CadmiumLacey Brandt

Cadmium properties

•No reaction with water•Malleable•Ductile

•Transition metal•Solid•Silvery grey•Oxidation state- +2, +1•Atomic weight- 112.4g/mol•Density-8.65g/cm³

Freidrich StromeyerGerman chemist

•1817- Cd discovered- impure ZnCo3- color and heat•1850- Cadmium pigments- yellow, red•1899- NiCd rechargeable battery•1907- production in the united states•1900’s- corrosion-protection steel coating•After 1945- wide spread use

History and production

•stabilizer- PVC•alloys•pesticides

current use

•Ni-Cd batteries•protective coatings•pigments

Cadmium isotopesisotope Natural abundance ½ Life106Cd 1.25% 9.5×1017 years107Cd synthetic 6.5 hours108Cd 0.89% 6.7×1017 years109Cd synthetic 462.2 days110Cd 12.49% stable

111Cd 12.8% stable112Cd 24.13% stable113Cd 12.22% 7.7×1015 years113mCd synthetic 14.1 years114Cd 28.73% >9.3×1017 years115Cd synthetic 53.46 hours116Cd 7.49% 2.9×1019 years

CADMIUM SALTS- different solubility, toxic levels

•CdH₂•CdF₂•CdCl₂ •CdBr₂ •CdI₂•CdO •CdS•CdSe•CdTe•Cd₃N₂

CADMIUM ENTRY INTO ENVIRONMENT

•weathering•erosion•river runoff•diatom deposition•occurs naturally

•Food consumption•Respiration•Filtration

Cadmium enters and accumulates in many marine organisms

TOXICITY TO MARINE ANIMALS

Salinity and Cd toxicity •Inversely proportional •Cl binds with Cd•Free Cd toxic

Toxicity Category LC50 (ug/L)

Very highly toxic <100

Highly toxic 100-1,000

Moderately toxic 1,000-10,000

Slightly toxic 10,000-100,000

Not acutely toxic >100,000

Summary of Acute Toxicity for Organism GroupOrganism group

Average Acute Toxicity

Amphibians Very Highly Toxic

Annelids Slightly Toxic

Crustaceans Moderately Toxic

Fish Moderately Toxic

Insects Slightly Toxic Marine benthic community Highly Toxic

Molluscs Moderately Toxic

Nematodes/Flatworms Slightly Toxic

Phytoplankton Not Acutely Toxic

Zooplankton Highly Toxic

All Toxic Effects for Organism Group Organism Group Effects Noted

Amphibians Accumulation, Biochemistry, Mortality

Annelida Accumulation, Biochemistry, Genetics, Growth, Mortality, Reproduction

AquaticPlants Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Growth, Physiology, Population, Reproduction

Crustaceans Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Enzyme(s), Growth, Histology, Mortality, Physiology, Reproduction

Echinoderms Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Enzyme(s), Genetics, Reproduction

Fish Accumulation, Avoidance, Behavior, Biochemistry, Cell(s), Development, Enzyme(s), Feeding Behavior, Genetics, Growth, Histology, Hormone(s), Immunological, Injury, Intoxication, Morphology, Mortality, Physiology, Reproduction

Insects Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Feeding Behavior, Growth, Mortality, Physiology, Population, Reproduction

MarineBenthicCommunity

Mortality

Molluscs Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Cell(s), Development, Enzyme(s), Growth, Histology, Mortality, Physiology, Reproduction

NematodesandFlatworms Accumulation, Histology, Mortality

Phytoplankton Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Cell(s), Ecosystem Process, Enzyme(s), Growth, Mortality, Physiology, Population

Zooplankton Accumulation, Behavior, Biochemistry, Development, Enzyme(s), Feeding Behavior, Genetics, Growth, Intoxication, Mortality, Physiology, Population, Reproduction

Trophic transfer

•[Cd ]of the water is not indication of food safety

•Fish growth affected

Penaeid shrimp Penaeu japonicusIncreased tolerance with development

nauplii48h LC50=124ug/L

Zoea96 LC50=10-30ug/L

Post-larvae96 LC50= 200-3500ug/L

Juvenile96LC50=5500ug/L

Decreased osmoregulation

Chronic protracted toxicity test

•Mysidopsis bahia•17 day life cycle test•10.6 ug/L @ 20 ⁰/₀₀•Δ Breeding cycle •Δ # of young released •Sensitive crustacean LC50 ~ 15

Eastern oyster- Crassostrea virginica

Physiological effects • intracellular localization• Gills- mitochondria-> Respiration-> metabolism• Hepatopancreas- lysosomes -> lysosome damage

A DEEPER LOOK…..

Mutagenic - DNAClastogenic- chromosomesCarcinogenic-cancerTeratogenic-birth defects

Cd •Break DNA directly•Break DNA indirectly•Oxidative stress- free radicals•Inhibits glutathione ROS scavenger•Response= DNA breakage/ recovery•Cd impairs DNA repair- compete with zinc

GENOTOXICITY

MECHANISMS OF DETOXIFICATION

Metallothioneins (MT)• low mw proteins•cytosol•saturation- bind to critical sites

Sequestering- •Vesicles- lysosomes, other structures•Saturation-> lysosome damage

FOUNDRY COVE/ SOUTH COVE STUDY• oligochaete Limnodrilus sp. Used both mechanisms

•MTs transfer to lysosomes

Bambang, Y., Charmantier, G., Thuet, P., and Trilles, J.P. (September 1995). Effects of cadmium on survival and osmoregulation on various developmental stages of the shrimp Penaeus japonicus (crustacea: Decapoda). Marine Biology, 123 (3), 443-450.

Binary compounds. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cd/comp.htmlCadmium. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://www.cadmium.org Engel, D.W., Fowler, B.A. (February 1979). Factors influencing Cadmium accumulation and its toxicity to

marine organisms. Environmental health perspectives, 28, 81-88Mechanisms of Metal Detoxification. Retrieved May 3, 2008,

from http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/marinebio/fc.8.detoxification.htmlNimmo, D.R., Rigby, R.A., Sheppard, J.M. (January 1978). The acute and chronic effects of cadmium on the

estuarine mysid. Mysidopsis bahia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 19(1) 80-85.

Pan Pesticides database. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33703#Ecotoxicology

Pruski, A.M., Dixon, D.R. (2002). Effects of cadmium on nuclear integrity and DNA repair efficiency in the gill cells of Mytilus edulis L. Aquatic Toxicology, 57, 127-137.

Risso-de Faverney, C., Devaux, A., Lafaurie, M., Girard, J.P., Bailly, B., and Rahmani, R.(2001) Cadmium induces apoptosis and genotoxicity in rainbow trout hepatocytes through generation of reactive oxygen species. Aquatic Toxicology, 53, 65-76.

Ruangsomboon, S., Wongrat, L. (June 2006). Bioaccumulation of cadmium in an experimental aquatic food chain involving phytoplankton(Chlorella vulgaris), zooplankton (Moina macrocopa), and the predatory catfish Clarias macrocephalus x C. gariepinus. Aquatic Toxicology, 78 (1), 15-20.

Sokolova, I.M., Ringwood, A.H., and Johnson, C. (September 2005). Tissue-specific accumulation of cadmium in subcellular compartments of eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica Gmelin (Bivalvia: Ostreidae). Aquatic Toxicology, 74 (3), 218-228.

Wikipedia. Retrieved May 3, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org