plan and aerial photograph of Area 3 (scale 1:200 @ A3)

Fig. 6 Photographs (scales 1m and 2m respectively),and section drawings of pit 10041

and ditch 10090 (scale 1:20)

Fig. 7 Photograph (scale 0.2m) and section drawings of posthole 1024 and ditch

terminal 10048 (1:20)

Fig. 8 Photographs (scales 0.3m) and section drawings of pit 20006 and ditch 20040

(1:20)

Fig. 9 Profile and section drawings of postholes 30029, 30031, 30035, 30041 and

30043 (1:20)

Fig. 10 Photographs (scales 0.5m and 1m respectively), and section drawings of ditches

30123 and 30143 (1:20)

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Quantification of Finds

Table 2: Objects of Metalwork

Table 3: Items of Worked Bone

Table 4; Quantification of Biological Record

Table 5: Charcoal from the Middle-Late Iron Age Features

Table 6: Context Descriptions (Appendix A)

Table 7: Pottery: Summary Quantification by Area (Appendix B)

Table 8: Worked Stone Catalogue (Appendix C)

Table 9: Full listing of Metalworking Debris by Context (Appendix D)

Table 10: Condition and Taphonomic Factors affecting the animal bones identified to taxa

and /or element (not including teeth) (Appendix E)

Table 11: Species Representation by Anatomical Element (Appendix E)

Table 12: Charred plant Identifications (Appendix E)

Table 13: Mollusc Remains (Appendix E)

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire: Excavation Report

1

© Cotswold Archaeology

SUMMARY

Site Name: Cadnam Farm,

Location: Alton, Hampshire

NGR: SU 72025 41075 Type: Excavation

Date: January-February, 2016

Planning Reference: 55488/001

Location of archive: Hampshire Cultural Trust, Accession Number: A2015.66

Site Code: CADF 16

A programme of archaeological excavation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in

January and February, 2016, at the request of Persimmon Homes (South Coast), and Martin

Grant Homes (the clients), at the Cadnam Farm site. Three individual areas, totalling 0.55ha,

were excavated across the proposed development area.

Area 1, within the north-east of the Site, contained a D-shaped enclosure of Middle Iron Age

date, which contained the remains of a roundhouse, and was associated, on its north-west

side, with a ditched drove-way. A number of associated features included refuse pits, a four-

post structure and a small post-built structure of circular plan. Pit 10041 in Area 1 produced

a mixed assemblage of finds, including bone weaving combs, pottery and items of

metalwork, all from a fill, 10043, which has been interpreted as a structured deposit.

Area 2 was situated on the north-east margins of the site, and contained the superimposed

foundation gullies of two roundhouses, with a probable third example situated slightly to the

south-west. The roundhouses contained internal, concentric post settings, and were of

Middle Iron Age date. Area 3 was located close to the north-west boundary of the Site, and

contained the remains of a circular-plan, post-built structure in its north-east corner, with an

adjacent four-post structure and associated post holes and pits, most of which were

undated. A number of paired and single post holes, together with a six-post structure, were

located within the north-west corner of Area 3, and a discrete cluster of post holes, further to

the south-east, represented a further small structure of indeterminate plan. A number of

these features were assigned a Middle Iron Age date on the basis of pottery. Two large

boundary ditches extended into Area 3, from its south-west corner, and were interpreted as

the funnelled entrance of a drove-way. A number of internal post settings may represent

structures associated with livestock handling. Two phases of ditches were evident, but these

were principally of late Iron Age/Early Roman date. An article summarising the results of this

excavation, will be published in a future volume of the Hampshire county journal.


2


1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 During January and February, 2016, Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an

archaeological excavation at the Cadnam Farm site, centred on NGR: SU 72025

41075 (Fig. 1). The work was undertaken at the request of Persimmon Homes

(South Coast), and Martin Grant Homes, in accordance with a brief for

archaeological investigation and recording prepared by Neil Adam, Senior

Archaeologist, Hampshire County Council, the archaeological advisors to the Local

Planning Authority (LPA), and with a subsequent, detailed WSI produced by CA

(2016), and approved by the LPA acting on the advice of the curator. The fieldwork

also followed Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation (CIfA 2014),

the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE):

Project Manager’s Guide (Historic England 2015a), and accompanying PPN3:

Archaeological Excavation (Historic England 2015b). It was monitored by the

curator, including site visits made on February 4 and 6, 2016.

1.2 This report presents the results and assessment of the evidence recovered from the

excavation, including stratigraphy, finds and biofactual evidence. It considers the

evidence collectively, in its local, regional and national context, and provides the

basis for a publication article.

The site

1.3 The development Site is c.12.6ha in extent, and is bordered to the south by an area

of modern residential development on the north-eastern margins of Alton (Fig. 1).

The Site extends across four agricultural fields (Fields 1 – 4, Fig. 2), with the

buildings of Cadnam Farm situated outside the Site, to the north, and those of

Blanes Farm situated within the Site, and just to the north-west of its southern

boundary (Fig. 2). The Site is bounded by open agricultural fields to the north, and

west and by a footpath and further fields to the east. It is divided into two

approximate halves by Upper Anstey Lane, which runs, on a south-east/north-west

alignment, through the centre of the Site. To the south, the Site is bordered by

Gilbert White Way and associated residential developments.

1.4 The Site is dominated by an area of higher downland to the north and west, and

overlooks the valley of the River Wey, which runs c. 1km to the south-east. The Site

lies on a gentle, north-south gradient, extending from an elevation of 146m above


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Ordnance Datum (AOD) in Fields 1 and 2, down to 126m AOD in the south-west

corner of Field 1.

1.5 The British Geological Survey Mapping (BGS 2015, online), and the results of an

archaeological evaluation (CA 2015), indicate that much of the Site is underlain by

New Pit Chalk of the Cretaceous period, with the northern parts of the Site underlain

by Lewes Nodular Chalk, or by superficial deposits of Clay-with-Flints.

Planning Context

1.6 Outline conditional planning permission (Ref: 55428/001) has been granted by East

Hampshire District Council (EHDC; the local planning authority [LPA]), for the

construction of up to 275 residential dwellings, together with associated landscaping,

a children’s play area, open space, and associated infrastructure, car parking and

roads.

1.7 Following consultation with Neil Adam, Senior Archaeologist at Hampshire County

Council, the archaeological advisor to East Hampshire District Council, an

evaluation was undertaken in October and November 2015, by Cotswold

Archaeology (CA 2015). This comprised the excavation of 86 no. 30m x 2m trial

trenches, which represented a 4% sample by area of the 12.6ha Site. The

evaluation followed, and was informed by, an earlier desk-based heritage

assessment (WSP 2014) and a geophysical survey (PCG 2015).

1.8 The evaluation identified two areas of dispersed Iron Age settlement activity within

the north-eastern and central parts of the Site. A summary of the results of

evaluation is presented in Section 2 of this report.

2. ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

Introduction 2.1 The Cadnam Farm site was the subject of an earlier desk-based assessment (WSP

2014), which was undertaken to support an application for outline planning

permission (Ref: 55428/001). The assessment encompassed a 1km-radius Study

Area around the Site, to enable it to be considered within its local archaeological and

historical context. These results, including those of a geophysical survey (PCG

2015), which were used to inform subsequent evaluation and excavation strategies,


4


are included within the assessment of archaeological background for the Site, which

is presented below.

Earlier Prehistoric Periods (c. 10,000 BC to c. 700 BC) 2.2 There are no known heritage assets of earlier Prehistoric date recorded within the

Site. There are, however, a number of recorded finds of prehistoric date within the

surrounding study area, including a Palaeolithic hand axe (500,000 - 10,000 BC,)

and possible Neolithic worked flakes (4000 – 2400 BC) recorded within the Parish of

Alton. Bronze Age finds (c.2400 – 700 BC) have also been recovered from within the

Study Area, and the Hampshire Historic Environment Record (AHBR) records

evidence of later Bronze Age (1100-700 BC), and possibly Early Iron Age (700-400

BC), activity within the environs of Treloar College, c.700m to the east of the Site.

Iron Age (c. 700BC – AD 43) 2.3 The Cadnam Farm site is situated within an area which has hitherto been associated

with only limited evidence of Iron Age or earlier prehistoric settlement, and only a

small number of recorded sites offer a degree of regional context. Of relatively

recent finds, the Alton Hoard, of first-century AD Atrebatic gold staters and items of

jewellery, was discovered in 1996, within the vicinity of the town. Recorded

settlement sites of Iron Age date within the wider environs of the Site are relatively

few, but include St John’s Hill, East Worldham (Scheduled Monument 1020314),

which is situated 4.8km to the south-east of Cadnam Farm, and comprises a small

univallate enclosure of Middle and Late Iron Age date. The cropmark of a large, D-

shaped enclosure of Middle and Late Iron Age date has been recorded to the east of

Dickett’s Plantation, Froyle (SU 7232 4345, Fig. 1) (Millett 1981, 49-53), at a location

2.4km to the north-north-east of Cadnam Farm. This has been suggested (ibid.) as a

possible Late Iron Age elite settlement, which may have functioned as a precursor of

the Roman ‘small town’ at Neatham (Fig. 1). Millett’s small-scale investigation (ibid.)

suggested that the enclosure ditches had been recut at the end of the Iron Age.

Beyond this example, a number of possibly-contemporary enclosed settlements are

located to the north-west of the Site. An earthwork enclosure with associated hollow-

way, is located within Humbly Grove, Weston Patrick (Monument number 243847,

SU 7032 4595), at a distance of 4.9km from Cadnam Farm, and a sub-rectangular

cropmark enclosure is located at Little Wood, Weston Patrick, at a distance of

7.3km. A further earthwork enclosure of probable Iron Age date is known at Weston

Common (SU 6944 4460), some 4km to the north-west, and Iron Age pits and

evidence of occupation have been recorded within the town of Alton. A possibly


5


contemporary Late Iron Age burial has been recorded at Manor Farm, Alton, c. 1km

to the east of the Site. The cropmark evidence of a late prehistoric or Roman-period

field system around Manor Farm, Alton (monument no. 244121), may provide further

context for this period.

Roman (AD 43 - 420) 2.4 No finds or archaeological features of Roman date have been recorded within the

Site, although several Roman-period features and findspots have been recorded

within the area surrounding Treloar College and Manor Farm, respectively located c.

0.75km and 1km to the east. Antiquarian records of finds from this area include

coins, pottery, a lamp and a paved floor. Excavations in the 1980s, at Manor Farm

Cottages, Neatham, c. 1.74km to the east of the Site, revealed evidence of Roman-

period occupation of the second to fourth centuries AD, possibly associated with

contemporary ‘ribbon development’ along the Silchester-Chichester Roman Road

(Graham 1990, 17-30).

2.5 The site of a Roman ‘small town’ is located 1km to the south-east of the Site, near

Neatham, which is located at a significant junction of Roman roads (Millett and

Graham 1986, 2-3) (Fig. 1). This site may be identified with that of Vindomis, a

Roman town which is mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary of the 3rd century AD, and

which apparently lay on the road between Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) and

Chichester (Noviomagus) (Rivet and Smith 1979, 82; Clarke 1959, 83-97). Roman

material has been recovered close to the medieval Manor House at Neatham,

including evidence of ironworking. Evidence of occupation of this date has also been

recorded in a number of areas within the town of Alton, notably at the southern end

of the High Street, and within the public gardens.

2.6 The earliest occupation within the Roman small town appears to date from the

Flavian period of the later first century AD (Millett and Graham 1986, 11, Table 1),

which is likely to post-date Period 3 on the Cadnam Farm site. However, the

excavations undertaken on the course of the Alton By-Pass in 1969-70, c. 130m to

the to the east of the small town site, recorded a small, Early Roman group of rich

cremation burials, together with two inhumation burials (Fig. 1). Of the cremation

burials, at least two (Burials 1 and 2) appear to date from AD 50-75, and thus

appear to demonstrate the presence of an elite social group in the area during a

period which is likely to have pre-dated the establishment of the ‘small town’, and


6


which may therefore be contemporary with Period 3 of this Site (Millett and Graham

1986, 61; Millett 1986, 43-87).

Anglo-Saxon (AD 410 – 1066)

2.7 There are no known archaeological remains of Saxon date within the Site. Alton is

thought to have origins in the Saxon period, with the town name apparently

originating from the Old English Aewielltun, which may be roughly translated as ‘the

farmstead near the spring’ (Hopkins 2004). A large Early Saxon cemetery of the 5th

or 6th century, has been recorded within the Mount Pleasant area of the town, and

was associated with approximately 50 inhumations and a similar number of

cremation burials. The Alton Buckle, regarded as one of the finest pieces of

contemporary jewellery beyond the major contemporary Royal burial site of Sutton

Hoo, Suffolk, was recovered from Grave 16 in this cemetery, which was excavated

in 1959-61 (Evison 1988, 75-76). The will of King Alfred included a bequest of land

at Awielltun, although it is possible that this reference may actually relate to Alton

Priors in Wiltshire (Sawyer, 1968).

Medieval (1066 – 1539)

2.8 There are no known remains or findspots of medieval date within the Site boundary.

Within the wider environs of the Site, contemporary records relate to the

neighbouring village settlements of Holybourne and Ansty, and the surviving

earthworks of a former churchyard boundary. In 1070, King William is recorded as

having given an estate at Alton to the Abbey of Saint Peter (i.e. Hyde Abbey in

Winchester) (Sawyer 1968).

2.9 A royal estate at Alton is listed in the Domesday Survey as Neatham, and was

sufficiently large at that time to accommodate 52 ploughs, 96 people, eight mills and

a market (Munby 1982). Holybourne and Anstey were also recorded as royal

manors at this time. There has also been a suggestion that a pre-conquest Minster

Church stood in close proximity to the Roman road crossroads at Neatham (Hase

1994).

2.10 The presence of a market in Alton during the 11th century is attested in a Domesday

entry that describes Aoltone in Odingeton as a valuable market. The two Manors of

Alton Eastbrook and Alton Westbrook are recorded as each controlling a fair by the

thirteenth century. A Saturday market of some considerable size was operating in


7


Alton by 1288, well in advance of the Charter of 1307 from Edward II, which

conferred on Alton the right to hold an annual fair.

Post-medieval (1540 – 1800) 2.11 During the Civil War, Alton was occupied by a detachment of the Royalist army,

under the command of Sir Ralph Hopton, but, in 1643 the town was taken by

Parliamentarian forces under Sir William Waller. In this action, Colonel Bowles was

killed at the Church door, and his regiment taken as prisoners. Waller’s forces,

numbering some 5,000, advanced along the Basing Road, before turning south

towards Alton, thus avoiding sentries posted to watch the main roads (Hopkins

2004).

2.12 A number of breweries were established in Alton during the post-medieval period,

together with paper-making, tanning and cloth-making industries, all of which had

become established by the 18th century. Timber and saw-mills were in operation

from at least the 1890s. There are no known archaeological remains of post-

medieval date recorded within the site. The surrounding study area also contains a

number of disused chalk pits, some of which are depicted on Ordnance Survey (OS)

maps, particularly on the higher ground to the west and north of the Site, and appear

to be associated with eighteenth and nineteenth-century land improvements. On

recent (2006) OS mapping, a field to the south of Field 4 is labelled as ‘Marlfield’,

suggesting that many of these disused chalk pits were quarried for the marling of

acidic soils on local farmland.

Geophysical Survey

2.13 A geophysical survey of most of the Cadnam Farm site was undertaken in

September, 2015 (PCG 2015), although Field 2 could not be surveyed, due to the

presence of a dense crop at that time. With the exception of Enclosure 1.1, whose

ditches were readily apparent, no other clear geophysical anomalies were identified

within the areas surveyed.

2.14 Within the north-east of Field 1, geophysical survey identified a D-shaped enclosure

of probable prehistoric origin (Enclosure 1.1), with a possible entrance at its south-

western corner. Evaluation trenches 73 – 77 were targeted on this feature, and

were amongst the very few trenches that were directly targeted on geophysical

anomalies. In addition, an east/west-aligned weak linear anomaly was recorded in

the centre of Field 1, which was thought to be of recent agricultural origin. Trench 59


8


evaluated this anomaly, although no archaeological features were observed within it.

No other significant geophysical anomalies of possible archaeological significance

were recorded by the survey (PCG 2015).

Evaluation (Fig.2) 2.15 An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in October

and November, 2015 (CA 2015). Eighty-six evaluation trenches were excavated,

representing a 4% sample (by area) of the proposed development area (Fig. 2). A

small number of the trenches (Trenches 73 to 77) were targeted on the geophysical

anomalies identified by an earlier geophysical survey (PCG 2015), including the

ditched enclosure in the north-east of Field 1. The evaluation recorded two areas of

dispersed Iron Age settlement activity within the north-east and north of Fields 1 and

2 respectively.

2.16 In Field 1, the evaluation confirmed the presence of a small, D-shaped, ditched

enclosure of Middle Iron Age date (Trenches 73 to 77), which had been identified by

the geophysical survey. In addition, what appeared to be a small, sub-oval enclosure

of possible Middle Iron Age date was identified in the north-east of Field 1 (Trench

84), although this was not apparent in the geophysical survey. Archaeological

features, including a small number of pits, postholes and ditches, were also

recorded to the north and east of the main enclosure (Fig. 2). While a number of

features produced no dateable material, a small assemblage of Middle Iron Age/Iron

Age pottery, worked and burnt flint, animal bone, fired clay fragments, a worked

bone textile comb and a copper alloy pin, were recorded, most particularly from the

fill of a large post pit (7907) in Trench 79. These finds, along with spatial

associations between identified features, suggested that most of the evaluated

features were broadly contemporary.

2.17 Significant finds were principally associated with two large post pits (7903, 7907),

which were situated at the eastern end of Trench 79, to the north-east of Area 1

(Fig. 2). Both pits were near-vertically sided, with flat bases, and measured c.0.8m in

maximum diameter by 0.15 – 0.25m in depth. The basal fill, 7904, of post-pit 7903,

contained common, large flints, animal bone, fired clay fragments and a Middle/Late

Iron Age bone comb (Evaluation Ra. 1). It also displayed a clear post-pipe of 0.27m

diameter, of which the fill, 7906, contained a chalky deposit (7905), with relatively

common charcoal, but no finds. The single fill 7908 of post pit 7907, contained a

near-complete, Middle Iron Age pottery vessel (Evaluation Ra. 2), in addition to


9


animal bone (pig) and relatively common charcoal inclusions. It is possible that both

the pottery vessel and the bone comb represent specially-placed items, and these

are discussed further in Section 8, below.

2.18 Another area of features of mostly Late Iron Age date was recorded in the north of

Field 2, within Trenches 14, 16, 25, 26. These also comprised a small number of

ditches, pits and postholes (Fig. 2). These features contained assemblages of finds

similar to those associated with the features in Field 1, but did also include a very

small assemblage of residual Early Iron Age pottery. The Field 2 area of features

included two, sub-circular post-built structures which, although undated, possibly

represent small stock pens, or windbreaks, of Middle or Late Iron Age date. It also

included a single four-post ‘granary’ structure.

2.19 In addition to two post-medieval chalk pits, which were located in the east of both

Fields 1 and 2, a large, undated field boundary ditch was recorded, which ran along

the east side of Field 1, running parallel with, and possibly representing a precursor

to, the present field boundary located immediately to the east.

3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

3.1 The aims of the excavation were to establish the character, quality, date,

significance and extent of any archaeological remains or deposits surviving within

the site. This information will assist the Local Planning Authority in making an

informed judgement on the likely impact upon the archaeological resource by the

proposed development.

3.2 The objectives of the archaeological excavation were to:

• record the nature of the main stratigraphic units encountered;

• assess the overall presence, survival and significance of structural and

occupational remains;

• assess the overall presence, survival, condition, and potential of artefactual

and ecofactual remains; and

• to gain a better understanding, and to clarify the nature, date and chronology

of, the archaeological features identified during the geophysical survey and

archaeological evaluation.


10


3.3 The specific aims of the excavation were to:

• record any further evidence of prehistoric evidence that may relate to past

settlement, funerary activity, industrial activity or other land use;

• to define the nature of the evidence for Middle Iron Age and Late Iron Age

activity identified during the evaluation;

• to characterise the enclosure identified in Trenches 73 to 77, and assess

evidence of settlement activity;

• to establish and define whether the Late Iron Age evidence identified in

Trenches 14, 16, 25 and 26 is indicative of domestic occupation, or whether

some other form of activity can be identified;

• recover artefact evidence to further refine the dating of past settlement that

was identified during the evaluation;

• sample and analyse environmental remains to create a better understanding

of past land-use and economy; and

• to date and characterise the large, undated field boundary ditch,.

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 Three areas of archaeological strip, map and record excavation (Areas 1-3) were

identified on the basis of earlier geophysical survey and evaluation trenching (Fig. 2).

These were focused on the principal areas of archaeological interest identified by the

trial trench evaluation (CA 2015).

Area 1

4.2 This area measured approximately 45m x 55m (0.25ha), and was focused on the

small Middle Iron Age D-shaped enclosure identified by the geophysical survey and

by evaluation trenches 73 to 77. Area 1 was also intended to investigate the

relationship of the D-shaped enclosure ditch to a north/south-aligned ditch identified

in Trench 80 (Ditch 101).

Area 2

4.3 This area measured approximately 25m by 20m (0.05ha), and was focused on a

small, sub-circular feature identified within Trench 84. Investigation within this area

also sought to further identify, and date, a large, undated field boundary ditch, which


11


was identified in trenches 70, 71, 72 and 85 (Fig. 2), which was thought to represent

a possible precursor to the present field boundary, immediately to the east.

Area 3

4.4 This area measured approximately 50m by 50m (0.25ha), and was focused on the

evidence from Trenches 14, 16, 25 and 26, which identified a small number of Middle

and Late Iron Age features, including ditches, pits and postholes, which were thought

to possibly indicate evidence of settlement.

4.5 Excavation areas were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates, using a

Leica GPS, and scanned for live services by trained staff using CAT and Genny

equipment, in accordance with the Cotswold Archaeology Safe System of Work for

avoiding underground services. Allowance was made for the possible adjustment of

the position and size of excavation areas to account for the presence of services and

other constraints, with the approval of the HCCPA. The final ‘as dug’ areas were

recorded with GPS. Provision was included within the Written Scheme of

Investigation for excavation areas to be extended if significant archaeological

remains were observed to extend beyond their initial limits.

4.6 Excavation work initially comprised the mechanical removal of archaeologically non-

significant soils, under constant archaeological supervision, using a toothless ditching

bucket. The generated spoil was monitored in order to recover artefacts. The hand-

cleaning of stripped surfaces, to better define any identified archaeological

deposits/features, was undertaken where necessary. All machining was conducted

under archaeological supervision, and ceased when the first archaeological horizon

or natural substrate was revealed, whichever was encountered first. All

archaeological features were recorded in plan, using Leica GPS.

4.7 During the course of the stripping, all potential archaeological features and spoil

removed was scanned by a metal detector to ensure that any significant features or

material were identified/collected at an early stage of the fieldworks.

4.8 The archaeological features thus exposed were hand-excavated to the bottom of

archaeological stratigraphy. All features were planned and recorded in accordance

with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual (CA 2013). Deposits were

assessed for their environmental potential in accordance with CA Technical Manual

2: The taking and processing of environmental and other samples from

archaeological sites (CA 2012). All artefacts recovered from the excavation were


12


retained in accordance with CA Technical Manual 3: Treatment of finds immediately

after excavation (CA 1995).

4.9 The examination and recording of features concentrated on recovering plans and any

structural sequences. Particular emphasis was placed on retrieving a stratigraphic

sequence, and on obtaining evidence for the phasing of the site. Provision was made in

the Written Scheme of Investigation for all evidence of funerary or ritual activity, and

domestic/industrial deposits, to be fully excavated. All discrete features (including post

holes and pits) were sampled by hand excavation (average sample unlikely to exceed

50%) unless their common or repetitious nature suggested that they were unlikely to

yield significant new information. All linear features (ditches, pathways etc) were

sampled to a maximum of 10%. Priority was given to those features which contained

sealed assemblages which could be related to the chronological sequence of the site. In

the case of deep features, hand-excavation ceased at a maximum depth of 1.2m in the

first instance, and feature edges were stepped or shored, as appropriate.

4.10 A full photographic record of the excavation was kept. The primary photographic

record was captured on Canon digital SLR equipment. The record included detailed

images of archaeological deposits and features, to illustrate their location and

context, together with the location and context of the separate working areas of the

site. The record included images of the site overall, and working shots which

illustrated the general progress of archaeological investigation.

4.11 All artefacts were recovered and retained for processing and analysis, in accordance

with the CA Technical Manual 3 Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation.

Material of undoubtedly modern date was not noted or retained. All artefacts were, as

a minimum, washed, weighed, counted and identified. Any artefacts requiring

conservation, or specific storage conditions, were dealt with immediately, in

accordance with the guidance document First Aid for Finds (Leigh, Watkinson and

Neal 1998).

4.12 Due care was taken to identify any deposits which were considered to have

environmental potential, and while provision for a programme of environmental

sampling was detailed within the Written Scheme of Investigation, the general

character of deposits and levels of preservation on the Cadnam Farm site limited the

scope for environmental sampling, and only seven bulk samples were recovered

across the site as a whole.


13


5. RESULTS: FIELDWORK SUMMARY

5.1 This section provides an overview of the results of excavation, including detailed

summaries of recorded contexts. Detailed descriptions of finds and environmental

samples (biological evidence) are to be found in Sections 6 and 7 of this report, and

are summarised in Appendices B to F. Following the completion of fieldwork, an

ordered, indexed, and internally consistent site archive was compiled in accordance

with specifications presented in the Management of Research Projects in the Historic

Environment (MORPHE), and the Project Manager’s Guide (Historic England 2015a).

A database of all contextual and artefactual evidence, and a site matrix, was also

compiled, and cross-referenced to spot-dating.

5.2 The survival and intelligibility of the site stratigraphy was limited, with archaeological

remains partly surviving as negative features, but frequently truncated by later

cultivation. In a number of cases, most notably in the cases of Roundhouses 3 and 4

(Fig. 4), it was possible to interpolate the course of missing sections of ring-gulley to

establish a basic plan. Despite a relative paucity of stratigraphic relationships, most

principal features have been assigned a preliminary period on the basis of context

dates and/or spatial associations.

5.3 The excavations revealed evidence for Middle and Late Iron Age/Early Roman

agricultural and domestic activity across the Site. In Area 1, the enclosure identified

by geophysical survey and evaluation was revealed as a Middle Iron Age ‘D’-shaped

enclosure, which contained the remains of a roundhouse. To the north-east of the

enclosure were six pits, one four-post structure, one small, post-built structure, and

two parallel ditches comprising an associated drove-way, were also recorded. Area 2

was located c. 50m to the north-east of Area 1, above a hill-slope. It contained one,

relatively complete ring-gulley, and five segments of curvilinear gullies, which

collectively appear to represent the remains of three individual roundhouses

(Roundhouses 3-5, Fig. 4). In addition, Area 2 contained 13 associated post holes,

three segmented gullies, and four small pits, most of which appear to represent

internal, concentric post settings within respective roundhouses. In the western end

of the site, in Area 3, located c. 175m to the south-west of Area 1, the entrance to

what appeared to be a large Late Iron Age or Early Roman drove-way, marked by

large ditches of sub-rectangular plan, was identified. These ditches appeared to

extend beyond the south-east edge of Area 3, on a north-east/south-west alignment.


14


Area 3 also revealed 47 individual post holes and five pits, of which the post holes

defined at least one four-post, and one six-post structure, together with a further

small, post-built roundhouse and a structure of indeterminate plan (Fig. 5).

Phasing

5.4 The assigning of features to periods was principally based on the dating of artefactual

evidence, although many features produced no dateable material. Where possible,

these have been broadly dated on the basis of spatial relationships with, or similarity

to, dateable deposits. On the basis of these criteria, recorded finds and features

were assigned to the following provisional periods:-

• Period 1: Mesolithic to Bronze Age (c.10,000 - 700 BC) (Residual worked flint)

• Period 2: Middle to Late Iron Age (c.400 BC to 50 BC)

• Period 3: Late Iron Age to Early Roman (c.50BC – AD 75)

• Undated

5.5 Period 1 is represented only by a single item of worked flint from Area 3, which can

be only broadly dated to the Prehistoric period. There was otherwise some

chronological distinction evident between different parts of the Site, with Period 3

features almost entirely confined to Area 3 (in the western part of the site), and

Period 2 features largely confined to Areas 1 and 2 (in the eastern part of the site).

Period 2 was largely defined by the presence of hand-made Middle Iron Age pottery

typologies, and was the only period represented in Area 2.

5.6 The Period 2 features evident within all excavated areas suggest a newly-established

settlement of Middle Iron Age date, with little evidence of earlier Prehistoric activity,

although small quantities of residual Early Iron Age pottery was recorded from pits

and ditches within Trenches 14, 16, 25 and 26 of the evaluation. The relatively long

currency and lack of stylistic differentiation of regional Middle Iron Age pottery

typologies permits very little refinement of phasing within this period. While there is

some evident inter-cutting of Period 2 features, there is little possibility of placing

these within any broader Period 2 sequence across the site. Thus, while all

excavated areas contained Period 2 features, it is not possible to demonstrate the

extent to which these were contemporary, or to identify any diachronic patterns of

Period 2 change across the site as a whole. However, the well-attested character of

Middle Iron Age settlement elsewhere across the Hampshire chalklands, including


15


Easton Lane (Fasham et. al 1989, 58-7-, Fig. 72) and Winnall Down (Fasham 1985,

18-26), makes it possible to suggest that the Period 2 features across the Cadnam

Farm site, and by implication many undated features, relate to a single, coherent

phase of settlement by a small social group during Period 2, which may have been of

fairly limited duration. On this basis, it is probable that house remains, and possibly

contemporary associated structures across the site, are of broadly contemporary

date.

5.7 The fill of gulley 106, which extended from Ditch 103 of Enclosure 1.1, was

associated with pottery of Late Iron Age type, and has thus been tentatively assigned

to Period 3 (Fig. 3). However, this appears to represent the latest dateable feature

within Area 1, which thus presumably demonstrates continuity with the Period 2

features which otherwise characterise this Area. This may indicate that Enclosure

1.1, and possibly other Phase 2 features across the site, date from the later part of

the Middle Iron Age Period 2 which, on a purely ceramic basis (Brown 1984, inter

alia), could theoretically date these features as late as the earlier first century BC.

This conforms to McSloy’s opinion (this report) that the pottery evidence supports a

distinctly later Middle Iron Age date for Period 2, and thus one which suggests

possible continuity with Period 3 in Area 3.

5.8 Throughout this report, clear distinctions have been made between dateable and

non-dateable features (Figs. 3-5), except in those few cases where contextual or

spatial associations permitted a confident assignment of date. Thus Roundhouse 2 in

Area 1 and Roundhouse 6 in Area 3, together with a number of pits and four and six-

post structures, remain technically undated, although on the basis of form and

comparative dated examples elsewhere, these are most probably of Period 2 date.

With the possible exception of Ditch 103 and gulley 106, no Period 2 features also

contained Period 3 material, and it is therefore reasonable to assume that occupation

within the areas excavated was abandoned at some time towards the end of the

Middle Iron Age, to be partly replaced by the layout of ditched boundary features

forming the putative drove-way entrance in Area 3. However, the Period 3 ditches

contained industrial debris and domestic material of this date in their fills, suggesting

that contemporary occupation and activity may have occurred nearby. It is possible

that these Period 3 ditches, 301 and 302, were continuous with other features across

the Site, although no evidence of these was identified by evaluation or within the

immediate environs of Area 3 (Fig. 2).

Geology and soil sequence


16


5.9 The natural substrate across the majority of the Site was underlain by New Pit

Chalk, with northern parts of the Site underlain by Lewes Nodular Chalk, or by

superficial deposits of clay-with-flints. Patches of light, greyish-brown silty clay,

representing degraded chalk, were observed in Area 3. Both chalk and clay-with-

flints substrates were recorded at depths of 0.3 – 0.7m below modern ground level.

However, in places, a c. 0.3m-thick colluvial deposit of light to dark reddish-brown

clayey silt was recorded, which increased in depth further downslope, and which, on

the north-western margins (Trench 14), was cut by archaeological features of Period

3 date.

5.10 Where colluvium was present, the natural chalk or clay-with-flints geology was

recorded at a depth of c. 0.7m within the lower parts of the Site. The natural chalk

was of fairly good quality, with very common flint inclusions. It was commonly

lightly-weathered and fractured, and with very few solution channels and hollows of

periglacial origin, although one large solution channel was recorded in evaluation

trenches 78, 79 and 82. The clay-with-flints geology comprised mid-red/brown silty

clay, with common angular and sub-angular flint inclusions. This was encountered

across almost the whole Site, except for within the eastern part of Field 1, and the

north of Field 2.

5.11 At the margins between these two component natural geologies of the site, a light

brown clay/silty clay, with moderate to common chalk and flint inclusions, was

recorded, which appeared to comprise a periglacially or geochemically-weathered

interface between the natural chalk and the clay-with-flints deposits.

5.12 Periglacial channels cutting the chalk geology were recorded in a number of

locations, particularly in the north of Field 2 (Area 3). However, between Areas 1

and 2, a large, slightly curving, NNW/SSE-aligned solution channel was recorded.

This was clearly indicated on the geophysical survey greyscale plot (PCG 2015,

Fig. 2) and was subsequently identified by evaluation (Trenches 78, 79 and 82), as

a feature c.3-4m wide and c.0.52m deep, and filled with a homogenous and

archaeologically sterile red-brown sandy silt (Fig. 2, geological feature).


17


Area 1 (Figs. 3, 6 and 7) Period 2: Middle to Late Iron Age (c. 400BC to AD 25) Ditches 101 and 102

5.13 Parallel ditches 101 and 102 extended beyond the northern edge of Area 1, on a

north-west/south-east alignment, and were separated by a distance of 8m. Ditch

101 (sections 10048 and 10076) ran for 23m before terminating, and measured an

average of 0.75m in width and 0.51m in depth, with a V-shaped profile. Section

10048 displayed three fills, of which primary fill 10049 was a thin, yellow-brown silty

clay layer derived from the weathering of ditch sides (Fig. 7). Secondary fill 10050

was a mid/light-grey/brown silty clay with a slightly humic character, which may

reflect the proximity of domestic occupation. The upper secondary fill 10051 was a

mid-grey/brown silty clay, which contained limited animal bone and a small quantity

of ironworking residue, and had a similarly humic character.

5.14 Ditch 102 was altogether different in size and profile, with moderate to gently-

sloping concave sides with a concave base, and measured an average of 2.54m in

width, and 0.17m in depth. It was investigated by sections 10052, 10083, 10008

and 10098, and ran for 28m, on a straight, south-easterly alignment, from the

northern edge of Area 1, to a point where it met, and was cut by, enclosure Ditch

103. This stratigraphic relationship, which was somewhat diffuse, suggested that

either Ditch 102 had gone out of use by the time Ditch 103 was excavated, or that

they were broadly contemporary, and Ditch 102 had been cut by a recut of Ditch

103. The location of the terminal of Ditch 101, some 3.5m from the northern edge of

Ditch 103, effectively created a small entranceway into what may have been a

formal drove-way entrance represented by Ditches 101 and 102, although this does

not explain the marked differences in profile between the two ditches. Section

10008 of Ditch 102 displayed a width of 3.66m and a depth of 0.25m, with

moderately-sloping sides and an uneven base. It contained a single, secondary fill,

10009, which comprised a mid-grey/brown silty clay, which contained no dateable

material.

Enclosure 1.1: Ditch 103

5.15 Located within the southern half of Area 1 was the Late Iron Age ‘D’-shaped

Enclosure 1.1. This feature had been identified by the geophysical survey, and the

previous evaluation (CA 2015), and was specifically targeted by the excavation of

Area 1. The enclosure comprised a single, continuous curvilinear ditch, Ditch 103


18


(sections 10090, 10098, 10104, 10111, 10125, 10130, 10137, 10139, 10144 and

10149), of uneven dimensions and profile. This did not form a complete enclosure

circuit, but continued beyond the south-eastern corner of Area 1 on a north-

east/south-west alignment, at which point where it measured only 0.7m in width and

0.34m in depth. Ditch 103 extended 16m from the eastern edge of Area 1, before

turning to the west and extending for a further 25m, where it gradually enlarged to a

width of 2.57m and a depth of 1m. The ditch then turned to the north, and ran on a

curving north-east/south-west alignment round to the north-west, at which point it

had a maximum width of 2.6m and a depth of 1.34m. Ditch 103 then turned at 90

degrees some 9m from the eastern edge of Area 1, and ran for a further 20.5m to

the south-east, becoming progressively narrower and shallower. It terminated just

2m to the north-west of the southerly length of the ditch, close to the point where it

extended beyond the edge of Area 1. At this point, its dimensions had reduced to

0.81m in width and 0.29m in depth.

5.15 Section 10090 was cut on the north-west side of Enclosure 1.1, close to the point of

the widest extent of Ditch 103 (Figs. 3 and 6). This section displayed a width of

2.6m and a width of 1.34m, with steeply-sloping, convex sides and a slightly

concave base. Of the five fills, 10091 was a primary fill of white-brown silty clay, and

10092 was a second primary fill of similar character. Secondary fill 10093 was a

light, grey/brown silty clay, with charcoal and chalk inclusions, and middle

secondary fill 10094 was a mid-white/brown silty clay with charcoal, Period 2 pottery

and a high inclusion of angular chalk. The uppermost secondary fill, 10095, was a

light-grey/brown silty clay, with limited charcoal inclusions, and of slightly humic

character, which may indicate long-term silting processes.

5.16 Section 10111 was cut on the north-east side of Ditch 103, just to the south of the

right-angled turn to the south-east (Fig. 3). This section displayed a width of 1.45

and depth of 0.75m, with steeply-sloping, convex sides and a sub-rounded base. It

contained three fills, of which 10112 was a secondary fill of mid-brown/red silty clay,

with slight chalk and flint inclusions and Period 2, Middle Iron Age sherds. Fill 10113

was a light, yellow-brown silty clay, which contained no finds and may represent the

partial collapse or slumping of ditch sides. The uppermost, secondary fill, 10114,

was a mid-grey/brown silty clay, with angular chalk and flint inclusions, which

contained sherds of Period 2, Middle Iron Age pottery, animal bone and fragments

of fired clay. It may partly represent a deposit of domestic waste, together with the

results of longer-term wind-blown or washed-in sedimentation.


19


5.17 Section 10130 was cut on the south-west side of Ditch 103, just to the west of

evaluation trench 74. It displayed a symmetrical, V-shaped profile, with steeply-

sloping sides, and a narrow, rounded base. At this location, Ditch 103 measured

1.93m in width and 1m in depth, and contained a sequence of four fills. The

primary fills 10131 and 10132, comprised a white/brown silty clays, representing

weathering deposits. Lower secondary fill 10133 comprised a mid-red/brown silty

clay, containing Period 2 pottery and animal bone, together with 21 fragments of

burnt or fired clay totalling 600g in weight. The upper secondary fill, 10134, was a

mid-red/brown silty clay, with small inclusions of charcoal and chalk, which may

represent the result of natural silting.

5.18 The profile of Ditch 103 varied dramatically, from very steep, slightly convex sides

with a narrow flat base in the north-west, to a gently sloping, concave profile in the

south-east. However, the shallow profile in the south-east appeared to be an

anomaly, with Ditch 103 generally found to have steep convex or concave sides,

and a flat base of varying depth and width. This notable variation in depth has been

attributed to the differential truncation of the enclosure ditch, most probably by post-

medieval and modern cultivation, although the variations are so marked as to

suggest that the changes in depth were deliberate, and may have had a functional

purpose, possibly relating to drainage.

5.19 The stratigraphic relationship between Ditch 102 and Ditch 103 was investigated by

section 11098 (Fig. 3) At this junction, Ditch 102 (cut 10109) was a shallow,

relatively diffuse feature, which contained a single fill, 10110, of mid-brown silty clay

which contained no dateable material. This appeared to be cut by Ditch 103 (cut

10098) at this point, indicating that it was an earlier feature, although it is likely that

Ditch 103 had been subject phases of redefinition or recutting.

Ring gullies 104 and 105

5.20 Located centrally within Enclosure 1.1 were discontinuous lengths of two ring

gullies, 104 and 105. Ring gulley 104 was positioned 1.5m to the north-east of

gulley 105, with both gully lengths positioned concentrically (Fig. 3). Each described

an approximate quarter circle. Gulley 104 (sections 10074 and 10135) contained a

single secondary fill of red/grey/brown silty clay, containing Period 2 Iron Age

pottery. It measured 0.4m in width and 0.18m in depth, and had a moderately-

sloping, concave profile. Gulley 105, by contrast, produced no dateable material.

This feature displayed very steep, concave sides, with a flat base, and measured


20


0.2m in width and 0.16m in depth. Gullies 104 and 105 had clearly been truncated

to the south and the west, and most probably represent different elements of the

plan of the same roundhouse. The thinner, steep-sided profile of 105 resembled the

slot trenches for stake or plank walling evident in the ring-gulley type of Wessex

roundhouses of Middle Iron Age date (Harding 2009, 71-76). By contrast, the

shallower, wider profile, and a fill of naturally silted character, containing pottery,

suggests that the outer gulley, 104, represents a drip or drainage gulley around the

perimeter of the roundhouse.

Pit and post hole features within Enclosure 1.1

5.21 Post holes 10070 and 10072, and pits 10087 and 10115, were located to just to the

south-west of gullies 104 and 105 (Fig. 3). Although these features did not contain

any dateable material, their position within the roundhouse represented by gullies

104 and 105 suggested that these represented internal structural features of

probable Period 2 date. Post hole 10070 displayed steep, concave sides and a

concave base, and measured 0.47m in length, 0.27m in width and 0.19m in depth.

It was located 2.5m to the south-west of ring gully 105, and contained a single fill,

10071, of mid-grey/brown clay silt. Positioned 1m to the west of post hole 10070

was pit 10087, which measured 1.33m in length, 1.16m in width and 0.31m in

depth, and had a moderately-sloping, concave profile. Pit 10087 contained two fills,

of which 10088 was a yellow/brown clay silt, and 10089 was a secondary fill of

similar character, but darker colouration.

5.22 Post hole 10072 was located 1m to the south-west of pit 10087. It had a steep-

sided concave profile, and measured 0.3m in diameter and 0.16m in depth, with a

single fill, 10073, of mid-grey/brown clay silt. Post hole 10115 was located 5.3m to

the south-east of post hole 10070. It measured 0.46m in width and 0.19m in depth,

with steep, almost vertical, sides, with a flat base, and contained a single fill, 10116,

of mid-grey/brown silty clay.

Features outside Enclosure 1.1

5.23 Pits 10037 and 10107 were respectively located 3m and 7.5m to the north-east of

Enclosure 1.1, and were both sub-circular in plan (Fig. 3). Pit 10037 measured

2.77m in length, 2.57m in width and 0.41m in depth, and had moderately-sloping

concave sides, with a wide, flat base. It contained three fills, of which the lowest,

10038, was a dark-brown silty clay, with flint and chalk inclusions and Period 2


21


pottery, together with fragments (50g) of fired or burnt clay. The second secondary

fill, 10039, was a dark-brown and white silty clay, with Period 2 pottery, which

represented a dumped deposit of chalk rubble and domestic waste. This fill also

contained 34g of fired or burnt clay fragments. The final secondary fill, 10040, was a

similar, dark-brown silty clay, with flint, chalk and charcoal inclusions, together with

Period 2 pottery and 36g of fired or burnt clay. Pit 10037 was interpreted as a

disposal pit for domestic waste from the closely-adjacent settlement associated with

Enclosure 1.1.

5.24 Pits 10035 and 10041 were located towards the northern corner of Area 1. They

were located on the eastern margin of Area 1 (Fig. 3). Pit 10035 was sub-circular

in plan, with steep concave sides and a flat base. It measured 1.26m in length,

1.09m in width and 0.27m in depth. It contained a single fill, 10036, comprising a

mid-grey/brown silty clay, with chalk inclusions and flecks of charcoal, together with

highly-fragmented Period 2 sherds, and fragments of fired clay and animal bone.

Pit 10041 (Fig. 6)

5.25 Pit 10041 was similar in plan, but had steep, irregular sides and a flat base. It

measured 1.26m in diameter and 0.64m in depth, and contained a sequence of four

fills (Fig. 6). Primary fill 10042 was a light, grey/brown silty clay which may have

derived from the weathering of pit sides. A lower secondary fill, 10043, was a dark,

black/brown sandy silt, with sub-angular chalk and flint inclusions, and a high

inclusion of charcoal, some of which, together with fragments of coke, or burned

coal, and fragments (36g) of fired clay, appeared to represent metalworking or other

industrial debris. This context was rich in finds, including two partly-complete

Middle Iron Age pots (Ra. 3 and Ra. 4), a small iron knife (Ra 1), a metal bead (Ra.

2), a bone comb (Ra. 5), and an item of worked bone (Ra. 6). Two environmental

samples (samples 1 and 2) were taken from this context, which represented a

deposit of burnt and domestic waste. These samples were dominated by weed

seeds, but contained some cereal grains. In addition, samples 6 and 7 were taken

from the contents of pots Ra. 3 and Ra. 4, and were dominated by cereal grains.

These principally comprised barley, with some hulled wheat grains identified as

emmer or spelt. None of the samples taken from fill 10043 contained chaff

elements, or evidence of crop processing waste.

5.26 A further fill of 10041, 10044, was a mid-yellow/brown clay, which represented a

partial collapse of the pit sides. The upper secondary fill, 10045, was a deep


22


(0.51m) deposit of mid-grey/brown clay silt, with angular flint and chalk inclusions,

which contained Middle Iron Age pottery and a piece of sandstone (SF 2), which

may represent part of a quern. Although the majority or pits within the north-eastern

quadrant of Area 1 contained little or no finds, their spatial relationship to pit 10041,

and discrete grouping to the north of Enclosure 1.1, suggests that they may have

comprised a zoned area of domestic refuse pits. It is likely that evidence of further

pits extends beyond the north-east edge of Area 1.

5.27 Located within the south-eastern corner of Enclosure 1.1, was pit 10096. This was

sub-oval in plan, with moderately-sloping, concave sides and a flat base. It was

located 0.7m to the south-west of the terminal of Ditch 103, and measured 2.01m in

length, 0.88m in width and 0.42m in depth. It contained a single fill, 10097, of mid-

grey/brown clay silt, containing Period 2 Iron Age pottery, chalk nodules and sub-

angular flint. This feature may have been associated with the entranceway into

Enclosure 1.1 on its eastern side, although its shallow, rounded profile suggests

that it was not a post setting.

Period 3: Late Iron Age to Early Roman (c.50BC – AD 75)

Gully 106

5.28 Gully 106 (section 10144) terminated 2m before the south-western edge of Area 1,

and close to the southern-western corner of Enclosure 1.1 This feature ran for 12m,

on a short, south-west/north-east alignment, on the south side of Ditch 103, before

being completely cut by, or incorporated within, Ditch 103. This feature measured

an average of 0.37m in width, and 0.41m in depth, and displayed steep, concave

sides and a concave base. It contained a single fill, 10124, of yellow-brown clay silt,

which included burnt flint, Late Iron Age pottery and animal bone. It is possible that

Gully 106 represents a later phase, or the partial re-cutting, of Ditch 103 of

Enclosure 1.1. On the basis of the Later Iron Age character of the pottery within fill

10124, this feature has been assigned to Period 3, although it appeared to be

integral to an earlier, Period 2 enclosure ditch.

Undated

5.29 Tree-throw hollows 10003 and 10006 were located within the north-western corner

of Area 1, and were sub-oval in plan, with irregular sides and base. They measured

an average of 2.43m length, 1.15m in width and 0.45m in depth. These hollows

were of some interest, as they were the only features identified to the west of Ditch


23


102. The absence of archaeological features within this area suggested a distinctly

different function across this part of the site, with domestic activity apparently

confined to the south-west facing slope to the north-east of Area 1 and Ditch 102,

while the western side of Ditch 102 was entirely free of structural features and pits,

possibly indicating an open space used for agricultural activity.

5.30 Pit 10107 was positioned between pit 10037 and the eastern edge of Area 1. It

measured 1.95m in length, 1.3m in width and 0.25m in depth, and displayed

moderately-sloping concave sides, with a flat base. It contained a single fill, 10108,

comprising a mid-brown clay silt, with chalk and flint inclusions, but no dateable

material.

Pits 10046 and 10026

5.31 Pit 10046 was located 5.8m to the north of pit 10037. It was sub-oval in plan, with

moderately-sloping, concave sides and a flat base. It measured 0.72m in length,

0.68m in width and 0.15m in depth, and contained a single fill, 10047, comprising a

mid-grey/brown clay silt, with sub-angular chalk and flint inclusions, but no dateable

material. Positioned 9m to the north-west of pit 10046, was large pit 10026. This

was an irregular sub-oval in plan, and measured 3.7m in length, 1.8m in width and

0.4m in depth. It had moderately-sloping concave and convex sides, with a flat

base, and contained two fills. The lower secondary fill, 10027, was a mid-brown

clay silt, with sub-angular flint and chalk inclusions, together with small quantities of

charcoal and animal bone. The upper secondary fill, 10028, was a light-brown and

white silty clay, which represented a deliberate backfilling with natural chalk.

Four-post Structure 1

5.32 Located 1.5m to the east of the north-eastern corner of Enclosure 1.1, was a

discrete group of post holes, comprising cuts 10058, 10060, 10062 and 10064,

which were arranged in a square configuration (Fig. 3). Together, they comprised

clear evidence of a four-post structure. Post hole 10058 was located 1.8m to the

east of the north-eastern side of Enclosure 1.1, and measured 0.39m diameter and

0.15m in depth, and displayed vertical sides with a flat base. Positioned 2.5m to the

north-east of 10058 was post hole 10060, it measured 0.34m in diameter and

0.27m in depth, with vertical sides and a flat base. Post hole 10062 was located

2.6m to the south-east of 10060, and had steep, convex sides and flat base, and

measured 0.36m in diameter and 0.22m in depth. Forming the southern corner of


24


the structure was post hole 10064, which was located 2.7m to south-east of 10058

and 2.4m to the south-west of 10062. Post 10064 measured 0.36m in diameter and

0.16m in depth and steep sides with a flat base. The single fills of all four post

holes comprised a dark-brown clay silt, with occasional charcoal flecks, but no

dateable material.

Post holes 10066 and 10068

5.33 Post holes 10066 and 10068 were located towards the centre of the eastern

margins of Area 1. They were respectively positioned 3m to the east and south-east

of post hole 10060. Post hole 10066 displayed a vertical northern edge and a

moderately-sloping southern edge, and measured 0.43m in diameter and 0.15m in

depth. Post hole 10068 was located 1m to the south of post hole 10066, it

measured 0.49m in diameter and 0.11m in depth, and displayed a vertical northern

edge, a moderately-sloping, concave southern edge and a flat base. The single fills

of both features comprised mid-grey/brown silty clay, with moderate chalk

inclusions but no dateable material. It appears likely that post holes 10066 and

10068 comprised part of a small, post-built structure, much of which may have

extended to the north-east, beyond the excavation area.

Roundhouse 2 (Figs. 3 and 7)

5.34 Located just to the north of pit 10046, was a discrete group of 11 post holes,

comprising features 10010, 10012, 10014, 10016, 10018, 10020, 10022, 10024,

10029, 10031 and 10033. Of these, 10031 , 10022, 10020, 10024, 10010, 10012,

10014 and 10016 described an irregular circle of c. 5m diameter, and clearly

represented a small, post-built structure of circular plan (Roundhouse 2, Fig. 3,

inset). The constituent post holes commonly displayed moderately-sloping concave

profiles, and were either sub-oval or sub-circular in plan, measuring an average of

0.28m to 0.36m in maximum width, and 0.13m to 0.08m in depth. The fills of these

features commonly comprised mid-grey/brown clay silts, with slight inclusions of

chalk, but no dateable material (Fig. 7). The relatively shallow depth of the post

holes, and the small internal diameter of the structure thus described, suggest that

Roundhouse 2 may not have been a domestic dwelling, and was possibly a

relatively transient feature. It is likely to have represented an ancillary structure,

possibly associated with agriculture, and similar structures have been suggested to

represent roofless animal pens (Harding 2009, 68). None of the post holes

produced any dateable material, but it seems likely that Roundhouse 2 is of


25


probable Period 2 date, and would therefore have been broadly contemporary with

Enclosure 1.1 and the surrounding pits. As Ditch 101 runs just 0.9m to the west of

the westernmost post hole, 10014, such close proximity might suggest that the two

features were not in use at the same time, although there is equally no indication

that they were not. The lack of dating evidence from either Ditch 101 or the post

holes, together with an apparent lack of any physical or contextual relationship,

precludes any further speculation regarding the relative dates of these features.

However, the two post holes, 10014 and 10016, on the west side of Roundhouse 2,

are located directly adjacent a small sub-rectangular enlargement of Ditch 101, and

may represent an entrance leading directly off the drove-way associated with

Enclosure 1.1.

Posthole 7506

5.35 Located towards the northern end of evaluation Trench 75, posthole 7506 was oval

in plan, with a maximum diameter of 0.5m and a depth of 0.1m. It contained a single

fill, 7507, comprising a mid-red/brown clay silt with sub-angular chalk and flint, but

no dateable material.

Area 2 (Figs. 4 and 8)

5.36 Area 2 contained a complex group of curvilinear gullies and pits which represented

the partly-truncated remains of three probable roundhouses of Middle Iron Age,

Period 2 date. Gulley 202, together with gullies 205/206, pit 20060 and segmented

gulley 20052 represented the incomplete circuit of Roundhouse 3. These features

were partly overlain, and cut, by ring gulley 204, which represented a later

roundhouse (Roundhouse 4), also of Period 2 date. A number of post holes

appeared to describe a sub-circular configuration within gulley 204, and are

therefore likely to represent an inner, concentric circle of structural post settings (Fig.

4). Other post holes appear to represent a comparable circular arrangement of

internal supports for Roundhouse 3. Ring gulley 204 was also associated with a

number of other internal pits and gullies, some of which may have been associated

with internal structural divisions. An external feature, Ditch 203, may represent a

boundary feature associated with the southern entrance of ring gulley 204. An

adjacent length of curvilinear gulley, 201, convincingly represents the remains of a

further roundhouse structure (Roundhouse 5), although this feature extended

beyond the south-western edge of Area 2. Gulley 207, together with paired post

holes, 2066 and 2068, was situated to the north-east of ring gulley 204.


26


Period 2: Middle to Late Iron Age (c.400 BC to AD 25)

Ring Gulley 201 (Roundhouse 5)

5.37 Ring gulley 201 (section 20072) was partially exposed along the south-western

edge of Area 2 (Roundhouse 5, Fig. 4). It extended from the trench edge on an

east/west alignment, and curved round to the south-east, before terminating at a

distance of 5.8m from the south-western edge of the excavation area. It measured

an average of 0.45m in width and 0.17m in depth, and had a moderately-sloping,

concave profile. Section 20072 displayed a single fill, 20073, of mid-grey/brown clay

silt, which contained small, abraded sherds of Period 2 Iron Age pottery. This fill

appeared to represent a long-term accumulation of windblown or washed-in

sediments. Gulley 201 was interpreted by the excavator as the eastern end of a ring

gulley, which would originally have comprised part of the plan of an Iron Age

roundhouse of similar plan and dimensions to that represented by ring gulley 204.

However, as gulley 201 was only partly exposed within the excavation area, and no

associated features were recorded, such interpretation must remain tentative.

Roundhouse 3

5.38 Located immediately to the east of gulley 201, was gulley 202 (Fig. 4). This

comprised a shallow, 9.2m-long curvilinear feature, which ran from a northern

terminal and curved round to the east for a distance of 9.2m, where it terminated. It

measured an average of 0.54m in width and 0.06m in depth, with a moderately-

sloping, concave profile. It was investigated by sections 20024, 20022 and 20020.

Section 20020 contained a single secondary fill, 20021, of light, grey/brown clay silt

which contained chalk fragments and a small quantity of Period 2 Iron Age pottery.

The excavator suggested that the position of gully 202 indicated an earlier phase of

the roundhouse represented by 204 to the east (Roundhouse 4), which appears

convincing judging by the relationship of gulley 202 to segmented gulley 20052, pit

20060 and gullies 205 and 206, all of which occupy a geometrically circular

configuration, with an internal diameter of c. 11.5m. Collectively, these features

appear to represent a Middle Iron Age roundhouse (Roundhouse 3), which pre-

dated ring gulley 104 (Roundhouse 4), which was partly superimposed upon it.

5.39 Gullies 205 (sections 20036 and 20042) and 206 (sections 20036, 20042 and

20044) were located immediately adjacent to one other, on the northern edge of

gulley 204. Both gullies 205 and 206 were clearly cut by gulley 204, and gulley 206


27


cut gulley 205 in turn. Both gullies appeared to emerge from beneath gulley 204, on

a north-west/south-east alignment, before curving round to the west. Gulley 205 ran

for 3m before terminating. It had a steep-sided, concave profile, and measured an

average of 0.35m in width and 0.15m in depth. Gully 206 had moderately-sloping

concave sides, and extended for 2.8m before terminating. It measured an average

of 0.35m in width and 0.13m in depth. Section 20036 of Gulley 205 contained a

single fill, comprising mid-grey/brown clay silt, with limited charcoal inclusions, but

no dateable material. This fill appeared likely to represent wind-blown or washed-in

sediments. Gullies 205 and 206 displayed evidence of heavy truncation, and would

originally have formed complete ring gullies which would have curved round on a

circular course to meet gulley 202 at its current northern terminal. Gulley 205

appeared to cut 206, and may therefore represent a re-cutting, or adjustment, of the

ring gulley of Roundhouse 3.

5.40 A number of individual pit or post holes features are situated within an

approximately circular configuration, which lies concentrically within the interpolated

ring gulley representing Roundhouse 3, and plausibly represented a ring of internal

structural supports. These features include post holes 20026, 20012, 20008 and pit

20018, which are also enclosed by ring gulley 204. Conjectural circuits of internal

post settings relating to Roundhouses 3 and 4 are shown on Fig. 4. The absence of

any comparable post hole features relating to Roundhouse 3 outside the circuit of

ring gulley 204 may be attributed to the local effects of truncation, which may also

account for the lack of evidence for gulley 202 in this part of Area 2. The pit or post

hole features were basically sub-circular in plan, and varied from 0.58m (20018) to

0.29m (20012) in maximum diameter, and from 0.8m (20012) to 0.12m (20008) in

depth. Their single secondary fills commonly comprised mid-grey/brown clay silts,

with slight charcoal inclusions, but no dateable material. In some cases (i.e. 20008),

fills included large, sub-angular flints, which were interpreted as post–packing

material. In view of their probable structural association with Roundhouses 3 and 4,

these features have been assigned a Period 2 date.

Roundhouse 4

5.41 Ring gulley 204 was located centrally within Area 2, and comprised a semi-circular

section of curving gully of c. 23m in length, which ran from one north/south-aligned

terminal on the west side, round to a corresponding terminal on the south-east. It

displayed a moderately-sloping, concave profile, and measured an average of 0.4m

in width and 0.14m in depth. Ring gulley 204 was investigated by sections 20038,


28


20040, 20004, 20046, 20030 and 20028. The single, secondary fill of 20030,

20031, was a mid-grey/brown clay silt, with inclusions of charcoal and burnt flint, but

no dateable material. However, fill 20039 of section 20038 was associated with

Period 2 pottery. Other, similar, fills of this feature, including 20041 (of section

20040), also contained small quantities of Middle Iron Age pottery.

5.42 Segmented gulley 20064 (section 20064) appeared to represent an isolated

surviving element of the original roundhouse plan principally represented by ring

gulley 204. It had a length of 1.2m, a width of 0.48m and a depth of 0.29m, with a

moderately-sloping, concave profile. It contained a single fill, 20065, of mid-

grey/brown clay silt, which contained burnt flint and Period 2 Iron Age pottery.

5.43 Located within the interior space created by ring gully 204 were a number of post

holes, which may represent an internal, concentric ring of structural timber supports

relating to Roundhouse 4. These included pit 20048, post holes 20006, 20004 and

20002, together with the post hole 8404, which was recorded within evaluation

trench 84. These features were generally sub-circular in plan, and displayed

moderate to steeply-sloping, concave profiles, and measured an average of 0.28m

in diameter and 0.09m in depth. Their fills commonly comprised grey-brown clay

silts, with some chalk inclusions. The fill 20049, of pit 20048, included large, angular

flints, which represented post-packing, and partly defined a post pipe within the

centre of the feature. In view of their probable structural association with

Roundhouse 4, these features have been assigned a Period 2 date.

Non-attributed pits and post holes relating to Roundhouses 3 and 4

5.44 A number of the pits and post holes enclosed within Ring gulley 204 do not fall

within the interpolated concentric circuits of internal post-supports relating to both

Roundhouses 3 and 4, and may therefore relate to either structure. These include

the large, irregular pit features 20062 and 20070, and post hole 20010, which

occupied a central position within the projected plan of Roundhouse 3. Post hole

20010 was sub-circular in plan with maximum diameter of 0.18m and depth of

0.07m. It contained a single fill, 20011, of brown/grey clay-silt, which contained no

dateable material. Pit 20062, was a shallow, irregular feature of 1.35m in length and

0.57m in width, with a depth of 0.06m. It displayed a gently-rounded, concave

profile, and contained a secondary fill, 20063, of mid-grey/brown clay silt with chalk

and charcoal inclusions, and highly-fragmented sherds of Period 2 Iron Age pottery.

Pit 20070 was sub-rectangular in plan, with a length of 1.53m, a width of 0.94m,


29


and depth of 0.15m, with a moderate to gently-sloping, concave profile. It contained

a secondary fill, 20071, of light-brown/grey clay silt, with inclusions of chalk and

highly-fragmented sherds of Period 2 Iron Age pottery. Given their relatively central

position within Roundhouse 3, it is tempting to interpret these two features as the

remains of hearths, although the character of their fills effectively precludes this.

The excavator speculated that, in view of their shallow nature, they could in fact

represent later tree-throw hollows.

Pit 20006 (Fig. 8)

5.45 Pit 20006 was situated immediately to the south of ring gulley 204, but did not

appear to conform to either of the two suggested circuits of internal post supports

relating to Roundhouses 3 and 4. It was sub-circular in plan, with a maximum

diameter of 0.42m and depth of 0,12m, with steep, concave sides and a flat base

(Fig. 8). It contained a single fill, 20007, of light, brown-grey clay silt, with an

inclusion of large sub-angular flints, which may represent post-packing material, but

no dateable finds.

Ditch 203

5.46 Ditch 203 ran for 3.6m out of the southern edge of Area 2, on a broadly east/west

alignment, before terminating. It measured 0.6m in width, and 0.29m in depth, and

displayed steeply-sloping, concave sides and a flat base. It was investigated by

sections 20054, 20057, and pit 8404 (within evaluation trench 84). Section 20057

contained two fills, of which the lower, 20058, was a light-brown silty clay, with high

chalk inclusions, while the upper fill, 20059, was a secondary fill of mid-brown silty

clay, with occasional charcoal and chalk inclusions and Period 2 Iron Age pottery.

This feature did not appear to conform to any of the ring gullies or suggested

roundhouse plans recorded within Area 2, and may therefore represent a surviving

section of contemporary boundary or enclosure ditch.

5.47 Post hole 20068 was located 2m to the north-east of 20066, and was 0.37m in

maximum diameter, with a depth of 0.18m. It contained a similar secondary fill,

20069, which included Period 2 Iron Age pottery. Given the closely-comparable

dimensions and fills of these two features, it is tempting to consider them as

contemporary and thus components of the same structure. Such paired post holes

are a common feature of late prehistoric settlements, although their function has not

been satisfactorily deduced (Harding 1972, 37-8).


30


Undated

5.48 Other non-attributed features included single post hole 20010, paired post holes,

8413 and 8411 (evaluation trench 84), and 20016 and 20014 respectively. These

were small, sub-circular features, which presumably related to some form of internal

structures within either of the roundhouses. These varied from 0.3m to 0.18m in

diameter, and 0.07m to 0.04m in depth, and contained light-brown/grey clay silt fills

with no dateable material.

Gulley 207

5.49 Segmented gully 207 (sections 20078 and 20080) was located within the northern

corner of Area 2. It displayed moderately-sloping, concave sides with a flat base,

and measured 1.7m in length, 0.72m in width and 0.13m in depth. Section 20078

contained a single secondary fill, 20079, of mid-grey/brown silty clay, with sub-

angular flint and chalk inclusions, but no dateable material. Although gulley 207 was

an isolated, undiagnostic feature, and did not appear to conform to other features

within Area 2, its relative proximity to gullies 204, 205 and 206 suggests that it may

represent part of a contemporary boundary or enclosure which has been largely

removed by plough truncation.


5.50 The isolated post hole features 20066 and 20068 were respectively located 3m and

5m to the east of ring gulley 204, but displayed no obvious relationship with any of

the roundhouse features identified within Area 2. Post hole 20068 was of Period 2

date, as described in 5.45, above. Post hole 20066 was 0.4m in maximum diameter

and 0.18m in depth, with steeply-sloping sides. It contained a single secondary fill,

20067, of grey/brown silty clay of slightly humic character, which contained no

dateable material.

Pit 20074

5.51 Pit 20074 was located within the space partly enclosed by Gulley 201, and 0.25m

from its inner, south-western edge. This was of sub-circular plan, with a length of

1.2m, width of 0.72m and depth of 0.19m. It displayed moderate to steeply-sloping,

concave sides, with a sub-rounded base. It contained a single secondary fill, 20075,

of mid-grey/brown clay silt with chalk inclusions, but no dateable material.


31


Area 3 (Figs. 5, 9 and 10) 5.52 Area 3 included three related ditched boundary features, Ditches 301, 302 and 303,

which were difficult to interpret, but appeared to represent part of a funnel-shaped

track-way entrance, or livestock handling system. These ditches were loosely

associated with a number of apparently unrelated post holes and pits, including one

group of nine (Structure 3), which was located towards the western margins of

Area 3, and which appeared to define a small post-built structure of indeterminate

plan. Evidence of a six-post structure and two sets of paired post holes were

situated within the north-west corner of Area 3, while post hole evidence of a

circular building, (Roundhouse 6), in addition to a number of possibly associated

post holes, pits and a four-post structure, were situated towards the north-east

corner of Area 3. Many of these features were undated, although in some cases,

spatial associations with confirmed Period 2 features suggested that they were

broadly of this date. Ditches 301, 302, and 303 and pit 30050 were of Period 3 date,

and may represent a phase of landscape reorganisation within the site, following

the abandonment of Period 2 occupation.

Period 1: Mesolithic to Bronze Age (c.10,000 - 700 BC) (Residual worked flint) 5.53 Period 1 is represented solely by a single item of worked flint, comprising a medial

fragment from a broken flake, which was recovered as a residual item from the

Period 2-dated post hole 30119. This flint is only broadly dateable to the prehistoric

period, and may represent transient Neolithic or Bronze Age activity within the

environs of the Cadnam Farm site.

Period 2: Middle to Late Iron Age (c.400 BC to AD 25) 5.54 Isolated pit 30093 was located 3m to the west of Ditch 301, towards the southern

corner of Area 3 (Fig. 5). It displayed a moderately-sloping, irregular profile and

uneven base, and measured 1.26m in length, 0.49m in width and 0.36m in depth. It

contained a lower fill, 30094, comprising a thin (0.14m) layer of light-grey/brown silty

clay, which included small, sub-angular flints, charcoal, animal bone and Period 2

Iron Age pottery. This was interpreted as a deposit of domestic waste. The upper fill,

30095, was of mid-brown silty clay, which included large flint nodules, charcoal,

animal bone and Iron Age pottery, which appeared to represent a successive deposit

of domestic waste.

Post hole 30104


32


5.55 Post hole 30104 was positioned along the northern edge of, and was truncated by,

tree-throw hollow 30102, towards the north-east corner of Area 3. It was circular in

plan, with vertical sides and a flat base, and measured 0.6m in diameter and 0.32m

in depth. It contained a single fill, 30105, of mid/dark-grey/brown silty clay, which

contained charcoal and common angular flint, which appeared to have been used

as post-packing material. Two fragments of a sandstone saddle-quern (SF 1) were

found within the top of this fill. Post hole 30104 may be broadly assigned to Period 2

on the basis of this quern, which is otherwise of a type which is only diagnostic of a

late prehistoric date. Post holes 30037, 30063 and 30104 did not appear to

comprise part of any particular structure, but appeared to have some spatial

relationship with Roundhouse 6, and may therefore have been contemporary with it.

5.56 Located to the south-west of the terminal of Ditch 301, were pit 30119 and post

holes 30106 and 30113. Pit 30119 was an elongated oval in plan, with moderately-

sloping, concave sides and a flat base, and measured 0.81m in length, 0.26m in

width and 0.17m in depth. It contained a single fill, 30120, of mid-grey/brown silty

clay, with flint and chalk inclusions, and Period 2 Iron Age Pottery. This fill also

contained the single, residual find of worked flint recorded on the site, comprising a

medial fragment of a broken flint flake, which could only be broadly dated to the

prehistoric period (Sommerville, this report).

Post hole 30151

5.57 Isolated post hole 30151 was located equidistant from Ditches 301 and 302, i.e.

9.5m from each. It was sub-oval in plan, with a moderately-sloping, concave profile,

and measured 0.74m in length, 0.51m in width and 0.17m in depth. It contained a

single, secondary fill, 30152, of dark-brown/grey silty clay, which included sub-

angular flint, charcoal and Iron Age pottery. The humic character of this fill, together

with the presence of Period 2 pottery, suggested that 30151 was not a structural

feature, but contained a deposit of domestic waste.


5.58 Located respectively 4.5m and 5.5m south-east of post hole 30151, were post holes

30156 and 30159. They were both sub-circular in plan, with steep, concave profiles.

Post hole 30156 measured 0.68m in maximum diameter, and 0.26m in depth. It

contained a primary fill, 30157, of mid-yellow clay silt, and a secondary fill, 30158,

of mid-grey/brown clay silt, which included small quantities of chalk and charcoal,


33


but no dateable material. Post hole 30159 measured 0.53m in maximum diameter

and 0.24m in depth, and contained a single fill, 30160, of mid-grey/brown clay silt

with inclusions of chalk and Period 2 Iron Age pottery, together with small quantities

of vitrified hearth/furnace lining, cinder and fired clay (71g). In view of their close

proximity and comparable dimensions and fills, it is possible that post holes 30156

and 30159 are contemporary, and therefore comprised part of the same,

unidentified structure. On the basis of the pottery from the fill of 30159, these

possibly paired features have been assigned a Period 2 date.

5.59 Pit 30149 had a length of 0.6m and width of 0.35m, with a depth of 0.17m. It

contained a single fill, 30150, of mid/dark-grey/brown clay silt, which included burnt

flint and Period 2 Iron Age pottery.

Period 3: Late Iron Age – Early Roman (c. 50BC- AD 75) (Figs. 5, 9 and 10) Pit 30050

5.60 Pit 30050 was located 2m to the west of Ditch 302, and c. 9m to the south of its

northern terminal. It was sub-rectangular in plan, with steep, concave sides and a

flat base, and measured 1.95m in length, 1.1m in width and 0.65m in depth. It

contained three fills, of which 30051 was a primary fill of 0.52m depth, comprising

light-yellow/brown chalky clay, with inclusions of sub-rounded flint and Period 3 Late

Iron Age/Early Roman pottery. Secondary fill 30052 was a homogenous, mid-brown

clay silt, which included fine, sub-rounded flint, charcoal, 13 fragments of fired clay

(917g), and ironworking residues which comprised 156g of smithing-hearth bottom.

This fill has been interpreted as a deposit of industrial waste. An upper secondary

fill, 50053, was cut into the top of fill 30052, and comprised a light/mid-brown clay

silt, containing chalk and flint inclusions and Period 3 pottery.

Ditch 301 (Fig. 9)

5.61 Ditches 301 (sections 30123, 30126 and 30146), 302 (sections 30100, 30108,

30140 and 30143) and 303 (sections 30137 and 30153) were located within the

southern half of Area 3, and appeared to form elements of a rectilinear-plan drove-

way entrance, which terminated towards the centre of Area 3. Ditch 301 extended

from the south-western corner of Area 3, on a broad north-south alignment, for

21m, after which it turned to the north-west and ran for a further 8m before

terminating. Section 30123 displayed a steep, concave, but symmetrical, profile,


34


which measured 0.90m in width and 0.47m in depth (Fig. 9). It contained two

secondary fills, of which the lower, 30124, was a mid-red/brown clay silt with chalk

inclusions, which contained small quantities of Period 3 pottery and animal bone.

The upper fill, 30125, of mid/dark-grey/brown clay silt, with flint and charcoal

inclusions, and containing Period 3 pottery and animal bone. Both ditch fills

probably represent deposits of domestic waste. Secondary fill 30142, of section

30140 of Ditch 301, contained 75g of undiagnostic ironworking debris, together with

two fragments of fired or burnt clay, weighing 44g. Sample 4 from this fill was

dominated by barley grains, with a few grains of hulled wheat and seeds of

clover/medick. No chaff elements were present in this sample, suggesting that the

grain had been cleaned. Elsewhere, there was little evidence of plant remains within

the fills of Period 3 ditches. Sample 3, from the secondary fill 30139, of section

30137 of Ditch 303, contained only a single barley grain, and no other plant

remains, while sample 5 from the dark, brown/grey secondary fill, 30128, of section

30126 of Ditch 301, contained no plant remains. Further fragments of fired clay

(49g), possibly derived from industrial activity, were recovered, along with animal

bone, from fill 30110 of section 30108, of Ditch 301.

Ditch 302 (Fig. 9)

5.62 Ditch 302 extended for 11m from the south-eastern edge of Area 3, on a south-

west/north-east alignment, before turning to the east and running for a further 8m,

after which it turned through a 90° angle to the north-west, and then ran for a further

22m before terminating. Section 30108 displayed a rounded, concave profile, and

measured 1.56m in width and 0.44m in depth. Section 30143, by contrast,

displayed steeply-sloping sides and a rounded base, and measured 1.11m in width

and 0.43m in depth (Fig. 9). Section 30108 contained a primary fill, 30109, of light-

grey/brown silty clay, and a secondary fill, 30110, of grey-brown silty clay, which

contained animal bone, but no dateable material. Ditch 302 cut an earlier tree-throw

hollow (30111) at this point. Section 30140 demonstrated that Ditch 302 also cut,

and possibly superseded, the earlier Ditch 303 at this point. In view of its spatial

relationship with Ditches 301 and 303, and as clearly part of the same scheme of

ditched features, Ditch 302 was assigned a Period 3 date.

Ditch 303

5.63 Ditch 303 was cut by, and extended from, Ditch 302, at a point 6m from the south-

eastern edge of Area 3. It then ran for 8m, on a south-west/north-east alignment,


35


before terminating. Ditch 303 appeared to represent an earlier phase of Ditch 302.

Section 30153 displayed steeply-sloping sides and a rounded base, and measured

0.9m in width and 0.28m in depth. It contained a primary fill, 30154, of light-

yellow/red silty clay, and a secondary fill, 30155, of dark, grey-brown silty clay with

charcoal and flint inclusions, and containing animal bone and Period 3, Late Iron

Age pottery.

Undated

Six-post structure

5.64 Within the north-western corner of Area 3 was located a discrete group of post

holes, comprising cut features 30003, 30005, 30007, 30009, 30011 and 30014.

These were positioned in two parallel lines, each of three post holes, and arranged

on south-west/-north-east alignment, thus clearly representing a six-post structure

(Fig. 5). The individual post holes were sub-circular in plan, and displayed steep,

vertical sides with a concave base, and measured an average of 0.31m in length,

0.2m in diameter and 0.26m in depth. They contained single fills of mid/dark-brown

and yellow-brown silty clays, which contained no dateable material.

Area 3 Post holes

5.65 Single post hole 30017 was located 1.8m east of post hole 30014, it was circular in

plan, and displayed a steep, concave profile and measured 0.2m in diameter, and

0.1m in depth, with a fill of yellow-brown chalky clay. It contained no dateable

material. Positioned 6m to the south-east were paired post holes 30025 and 30027,

which were separated by a distance of 0.75m. These features displayed gently-

sloping concave sides, with flat bases, and measured 0.32m in maximum diameter,

and 0.1m in depth respectively. Their fills comprised dark, brown-black silty clay,

which contained a small amount of charcoal, but no dateable material. These post

holes are amongst a number of similar, paired features on this site, which appear to

represent simple structures of uncertain function (Harding 1972, 37-8).

5.66 Positioned centrally along the northern edge of Area 3, were post holes 30019,

30021 and 30023, of which the latter two appeared to be paired, and separated by

a distance of c. 0.75m. Post hole 30021 was positioned to the south-west of 30023,

with 30019 located a further 2.2m to the east. These were all sub-circular in plan,

with steep, concave profiles, and measured on average 0.24m in length, 0.12m in


36


width and 0.20m in depth. They contained mid/dark-brown silty clays, with

inclusions of small, angular flints and occasional charcoal, but no dateable material.

Post hole 30069

5.67 Within the north-eastern corner of Area 3 was a discrete group of 23 post holes and

two pits. Of these, post hole 30069 was located 3.1m north-west of post hole

30045, it did not appear to relate to any pattern or structure defined by the nearby

group. It measured 0.32m in length, 0.2m in width and 0.09m in depth and

displayed gently-sloping, concave sides, with an irregular base. Its single fill, 30046,

comprised a chalky, yellow-white silty clay, which contained no dateable material.

Roundhouse 6 (Fig. 5)

5.67 To the south-east of post hole 30069, were located post holes 30033, 30035 (Fig.

10), 30039, 30045, 30048, 30054, 30060 and 30079, in addition to the post holes

2606 and 2608, which were identified within Trench 26 of the evaluation.

Collectively, these features described a small post-built structure of circular plan,

with an internal diameter of c.6m (Roundhouse 6, Fig. 5). The majority of these

post holes displayed vertical sides with concave bases, and measured an average

of 0.30m in length, 0.18m in width and 0.2m in depth. Their fills comprised silty

clays, ranging from dark-brown to light-yellow/brown in colour, with some chalk and

flint inclusions but no dateable material. The mode of construction certainly

suggests a Period 2 date, and while these features remain technically undated, an

adjacent post hole, 30104, contained fragments of saddle quern within its upper fill,

suggesting that a Period 2 date could probably be assigned to Roundhouse 6.

5.68 Located within the interior of Roundhouse 6 was post hole 30071. This displayed a

maximum diameter of 0.44m and a depth of 0.28m, with steeply-sloping sides and a

U-shaped profile. It contained a single fill, 30072, which comprised a pale

grey/brown silty clay, with chalk and flint inclusions, but no dateable material.

Pit 30073

5.69 Pit 30073 was located 1m west of the eastern edge of Area 3, and 2.8m to the

north-east of Roundhouse 6. It was sub-circular in plan, with moderately-sloping

sides and a flat base, and measured 1.6m in maximum diameter and 0.3m in depth.

It contained a single fill, 30074, of mid-brown silty clay, which contained a very high

inclusion, comprising up to 50% of the fill, of large, angular flint nodules, some of


37


which had been fire-affected. No charcoal or dateable finds were recorded in this

fill. The partly-burnt nature of the flints suggested that this material may have

comprised part of a hearth, or some other fire-related structure.

Four-post Structure 2 (Fig. 10)

5.70 Located 0.6m to the south-east of post hole 30039, was post hole 30029 which,

along with post holes 30031, 30041 and 30043, formed a four-post structure (Four-

post Structure 2, Figs. 5 and 10). Post hole 30029 formed the north-western corner

of the structure, and was located 0.8m south-west of post hole 30031, and 1.3m

north-west of post hole 30041. The south-eastern corner of the structure was

formed by post hole 30043, this was positioned 1.3m south-east of post hole 30031,

and 0.9m north-east of post hole 30041. The post holes displayed steep, vertical

sides with flat bases, and measured an average of 0.53m in maximum diameter and

0.35m in depth (Fig. 10). Their fills comprised light-grey/brown silty clay, which

contained large flints which had been included as post-packing material. Some of

this flint had been burnt. The fill, 30042, of post hole 30041, contained small

quantities of pottery of broadly late prehistoric date. On this basis, and in view of

the established date-range of comparable four-post structures elsewhere, Four-post

Structure 2 could be assumed to be of Period 2 date. The large dimensions of

these post holes, and the use of post-packing material, suggest that this structure

would have been fairly substantial (see Lambrick 2014, 136).

Structure 3

5.71 Structure 3 comprised a tightly-clustered group of nine post holes, comprising

features 30091, 30098, 30089, 30085, 30083, 30081, 30087, 30096 and 30130 (Fig.

5). The seven smaller post holes averaged 0.22m in diameter, with shallow depths

of between 0.06m and 0.19m, and were generally sub-circular in plan. Their single

fills comprised grey-brown silty clays, which contained no dateable material. The

irregular configuration of these features does not readily suggest a coherent plan,

and the structure, if such it was, would have had a maximum diameter of only 2.5m.

It is possible that these features represent more than a single phase of construction,

and the distinctly larger size of post holes 30098 and 30130 (respectively 0.40m and

0.38 in width) may suggest that these had a different structural function. Structure 3

is considered likely to represent an agriculturally-related structure, of possible Period

2 date.


38


Post holes 30037, 30063 and 30104

5.72 The remaining features within the north-eastern corner of the site comprised post

holes 30037, 30063 and 30104 (Fig. 5). Post hole 30037 was circular in plan, with

an irregular profile, and measured 0.44m in maximum diameter and 0.12m in depth.

It contained a single fill, 30038, of mid-yellow/brown silty clay, with moderate flint

inclusions, but no dateable material. Post hole 30063 was positioned 2.5m to the

north-east of post hole 30037. It was sub-oval in plan, with concave sides and a flat

base, and measured 0.73m in length, 0.34m in width and 0.17m in depth. It

contained a single secondary fill, 30064, of mid/dark-brown silty clay, which

contained no dateable material.

Individual pits to the west of Ditch 301

5.73 Pits 30134 and 30149 were positioned 1.9m apart, close to the south-western

margins of Area 3, and respectively 4.4m and 3.3m south-east of post hole 30130

(Fig. 5). Both pits were sub-oval in plan, and had moderately-sloping, concave

profiles. Pit 30134 had a maximum diameter of 0.79m and depth of 0.22m. It

contained two fills, of which the lower, 30135, was a mid-grey/brown silty clay,

which inclusions of angular chalk, flint and charcoal, but no dateable material. The

upper fill, 30136, comprised a dark-grey/brown clay silt of distinctly humic character,

which included angular flint and charcoal, but no dateable finds. This was

interpreted as a deposit of domestic refuse. Pits 30134 and 30149 appear likely to

represent paired features.

5.74 Post holes 30106 and 30113 were positioned 1.5m apart, and appeared to be

paired features. They were both oval in plan, with steeply-sloping, concave profiles.

and measured an average of 0.44m in length, 0.23m in width and 0.25 in depth.

Both contained fills (30107 and 30114 respectively) of mid-grey/brown silty clay,

with inclusions of flint and charcoal, but no dateable material.

Pits and post holes located between Ditch 301 and Ditch 302

5.75 A group of four post holes, comprising cut features 30115, 30117, 30161 and

30163, were positioned on a broad east-west alignment, slightly to the east of the

terminal of Ditch 301. The closest post hole, 30161, was located 1.8m to the east

of this terminal, and post holes 30115, 30117 and 30163 were respectively located

2m, 2.3m and 3.3m to the east of post hole 30161. These features were all sub-

circular in plan, with steeply-sloping, concave profiles. They measured an average


39


of 0.26m in diameter and 0.14m in depth, and contained single clay silt fills, which

varied in colour between mid-red/brown and dark-grey/brown. These contained

small inclusions of flint, but no dateable material. Their close spatial association

and proximity to the terminal of Ditch 103 suggested that they may represent a

structure, possibly a gate or fence, associated with the function of Ditches 301 and

302, although such an association was not confirmed by excavation, and these

features consequently remain undated.

5.75 Post holes 1607 and 1605 were identified within evaluation trench 26. They were

respectively located 6.5m and 2.5m to the south-west of the terminal of Ditch 303,

of which they appeared to represent some form of westward continuation. Post

hole 1607 was of circular plan, with near-vertical, concave sides and a flat base. It

measured 0.57m in maximum diameter and 0.08m in depth, and contained a single

fill, 1608, of mid-brown clay silt with sub-angular flint inclusions. Post hole 1605

was of oval plan, with gently-sloping, concave sides, and measured 0.73m in

length, 0.5m in width and 0.12m in depth. It contained a single fill, 1606, of dark-

grey/brown clay silt, with flint, chalk and charcoal inclusions. Neither of these

features contained dateable material.

Three-throw hollows

5.76 Area 3 contained three tree-throw or tree-root hollows, all of which were partly cut

by archaeological features. Tree-throw hollow 30102 was located 1m to the north-

east of post hole 30031. It was sub-oval in shape, and displayed moderately-

sloping, irregular concave sides and a concave base, and measured 2.93m in

length, 1.7m in width and 0.5m in depth. It contained a bioturbated mid-grey/brown

silty clay fill, and was cut on its northern side by Period 2 post hole 30104.

5.77 Tree-throw hollow 30134 was located to the south of, and was truncated by, post

hole 30130, it was sub-oval in shape, with a gently-sloping, concave profile, and

measured 0.79m in length, 0.69m in width and 0.22m. It contained a mid-

grey/brown silty clay fill, and was cut at its northern extremity by undated post hole

30130. Tree-throw hollow 30111 was truncated on its western side by Ditch 302.

As excavated, it displayed steep, concave sides, and measured 1m in length,

0.47m in width and 0.2m in depth, with a fill, 30112, of light, grey-brown silty loam.

As the tree-throw hollows contained no dateable material, and appeared to be

archaeologically sterile, it is probable that they pre-dated Periods 2 and 3.


40


Area 3 features recorded by Evaluation

5.78 Three undated post holes were recorded towards the south-west end of Trench 26.

These displayed maximum diameters of 0.3m, and were arranged in a short arc, at

intervals of c. 0.63m (Fig. 5). It was suggested by the excavator that these might

represent a further, small post-built structure of c.3.2m diameter (CA 2015),

although no other post holes which would have confirmed a circular plan were

evident elsewhere within Trench 26. These post holes contained single fills of mid-

red/brown clay silt, but no dateable material.

5.79 Two post holes, 2606 and 2608, were recorded further to the north-east within

Trench 26, and these were confirmed by excavation to comprise part of the circuit

of post hole features representing Roundhouse 6. These post holes displayed

maximum diameters of 0.36m, and depths of 0.30m, and contained single fills of

mid-red/brown clay silt, with sparse charcoal inclusions but no dateable material.

6 FINDS

6.1 All finds collected during the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified and

catalogued by context. All metalwork has been x-rayed and stabilised where

appropriate. The finds from the Cadnam Farm Site are quantified in Table 1, below:

Table 1: Quantification of finds


1


Type

Category Count Weight (g)

Pottery Prehistoric (Middle Iron Age)

486 6090

Late Iron Age/Early Roman

136 1810

Total:

622

7900

Flint Worked

1 1

Burnt

77 4741

Fired Clay

Fragments 73 2 1971

Metals

Iron Bar 1 21

Knife

1 24

Copper alloy Tube

1 19

Ironworking Residues

n/a 391

Worked bone Weaving combs

2 n/w

Worked Stone Quern fragments

3 6137


41


Worked and burnt flint by Jacky Sommerville

6.2 One worked flint (1g), and a total of at least 77 pieces of burnt, unworked flint

(4741g) were recovered from the excavation of 18 separate deposits. The lithic finds

are of minimal archaeological significance.

6.3 The worked flint comprises a single medial fragment from a broken flake, which was

retrieved from Period 2-dated pit/posthole 30119, in Area 3. This find is only broadly

dateable to the prehistoric period, and is a redeposited item within this feature.

6.4 The burnt flint was recorded in pit and ditch/gully fills, all of which were dated to the

Iron Age on the basis of associated pottery. The burnt flint is broadly representative

of domestic activity, including cooking or water heating.

Pottery by E.R. McSloy

Late Prehistoric pottery (including Late Iron Age/Early Roman ‘transitional’)

6.5 Pottery amounting to 622 sherds (7900g) was hand-recovered from the excavation,

from 56 separate deposits. This assemblage includes some 156 sherds (1711g)

recorded from the evaluation, and reported on elsewhere. The quantification by area

of the pottery (Table 7), together with fabric descriptions, are summarised in

Appendix B of this report.

6.6 The pottery has been fully recorded; scanned by context, sorted by fabric and

quantified according to sherd count, weight and rim EVEs (estimated vessel

equivalents). Where identifiable, vessel form (profile) and rim morphology were also

recorded, as were decoration/surface treatment and attributes, including sherd

thickness-range, and evidence for use (residues and use wear). Summary fabric

descriptions, with codes used for recording, are given in Appendix B of this report.

6.7 The excavated pottery assemblage relates to three areas, with the largest quantities

coming from Areas 1 and 3 (Table 7, Appendix B). The majority was recovered from

discrete pit/posthole features (326 sherds or 67.1%), including a group of 173


42


sherds from one feature, Area 1 pit 10037. Pottery recorded from the evaluation was

largely derived from areas later targeted for excavation: Trenches 13-14, 16 and 24-

26 (located close to Area 3) produced 67 sherds weighing 608g and Trenches 74-79

and 82-85 (near to Areas 1 and 2) some 52 sherds, weighing 1010g.

6.8 The condition of the pottery assemblage was mixed; surface preservation is

frequently poor, particularly amongst the quartz-tempered group, where surfaces are

friable/powdery. The mean sherd weight (12.7g) is moderately high for a prehistoric

group, and not suggestive of high levels of disturbance. The degree of fragmentation

is, however, very variable, with the larger/joining vessel sherds limited to a small

number of better-preserved groups, including from Area 1 pits 10037 and 10041. Of

particular note is ‘saucepan pot’ no. 6, which recorded from Evaluation Trench 79,

posthole 7907, and deposited intact.

Assemblage range

Fabrics

6.9 The composition (fabrics range) of the assemblage is set out in Table 7 by area. The

large majority of this group consists of handmade types, among which flint-tempered

and quartz-tempered types are strongly dominant, although the quartz-bearing types

are markedly less well represented among the Area 3 group (Table 7).

6.10 Both the dominant fabric groupings are representative of common traditions for the

period encountered across Hampshire. Typically, as here, flint-tempered fabrics are

dominant, although proportions of the main flint and quartz-bearing types are

variable from Hampshire sites (Hawkes 1985, 60; Hawkes 1987, 24-25; Rees 1995,

37, fig. 23), and at sites such as Brighton Hill South (Rees 1995, 37), where

proportions commonly vary relative to internal site chronology. The use of crushed,

burnt flint has pre-Iron Age origins, and continued throughout the Iron Age and into

the Early Roman period. In an area of chalk geology, pottery utilising flint-tempering

can be expected to be local in origin. Similarly, the sources for the quartz-bearing

types might be local, most likely sands within the Reading Beds or the Lower

Greensand, both within 10km of the site. The remaining fabrics are similarly

representative of types seen from other Iron Age/Early Roman groups from the area.

The only non-local type is a shell-tempered fabric recorded from enclosure ditch

10130 (fill 10133). Wheel-thrown fabrics which date to the Late Iron Age/Early


43


Roman transition are restricted to a small number of sherds recovered from Area 3

ditch 30123 (fills 30124, 30125).

6.11 The basic range of pottery forms is as follows:

Forms

V1 Slack-shouldered forms (probably jars); upright or slightly everted necks with simple or

squared rim tops. Size range 160-260mm (diam.). 3 vessels (0.16 EVEs). Fig. *, no. 1. V2 Globular-bodied vessels (probably jars). Neckless or with short, uprirght or everted neck and

simple or bead-like rims. Size range 140-220mm (diam.). 8 vessels (0.39 EVEs). Fig. *, nos. 2-4, 9.

V3 Ovoid or barrel-shaped vessels (jars)/’incurving saucepan pots’. Neckless with simple rims. Size range 90-180mm (diam.). 4 vessels (0.32 EVEs). Fig. *, no. 5.

V4 Straight-sided vessels (jars) in Saucepan pot tradition. Neckless, with simple or bead-like

rims. Size range 160-180mm (diam.). Decoration as all-over burnish or horizontal burnish lines at base angle. 5 vessels (1.15 EVEs). Fig. *, nos. 6-7.

V5 Angular-shouldered vessels (jars or bowls).Neckless, and with bead rims. Size range 120-

160mm (diam.). 2 vessels (0.13 EVEs). Fig. *, no. 10.

V6 Large jars; globular or ovoid-bodied with everted rims. Size range 200-300mm (diam.). 2 vessels (0.24 EVEs). Fig. *, no. 11.

V7 Wheelthrown vessels (necked jars or bowls). Size range 150mm (diam.). 1 vessel (0.12 EVEs). Fig. *, nos. 12-13.

6.12 The range of vessel forms is set out for the assemblage above complete. Further

vessels, were represented by smaller rim sherds, where the vessel form (profile) was

uncertain. Most are almost certainly additional examples of the forms described

above, and the assemblage is clearly dominated by jar-proportioned vessels which

are likely to have been utilitarian in function. Decorated fineware bowls of the styles

seen elsewhere (though rarely) amongst Middle Iron Age groups from Hampshire

(Hawkes 1985, 66, fig. 54; Rees 1995, 41-42, figs. 24-25) were not recorded.

Instances of decoration are very few (five vessels), and are limited to scored or

burnished lines to some ‘saucepan pot’ vessels or overall burnish, also to vessels in

this class. One body sherd (deposit 10045) exhibits more elaborate decoration, as

burnished line decoration in a crosshatch pattern, and one vessel of form V2

features light scoring/brushing below its shoulder.

Stylistic affinities and dating


44


6.13 The large majority among this assemblage can be compared with styles

characterising pottery of the Middle and later Iron Age in the region, with a very few

vessels (from Area 3) suggesting continuity of activity into the mid-1st century AD.

The furrowed and other angular bowl styles, or fingertip-decorated vessels, which

commonly characterise pottery in the Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age transitional

period (c. 8th to 5th centuries BC) are absent. The slack-shouldered, globular and

neckless vessels (forms V1-V3), the majority from Area 1, are more characteristic of

the plainer styles beginning in the earlier Middle Iron Age (4th/3rd centuries BC).

These compare, for example, to vessels from Phase 1 (Early–Middle Iron Age) at

Brighton Hill South, near Basingstoke (Rees 1995, 41, fig. 24).

6.14 The ‘saucepan pot’ style, which is here confined to vessels from Area 1 (and

Evaluation Trench 79), similarly has earlier Middle Iron Age origins, as early as the

4th or 3rd centuries BC, from Danebury, Hampshire, and Gussage All Saints, Dorset.

The style may be long-lived, continuing into the 1st century BC (Cunliffe 2005, 627),

and there is evidence to suggest that plainer styles, such as those represented at this

site, are typical for the later Middle Iron Age. Although difficult to argue from such a

small assemblage, it is possible that the plain, straight-sided saucepan pots are

representative of later Middle Iron Age activity. The best evidence for this may be

their absence from pit group 10037, the pottery from which is most suggestive of an

earlier Middle Iron Age date.

6.15 There is a quite clear stylistic separation evident between groups from Areas 1/2 and

3, and differences are also evident in the ranges of fabrics represented (Appendix B,

Summary Fabric Descriptions). Although the number of identifiable forms is small,

there is an absence of the earlier classes seen from Areas 1/2. The handmade bead

rim and large everted-rim jar forms which are present, compare more closely with the

Late Iron Age or ‘transitional’ styles represented, for example, among deposits dating

to the 1st centuries BC/AD at Silchester (Timby 2000). The small number of vessels

from this area occurring in wheel-thrown grog-tempered and sandy fabrics may be

contemporary, and suggest a dating-range extending into the middle, or later, 1st

century AD.

Discussion 6.16 Stylistically and technologically this small assemblage accords with the established

material recorded for the Middle and Later Iron Age across the wider sub-region

(Hampshire). Comparisons across the Area 1/2 and 3 groups reveal differences


45


which reflect differing chronologies, with Area 3 clearly the later. The stylistic

differences apparent from the larger context groups from Areas 1 and 2 suggest that

activity may have been of sufficiently long duration to encompass a change in

ceramic styles.

6.17 A further aspect of the assemblage, which invites comparison with contemporary

groups from central-southern England, is the apparent examples of ‘structured

deposition’ within the site. Most obvious in this regard is the vessel deposited intact

within the small pit/posthole feature 7908 of evaluation trench 79. Material from the

Area 1 pit 10041 represents a further probable example, with the pottery from this

feature occurring as larger and possibly freshly-broken sherds and in close

association with artefacts of a probable domestic origin (an iron knife, worked bone

weaving comb fragments and a quantity of birch bark tar), which are otherwise rarely

represented at the site. This combination of artefacts within this context must identify

pit 10041 as unusual, and comparable to the ‘structured’ pit groups which are a noted

feature of Iron Age Wessex, and discussed in greater detail by Hill (1995) inter alia.

The ‘selection’ of straight-sided saucepan pots may also be significant; this style

being among the few exhibiting any ‘embellishment’ (burnishing).

6.18 The pottery assemblage provides no clear indication of the economic status of the

original users. The virtual absence of certainly non-local pottery, or of what might be

recognised as ‘finewares’ (i.e. decorated bowls), might suggest an insular community

with a limited requirement for ‘non-utilitarian’ pottery. It is the case, however, that

decorated or other ‘finewares’, and regionally-traded types, are generally uncommon

within Middle Iron Age assemblages from this area, including those from Oram’s

Arbour, Winchester, where a degree of elevated status is implied only by the nature

of the site (Holmes et. al. 2004).

Items of Worked Stone by Ruth Shaffrey

6.19 Three fragments from two stone querns were recovered during the excavation. One

is a probable quern fragment of coarse gritty sandstone (SF 2), from fill 30072, of

post hole 30071. This context suggests that it may have been used as post-packing

material. It exhibits one flat, pecked face. The other example comprises two

adjoining fragments of a sandstone saddle-quern, which together represent

approximately 90% of the original quern (SF 1). This was found within the top of the


46


fill, 30105, of post hole 30104, and may represent a deliberately-placed item. It has

been used, so that it is of worn, slightly concave form, both across and lengthways.

Both querns appear likely to be from a nearby Upper Greensand exposure, though a

precise source has not been identified. The items of worked stone are catalogued in

Table 8 (Appendix C) of this report.

6.20 The querns have limited potential to add to our understanding of Iron Age domestic

activity at the Cadnam Farm site, and may be considered alongside other domestic

artefacts, particularly those from pit 10041. The context of the deposition of the

saddle quern (SF 1) is of some interest, as this may relate to the life of Roundhouse

6. It is possible, however, that the two fragments were deposited separately within

the feature, and that the quern could have been deliberately broken prior to

deposition. The stone types used for both querns merit comparison with those from

other sites, as relatively little is known about local Greensand sources.

Metalworking Debris by David Starley

Summary 6.21 The very small amount of metalworking debris recovered from excavations at

Cadnam Farm, totalled just less than 400g. Visual examination identified the

diagnostic material as derived from iron smithing activity. Contextual analysis may

indicate whether this activity was linked to the occupation of the site, or merely

represents a general off-site distribution of debris from ironworking in the locality. A

summary of the metalworking debris, including a quantification by context, is given in

Table 9, in Appendix D of this report.

Methodology for assessment of metalworking debris

6.22 A total of 391g of metalworking debris from the Cadnam Farm excavation was

visually examined and tested with a streak plate. A magnet was also used to check

any fine debris in the bags for hammerscale, and a flame test was used to confirm

the identity of coke. The debris having been thoroughly washed, very little fine, loose

material was found within the bags. The material was classified into the categories

used by the specialist, which are based on those developed by the former English

Heritage Ancient Monuments Laboratory. Table 9, Appendix D, presents a summary

of these findings, including a full listing, by context.


47


Classification of debris (Table 9)

1. Diagnostic - Iron smithing

6.23 A single, relatively small smithing-hearth bottom was identified from the fill (30052)

of pit (30050). These fayalitic (iron silicate) plano-convex blocks form in the base of

a smithing hearth, as a result of the reaction between iron-scale and a source of

silica, either the clay lining or any sand used as flux. They are distinctive, and

provide good evidence of iron smithing, but may have been moved some distance

from the site of working. Unfortunately, no micro-slags, flake or spheroidal

hammerscale, which provide a surer indication of the site of any blacksmithing

(Starley 1995), were found within the bulk bags.

2. Non-diagnostic ironworking

6.24 Two contexts, the fill (30142) of a Ditch 301 (30140), and a pit (30159), produced

debris of a similar fayalitic composition, but not of distinctive form. These were

classed as undiagnostic ironworking slags, as similar material is produced during

iron smithing and smelting processes. However, it is more probable that these also

derive from iron smithing.

3. Metalworking or other high temperature processes.

6.25 This group included a range of debris associated with the heating of a variety of clay

structures, possibly including hearths, furnaces, kilns, domestic ovens, inadvertently-

burned daub or other sources. While fired clay is the less severely-heated material,

and could possibly derive from a domestic hearth, it should be noted that even

metallurgical hearths and furnaces have regions of relatively low temperature.

Vitrified hearth lining is clay that has been subjected to severely high temperatures

and chemical attack on its outer surface, whilst cinder shows an all-over vitrification

of clay that has spalled away from the hearth/furnace wall. The latter two categories,

while not diagnostic of ironworking, may well also have resulted from this activity,

and it should be noted that both the cinder and hearth/furnace were found in a

context that also produced undiagnostic ironworking slag.

4. Fuel

6.26 A single sample from fill 10043 contained a mixture of charcoal and coke, or

possibly partially-burned coal. As the use of coke as a fuel is a relatively recent

innovation, this link with charcoal was unexpected, whether or not this had any

association with metalworking.


48


Discussion and conclusions 6.27 The debris is not stylistically datable. The examination of a relatively small sample of

metallurgical debris from the site indicated that iron smithing was the definite source

of one fragment, and the probable origin of much of the other debris. This was either

carried out on a very small scale, possibly by an itinerant ironworker, or the debris

may have diffused to this site from a larger ironworking operation within in its vicinity.

In either case, ironworking does not appear to have been of particular economic

importance to the occupants of the site. Any further spatial or chronological analysis

of the debris is beyond the scope of this assessment.

6.28 While it was noted that all the metallurgical debris came from Area 3, the distribution

of this material within Area 3, and the dating of the features concerned, has not been

assessed within this specialist report. No focus for ironworking activity has been

identified within Area 3, although it is possible that a number of phases of such

activity are represented within the fills of Period 3 features.

Fired Clay by Katie Marsden

6.29 A total of 73 fragments (1971g) of fired clay was recorded from 15 deposits. The

majority of fragments occur in a soft, pale buff fabric, some with a dark-grey core. A

small proportion (15 fragments, 127g) occurs in a harder-fired, orange fabric. The

fragments display no evidence of deliberate ‘tempering’, although sparse limestone

inclusions were present amongst the material recorded from pit 10041 (fill 10043).

None of the fragments display any features that might indicate an original form and

function.

Metalwork by Katie Marsden

6.30 A total of three metal objects, two of iron and one probably of copper alloy, was

recorded from deposit 10041 (fill 10043). The metalwork has been recorded to an

Access database, and identifications are summarised in Table 2, below. The

assemblage has been examined by a specialist conservator (Karen Barker), and

items were subjected to x-radiography (X-ray plate K16/232).


49


6.31 The extent of corrosion is variable. The ironwork, while characterised by heavy

corrosion, is not consistently fragmented, with the knife being complete and the bar

broken at each end. All items are currently stored in sealable plastic boxes with

desiccating silica gel, and are considered to be stable.

Range and Variety

6.32 All three items of metalwork were recorded from pit fill 10043, a deposit which also

contained worked bone weaving combs Ra. 5 and Ra. 6, together with quantities of

pottery dateable to the Middle Iron Age, Period 2. The concentration of ‘special’ finds

within this context suggests a structured deposit. This is discussed further in Section

8.6, below.

Table 2: Objects of Metalwork

Context Material Ra. No Type classification Date Ct.

Wt. (g) Recommendations X-ray

10043 iron 0 bar 1 21 K16/232

10043 iron 0 knife Manning Type 11 IA 1 24 illustration K16/232

10043 copper alloy 0 object tube 1 19 XRF, illustration K16/232

6.33 The iron knife is small, measuring 87mm in length. Its form compares to that of

Manning’s type 11, with its blade-back continuing in line from the handle, and is

more or less straight (Manning 1985). Knives comparable in form, although larger,

are known from Danebury (Sellwood 1984, fig. 7.10, nos. 2.28-30), from Middle or

Later Iron Age contexts.

6.34 The iron bar is rectangular in section and form, with a curve to one end. The bar is

broken at both ends, thus rendering difficult any formal identification of original form

and function.

6.35 The function of the probable copper alloy object is uncertain. It comprises a circular-

sectioned tube, measuring c. 20mm in length, with one enclosed end. The enclosed

end features decoration as a moulded ring and dot design (one dot enclosed by two

concentric rings). Preliminary assessments have been unable to identify convincing

Iron Age parallels, although a decorative use, perhaps an end-cap for a tool or

implement, is most likely.


50


Items of Worked Bone by Katie Marsden & E. R. McSloy

6.36 A total of two items of worked bone (Ra. 5 and Ra. 6) were recorded from pit 10041

(fill 10043). Identifications are summarised in Table 3, below. Both recorded items

are fragmentary, and Ra. 6 is also burnt and distorted. The surfaces of Ra. 5

appear weathered, probably as a result of the burial environment. Both worked

bone items are identifiable as weaving combs of a well-known Iron Age type, and

share characteristics of form and decoration with those from the sizeable Iron Age

Danebury group (Sellwood 1984; Cunliffe and Poole 1991). Plain/simple combs of

the kind represented by no. 1 made up approximately one third of those from the

Danebury Group (Selwood 1984, 372). The square/expanded butt form of no. 3 was

also well represented, and there are indications that this is a feature of Late Middle

or Late Iron Age combs (Cunliffe and Poole 1991, 357).

6.37 Such items were typically made from cattle or horse long-bones, although the

condition of Ra. 5 and Ra. 6 precludes identification of bone to species. Incised

decoration similar to that of Ra. 6 also occurs within the Danebury Group (ibid, fig.

7.229, no. 3.37), and with an example from Meare, Somerset (Coles 1987).

Table 3: Items of Worked Bone – Catalogue Descriptions

Ra.

Context

Description

Six joining fragments from weaving combs. Burnt and distorted. Undecorated and with narrow, undefined butt. Surviving length 138mm; max. width 31mm. Pit 10041 (fill 10043).

5 10043

Three joining fragments from weaving comb. Burnt. Only the central section is represented, the butt end and teeth absent. The back features decoration in a zig-zag pattern executed in incised double lines (cf. Selwood 1984 fig. 7.29, no. 3.37). Surviving length 98mm; max. width 25mm. Pit 10041 (fill 10043).

6

10043

Three non-joining fragments from weaving comb. The butt is of enlarged, rectangular form and (Sellwood 1984, 371). This is centrally perforated and decorated with paired, upper and lower marginal grooves. The fragments from the upper portion of the comb indicate that nine teeth were originally present. Width at head 31mm; at butt 34mm. Pit 10041 (fill 10043).


51


7. THE BIOLOGICAL RECORD

7.1 All ecofacts recovered from the excavation have been cleaned, marked, quantified

and catalogued by context. A total of 7 bulk samples were taken for the recovery of

environmental remains. The biological record is quantified in Table 4, below;

Table 4: Quantification of Biological Record

Type

Category Count

Animal bone Fragments

48

Samples Environmental 7

Animal bone by Matilda Holmes

Introduction

7.2 A small assemblage of animal bone was recovered from Areas 1, 2 and 3 of the

Cadnam Farm site, spanning the Middle Iron Age to Early Roman periods. The

sample was too small for detailed analysis, although some comments can be made

regarding the taxa present. The results of the animal bone assessment are

presented in Tables 10 and 11, Appendix E, of this report.

Methodology

7.3 Bones were identified using the author’s reference collection. Due to anatomical

similarities between sheep and goat, bones of this type were assigned to the

category ‘sheep/goat’, unless a definite identification (Zeder and Lapham 2010;

Zeder and Pilaar 2010) could be made. Bones that could not be identified to species

were, where possible, categorised according to the relative size of the animal

represented (small – cat/ rabbit sized; medium – sheep/ pig/ dog size; or large –

cattle/ horse size). Ribs were identified to size category where the head was

present, vertebrae were recorded when the vertebral body was present, and maxilla,

zygomatic arch and occipital areas of the skull were identified from skull fragments.

7.4 Tooth wear and eruption were recorded using guidelines from Grant (1982) and

Payne (1973), as were bone fusion, metrical data (von den Driesch 1976), anatomy,

side, zone (Serjeantson 1996) and any evidence of pathological changes, butchery

(Lauwerier 1988; Sykes 2007) and working. The condition of bones was noted on a

scale of 0-5, where 0 is fresh bone and 5, the bone is falling apart (Lyman 1994:


52


355). Other taphonomic factors were also recorded, including the incidence of

burning, gnawing, recent breakage and refitted fragments. All fragments were

recorded, although articulated or associated fragments were entered as a count of 1,

so they did not bias the relative frequency of species present. Details of associated

bone groups were recorded in a separate table.

7.5 No sieved samples were available at this stage, which may lead to a negative bias in

the number and variety of small mammals, fish and bird bones recorded in the

assemblage.

Taphonomy and Condition

7.6 Bones were generally in fair to poor condition, with a high incidence of breakage

(Table 10, Appendix E), the proportion of fresh breaks and refitted fragments

indicating that burial conditions were not conducive to good preservation. The

presence of a number of teeth remaining in the mandible, in addition to refitted

fragments, further suggested that there had been little post-depositional disturbance.

A few butchered and burnt bones reflect the processing of bones, and some gnawed

fragments indicate that they were not always buried immediately after disposal, but

were available for dogs to chew.

A number of calcined bone fragments were recovered from Middle Iron Age (cxts

10045 and 10075) and late Iron Age-early Roman (cxt 30043) features.

The Assemblage

7.7 Because of the small sample size, there was little value in conducting a detailed

analysis of the assemblage. Sheep/goat remains were most common in both phases

(Table 11, Appendix E), although cattle and equids were also recovered in relatively

high numbers. Occasional finds of pig, canid and red deer were also made. Red

deer was represented by an antler tine, which may have been collected from shed

antler, and therefore not necessarily implying hunting activity. The majority of bones

came from head and upper limb bones, which suggests a bias towards meat-bearing

parts of the carcase, although the sample is too small to be definite. Neonatal and

very young sheep were evident from the mid-late Iron Age assemblage, indicating

that they were bred nearby, and the tibia of a juvenile horse, of between two and

four years of age, was also recovered.


53


Plant Macrofossils and Molluscs by Sarah Wyles

7.8 The charred plant remains from a total of seven bulk soil samples were analysed

from a range of features of Period 2 Middle-Late Iron Age date in Areas 1 and 3.

Four samples were taken from 10041 in Area 1, and three samples from ditches in

Area 3. The mollusc assemblages from these samples were also examined.

7.9 The bulk samples were processed following standard flotation methods, using a

250µm sieve for the recovery of the flot, and a 1mm sieve for the collection of the

residue. All identifiable charred plant remains were identified following the

nomenclature of Stace (1997) for wild plants, and traditional nomenclature, as

provided by Zohary et alet. al (2012), for cereals. The results are recorded in Table

12, Appendix E.

7.10 The nomenclature for the mollusc assemblages follows Anderson (2005), and

details of the ecological preferences of the species follow Evans (1972), Kerney

(1999) and Davies (2008). The results are recorded in Table 13, Appendix E.

Charred Plant Remains by Sarah Wyles

7.11 The charred plant assemblages from fill 10043 (samples 1 and 2), of pit 10041, were

dominated by weed seeds, while cereal remains outnumbered weed seeds in the

smaller assemblages associated with pots Ra 3 and Ra 4, from fill 10043 (samples 6

and 7) of pit 10041.

7.12 The cereal remains were predominantly grains of barley (Hordeum vulgare), with

some hulled wheat, emmer or spelt (Triticum dicoccum/spelta) grains, within the

assemblages. A number of the hulled wheat grains were identifiable as being those

of spelt wheat (Triticum spelta). No chaff elements were recorded.

7.13 The weed seed assemblages included seeds of medick (Medicago sp.), clover

(Trifolium sp.), cleavers (Galium aparine), meadow grass/cat’s-tails (Poa/Phleum

sp.), docks (Rumex sp.), vetch/wild pea (Vicia/Lathyrus sp.), field madder (Sherardia

arvensis), oats (Avena sp.), brome grass (Bromus sp.) and scentless mayweed

(Tripleurospermum inodorum).

7.14 These assemblages, with the presence of both the larger seeded/seed head, and

smaller-seeded, weed species, appear likely to be representative of debris from an

earlier stage of crop processing, namely the stage at which the crops are harvested,

threshed and winnowed, and coarse and fine-sieved in preparation for drying, prior

to storage as semi-cleaned grain or spikelets (Hillman 1981, 1984).


54


7.15 The assemblages, particularly those from around Ra 3 and Ra 4, contained

quantities of vitrified material. This material appears to have formed under conditions

of high heat, and contained a number of plant stem impressions. It is thought that

this material probably comprises the remains of birch bark tar.

7.16 The moderate assemblage recovered from ditch 30140 (sample 4) was dominated

by barley grains, with a few grains of hulled wheat and seeds of clover/medick. No

chaff elements were present. A single barley grain was recorded from ditch 30137

(sample 3), and no plant remains from ditch 30126 (sample 5). The assemblage

from ditch 30140 may be representative of cleaned grain.

7.17 Spelt wheat is the dominant wheat species during the Middle-Late Iron Age period in

this part of the British Isles (Greig 1991), and is recorded, together with barley, from

a number of other deposits of Iron Age date within the wider area, including the

major assemblages at Danebury (Jones and Nye 1991), and smaller assemblages

from Danebury Road, Hatch Warren (Letts 2005), Brighton Hill South (Fasham et. al

1995) and Viables Farm Basingstoke (Millett and Russell 1984).

7.18 The weed seed species are typical of grassland, field margins and arable

environments. The majority of the weed seed species present are those favouring

drier, calcareous soils, such as field madder, clover, medick, corn gromwell

(Lithospermum arvensis) and ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata). The few seeds

of mallow (Malva sp.), from pit 10041, are indicative of the presence of some

damper environments in the vicinity. The presence of low-growing species, such as

clover and medick, within the weed assemblages may suggest a low harvesting

height by sickle (Hillman 1981).

7.19 Birch bark tar has been confirmed in use as a glue on repaired pottery sherds from a

number of Iron Age and Roman sites (Seager Smith forthcoming), although there

was no evidence of any residue on the pottery recovered from this site. Fragments

of birch tar were recovered from an Iron Age pit at Carshalton (ibid.), and the

charred plant assemblages from this pit also included smaller, seeded weed species

and barley grains (Wyles forthcoming), as was the case at Cadnam Farm. At

Carshalton, a number of the pottery sherds also showed glue repairs (Seager Smith

forthcoming).

7.20 Birch bark tar is formed by heating birch bark fragments to temperatures in excess

of 300-400˚C (Seager Smith et. al 2011, 125), and this may account for the very

high levels of vitrification observed in the charcoal assemblages from this site (see


55


Challinor, this report). Birch wood may not have been used as the fuel, but if bark

was being removed from the tree for tar extraction, it may have been done in a

sustainable way, rather than felling the tree (Challinor pers. comm).

7.21 It is possible that the probable birch tar fragments were dumped as old, or spoilt,

material, along with domestic waste. The charred plant assemblages from pit 10041

were better preserved than the charcoal, and did not show the same signs of high

vitrification. They are therefore unlikely to be directly associated with the probable

birch tar fragments.

Summary

7.22 The cereal remains are compatible with the Middle-Late Iron Age date of the pottery

assemblages, and these remains may be indicative of an early stage of crop

processing taking place nearby. The weed seeds are typical of grassland, field

margins and arable environments. The presence of probable birch tar fragments in

some of the samples is noteworthy.

Mollusc Remains by Sarah Wyles

7.23 High numbers of mollusc shells were recovered from fill 10043 (samples 1 and 2) of

pit 10043, and small numbers associated with pots Ra. 3 and Ra. 4 from the same

pit. The assemblages were dominated by shells of the open-country species group,

including Helicella itala, Vallonia costata, Vallonia excentrica and Pupilla muscorum,

and the intermediate species Trochulus hispidus. These assemblages may be

indicative of a well-established, open landscape, with both arable environments and

pasture in the vicinity. The local pasture element may have comprised short-turved

grassland. Small assemblages, with a similar composition, were recorded from

ditches 30137 (sample 4) and 30140 (sample 4) in Area 3.

7.24 The large assemblage recovered from ditch 30126 (sample 5) was different in

composition to the other samples. In this case, the shells of the shade-loving

species were predominant, representing over half of the assemblage, and included

those of Discus rotundatus, Carychium tridentatum, Aegopinella pura and

Aegopinella nitidula. There were also a large number of shells of the intermediate

species Trochulus hispidus. The open-country species only formed 14% of this

assemblage. Although this ditch was probably situated within a generally well-

established, open landscape, there are indications, from the shade-loving element,

of the existence of larger-scale, shady environments within the vicinity of the Site,

rather than simply niche micro-environments within the ditch itself. Discus


56


rotundatus is a species which favours leaf-litter and the underside of logs within

woodland and hedgerow environments, while Carychium tridentatum, Aegopinella

nitidula and Aegopinella pura are all found in leaf-litter and in long, ungrazed

grassland. The assemblage may therefore be indicative of the presence of long,

unkempt grass, and possibly a hedgerow, near the ditch. There are no species

exclusive to woodland within the assemblage.

Summary

7.25 The mollusc assemblages are indicative of a well-established, open landscape, with

both arable environments and pasture within the vicinity of the Site. The pasture

element may have comprised short-turfed grassland, and there appears to be some

indication of long, unkempt grass, and a hedgerow, near ditch 30126.

Wood Charcoal by Dana Challinor

7.26 Six samples from Period 2, Middle to Late Iron Age features were submitted for the

examination of charcoal. Four of the samples came from a single pit, 10041, in Area

1, and two from Area 3 ditches 30137 and 30140. The material was extremely

sparse, with only a few small fragments present in most samples. All identifiable

charcoal was examined, with the exception of two richer samples (3 & 6), from which

a representative sample was examined. Standard identification procedures were

followed, using identification keys (Hather 2000, Schweingruber 1990), and modern

reference material. The limited results of the charcoal assessment are summarised

in Table 5, below.

7.27 The condition of the charcoal was poor, with very high levels of vitrification, making it

difficult to observe anatomical characteristics. Only one sample, from ditch 30137,

produced a reasonable assemblage. This comprised comminuted slivers of Quercus

sp. (oak), with some sapwood and roundwood noted. The other taxon positively

identified was Prunus sp. (blackthorn/cherry), from the fills of pit 10043. This was

probably P. spinosa (blackthorn), as it appeared to have large rays in transverse

section, but it was not possible to confirm this in longitudinal sections. The non-oak

charcoal originated from roundwood of small diameter. Traces of other non-oak taxa

were recorded, but could not be confidently identified (Table 5).


57


Table 5: Charcoal from the Period 2: Middle-Late Iron Age features

Area Area 1 Area 3

Phase Middle/Late Iron Age Feature type Pit Ditches

Feature number 10041 30137 30140

Context number 10043 10043 10043, RA 3

10043, RA 4 30139 30142

Sample number 1 2 6 7 3 4 Quercus sp. (oak) oak ++ + +++ + Prunus sp. blackthorn/cherry + + Prunoideae/Maloideae cherry /hawthorn

groups + Indeterminate diffuse + +=trace; ++=frequent; +++=abundant

7.28 Despite the large quantities of charred material in pit 10041, there was little

preserved wood charcoal, and no identifiable bark fragments. If the charred material

does represent birch tar (see Wyles, this report, for discussion), the charcoal may

have derived from fuel waste from the process of heating the bark to extract the tar.

However, there were no identifications of birch wood or bark, and it is possible that

the charcoal entered the pit with a dump of general domestic fuel waste, along with

the burnt cereal remains. The rich assemblage from ditch 30137 is also likely to

represent a deliberate dump of waste fuelwood. The paucity of charcoal at the site

prohibits further interpretation, except to say that oak would have been common and

was clearly utilised for fuel in the Iron Age, as seen at other local sites of this period,

including Danebury Hillfort (Poole 1984), and Dowd’s Farm (Pelling 2012).

8. DISCUSSION 8.1 The Cadnam Farm site appears to represent a newly-established area of scattered

Middle Iron Age occupation, comprising a small enclosed settlement, with centrally-

positioned house and ancillary features, together with areas of unenclosed

settlement and agricultural activity within the vicinity. Unlike many areas of the

Hampshire chalk-lands, the wider environs of this site are associated with only

limited evidence of Middle and Later Iron Age settlement, and this has been

summarised in Section 2.3, above. It is therefore difficult to consider the Cadnam

Farm evidence in a sub-regional context, as relatively little investigation has been

undertaken in this part of East Hampshire, and there are few local comparator sites.

Cunliffe (2005, 252-3) has stated that the Middle Iron Age settlement landscape

within central-southern Britain during this period was increasingly filled with farming


58


settlements which were sited to optimise resources, and relate to central places. The

Honeybourne Down enclosure described in Section 2.3 may conceivably have

fulfilled the function of such a central place, although examples of contemporary

settlements within its hinterland, beyond the few identified, are notably scarce.

However, a wider regional conspectus reveals the Middle Iron Age as a period of

rapid agricultural and settlement expansion (Haslegrove et. al 2001, 29), not least

into previously unsettled and agriculturally less-favourable areas (see Haselgrove

1995, 80-7). Such movements may represent socially-directed migrations from

areas of increasing population pressures and possibly degraded downland soils (see

Cunliffe 1984, 31; 1995, 96). However, this interpretation may be qualified by the

small quantities of residual Early Iron Age pottery which were recovered from pit and

ditch fills within evaluation trenches 14, 16, 25 and 26, and may represent some

form of earlier Iron Age activity around the Cadnam Farm site. Significantly, the

evidence for Middle Iron Age occupation at Cadnam Farm does not appear to

extend beyond the end of Period 2, and may have been of limited duration, which,

on the basis of roundhouse evidence, possibly extended to no more than two or

three generations. However, the deposits of domestic waste and ironworking debris

in the fills of Period 3 ditches in Area 3 (sections 30123 and 30140 respectively),

suggest that occupation of this date is likely to have continued in the vicinity.

The Period 3 Ditches

8.2 The Period 3 linear ditches 301, 302 and 303 in Area 3 are problematic, in that it is

not possible to fully elucidate their form or function. Their location, within Fields 3

and 4 of the Site, precluded their identification by geophysical survey and hence any

further interpretation of their form. The photograph in Fig. 5 appears to show soil

colouration suggesting a right-angled, north-eastward return of Ditch 301, which

might suggest that these ditches represent a ditched enclosure, although the

excavator has confirmed that this is purely a photographic effect, and that Ditch 301

extended only as far as its northern terminal, as shown on Fig. 5. These features

have therefore been interpreted as the possible opening of a drove-way, a not

uncommon feature on the chalk-lands of south-central Britain, where such openings

appear to represent the entry, or collection, points of extensive trackway systems.

These are generally associated with the movement and handling of livestock, and

frequently comprise part of rectilinear field systems (see Lambrick and Robinson

2009, 84, 85, Fig. 3.19; 110, Fig. 4.12). These ditches comprise substantial features

(Fig. 5), whose form and layout suggest that they comprised part of a single

coherent scheme of landscape reorganisation following the end of Period 2


59


occupation. In this case, it might be expected that traces of a ditched drove-way

might extend southward from these excavated features, although, surprisingly, these

were not identified within any of the surrounding evaluation trenches.

Evidence of Industrial Activity

8.3 Small quantities of metalworking debris were recovered from the Cadnam Farm

site, and principally from the ditch fills of Period 3 date in Area 3. The small

quantities of diagnostic material present indicated smithing activity, although it is

possible that other industrial activities may be represented, and the presence of

birch bark tar may be significant in this context. There is no evidence of iron

smelting activity on, or around, the site. It is possible that at least some of this

debris could be residual material of earlier Iron Age date, although evidence of

small-scale ironworking is a common aspect of Middle and Late Iron Age sites

within the region, and is well represented elsewhere (Cunliffe 2005, 495). However,

a number of broadly contemporary sites in Hampshire have produced no evidence

of ironworking, including those at Easton Lane and Winnall Down (Fasham 1985;

Fasham et. al, 1989), and Oram’s Arbour, Winchester (Qualmann et. al, 2004).

Limited evidence suggests that here, as elsewhere, ironworking may have been

undertaken on a small-scale, episodic basis, was and designed to meet domestic

needs, or as a form of diversification within a predominantly farming economy

(Hingley 1997).

Evidence of Roundhouse Structures

8.4 Enclosure 1.1 within Area 1, contained two concentric sections of gulley, which on

the basis of respective profiles and fills may be interpreted as an inner ring-gulley

(105) and outer drip-gulley (104), representing a circular-plan building of c. 12m

internal diameter (fig. 3). Area 2 was associated with two superimposed ring-gullies

of comparative diameter, representing Roundhouses 3 and 4, Fig.4), together with a

closely-adjacent gulley which, on the basis of form and profile, may represent a third

circular-plan building (Roundhouse 5). The limited extent of areas excavated

precludes further interpretation of the character of settlement, although geophysical

survey (Pre-Construct Geophysics 2015) failed to reveal any traces of these

features. It is therefore possible that a more extensive area of settlement features

may be associated with the eastern part of the site, between Areas 1 and 2, as

possibly suggested by the evidence of evaluation trenches in this area (CA 2015,

Fig. 2). On the basis of available evidence, the roundhouses in Area 2 may be of a


60


date which is only broadly contemporary with that of the enclosed settlement in Area

1, and it is possible that these two areas represent successive phases of Period 2

occupation. The relationship between enclosed and unenclosed settlement appears

to have been fairly fluid in the later Middle Iron Age, and it is possible that

Roundhouse 1 may pre-date Enclosure 1.1 (see Bowden and McOmish 1987;

Lambrick and Robinson 2009, 130-31). Comparative regional evidence, including

that from Winnall Down, Hampshire (Fasham 1985), suggests that much open

settlement of this period developed with little reference to any earlier, enclosed

settlement. In addition, the regional Middle Iron Age record displays considerable

variety in terms of relationships between enclosed and unenclosed settlement and

the areas enclosed, including approaches adopted to enclosing ancillary features

such as pits, four-post structures etc (see Lambrick 2014, 135-6).

Evidence for smaller post-built structures

8.5 A small, post-built structure, of circular plan and c. 4-5m in internal diameter, was

situated to the north-west of Enclosure 1.1, in Area 1 (Roundhouse 2, Fig. 3). The

component post settings were all undated, although it can be reasonably inferred

that Roundhouse 2 was broadly contemporary with Enclosure 1.1, but may pre-date

Ditch 101 of the associated drove-way entrance. Within Area 3, Roundhouse 6 (Fig.

5) was of similar stake, or post-built type, and represented a small, approximately

circular-plan building of c. 6.5m in internal diameter. In both cases, the shallow

surviving depths of the post settings and the small internal dimensions of the

building, suggest that these were not substantial, domestic dwellings (Sharples

2010, 193, Fig. 4.4), and may have been relatively transient structures. Harding

(2009, 68) has observed that simple, post or stake-built roundhouses of this type

rarely attain the same proportions as those of more ‘traditional’ (i.e. ring-gulley)

construction, and that it is by no means certain that all such examples were roofed.

The small sizes of Roundhouses 2 and 6 on the Cadnam Farm site suggests an

alternative interpretation as livestock pens, or the ‘working areas’ associated with a

number of contemporary sites (Collard et. al, 2006; Harding 2009, 68; Cunliffe 2005,

271-3), although these examples are otherwise within the size-range of Iron Age

domestic structures recorded within the region (Lambrick and Robinson 2009, 141).

In this case, a domestic function could be inferred by the remains of a quern

recovered from the upper fill of post hole 30104, immediately adjacent to

Roundhouse 6. This item may represent a deliberately placed object which may

have been connected with the life of the house, and commemorate a particular


61


event. The presence of two distinctive roundhouse types across the site may also

suggest different contemporary functions, or conversely, different phases of

occupation, with the smaller, post-built houses possibly pre-dating the larger ring-

gulley types.

8.6 The evidence in Area 2 appears to indicate that Gullies 205, 206, 202, 20052 and pit

20060 all comprised disconnected elements of a single ring-gulley, which would

originally have been a continuous feature representing the plan of a single house

(Roundhouse 3, Fig. 4). Similarly, ring gulley 204 and segmented gulley 20064

plausibly represent the plan of a later, partly superimposed roundhouse

(Roundhouse 4, Fig. 4), of closely comparable size. This evidence appears to be

complemented by the circular configurations of internal pits or post holes, which may

be interpreted as two respective rings of internal post supports. On the assumption

that Roundhouse 4 was a direct successor to Roundhouse 3, it is tempting to

speculate on the possible timescales involved. A number of commentators (Brϋck

1991, 149; Brossler and Allen 2004, Figs. 13 and 16) have suggested that the use-

life of a prehistoric roundhouse may have been coeval with the life of its principal

inhabitant, and such short lifespans may be evident in a number of excavated

examples, including at Reading Business Park (Barnes et. al 1997, Fig. 4.14), where

numerous superimposed roundhouse plans were recorded, without much evidence

for a lengthy period of occupation in each case. At the near-contemporary site of

Winklebury, Basingstoke (Smith 1977), a roundhouse appeared to have been

reconstructed on almost the same spot on at least three different occasions (cf.

Guilbert 1981, 301-2). This may qualify a body of evidence which otherwise

suggests that abandoned house sites may have been considered taboo, and not

subsequently built upon. Sharples (2010, 228) has suggested that there may have

been no direct succession between occupants and their descendants in such cases,

and that the reconstruction of a house on, or close to, the location of the original,

may simply signify a deliberate act of inheritance by a new generation, possibly

involving the re-use of the timbers of the original house. This could conceivably

involve an interval in occupation of a generation or more in some cases, although it

is not possible to refine any chronological relationship between Roundhouses 3 and

4.

Evidence for Structured Deposition


62


8.7 Both evaluation and excavation stages provided possible evidence of structured

deposition. Two large post pits, 7903 and 7907, within evaluation trench 79, each

contained what appeared to be a specially-placed item within their fills. In the case

of post pit 7903, this included a bone comb within primary fill 7904, and in the case

of post pit 7907, the single fill, 7908, contained an almost complete pottery vessel of

Middle Iron Age date. During the excavation of Area 3, fragments of a sandstone

saddle quern (SF 1) were recovered from the top of the fill 30105, of post hole

30104, located immediately to the south-east of Roundhouse 6 (Fig. 5). It is possible

to interpret each of these as deliberately-placed items, whose deposition may mark

particular events. It is possible that the quern fragments relate to the

decommissioning or demolition of Roundhouse 6 (see Hill 1995, 100-1, 108; Bradley

2005, 114, 119). In view of any excavated surrounding context, the significance of

the items within the Trench 79 post pits can only be tentatively interpreted, although

it is possible that these commemorate similar circumstances relating to domestic

occupation in either Area 1 or Area 2.

8.8 Pit 10041 (fill 10043), was located within the north-eastern margins of Area 1, and

contained a relatively rich assemblage of partially-complete pots (Ra. 3 and Ra. 4),

together with an iron knife (Ra. 1), a metal bead (Ra. 2) and two items of worked

bone (Ra. 5 and Ra. 6). The dark, humic, charcoal-rich character of this fill suggests

a deposit of domestic waste, although the inclusion of a number of household

objects strongly suggests deliberate placement and a possible act of

commemoration. The essentially domestic character of these items, and that of the

deposit in which they were placed, certainly falls within the definition of structured

deposition described by Hill (1995, 39-40), in which certain exceptional items, in

addition to a differentiated sequence of fills of different character, may be readily

distinguished from deposits of mixed and relatively homogenous character. It is

possible to speculate on the possible relationship of pit 10041 to the occupation of

the adjacent Enclosure 1.1, and to specific events in the life of this settlement. In

observing the spatial relationships of such deposits to later prehistoric settlements

and houses, and their role in the commemoration of life-events or domestic practice,

Hill (1995, 88-9) has suggested that these are essentially of an infrequent, episodic

nature (cf. Sharples 2010, 236). Lambrick and Robinson (2009, 286) observe that

such deposits mark significant episodes of change, which in this case may mark the

death, or departure from the community, of a specific individual. Equally possible in

this context may be the closure or abandonment of the settlement itself (cf. Gerritsen

2003, 102-4; Bradley 2005, 79-80), which may only represent a single, short-lived


63


phase of occupation which was coeval with the lifetime of its principal inhabitant

(Sharples 2010, 222-3). While fill 10043 contained no structural material, including

daub, its high charcoal content may partly represent the destruction of Roundhouse

1 (Brϋck 1999, 151-2).

Evidence for Farming Regimes

8.9 Conditions on the Cadnam Farm site were not particularly conducive to the survival

of organic remains, and only tentative conclusions can be drawn regarding the

nature of the Middle Iron Age farming economy. Limited samples of cereal grains

were dominated by barley, with some emmer or spelt wheat. This is broadly typical

for the period, although no other cultivated species were present. Significantly, none

of the seven samples taken contained any evidence of chaff or crop processing.

This may simply mean that the grain in question had been cleaned and, in the case

of pit 10041, was derived from purely domestic contexts, and that crop processing

may have taken place elsewhere on site. Wyles (this report) has suggested that

weed seed component of the samples obtained may be indicative of an early stage

of crop processing, which may have been undertaken prior to storage. None of the

pits investigated were of a size and profile which suggested an original use for

agricultural storage. The limited sample of poorly-preserved animal bone was

broadly typical of the period in terms of species composition, but possibly with a

slight preponderance of cattle. It is possible that this settlement was principally

pastoral in its economic outlook, and relied upon imports of cleaned and processed

grain from elsewhere, although this would be quite untypical of Hampshire Middle

Iron Age sites as whole. Significantly, Wyles (this report) has assessed the mollusc

assemblages from this site as representative of a well-established, open landscape,

with both arable cultivation and pasture land within the vicinity. This supports

interpretations of an integrated, mixed farming economy on the site during Period 2

(Cunliffe 2005, 418-19).

Two-post structures

8.10 The three excavation areas have provided evidence for a variety of post-built

structures, in addition to a number of circular-plan buildings (Roundhouses 1-6, Figs.

3-5). Four-post structures of conventional Iron Age type are recorded in Area 1 and

3, with a six-post structure recorded in the north-west corner of Area 3. These are

common features of late prehistoric sites across southern Britain (cf. Lambrick and

Robinson 2009, 97-101, 104-5; Cunliffe 2005, 411-12), where they are generally


64


associated with aspects of food storage. There are also a number of what appear to

be paired post holes in Areas 1 and 3, which may also represent simple post-built

structures, Area 3 is associated with some seven examples, with paired post holes

of comparable dimensions and fills separated by distances of between one and two

metres. Such paired post holes are not commonly described in the excavation

literature for the period, but were originally interpreted by Bersu and others on an

ethnographic basis, i.e. as free-standing racks used for the drying of fodder or other

materials (Harding 1972, 37-8). This interpretation was tested experimentally at

Butser by Reynolds (Reynolds 1999, 156-62), but remains otherwise unconfirmed,

due not least to the large number of possible alternative interpretations, and a

general lack of supporting archaeological evidence.

9. STORAGE AND CURATION

9.1 The archive is currently held at the CA Andover office, while post-excavation work

proceeds. Upon completion of the project, and with the agreement of the legal

landowners, the site archive and artefactual collection will be deposited with the

Hampshire Cultural Trust (accession number: A2015.66), which has agreed in

principle to accept the complete archive upon completion of the project.

10. PUBLICATION

10.1 The results from the investigations at Cadnam Farm are of sub-regional significance,

and merit publication. The site is a locally-rare example of Middle Iron Age enclosed

and unenclosed settlement, and may be illustrative of a period of settlement

expansion and social formation within an otherwise sparsely inhabited area to the

north of the Wey valley. It contains evidence of a number of examples of circular-plan

houses of different modes of construction, together with other post-built structures.

Connected with these may be some interesting examples of structured deposition,

together with evidence of possible landscape change and reorganisation in the Late

Iron Age period. It is therefore proposed that a short excavation report is published

in due course, in the Hampshire county journal, Hampshire Studies.

11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

11.1 The evaluation and excavation stages of the project were managed for Cotswold

Archaeology by Damian de Rosa, and were undertaken by Oliver Good, assisted by

Jeremy Clutterbuck, Tim Street, Jack Marten-Jones, Natasha Djukic, Emily Stynes,

Steve Bush, Nida Bhunnoo and Amber O’Hara. The pottery assessment and


65


reporting was undertaken by Ed McSloy (CA), and the lithics report by Jacky

Sommerville (CA). Reporting and assessment of fired clay and metal work was by

Katie Marsden (CA), who also assisted Ed McSloy in the assessment of items of

worked bone. The metalworking debris was assessed by David Starley, and the

Worked Stone by Ruth Shaffrey. The plant remains, and molluscs were assessed

and reported by Sarah Wyles (CA), and the wood charcoal by Dana Challinor. The

animal bone was assessed and reported by Matilda Holmes. Report illustrations

were prepared by Leo Heatley and Aleksandra Osinka (CA). Finds supervision was

undertaken by Andy Donald. The post-excavation project was managed by Richard

Massey, who also contributed to this report. We gratefully acknowledge the

assistance of Turley Associates throughout the excavation and post-excavation

phases of the project, and the advice received from Neil Adam and David Hopkins,

respectively the Senior Archaeologist and the Senior Historic Environment Officer

(SHEO) for Hampshire County Council.

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APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Table 6: Context Descriptions

Context

Context type Fill_of Ctx_Description

Group

Spot date

Area 1/ CADF16 10003 cut

Irregular in plan, rounded and concave sides which are steep. Tree-throw hollow.

u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10004 fill 10003

Light greyish-brown, silty clay which is compact. < 50% 70mm, or less, angular chalk. < 5% 50mm or less angular flint.

Area 1/ CADF16 10005 fill 10003

Dark, greyish- brown clayey silt, which is friable. <10% 50mm or less angular chalk. <1% 50mm or less angular flint.


Irregular in plan, with rounded corners. Gradual breaks of slope, with steep and concave sides. Tree-throw hollow.

u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10007 fill 10006

Light yellowish-brown clayey silt, which is friable but firm, c. 30% chalk.


Linear, NW-SE alignment, with parallel sides. Sub-rounded corners. Moderate-shallow sides which are concave. Gradual breaks of slope. Irregular base. Possible lynchet.

Ditch 102 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10009 fill 10008

Mid greyish-brown silty clay, which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk nodules and flecking (<30mm). Moderate amount of sub-angular flint throughout (<40mm).


Circular in plan. Moderately-steep sides, which are rounded/concave. Rounded base. Small posthole. R/h 2 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10011 fill 10010

Mid greyish-brown clayey silt, which is friable. <10mm sub-angular chalk, <20mm angular flint.


Oval in plan. Moderate and concave/rounded sides. Flat base. Large posthole. R/h 2 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10013 fill 10012

Mid greyish-brown clayey silt, which is friable. <5% 10mm or less sub-angular flint. <1% 50mm or less sub-rounded flint.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Gradual breaks of slope, concave gentle slope. Sub-rounded base, tapered rounded point. Posthole. R/h 2 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10015 fill 10014

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and firm. <5% chalk rubble, <5% sub-angular flint.


Sub-oval in plan. Rounded corners. Gradual breaks of slope. Moderate-steep sides which are concave. Sub-rounded base, tapered rounded point. Posthole. R/h 2 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10017 fill 10016

Mid greyish-brown clayey silt which is friable and firm. <5% chalk rubble.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Gradual breaks of slope. Gentle slope which are concave. Tapered rounded point. Posthole. R/h 2 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10019 fill 10018

Mid greyish-brown silty clay which is friable and firm. <5% chalk rubble.


74



Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Sharp breaks of slope. Steep and concave. Tapered round point. Posthole. R/h 2 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10021 fill 10020

Mid brownish grey clayey silt which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble c.5%. Single(secondary) fill.


Sub-circular in plan, rounded corners. Gradual breaks of slope. Moderate and concave sides. Tapered rounded point. Posthole, possibly part of roundhouse. Rh 2 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10023 fill 10022

Mid brownish grey clayey silt which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble c.5%. Single(secondary) fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Gradual breaks of slope. Straight-moderate slope which are concave. Flat base. Posthole, possibly part of roundhouse. Rh 2 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10025 fill 10024

Mid greyish-brown clayey silt which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble <5%. Single(secondary) fill.


Oval. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Moderate slope, slightly irregular with moderate break of slope. Flattish base. Refuse pit.

Pit 10026 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10027 fill 10026

Mid brown clayey silt which is firm throughout. 10% 100mm or less sub-angular flint and chalk.

Area 1/ CADF16 10028 fill 10026

Very light brown and white silty clay and chalk. Compact. Re-deposited natural.


Circular in plan. Moderate-steep sides which are rounded and concave. Rounded/concave base. Posthole.

Pit 10026 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10000 layer

Topsoil - Dark greyish brown clayey silt.


Subsoil - Light yellowish brown silty clay.


Natural - Chalk.

Area 1/ CADF16 10030 fill 10029

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. <5% 30mm or less sub-angular chalk. <1% 30mm or less sub-angular flint. Single(secondary) fill.


Circular in plan. Rounded and concave sides which are moderately sloped. Rounded/concave base. Posthole, possibly forms an IA roundhouse. R/h 2 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10032 fill 10031

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. <5% 10mm or less angular chalk.


Oval. Sharp and concave. East side is vertical into moderate. West side is rounded/concave, moderate slope. Base is irregular. Large posthole.

Pit 10026 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10034 fill 10033

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and soft. <40% 120mm or less angular flint. <10% 30mm or less angular chalk. Single(secondary) fill.


Sub-rectangular, NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Sharp breaks of slope. Steep and concave sides. Sub-rounded base. Pit.

Posthole 10035 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10036 fill 10035

Mid greyish-brown silty clay which is friable but firm. Chalk rubble c.20%; charcoal flecking <5%. Single (secondary) fill.

Area 1/ 10037 cut

Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep sides Pit 2


75


CADF16 with moderate breaks of slope. Flat base. Waste pit.

10037

Area 1/ CADF16 10038 fill 10037

Dark brown silty clay which is firm throughout. 10% 70mm or less sub-angular flint and chalk. Occasional charcoal flecks. Dumped deposition intermixed with secondary deposition.

Area 1/ CADF16 10039 fill 10037

Dark brown and white silty clay with 40% chalk inclusions. 10% 200 mm or less sub-angular flint and occasional charcoal. Dumped fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10040 fill 10037

Dark brown with white flecks silty clay. Firm throughout. 5% 60mm or less sub-rounded flints and chalk. Occasional charcoal flecks. Secondary fill.


Circular in plan. Imperceptible sides. Concave/irregular on northern side. Undercut mainly on southern side. Steep on both sides. Base is imperceptible/flat. IA pit.

Pit 10041 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10042 fill 10041

Light greyish brown silty clay which is friable. <1% 10mm or less sub-rounded chalk. Primary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10043 fill 10041

Dark blackish brown sandy silt which is friable and soft. <1% 70mm or less aub-angular chalk. <1% 50mm or less aub-angular flint. <50% 30mm or less charcoal flecks. Dump of burnt material. Registered artefacts 1 to 6 were found within this fill.


Circular in plan. Gradual slopes, steeper on SE edge. Irregular/uneven base. Posthole.

P/h 30037 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30038 fill 30037

Mid-light yellowish brown silty clay which is friable. Moderate amount of flint. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Vertical side on SW edge, Very steep on NE edge. Flat base. Posthole. R/h 6 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30040 fill 30039

Mid brown silty clay which is friable. Gravel and chalk inclusions. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Steep and symmetrical sides. Gently concaved base. Posthole, likely associated with 30029, 30031 and 30043. Possibly forms a 4-post structure. F-PS 2 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30042 fill 30041

Light greyish brown silty clay which is moderate-compact. 90% flint (<200mm). Packing fill.


Circular in plan. Steep and symmetrical sides. Flat base. Posthole, likely associated with 30029, 30031 and 30041. Possibly forms a 4-post structure. F-P S 2 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30044 fill 30043



Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical sides. Concave base. Posthole, likely associated with 30033, 30035, 30048 and 30071. R/h 6 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30046 fill 30045

Light yellowish white silty clay which is moderate in compaction and sticky. Chalk and flint inclusions. Single (secondary) fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30047 fill 30045

Mid-dark brown silty clay which is friable. Rare amount of (small) stone. Packing fill (?).


Circular plan. Very steep sides. Gently concaved base. Posthole, likely associated with 30033, 30035, 30045 and 30071. R/h 6 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30049 fill 30048

Light whitish brown silty clay which is moderate in compaction and sticky. Some chalk and flint. Single fill.


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Rectangular in plan. NE-SW alignment. Sub-rounded corners. Very steep sides with sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Pit (refuse?).

Pit 30050 3

Area 3/ CADF16 30051 fill 30050

Light yellowish brown and white. Chalky clay which is friable. 1% sub-rounded flint (120mm); pottery. Primary fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30052 fill 30050

Mid brown homegenous clayey silt which is moderate - friable. 5% sub-rounded flint (<100mm): charcoal flecks; fired clay; slag; worked flint. Dumped fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30053 fill 30050

Light-mid brown clayey silt which moderate in compaction. 1% sub-rounded flint and chalk (<40mm). Dump fill (redeposited natural).


Circular in plan. Steep sides. Concave base. Posthole.

P/h 30054 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30055 fill 30054

Light greyish brown silty clau which is friable and sticky. Some (small) flint, chalk and stone. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Steep sides. Flat, slighty concave base. Posthole.

P/h 30056 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30057 fill 30056

Mid brown silty clay which is friable. Common amount of moderately sized sub-angular flint. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Steep sides with gradual breaks of slope. Narrow and concave base. Posthole.

P/h 30058 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30059 fill 30058

Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable. Some (small) round flint. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Very steep sides, almost vertical. Narrow and concave base. Posthole.

P/h 30060 R/h 6

Area 3/ CADF16 30061 fill 30060

Dark brown silty clay which is friable. Primary fill (?).

Area 3/ CADF16 30062 fill 30060

Mid-dark brown silty clay which is friable. Common amount of (small) flint and chalk. Secondary fill.


Oval in plan. Steep sides with gradual breaks of slope. Unevenly flat. Pit.

P/h 30063 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30064 fill 30063

Mid-dark brown silty clay which is friable. Some flint. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Steep sides with gradual breaks of slope. Flat base. Posthole.

P/h 30065 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30066 fill 30065

Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable. Rare amount of flint. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Steep sides with gradual breaks of slope. Concave base. Posthole.

P/h 30067 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30068 fill 30067

Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable. Rare amount of flint. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Gradual slopes. Very shallow. Uneven, flat base.

P/h 30069 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30070 fill 30069

Light greyish brown clayey silt which is friable-moderate in compaction. Some chalk. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Very steep sides. Concave base. U-shaped posthole. R/h 6 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30072 fill 30071

Pale greyish brown silty clay which is moderate in compaction. Moderate amount of chalk, flint and stone. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Moderate slope with moderate breaks of slope. Flat base. Pit u/d


77


Waste pit. 30073 Area 3/ CADF16 30074 fill 30073

Mid brown silty clay which is loose. 50% sub-angular flint (<120mm). Dumped fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30075 fill 30029

Mid-light yellowish brown silty clay which is friable. Sparse amount of (small) stones. Deliberate backfill (?).

Area 3/ CADF16 30076 fill 30031


Area 3/ CADF16 30077 fill 30041


Area 3/ CADF16 30078 fill 30043


Area 2/ CADF16 20011 fill 20010

Light brownish grey clayey silt which is friable. Single(secondary) fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Concave base. Posthole. Pit 2012 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20013 fill 20012

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. Chalk rubble c.10%. Single(secondary) fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat base. Posthole.

P/h 20014 u/d

Area 2/ CADF16 20015 fill 20014



Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Concave base. Posthole.

P/h 20016 u/d

Area 2/ CADF16 20017 fill 20016



Sub-oval in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and straight sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Posthole.

Pit 20018 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20019 fill 20018

Light greyish brown clayey silt which is friable.Large sub-angular flint <5%; chalk rubble <5%; charcoal flecking <5%. Single(secondary) fill.


Linear. SE-NW alignment. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Gulley terminus.

Gulley 202 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20021 fill 20020

Light greyish brown clayey silt which is friable but firm. Chalk rubble c.50%. Single(secondary) fill.


Linear, curved. SE-NW alignment. Gentle and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat base. Shallow gulley.

Gulley 202 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20023 fill 20022

Light greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble c.50%. Single(secondary) fill.


Linear, curved. SE-NW alignment. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Gulley terminus. Associated with 20020 and 20022.

Gulley 202 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20025 fill 20024

Light greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble c.50%. Single(secondary) fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Concave base. Posthole.

P/h 20026 2


78


Area 2/ CADF16 20027 fill 20026

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. Chalk rubble c.20%; charcoal flecking <5%. Single (secondary) fill.


Linear (terminus). NE-SW alignment. Moderate-steep and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Concave base. Gulley terminus.

Gulley 204 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20029 fill 20028

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. <10% sub-angular flint (<40mm).


Linear, curved. N-S alignment. Moderate-steep and convex. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat. Gulley of possible IA roundhouse.

Gulley 204 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20031 fill 20030

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. <1% charcoal flecks (<10mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Linear. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Concave base. Gulley terminus.

Gulley 206 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20033 fill 20032

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. Chalk rubble c.20%. Single (secondary) fill.


Linear. NW-SE alignment. Gentle and concave sides. Concave base. Gulley, next to other gulley 20032.

Gulley 205 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20035 fill 20034



Linear (terminus). NW-SE alignment. Moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat base. Gulley terminus, possibly used for drainage. Associated with 20034.

Gulley 205 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20037 fill 20036



Linear (terminus). N-S alignment. Shallow-moderate and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Flattish base.

Gulley 204 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20039 fill 20038

Light-mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable but firm. Very common amount of chalk (<50mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Linear with parallel sides. NE- SW alignment. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Gulley.

Gulley 204 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20041 fill 20040

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable but firm. Common amount of chalk (<40mm); sparse amount of sub-angular flint (<30mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Shallow-moderate and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Gulley.

Gulley 205 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20043 fill 20042

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and moist. Moderate amount of chalk (<30mm); rare amount of charcoal flecking (<10mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Gulley.

Gulley 206 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20045 fill 20044

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is compact and moist. Moderate amount of chalk (<40mm); sparse amount of charcoal flecking (<10mm) and sub-angular flint (<30mm). Single (secondary) fill.


79



Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Gulley.

Gulley 204 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20047 fill 20046

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable but firm. Common amount of chalk (<50mm); sparse amount of sub-angular flint (<50mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Oval in plan. NE-SW alignment. Rounded corners. Very steep sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Concave base. Posthole.

Pit 20048 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20049 fill 20048

Light greyish brown chalky silty clay which is firm throughout. 2% sub-angular flint (<100mm). Packing fill.

Area 2/ CADF16 20050 fill 20048

Light greyish brown chalky silty clay which is firm throughout. 2% sub-angular flint (<100mm). Packing fill.

Area 2/ CADF16 20051 fill 20048

Mid brown silty clay which is firm throughout. 5% chalk. Deliberate backfill.


Linear. NE-SW alignment. Very shallow, impercetible breaks of slope. Flat base. Remnants of truncated ditch (?).

Gulley 20052 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20053 fill 20052

Light brown and white silt clay with chalk rubble. Firm throughout. 25% chalk (<90mm). Occasional charcoal flecking. Secondary fill.


Circular in plan. Steep sides with gradual breaks of slope. Flat, slightly concave base. Posthole. R/h 6 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30080 fill 30079

Mid greyish brown silty chalky clay which is friable. Moderate amount of chalk and flint. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Steep and slightly concave sides. Narrow and flat base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30082 fill 30081

Light greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Moderate amount of flint; charcoal flecks. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Steep and concave sides. Concave base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30084 fill 30083



Circular in plan. Steep sides, almost vertical on NE edge. Flat, slightly concave base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30086 fill 30085



Circular in plan. Steep and concave sides. Concave base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30088 fill 30087



Circular in plan. Steep sides. Very shallow. Narrow and concave base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30090 fill 30089

Mid brown clayey silt which is moderate in compaction. Small flint inclusions, charcoal flecks. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Steep sides, gradual breaks of slope. Flat and uneven base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30092 fill 30091

Dark brownish black silty clay which is friable-loose. Rare (small) flint, charcoal flecks. Single fill.


80



Sub-oval in plan. Gradual slopes, sharp breaks of slope. Uneven and irregular base. Pit.

Pit 30093 2

Area 3/ CADF16 30094 fill 30093

Light greyish brown silty clay which is friable and sticky. Small sub-angular flint and charcoal patches. Bottom (secondary) fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30095 fill 30093

Mid brown silty clay which is moderate in compaction. Large sub-angular flint and chalk throughout; charcoal chunks. Top (secondary) fill.


Circular in plan. Steep sides. Concave base. U-shaped posthole. Struct 3 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30097 fill 30096

Mid yellowish brown silty clay which is friable. Rare charcoal flecking. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Gradual and concave sides. Concave base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30099 fill 30098

Light-mid brown silty clay which is friable-moderate sides. Very common sub-angular flint; charcoal flecks.


Curvilinear ditch terminus. NE-SW alignment. Steep sides. Graduals breaks of slope. Flat base. Slightly greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. Slightly chalk; some sub-angular flint. Single fill.

Ditch 302 3

Area 3/ CADF16 30101 fill 30100

Slightly greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. Slightly chalk; some sub-angular flint. Single fill.


Sub-oval plan. Steep and irregular sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Undulating/irregular base. Tree throw.

T-T 30102 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30103 fill 30102

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Common flint and chalk; some charcoal flecks.


Not visible in plan. E-side almost vertical, W-side gradual slope. Flat base. Posthole.

P/h 30104 2

Area 3/ CADF16 30105 fill 30104

Mid-dark greyish brown silty clay which is friable but firm. Very common sub-angular flint throughout. Single fill. Possible saddle quern found, registered artefact number 7.


Circular in plan. Steep and concave sides. Concave base. Posthole.

P/h 30106 2

Area 3/ CADF16 30107 fill 30106

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Charcoal chunks; small flint inclusions. Single fill.


Linear. NE-SW alignment. Rounded corners. Gradual and concave sides. Concave base. Demarkation ditch (?).

Ditch 302 3

Area 3/ CADF16 30109 fill 30108

Light greyish brown silty chalky clay which is moderate and firm. Sticky. Bottom (primary) fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30110 fill 30108

Slightly greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Sub-angular flint throughout. Top (secondary) fill).


Not visible in plan. Steep and concave sides with gradual breaks of slope. Concave base. Three throw.

Ditch 302 3

Area 3/ CADF16 30112 fill 30111

Light greyish brown silty loam which is friable but firm. Single fill, bioturbated.


Circular in plan. Steep and irregular sides. Impercetible breaks of slope. Concave base.

P/h 30113 2

Area 3/ CADF16 30114 fill 30113

Pale greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and sticky. Sub-angular (small) flint


81


throughout. Single fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Steep and concave sides. Concave base. Posthole.

P/h 30115 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30116 fill 30115

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Moderate amount of chalk flecks; rare amount of sub-angular flint (>0.1m). Single (secondary) fill.


Circular in plan. Moderate and concave sides. Concave base. Posthole.

P/h 30117 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30118 fill 30117

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Moderate amount of chalk flecks; rare amount of sub-angular flint (>0.1m). Single (secondary) fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Moderate and concave sides. Flat base. Pit/ two posthole (?).

Pit 30119 2

Area 3/ CADF16 30120 fill 30119

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Sparse amount of chalk flecks and sub-angular flint (>0.06m). Single (secondary) fill.


Oval but irregular in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Pit. Unexcavated.

Pit 30121 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30122 fill 30121

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Common amount of sub-angular flint (<0.15m); moderate amount of chalk (<70mm). Uppermost fill.


Linear, curving. NE-SW alignment, curving towards the N. Sub-rounded corners. Steep and symmetrical sides which have distinct breaks of slope. Slightly irregular, sub-rounded base. Enclosure ditch.

Ditch 301 3

Area 3/ CADF16 30124 fill 30123

Mid-light reddish brown clayey silt which is friable-compact. 5% chalk. Primary fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30125 fill 30123

Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. 1-5% flint; 1% charcoal chunks. Dump fill.


Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Sub-rounded corners. Steep and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Enclosure ditch.

Ditch 301 3

Area 3/ CADF16 30127 fill 30126

Light yellowish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<40mm). Primary fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30128 fill 30126

Dark brownish grey clayey silt which is friable and moist. Moderate amount of chalk (<40mm) and charcoal (<10mm); Very common amount of sub-angular flint (<0.1m). Secondary fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30129 fill 30126

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and firm. Moderate amount of sub-angular flint (<60mm) and charcoal (<10mm); sparse amount of chalk (<30mm); common amount of burnt stone (<0.1m). Secondary fill.


Circular in plan. Moderate and concave sides. Flat base. Posthole. Struct 3 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30131 fill 30130

Mid-dark greyish brown silty clay which is friable. Sparse amount of chalk (>0.05m) and sub-angular flint (>0.18m). Single (secondary) fill.


Irregular in plan. Irregular sides and base. Tree throw.

T-T 30132 u/d


82


Area 3/ CADF16 30133 fill 30132

Light greyish red silty clay which is friable. Moderate amount of flint (>0.09) and common amount of chalk flecks. Fill of tree throw.


Oval in plan. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Fire pit(?).

Pit 30134 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30135 fill 30134

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of sub-angular flint (<30mm) and chalk (<30mm). Common amount of charcoal flecking (<10mm). Dump fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30136 fill 30134

Dark brownish grey clayey silt which is friable but firm. Sparse amount of chalk (<30mm); common amount of sub-angular flint (<0.1m) and charcoal flecking (<10mm). Dump fill.


Linear with parallel sides. E-W alignment. Moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat base. Ditch.

Ditch 303 2/3

Area 3/ CADF16 30138 fill 30137

Mid yellowish brown silty clay which is compact. Chalk rubble c.15%; sub-angular flint <5%; chalk <5% and charcoal flecking <5%. Bottom (secondary) fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30139 fill 30137

Dark greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and firm. Sub-angular flint c.5%; chalk rubble c.10% and charcoal flecking c.10%. Secondary fill.


Linear with parallel sides.E-W alignment. Moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Ditch.

Ditch 302 3

Area 3/ CADF16 30141 fill 30140

Mid yellowish brown silty clay which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble c.25%. Bottom (secondary) fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30142 fill 30140

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is loose. Large sub-angular flint c.10%; chalk rubble c.10% and charcoal flecking c.5%.


Linear. Steep sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat base. IA ditch.

Ditch 302 3

Area 3/ CADF16 30144 fill 30143

Mid yellowish red silty clay which is firm. 15% chalk and flint. Bottom (primary) fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30145 fill 30143

Mid blackish brown silty clay which is friable. 10% charcoal; 5% flint.


Linear, curving. N-S alignment. Steep and symmetrical sides. Sub-rounded base. Enclosure ditch.

Ditch 301 3

Area 3/ CADF16 30147 fill 30146

Mid-light reddish brown silty clay which is compact. 1% flint; <1% chalk. Primary fill(?).

Area 3/ CADF16 30148 fill 30146

Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. 5% flint; <1% charcoal chunks. Dump fill.


Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Steep-moderate and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Pit.

Pit 30149 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30150 fill 30149

Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is compact and moist. Common amount of charcoal flecks (<10mm) and sub-angular flint (<70mm); sparse amount of chalk (<30mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Posthole/small pit. Possibly associated with 30156 and 30159.

P/h 30151 2


83


Area 3/ CADF16 30152 fill 30151

Dark brownish grey silty clay which is friable but firm. Moderate amount of charcoal flecks (<10mm) and sub-angular flint (<50mm); sparse amount of chalk flecking (<10mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Linear (terminus). NE-SW alignment. Steep and smooth sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat base. IA ditch terminus (drainage?).

Ditch 303 2/3

Area 3/ CADF16 30154 fill 30153

Light yellowish red silty clay which is firm. 5% chalk and flint; 1% charcoal. Primary fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30155 fill 30153

Dark greyish brown silty clay which is friable. 5% charcoal; 5% flint. Secondary fill.


Irregular/circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides with distinct breaks of slope. Rounded base. Small pit. Possibly associated with 30151 and 30159.

P/h 30156 2

Area 3/ CADF16 30157 fill 30156

Mid-light yellowish brown clayey silt which is compact. 5% chalk; <1% charcoal. Slump fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30158 fill 30156

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. <1% charcoal; <1% chalk. Dump/secondary fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. N edge is straight and vertical, S edge is irregular. Rounded breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Posthole/small pit. Possibly associated with 30151 and 30156.

P/h 30159 2

Area 3/ CADF16 30160 fill 30159

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble <5%; sub-angular flint c.5%. Single (secondary) fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides which have rounded breaks of slope. Tapered round point. Posthole.

P/h 30161 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30162 fill 30161

Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble <5%; chalk flecking c.5%. Single (secondary) fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30164 fill 30163

Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. 5% chalk; <1% charcoal. Single (secondary) fill.


Irregular/oval in plan. Rounded corners. Steep sides witt sharp breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Posthole.

P/h 30163 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10044 fill 10041

Mid yellowish brown clay which is friable. <10% 10mm or less sub-rounded chalk. Primary fill from collapse of pit side.

Area 1/ CADF16 10045 fill 10041

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. <10% 120mm or less angular flint; <20% 100mm or less aub-angular chalk; <1% 50mm or less sub-angular sandstone; <1% 20mm or less charcoal. Secondary fill.


Oval in plan, sub-rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Slightly irregular base. Small pit/posthole.

Pit 10046 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10047 fill 10046

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is compact and moist. Common amount of sub-angular flint (<0.1m) and chalk nodules (<40mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Sub-rounded corners. Steep and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Base is sub-rounded, but flattens out. Ditch terminus, associated with IA occupation.

Ditch 101 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10049 fill 10048

Light yellowish brown silty clay intermixed with chalk rubble. Compact and firm. Very common


84


amount of chalk nodules and chalk flecking (<30mm). Primary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10050 fill 10048

Mid-light greyish brown silty clay which is friable and moist. Moderate amount of chalk nodules and flecking throughout (<30mm); sparse amount of sub-angular flint (<40mm).

Area 1/ CADF16 10051 fill 10048

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Common amount of chalk nodules (<60mm) andsub-angular flint (<50mm) throughout. Sparse amount of charcoal flecking (<10mm) throughout. Top fill which is most likely a a secondary fill.


Linear with parallel sides. SW-NE alignment. Gradual breaks of slope, gentle and concave sides. Sub-rounded base. Shallow ditch.

Ditch 102 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10053 fill 10052

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable and moist. Chalk rubble c.10%. Single (secondary) fill.


Linear, slightly curved. NE-SW alignment. Shallow-gentle slopes. Concave base. Gulley.

Gulley 104 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10055 fill 10054

Mid reddish-greyish brown silty clay which is friable. 25% chalk; <1% charcoal. Single (secondary) fill.


Circular in plan. Steep sides. Rounded at top and at the base of the feature. Concave base. Possible pit/tree throw cutting into gulley 10054.

T-T 10056 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10057 fill 10056

Mid reddish-greyish brown silty clay which is friable. 15% chalk; <1% charcoal. Single (secondary) fill.


Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Vertical sides with moderate breaks of slope. Concave base. Posthole which is likely associated with 10060, 10062 and 10064, forming a 4-post structure. F-PS 1 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10059 fill 10058

Dark brown with white speckling clayey silt. Soft compaction throughout. 5% chalk; occasional charcoal flecking. Deliberate backfill.


Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep (almost vertical) sides with sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Posthole which is likely associated with 10058, 10062 and 10064, forming a 4-post structure. F-PS 1 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10061 fill 10060



Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides with sharp breaks of slope. Flat base which inclines to the SE. Posthole which is likely associated with 10058, 10060 and 10064, forming a 4-post structure. F-PS 1 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10063 fill 10062



Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep sides with sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Posthole which is likely associated with 10058, 10060 and 10062, forming a 4-post structure. F-PS 1 u/d


85


Area 1/ CADF16 10065 fill 10064



Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave on northern edge, moderate and concave on southern edge. Sharp breaks of slope. Tapered point, slightly irregular. Small pit/posthole.

P/h 10066 u.d

Area 1/ CADF16 10067 fill 10066

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and moist. Moderate amount of chalk nodules (<40mm) and chalk flecking (<10mm). Sparse amount of sub-angular flint (<30mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Circular in plan. Sub-rounded corners.. Steep and concave on northern edge, moderate and concave on southern edge. Sharp breaks of slope. Irregular base. Small pit/posthole.

P/h 10068 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10069 fill 10068

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<30mm); chalk flecking (<10mm) and sub-angular flint (<30mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Oval in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and regular sides, with distinct breaks of slope. Slightly irregular, but flat base. Small posthole.

P/h 10070 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10071 fill 10070

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable - compact. 1% chalk and 1% flint inclusions. Single (secondary) fill.


Circular in plan. Rounded corners. Almost vertical sides which are symmetrical and regular with distinct breaks of slope. Slightly irregular, but flat base. Small posthole.

P/h 10072 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10073 fill 10072

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable-compact. 1% chalk and 1% flint inclusions. Single (secondary) fill.


Linear which is curving. Rounded edge at the top and bottom of the slopes, steep sides. Concave base. Gulley, associated with 10054.

Gulley 15 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10075 fill 10074

Mid reddish-greyish brown silty clay which is friable. 20% chalk and <1% charcoal. Single (secondary) fill.


Linear. NE-SW alignment. Rounded corners. Extremely steep sloping, almost vertical v-shaped cut. Slightly concave. Concave and very narrow base. Ditch. Encl. 1.1 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10077 fill 10076

Dark brown silty clay which is friable. 5% sub-angular flint, chunks of chalk. Primary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10078 fill 10076

Light brownish yellow slightly sandy silty clay. Friable-compact. Some very small grit. Slump fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10079 fill 10076

Mid brown silty clay which is friable. 10% angular + sub-angular flint and chalk. Secondary fill.


Linear, parallel sides. NE-SW alignment. Sub-rounded corners. Steep-moderate sides which are concave. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Ditch terminus. Runs off from enclosure ditch, most likely predating it.

Gulley 106 3

Area 1/ CADF16 10081 fill 10080

Mid yellowish brown with a tint of grey. Silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount chalk (<30mm) and sub-angular flint (<30mm). Common amount of chalk flecking


86


(<10mm). Sparse amount of charcoal flecking (<10mm). Bottom (secondary) fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10082 fill 10080

Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is compact and moist. Common amount of chalk (<50mm) and sub-angular flint (<70mm). Sparse amount of charcoal flecking (<10mm). Top (secondary) fill.


Linear. SE-NW alignment. Gentle and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Shallow ditch/lynchet.

Ditch 102 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10084 fill 10083

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable and moist. 10% chalk rubble. Single (secondary) fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Gentle and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Flat base. Irregular pit/tree throw.

Ditch 102 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10086 fill 10085

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable and moist. 10% chalk rubble. Single (secondary) fill.


Oval in plan. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides, indistinct breaks of slope. Rounded base, slightly irregular. Pit.

Pit 10087 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10088 fill 10087

Mid-light yellowish brown clayey silt which is friable-compact. 10% chalk inclusions. Bottom (secondary) fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10089 fill 10087

Mid yellowish brown clayey silt which is friable. 5% chalk inclusions. Top (secondary) fill.


Linear. N - S alignment. Very steep sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat, slightly concave base. Enclosure ditch. Encl 1.1 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10091 fill 10090

Light whitish brown silty clay which is friable. <1% charcoal. Primary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10092 fill 10090

Light whitish brown silty clay and chalk which is loose. 90% chalk. Primary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10093 fill 10090

Light greyish brown silty clay which is friable. <5% charcoal; 25% chalk. Secondary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10094 fill 10090

Mid whitish brown silty clay which is friable. 50% chalk; <1% charcoal. Secondary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10095 fill 10090

Light greyish brown silty clay which is friable. <5% charcoal; 15% chalk. Final (secondary) fill of enclosure ditch 10090.


Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Steep-moderate and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Flattish, slightly irregular base. Refuse pit(?).

Pit 10096 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10097 fill 10096

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable but firm. Common amount of chalk (<70mm) and sub-angular flint (<0.1m). Single (secondary) fill.


Linear. NE-SW alignment. Steeply sloping. Interderminate of the base, as not enough was exposed. Encl 1.1 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10099 fill 10098

Mid brown silty clay which is friable. Bottom (secondary) fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10100 fill 10098

Light brownish white with a hue of yellow. Silty clay intermixed with chalky rubble. Primary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10101 fill 10098

Light yellowish brown with a hue of white. Silty clay intermixed with chalk rubble. Loosely compact. 30% small-large flint throughout aswell. Secondary fill.


87


Area 1/ CADF16 10102 fill 10098

Mid greyish brown with white streaks. Silty clay. Moderate compaction, slightly sticky. Frequent sub-angular + angular flint and chalk chunks. Small amount of charcoal flecks. Secondary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10103 fill 10098

Mid brown, slightly greyish. Silty clay which is moderate-friable in compaction and slightly sticky. Sub-angular flint throughout. Uppermost fill.


Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Sub-rounded corners. Moderate-steep sides which are concave. Sharp breaks of slope. Flattish base. Ditch terminus. Encl 1.1 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10105 fill 10104

Mid-dark greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<30mm); chalk flecking (<10mm) and sub-angular flint (<30mm). Bottom (secondary) fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10106 fill 10104

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is compact and moist. Common amount of chalk (<40mm); chalk flecking (<10mm) and sub-angular flint (<50mm). Top (secondary) fill.


Oval in plan. NE-SW. Rounded corners. Moderate-gentle sloping sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Flat base. Pit.

Pit 101076 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10108 fill 10107

Mid brown clayey silt which is firm throughout. 5% chalk and 1% flint (<50mm).


Linear. NW-SE alignment. Feature seen in section in relation to ditch cut 10098. Base is undulating and uneven. Shallow ditch/lynchet.

Ditch 102 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10110 fill 10109

Mid brown silty clay which is friable. Single (secondary) fill.


Linear with parallel sides. SE-NW alignment. Steep and convex sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Boundary ditch. Encl 1.1 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10112 fill 10111

Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable and firm. <5% chalk rubble; <5% large sub-angular flint. Bottom (secondary) fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10113 fill 10111

Light yellowish brown silty clay which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble c.30%. Slump fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10114 fill 10111

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble c.5%; large sub-angular flint <5%. Secondary fill.


Sub-oval in plan. N-S alignment. Rounded corners. Straight and nearly vertical sides. Sub-rounded base. Small pit.

Pit 10115 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10116 fill 10115

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable and moist. Chalk rubble <5%; large sub-angular flint c.5%. Single (secondary) fill.


Sub-oval, irregular in plan. Fairly steep sides, imperceptible breaks of slope. Irregular/uneven base. Probably a tree throw.

T-T 10117 u/d

Area 1/ CADF16 10118 fill 10117

Light yellowish brown silty clay which is friable and sticky. Large chalk chunks, loose on contact. Some sub-angular flint. Single fill.


Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Straight and vertical sides. Flat base. Gulley, likely associated with gulley 10121. Possible remnants of a IA roundhouse.

Gulley 104 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10120 fill 10119

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of sub-angular flint (<40mm) and chalk (<40mm). Single (secondary) fill.


88



Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Rounded corners. Steep and straight sides. Sub-rounded base. Gulley likely associated with gulley 10119. Probably the remnants of a IA roundhouse.

Gulley 105 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10122 fill 10121

Dark greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<50mm) and sub-angular flint (<30mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Linear, slightly curving. E-W alignment. SE side is steep (other side is lost) with a distinct break of slope. Flat base. Small ditch/gulley which predates the larger enclosure ditch cut 10125.

Gulley 106 3

Area 1/ CADF16 10124 fill 10123

Mid-light yellowish brown clayey silt which is friable. 5% chalk; <1% burnt flint, pottery and animal bone. Single (secondary) fill.


Linear, curving towards the west. NE-SW alignment. Moderate-steep symmetrical sides with distinct breaks of slope. Flat base. V-shaped enclosure ditch. Encl 1.1 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10126 fill 10125

Mid-light greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. 50% chalk. Primary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10127 fill 10125

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. 10% chalk; 1% burnt flint, pottery and bone. Slump fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10128 fill 10125

Mid-dark brownish grey clayey silt which is friable. 1% pottery and animal bone; 5% burnt flint; 1% charcoal; 1% chalk and flint. Dump fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10129 fill 10125

Mid-light greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. 1% pottery and animal bone; 1% chalk and flint. Secondary fill.


Linear. E-W alignment. Steep sides with sharp breaks of slope at the base, whilst being rounded at the top. Flat base. Enclosure ditch. Encl. 1.1 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10131 fill 10130

Light whitish brown silty clay intermixed with chalk rubble. Loose. 80% chalk; 1% charcoal. Primary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10132 fill 10130

Light greyish brown silty clay intermixed with chalk rubble. Friable. 25% chalk; 1% charcoal. Primary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10133 fill 10130

Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable. 20% chalk; 10% charcoal. Secondary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10134 fill 10130

Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable. 10% chalk; 5% charcoal. Uppermost (secondary) fill.


Linear with parallel sides. E-W alignment, curves towards the SE. Rounded corners. Moderate-steep sides which are concave. Flattish base. Cut of same gully 10119. Most likely associated with 10054.

Gulley 105 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10136 fill 10135

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<30mm) and chalk flecking (<10mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Linear. NE-SW alignment. Fairly steep sides which are irregular. Sharp breaks of slope. Base is narrow, concave and uneven. Ditch. Encl. 1.1 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10138 fill 10137

Light yellowish whitish brown. Silty clay which is friable. Chalk chunks - loose on contact. Single fill.


Linear with parallel sides. NW-SE alignment. Steep and convex sides, which have rounded Encl 1.1 2


89


breaks of slope. Flat base. Boundary ditch.

Area 1/ CADF16 10140 fill 10139

Mid whitish brown silty clay which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble c.15%. Primary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10141 fill 10139

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble c.10%. Secondary fill.


Linear with parallel sides. NE-SW alignment. Rounded corners. Steep and slightly concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Ditch/gulley. Associated with 10080 and 10123. Predates the enclosure ditch 10144.

Gulley 106 3

Area 1/ CADF16 10143 fill 10142

Mid-dark greyish brown with a tint of yellow. Clayey silt which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<30mm) and sub-angular flint (<40mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Linear with parallel sides. NE-SW alignment, curves towards the NW on the SW side. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Flat base. V-shaped enclosure ditch. Encl. 1.1 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10145 fill 10144

Mid yellowish brown intermixed with white speckling. Clayey silt intermixed with chalk rubble. Friable and moist. Common amount of chalk (<50mm). Primary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10146 fill 10144

Dark brownish grey clayey silt which is friable but firm. Common amount of chalk (<40mm) and charcoal flecking (<10mm). Moderate amount of sub-angular flint (<50mm). Secondary/slump fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10147 fill 10144

Dark greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Very common amount of chalk (<60mm). Common amount of sub-angular flint (<60mm). Moderate amount of charcoal flecking (<10mm). Secondary fill.

Area 1/ CADF16 10148 fill 10144

Mid greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<40mm) and sub-angular flint (<40mm). Sparse amount of charcoal flecking (<10mm).Uppermost (secondary) fill.


Linear with parallel sides. SW-NE alignment. Gentle and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Irregular base. Shallow ditch. Encl 1.1 2

Area 1/ CADF16 10150 fill 10149

Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable. Chalk rubble <5%; large sub-angular chalk c.20%. Single (secondary) fill.


Topsoil - Light greyish brown clayey silt which is loose. Gravel c.5%; chalk c.5%.


Natural - Light whitish yellow silty clay which is compact. Chalk c.80%.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and straight sides, rounded breaks of slope. Concave base. Posthole.

P/h 20002 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20003 fill 20002

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. Chalk <5%. Single (secondary) fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides, rounded breaks of slope. Concave base. Posthole.

P/h 20004 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20005 fill 20004

Light brownish grey clayey silt which is friable. Large sub-angular flint <5%. Single (secondary) fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. Posthole.

P/h 20006 u/d


90


Area 2/ CADF16 20007 fill 20006

Light browish grey clayey silt which is friable. Large sub-angular flint c.10%. Single (secondary) fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat base which inclines to the west. Posthole.

P/h 20008 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20009 fill 20008

Light brownish grey clayey silt which is friable. Large sub-angular flint c.5%. Single(secondary) fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and straight sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Concave base. Posthole.

P/h 20010 u/d


Linear (terminus). E-W alignment. Moderate sides with moderate breaks of slope. Flat base. V-shaped ditch terminus.

Ditch 203 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20055 fill 20054


Area 2/ CADF16 20056 fill 20054

Mid brown silty clay which is firm throughout. Occasional charcoal and chalk. Secondary fill.


Linear. E-W alignment. Steep sides with sharp breaks of slope. Flat base. V-shaped ditch.

Ditch 203 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20058 fill 20057


Area 2/ CADF16 20059 fill 20057

Mid brown silty clay which is firm throughout. Occasional charcoal and chalk. Secondary fill.


Oval in plan. NE-SW alignment. Moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Rounded and uneven base. Pit.

Pit 20060 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20061 fill 20060

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. <25% sub-angular chalk (<50mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Oval in plan. NW-SE alignment. Gentle and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Rounded and uneven base. Pit.

Pit 20062 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20063 fill 20062

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. <25% sub-angular chalk (<50mm); <1% charcoal flecks (<10mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Oval in plan. NW-SE alignment. Moderate and concave. Rounded breaks of slope. Rounded and uneven base. Pit.

Gulley 20064 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20065 fill 20064

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. <25% sub-angular chalk (<50mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Steep-moderate and slightly concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Tapered blunt point, slightly irregular base. Posthole, possibly associated with 20068.

P/h 20066 u/d

Area 2/ CADF16 20067 fill 20066

Light greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Sparse amount of chalk (<40mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Steep and slightly concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Tapered blunt point. Posthole, possibly associated with 20066.

P/h 20068 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20069 fill 20068

Light greyish brown silty clay which is compact and firm. Sparse amount of chalk (<40mm); rare amount of sub-angular flint (<40mm). Single (secondary) fill.


91



Sub-rectangular. NE-SW alignment. Rounded corners. Gentle-moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat base. Pit.

Pit 20070 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20071 fill 20070

Light brownish grey clayey silt which is friable but firm. Chalk rubble c.40%. Single (secondary) fill.


Linear. NW-SE alignment. Moderate and straight sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base.

Gulley 201 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20073 fill 20072

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable but firm. Chalk c.20%. Single (secondary) fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Moderate-steep and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Pit.

Pit 20074 u/d

Area 2/ CADF16 20075 fill 20074



Linear (terminus). N-S alignment. Rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Gulley terminus.

Gulley 201 2

Area 2/ CADF16 20077 fill 20076



Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Moderate and slightly concave. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat and slightly irregular base. Associated with 20080. Possibly the remnants of a ditch/gulley.

Gulley 207 u/d

Area 2/ CADF16 20079 fill 20078

Mid greyish brown with slight yellowish tint. Sily clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<30mm); sparse amount of sub-angular flint (<40mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Moderate and slightly concave. Sharp breaks of slope. Flat and slightly irregular base. Associated with 20078. Possibly the remnants of a ditch/gulley.

Gulley 207 u/d

Area 2/ CADF16 20081 fill 20080

Mid greyish brown with slight yellowish tint. Sily clay which is compact and firm. Moderate amount of chalk (<30mm); sparse amount of sub-angular flint (<40mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Topsoil - Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is loose. 5% sub-angular flint; occasional chalk flecking.


Colluvium - Mid reddish brown clayey silt which is friable. 5% sub-angular flint throughout.


Natural - Light yellowish brown silty clay striation which are compact. 70-80% chalk.


Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical sides. Flat , slightly concave base. Posthole, probably associated with 30005, 30007, 30009, 30011, 30014 and 30017. 6-Ps u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30004 fill 30003

Mid-dark brown silty clay which is friable. Rare amount of (small) flint and chalk. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical sides. Flat base. Posthole, probably associated with 30003, 30007, 30009, 30011, 30014 and 30017. 6-PS u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30006 fill 30005

Mid brown silty clay which is friable. Rare amount of (small) flint and chalk. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical sides. Flat , slightly concave base. Posthole, 6-PS u/d


92


probably associated with 30003, 30005, 30009, 30011, 30014 and 30017.

Area 3/ CADF16 30008 fill 30007

Dark brown silty clay which is friable. Rare amount of (small) chalk. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical sides. Flat , slightly concave base. Posthole, probably associated with 30003, 30005, 30007, 30011, 30014 and 30017. 6-PS u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30010 fill 30009

Dark brown silty clay which is friable. Rare amount of (small) chalk. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical sides. Narrow and concave base. Posthole, probably associated with 30003, 30005, 30007, 30009, 30014 and 30017. 6P-S u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30012 fill 30011

Mid yellowish brown silty clay which is moderate in compact. Sparse amount of chalk and flint. Primary fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30013 fill 30011

Dark brownish black silty clay which is friable-loose. Final fill, possible formed by burrowing.


Circular in plan. Gradual and slightly concave sides. Flat and slightly concave base. Posthole, probably associated with 30003, 30005, 30007, 30009, 30011 and 30017. 6-PS u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30015 fill 30014

Mid brown silty clay which is moderate in compaction. Some flint and chalk. Secondary fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30016 fill 30014

Dark brownish black silty clay which is friable-loose. Dump fill.


Circular in plan. Steep sides. Very narrow and concave base. U-shaped posthole, probably associated with 30003, 30005, 30007, 30009, 30011 and 30014.

P/h 30017 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30018 fill 30017

Mid yellowish brown silty chalky clay which is moderate in compaction and sticky. Some chalk. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Steep sides. Concave and regular base. Posthole, possibly associated with postholes 30021 and 30023.

P/h 30019 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30020 fill 30019

Mid-dark brown silty clay which is friable. Some (small) flint and chalk. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Steep, almost vertical sides. Flat, slightly concave base. Posthole, possibly assocated with 30019 and 30023.

P/h 30021 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30022 fill 30021

Mid brown with white flecks. Silty clay which is friable. Some (small) flint and stone. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vetical sides which are regular. Flat, slightly concave base. Posthole, possibly associated with 30019 and 30021.

P/h 30023 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30024 fill 30023

Mid-dark brown silty clay which is moderate-friable in compaction. <1% charcoal flecks; <1% stone and flint. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Gradual slope. Flat, slightly concave base. Posthole, possibly associated with posthole 30027.

P/h 30025 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30026 fill 30025

Dark blackish brown silty clay which is moderate in compaction. <1% charcoal. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Shallow and gradual slope. Flat, slightly concave base. Posthole, possibly associated with 30025.

P/h 30027 u/d


93


Area 3/ CADF16 30028 fill 30027

Dark brownish black silty clay which is friable. <1% charcoal; <1% stone and flint. Single fill.


Oval in plan. Steep and symmetrical sides. Flat, slightly uneven base. Posthole, likely associated with 30031, 30041 and 30043. Possibly part of a 4-post structure. 4-PS 2 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30030 fill 30029



Sub-oval, irregular in plan. Steep and symmetrical sides. Flat, slightly uneven base. Posthole, likely associated with 30029, 30041 and 30043. Possibly part of a 4-post structure. 4-PS 2 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30032 fill 30031



Circular in plan. Gradual slopes. Flat, slightly concave base. Posthole, likely associated with 30035, 30045 and 30048. R/h 6 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30034 fill 30033

Light-mid yellowish brown silty clay which is friable and sticky. Common amount of flint. Some chalk. Single fill.


Circular in plan. Very steep, almost vertical sides. Narrow and flat base. Posthole, likely associated with 30033, 30045, 30048. R/h 6 u/d

Area 3/ CADF16 30036 fill 30035

Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable and sticky. Common amount of flint. Single fill.


Linear with parallel sides. E-W alignment. Moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat base. Ditch.

Area 3/ CADF16 30138 fill 30137

Mid yellowish brown silty clay which is compact. Chalk rubble c.15%; sub-angular flint <5%; chalk <5% and charcoal flecking <5%. Bottom (secondary) fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30139 fill 30137

Dark greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and firm. Sub-angular flint c.5%; chalk rubble c.10% and charcoal flecking c.10%. Secondary fill.


Linear with parallel sides.E-W alignment. Moderate and concave sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Ditch.

Area 3/ CADF16 30141 fill 30140

Mid yellowish brown silty clay which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble c.25%. Bottom (secondary) fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30142 fill 30140

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is loose. Large sub-angular flint c.10%; chalk rubble c.10% and charcoal flecking c.5%.


Linear. Steep sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat base. IA ditch.

Area 3/ CADF16 30144 fill 30143

Mid yellowish red silty clay which is firm. 15% chalk and flint. Bottom (primary) fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30145 fill 30143

Mid blackish brown silty clay which is friable. 10% charcoal; 5% flint.


Linear, curving. N-S alignment. Steep and symmetrical sides. Sub-rounded base. Enclosure ditch. Ditch 301 3

Area 3/ CADF16 30147 fill 30146

Mid-light reddish brown silty clay which is compact. 1% flint; <1% chalk. Primary fill(?).

Area 3/ CADF16 30148 fill 30146

Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. 5% flint; <1% charcoal chunks. Dump fill.


Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Steep-moderate and concave sides. Gradual breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Pit.

Area 3/ CADF16 30150 fill 30149

Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is compact and moist. Common amount of charcoal flecks (<10mm) and sub-angular flint (<70mm); sparse amount of chalk (<30mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Oval in plan. Sub-rounded corners. Moderate and concave sides. Sharp breaks of slope. Sub-rounded Ph 30151 2


94


base. Posthole/small pit. Possibly associated with 30156 and 30159.

Area 3/ CADF16 30152 fill 30151

Dark brownish grey silty clay which is friable but firm. Moderate amount of charcoal flecks (<10mm) and sub-angular flint (<50mm); sparse amount of chalk flecking (<10mm). Single (secondary) fill.


Linear (terminus). NE-SW alignment. Steep and smooth sides. Rounded breaks of slope. Flat base. IA ditch terminus (drainage?). Ditch 303 3

Area 3/ CADF16 30154 fill 30153

Light yellowish red silty clay which is firm. 5% chalk and flint; 1% charcoal. Primary fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30155 fill 30153

Dark greyish brown silty clay which is friable. 5% charcoal; 5% flint. Secondary fill.


Irregular/circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides with distinct breaks of slope. Rounded base. Small pit. Possibly associated with 30151 and 30159. Ph 30156 2

Area 3/ CADF16 30157 fill 30156

Mid-light yellowish brown clayey silt which is compact. 5% chalk; <1% charcoal. Slump fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30158 fill 30156

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. <1% charcoal; <1% chalk. Dump/secondary fill.


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. N edge is straight and vertical, S edge is irregular. Rounded breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Posthole/small pit. Possibly associated with 30151 and 30156. Ph 30159 2

Area 3/ CADF16 30160 fill 30159

Mid greyish brown clayey silt which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble <5%; sub-angular flint c.5%. Single (secondary) fill. Ditch 302 3


Sub-circular in plan. Rounded corners. Steep and concave sides which have rounded breaks of slope. Tapered round point. Posthole.

Area 3/ CADF16 30162 fill 30161

Mid reddish brown silty clay which is friable and firm. Chalk rubble <5%; chalk flecking c.5%. Single (secondary) fill.

Area 3/ CADF16 30164 fill 30163

Mid-dark greyish brown clayey silt which is friable. 5% chalk; <1% charcoal. Single (secondary) fill.


Irregular/oval in plan. Rounded corners. Steep sides witt sharp breaks of slope. Sub-rounded base. Posthole. Ph 30163 u/d


95


APPENDIX B: POTTERY

Table 7: Pottery summary quantification by Area

13. AREA>

3 1 4 2 5 3 6 Exc. Total

7 Eval. Total

8 fabric

9 t.

10 t.(g)

11 t.

12 t.(g)

13 t.

14 t.(g)

15 t.

16 t.(g)

17 t.

18 t.(g)

19 FT

20 05

21 599

22 9

23 8

24 28

25 269

26 52

27 936

28 10

29 239

30 QZ

31 90

32 790

33 2

34 5

35 36 0

37 05

38 855

39 9

40 82

41 QZ/FF

42 43 44 45 46 47 6 48

49 4 50 51

52 QZc

53 54 55 56 57 58 26 59

60 26 61 62

63 ORG

64 65 6

66 67 68 69 70

71 6 72 73

74 SH

75 76 2

77 78 79 80 81

82 2 83 84

85 VES

86 87 0

88 89 90 91 92

93 0 94 95

96 QZf*

97 98 99 100 101 102 2 103

104 2 105 106

107 GT*

108 109 110 111 112 113 9 114

115 9 116 117

118 Total

119 07

120 490

121 2

122 18

123 47

124 482

125 86

126 090

127 60

128 721

* wheelthrown types (LIA/ER transitional)

Summary fabric descriptions FT Fine/medium flint-tempered. Dark grey throughout or with light brown/red-brown surfaces. Soft with

rough feel and irregular fracture. Contains common moderately or well-sorted angular (calcined) flint 0.5-2mm.

FTc Coarser flint-tempered. Dark grey with light brown/red-brown surfaces/margins. Soft with rough feel and irregular fracture. Contains common moderately sorted angular (calcined) flint 1-4mm.

FT Sparsely flint-tempered. Dark grey-brown throughout. Soft with rough feel and irregular fracture. Contains sparse quantities of poorly-sorted angular (calcined) flint 0.5-3mm.

QZ Fine/medium quartz-tempered. Dark grey throughout or with red brown margin. Soft with sandy feel and finely irregular fracture. Contains common moderately-sorted sub-rounded or rounded quartz mostly <0.2mm or rarely up to 0.4mm.

QZc Coarser quartz-tempered. Red brown throughout or with grey core. Soft with sandy feel and finely irregular fracture. Contains common rounded or sub-rounded quartz mostly 0.2-0.4mm. May contain sparse small rounded ironstone pebbles up to 4mm and sparse iron oxides 1-2mm.


96


QZor Fine sandy with organic inclusions. Grey with buff exterior surface/margin. Soft with powdery feel and fine fracture. Contains abundant well-sorted silt-sized quartz (0.1mm) and sparse to common black-edged voids from burnt-out organic material. May contain sparse angular flint or small stones up to 3mm.

QZfl Fine/medium quartz-tempered with flint. Dark grey throughout or with red brown margin. Soft with sandy/rough feel and finely irregular fracture. Contains common moderately-sorted sub-rounded or rounded quartz mostly <0.2mm and common, moderately-sorted angular (calcined) flint (0.5-2mm),

QZf Fine sandy. Dark grey throughout or with brown exterior surface/margin. Soft with powdery feel and fine

fracture. Contains common or sparse well-sorted silt-sized quartz (0.1mm).

ORG Organic-tempered. Grey throughout or with buff exterior surface/margin. Soft, with smooth feel and finely irregular fracture. Contains common or sparse black-edged voids from burnt-out organic material. Micaceous.

SH Shell-tempered. Dark grey-brown throughout. Soft, with slightly rough feel and irregular/laminated

fracture. Contains common moderately sorted fossil shell 0.5-2mm. QZcw Wheelthrown coarse quartz-tempered. Dark grey throughout. Soft with sandy/harsh feel and irregular

fracture. Contains abundant moderately-sorted sub-rounded or rounded (polished) quartz 0.2-0.4mm. GR Wheelthrown grog-tempered. Dark grey throughout. Soft with smooth feel and finely irregular fracture.

Contains common well-sorted sub-angular grog 0.5-1.5mm.

GRfl Wheelthrown grog-tempered with flint. Grey with light brown surfaces/margins. Soft with smooth feel and finely irregular fracture. Contains common well-sorted sub-angular grog 0.5-1.5mm and sparse well-sorted angular (calcined) flint (1-1.5mm).

GW1 Wheelthrown sandy (grey-firing). Patchy grey/buff throughout. Soft with sandy/harsh feel and irregular fracture. Contains abundant well-sorted rounded or sub-rounded quartz 0.2-0.4mm.

APPENDIX C: WORKED STONE Table 8: Worked stone catalogue Ra. no. Context Function Notes Size Wt (g) Lithology

- 30072 Possible

q

u

e

r

n

f

r

a

g

m

With one flat pecked

surface.

Edges not

original.

Base is

covered

with

concretions

Measures 53mm

thick

982 coarse grained

gritty

dark

grey

sandsto

ne, with

polished

quartz

and rock

fragmen

t grit


97


e

n

t

1 30042 Saddle

q

u

e

r

n

f

r

a

g

m

e

n

t

s

Two adjoining

fragments

making

90% of a

saddle

quern.

Quern

grinding

face is

roughly

rectangular

and

measures

150 x 310.

It is slightly

concave

both

lengthways

and across

the section.

It is pecked

all over but

there is

some linear

wear and

both long

edges and

the

surviving

ends are

particularly

well worn.

The base

and sides

are

rounded

and roughly

shaped

Measures 160 x

310mm

5155 Sandstone. fine to

medium

grained

moderat

ely well

sorted

dark

grey

sandsto

ne,

feldspat

hic and

with

some

quartz

grit (not

polished


98


APPENDIX D: METALWORKING DEBRIS Table 9: Full listing of metalworking debris by context

Site Code Area Context Slag classification Wt (g) Comments

CADF2016 3 10043 Coke/ Burned coal 12

CADF2016 3 10043 Charcoal 10

CADF2016 3 30052 Smithing hearth bottom 156 80x65x30mm

CADF2016 3 30142

Undiagnostic ironworking

debris 75

CADF2016 3 30159 Fired Clay 2

CADF2016 3 30159 Vitrified hearth/furnace lining 1

CADF2016 3 30159 Cinder 7


99


APPENDIX E: THE BIOLOGICAL RECORD Table 11: Species representation by anatomical element

Mid to Late Iron Age Late Iron Age - Early Roman

Element Cattle Sheep/ goat

Pig Equid Canid Red deer

Cattle Sheep/ goat

Sheep Pig Equid Large mammal

Antler 1 Horn core + frontal

1

Maxilla

Mandible 3 1 1 2

Loose teeth 3 6 8 1 3 3 Scapula 1

1

Humerus 1

2 Radius 1 1 1 1 1

Ulna 1 1 1 Pelvis 2

3

2

1

Femur

1 1 Tibia 1 6 1 3 1 1

Astragalus 1 Metacarpal 3

1

Metatarsal 1

1 1 Lateral metapodial 1

Total 10 21 1 11 1 1 11 12 1 1 6 2


100


Table 12: Charred plant Identifications

Area Area 1 Area 3 Phase Middle/Late Iron Age Feature type Pit Ditches Cut 10041 30137 30140 30126

Context 10043 10043 10043, RA 3

10043, RA 4 30139 30142 30128

Sample 1 2 6 7 3 4 5 Vol (L) 25 30 1L 1L 16 19L 16L Flot (ml) 50 150 100 75 60 40 50 Roots (%) 10 3 2 2 15 35 10

Cereals Common Name

Hordeum vulgare L. sl (grain) barley 59 79 55 21 1 35 - Triticum spelta L. (grain) spelt wheat 3 2 - - - - - Triticum dicoccum/spelta (grain)

emmer/spelt wheat 9 1 3 - - 1 -

Cereal indet. (grains) cereal 7 22 12 12 - 7 - Cereal frag. (est. whole grains) cereal 8 15 7 10 - 4 - Other Species Chenopodium album L. fat-hen 2 2 - - - - - Polygonum aviculare L. knotgrass 1 - 1 - - - - Rumex sp. L. docks 9 2 5 3 - - - Malva sp. L. mallow 2 - - - - - - Vicia L./Lathyrus sp. L. vetch/wild pea 5 12 6 5 - - - Medicago/Trifolium sp. L. medick/clover 51 75 6 6 - 2 - Medicago sp L. medick 15 15 3 3 - - - Trifolium sp. L clover 20 61 3 2 - - - Torilis sp. Adans hedge-parsley 1 - - - - - - Lithospermum arvense L. corn gromwell - - 1 2 - - - Plantago lanceolata L. ribwort plantain - 2 - - - - - Odontites vernus red bartsia 2 - - - - - - Sherardia arvensis L. field madder 8 5 - 2 - - - Galium sp. L. bedstraw 10 30 5 6 - - - Galium aparine L. cleavers 9 20 3 4 - - - Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) Sch. Bip.

scentless mayweed 3 10 2 - - - -

Lolium/Festuca sp. rye-grass/fescue 1 5 1 - - - -

Poa/Phleum sp. L. meadow grass/cat's-tails 14 44 - 3 - - -

Avena sp. L. (grain) oat grain 2 6 1 3 - - - Avena L./Bromus L. sp. oat/brome grass 8 4 2 1 - 1 - Bromus sp. L. brome grass 1 - 2 - - - - Vitrified material * *** ** *** - - -

Key: *= 1-4, **=5-19, ***=20-49


101


Table 13: Mollusc remains

Area Area 1 Area 3 Phase Middle/Late Iron Age Feature type Pit Ditches

Feature 10041 10041 10041 10041 30137 30140 3012

6

Context 10043 10043 10043, RA 3

10043, RA 4 30139 30142

30128

Sample 1 2 6 7 3 4 5 Volume (L) 25 30 1L 1L 16 19L 16L LAND SNAILS Pomatias elegans (Müller) 4 4 - 1 1 + 3 Carychium tridentatum (Risso) 5 1 - - - - 15 Carychium spp. - - - - - - 25 Cochlicopa lubrica (Müller) 2 4 - - - - 6 Cochlicopa lubricella (Porro) 1 1 - - - - 1 Cochlicopa spp. 6 3 - - - - 24 Vertigo pygmaea (Draparnaud) 3 4 - - - - 4 Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus) 39 36 1 - 1 1 5 Vallonia costata (Müller) 30 40 1 4 3 11 38 Vallonia excentrica Sterki 23 24 3 5 6 3 33 Punctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud) - 1 - - - 1 5 Discus rotundatus (Müller) 1 2 - - 2 - 194 Vitrina pellucida (Müller) - - - - - - 3 Vitrea contracta (Westerlund) 5 7 - - - - 15 Nesovitrea hammonis (Ström) - - - - - - 5 Aegopinella pura (Alder) - - - - - - 40 Aegopinella nitidula (Draparnaud) 4 13 - - - - 46 Oxychilus cellarius (Müller) 2 9 - 1 - - 15 Deroceras/Limax 4 15 - - 1 1 2 Cecilioides acicula (Müller) 245 390 5 6 76 105 145 Cochlodina laminata (Montagu) - - - - - - 4 Clausilia bidentata (Ström) - - - - - - 9 Balea perversa (Linnaeus) 1 - - - - - - Helicella itala (Linnaeus) 67 62 - - 9 8 16 Trochulus hispidus (Linnaeus) 84 44 - 4 7 6 162 Cepaea/Arianta sp. 1 5 - - 1 1 5 Taxa 17 17 3 5 9 9 22 Total 282 275 5 15 31 32 675

% Open country species 57.45 60.36 100 60 61.29 71.88 14.2

2

% Intermediate species 36.17 28 0 33.33 32.26 28.13 31.2

6

% Shade - loving species 6.38 11.64 0 6.67 6.45 0 54.5

2


102


APPENDIX F: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Cadnam Farm, Alton, Excavation

Short description

Area 1, within the north-east of the Site, contained a D-shaped enclosure of Middle Iron Age date, which contained the remains of a roundhouse, and was associated on its north-west side by a ditched drove-way. A number of associated features included rubbish pits, a four-post structure and a small post-built structure of circular plan. Pit 10041 in Area 1 produced a rich assemblage of finds from fill 10043, including bone weaving combs, pottery and items of metalwork, which possibly comprised a structured deposit.

Area 2 was situated on the north-east margins of the site, and contained the super-imposed foundation gullies of two roundhouses, with a probable third example situated slightly to the south-west. The roundhouses contained internal concentric post settings, and were of Middle Iron Age date. Area 3 was located close to the north-west boundary of the Site, and contained the remains of a circular-plan, post-built structure in its north-east corner, together with a four-post structure and associated post holes and pits, most of which were undated. A number of paired and single post holes, together with a six-post structure, were located within the north-west corner of Area 3, and a discrete cluster of post holes further to the south-east represented a further small structure of indeterminate plan. A number of these features were assigned a Middle Iron Age date on the basis of pottery. Two large boundary ditches extended into Area 3 from its south-west corner, and were interpreted as the funnelled entrance of a drove-way. A number of internal post holes may represent structures associated with livestock handling. Two phases of ditches were evident, but these were mostly of late Iron Age/Early Roman date.

Project dates January/February, 2016

Project type

Excavation

Previous work

Desk-based Assessment (WSP, 2014) Geophysical Survey (Pre-Construct Geophysics, 2015) Field evaluation (CA 2015)

Future work n/a

PROJECT LOCATION

Site Location Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

Study area (M2/ha) 3km²

Site co-ordinates SU 72025 41075

PROJECT CREATORS

Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology

Project Brief originator Hampshire County Council

Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology

Project Manager Damian de Rosa


103


Project Supervisor Oliver Good

MONUMENT TYPE Enclosed prehistoric settlement, Unenclosed prehistoric settlement

SIGNIFICANT FINDS Iron Age Bone Combs, Metalwork items, Pottery

PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive (museum/Accession no.) Hampshire Cultural Trust: Accession number A2015.66

Content (e.g. pottery, animal bone etc)

Physical Pottery. Lithics, Fired Clay, metalwork, worked bone, worked stone, animal bone

Paper Context sheets, drawn sections and plans, photographic and sample registers, matrices etc

Digital Database, CAD files of site plans, digital photos etc

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2017Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire : Archaeological Excavation, CA

typescript report 17120

Rom

an Road

Rom

an Road

Rom

an Road

NeathamRoman siteNeatham

Roman siteNeatham

Roman site

EarlyRoman

cemetery

EarlyRoman

cemetery

EarlyRoman

cemetery

Iron AgeD-shaped enclosure



WESTBERKSHIRE

READING

WOKINGHAM

BRACKNELLFOREST

HAMPSHIRE

WEST SUSSEX

SURREY

CITY OFSOUTHAMPTON

4141

4242

4343

7070 7171 7272 7373 7474

4040

3939

SUSUSUSUSU

CotswoldArchaeology

N

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

FIGURE NO.

0 1km

Reproduced from the 2015 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109

c 1


Site location plan

PROJECT NO.DATESCALE@A4

DRAWN BYCHECKED BYAPPROVED BY

77901519/09/20161:25,000

LJH/AODJBRM

Andover 01264 347630

Cirencester 01285 771022

Exeter 01392 826185

Milton Keynes 01908 564660

w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk

e [email protected]

149.6m

Def

Farm

134.4m

Pit(disused)

E Wood

ED & Ward Bdy Cadnam

0.91m RH

ED & Ward Bdy

Path (um)

128.3m

139.7m

97

2

Blanes Farm

1

2

Marlfield

1

126.0m

22

23

412

718

720

722

410

408

SU

FIELD 2

FIELD 1

FIELD 3

Upper Ansty Lane

Gilbert White Way

FIELD 4

T72

T78

T79

T84

T82

T83

T81

T80

T75

T76

T77T74

T27

T37

T38

T50

T44

T43T45

T47

T46 T48 T49

T58T59

T66

T65

T85

T86

T70

T71

T64T69

T68

T67

T56

T54

T52

T51

T53T55

T57T60

T63

T62

T61

T73

T16

T14

T26

T25

T24T29

T28

T36

T35

T40

T39

T33

T34

T41

T42

T32

T31

T30

T22

T21

T20

T23

T19

T18

T17

T15

T13

T10

T8

T9

T12

T11

T7

T6

T5

T3

T4

T2

T1

Area 1(Fig.3)

Area 2(Fig.4)

Area 3(Fig.5)

CC

pit 7903

pit 7907

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Digital mapping with the permission ofOrdnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office© Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109.

P:\7

7901

5 C

adna

m F

arm

, Alto

n P

XA

& P

UB

L\Ill

ustra

tion\

Dra

fts\7

7901

5_C

adna

m F

arm

_Alto

n_Fi

g.2-

5.dw

g

N

AODJBRM


77901519/09/20161:2000

PROJECT TITLE


FIGURE TITLE

Area locations

FIGURE NO.

2

site boundary

excavation area

evaluation trench

evaluation trench containingarchaeological features

archaeological feature

geological feature

tree-throw

100m0

AndoverCirencesterExeterMilton Keynes

[email protected]

we

01264 34763001285 77102201392 82618501908 564660


T79

T82

T80

T75

T76

T77

50

T48

T49

ditch101

posthole8005

8206

pit10037

T74

T73

pit 10041

tree-throw10003

tree-throw10006

ditch103

posthole10035

pit10046

pit10107

ditch/lynchet102

inset

ring gully104

ring gully105

pit10026

posthole10066

posthole10068

posthole

10062posthole10064

posthole10058

posthole10060

pit10096

pit10087

posthole10072

posthole10115

posthole10070

A

A

B

B

D

D

Enclosure 1.1

gully106

Roundhouse 1

10149

10130

10123

10144

10142

10090

10076

10098

10083

10008

10052

10048

10076

10137

10139

Four-poststructure 1

Roundhouse 2

10125

posthole7506

10111

10054

10074

pit7604

posthole 10020

posthole10022

posthole 10031

posthole10033

posthole10029

pit10026

posthole10010

posthole10012

posthole10014

posthole10016

posthole10018

posthole10024

CC

Roundhouse 2

Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey Digital mapping with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109.

NP

:\779

015

Cad

nam

Far

m, A

lton

PX

A &

PU

BL\

Illus

trat

ion\

Dra

fts\7

7901

5_C

adna

m F

arm

_Alto

n_F

ig.2

-5.d

wg

P:\7

7901

5 C

adna

m F

arm

, Alto

n P

XA

& P

UB

L\Ill

ustr

atio

n\D

rafts

\779

015_

Cad

nam

Far

m_A

lton_

Fig

.2-5

.dw

gggggg

gg

g

AODJBRM


77901527/03/20171:300

PROJECT TITLE

Cadnam Farm, Alton, HampshireFIGURE TITLE

Plan and aerial photograph of Area 1

FIGURE NO.

3

Andover

Cirencester

Exeter

Milton Keyneswww.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk [email protected]

we

01264 347630

01285 771022

01392 826185

01908 564660


excavation area

evaluation trench

archaeological

feature tree-throw

section location

Period 2

Period 3

Undated

Southern half of Area 1, looking north-east (2m scales)

15m0

B B

10135

10109

10104

T84

posthole20068

ditch203

possiblesegmentedgully 207gully 20078

gully 20080

posthole20066

gully 206

gully 205

ring gully204

pit 20060

posthole20016

posthole20014

posthole20010

posthole20004

posthole20008

pit 20070

pit 20062

segmentedgully 20052

pit20048

posthole20002

gully 202

20022

20020

pit 20074

gully 201

segmentedgully 20064

posthole20026

posthole20012

posthole8411

posthole8413

posthole8404

E E

posthole20006

F

F

pit 20018

20040

20038

20072

20024Roundhouse 5

20054

20057

20028

Roundhouse 4

Roundhouse 3

20030

20036

20032

20042

20044

20046


P:\7

7901

5 C

adna

m F

arm

, Alto

n P

XA

& P

UB

L\Ill

ustr

atio

n\D

rafts

\779

015_

Cad

nam

Far

m_A

lton_

Fig

.2-5

.dw

g

N

AODJBRM


77901527/03/20171:100

PROJECT TITLE



FIGURE NO.

4

Andover

Cirencester

Exeter


we

01264 347630

01285 771022

01392 826185

01908 564660


site boundary

excavation area

evaluation trench

archaeological

feature tree-throw

section location

Period 2

Undated

Area 2, looking north-east (2m scales)

5m0

B B

T14

T26

T25

posthole2616

posthole2614

posthole2612

pit1605

posthole1607

T16

pit 30073

posthole30069

posthole30045

posthole30048

posthole 30033

posthole 30035

posthole 30104

posthole30063

posthole30071

posthole30037

posthole30043posthole

30041

posthole30029

posthole 30031posthole30039


30065

posthole 30056

posthole 30058

posthole 2606

posthole 2608

posthole 30079

posthole 30060

posthole 30054

posthole30019

posthole30023

posthole30021

posthole 30017

posthole30003

posthole30005

posthole30007

posthole30009 posthole

30011

posthole30014


30025

ditch303

ditch 302

ditch 301

posthole 30081posthole

30083 posthole

30085

posthole30091

posthole30098

posthole30089

posthole30130

posthole30096

posthole30087

tree-throw30132

pit30149

pit30134

pit30093

pit30119

posthole30106

posthole30113

posthole30161

posthole30117

posthole30115

posthole30163

posthole30151

posthole30156

posthole30159

pit30050

G

GH

I

J

J

I

K

K

LL

M

M

tree-throw30102

tree-throw30111

H

30123 30140

30137

30153

30143

30146

30100

30108

Four-poststructure 2

Six-poststructure

Structure 3

Roundhouse 6

30126


P:\7

7901

5 C

adna

m F

arm

, Alto

n P

XA

& P

UB

L\Ill

ustr

atio

n\D

rafts

\779

015_

Cad

nam

Far

m_A

lton_

Fig

.2-5

.dw

g

N

AODJBRM


77901527/03/20171:200

PROJECT TITLE



FIGURE NO.

5

Andover

Cirencester

Exeter


we

01264 347630

01285 771022

01392 826185

01908 564660


excavation area

evaluation trench

archaeological

feature geological

feature tree-throw

section location

Period 2

Period 3

Undated

Area 3, looking north-east (2m scales)

10m0

B B

10045

10044

10043

10042 pit 10041

10093

10092

10091

10094

10095

ditch 10090

132.0mAOD

E W

Section BB

135.6mAOD

NW SE

Section AA

Ditch 10090, looking south-east (2m scale)Pit 10041, looking north-east (1m scale)

CotswoldArchaeology

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

FIGURE NO.

6

Andover 01264 347630


Exeter 01392 826185



e [email protected]

Photographs and section drawings of pit 10041 and ditch 10090



77901519/09/20161:20

AODJBRM


1:200 1m

Posthole 10024, looking norht (0.2m scale)Posthole 10024, looking norht (0.2m scale)

CotswoldArchaeology

N

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

FIGURE NO.

7


Photograph and section drawings of posthole 10024 and ditch terminal 10048



77901522/09/161:20

TCDJBRM

Andover 01264 347630


Exeter 01392 826185



e [email protected]

10025

posthole 10024

135.4mAOD

W E

Section CC

134.05mAOD

SE NW

Section DD

NE SW

10051

10050

10002

10050

10051

ditch terminal 10048

10002

1:200 1m

North facing section of Post Hole 20006 (0.30m scale)North facing section of Post Hole 20006 (0.30m scale) South West facing section through gully 20040 (0.30m scale)South West facing section through gully 20040 (0.30m scale)

CotswoldArchaeology

N

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

FIGURE NO.

8


Photographs and section drawings of pit 20006 and ditch 20040



77901522/09/161:20

TCDJBRM

Andover 01264 347630


Exeter 01392 826185



e [email protected]

20007

posthole 20006

20041

gully 20040

139.3mAOD

E W

Section EE

139.25mAOD

SENW

Section FF

1:200 1m

posthole30029

137.9mAOD

SW NE

Section GG

posthole30043

137.7mAOD

S N

Section KK

30036

posthole30035

138.1mAOD

S N

Section II

posthole30031

137.9mAOD

S N

Section HH

posthole30041

137.7mAOD

S N

Section JJ

CotswoldArchaeology

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

FIGURE NO.

9

Profile and section drawings of postholes 30029, 30031, 30035, 30041 and 30043



Andover 01264 347630


Exeter 01392 826185



e [email protected]


77901523/09/161:20

AODJBRM

1:200 1m

Ditch 30123, looking south-west (0.5m scale)Ditch 30123, looking south-west (0.5m scale) Ditch 30143, looking north-east (1m scale)Ditch 30143, looking north-east (1m scale)

CotswoldArchaeology

N

PROJECT TITLE

FIGURE TITLE

FIGURE NO.

10


Photographs and section drawings of Ditches 30123 and 30143



77901522/09/161:20

TCDJBRM

Andover 01264 347630


Exeter 01392 826185



e [email protected]

1:200 1m

136.4mAOD

SE NW

Section LL

30125

ditch30123

30124

30145

30144

ditch30143

135.5mAOD

NW SE

Section MM

Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire · Ordnance Datum (AOD) in Fields 1 and 2, down to 126m AOD in the...

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