mt 7~%,, .

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Agricultural Experiment StationAUBURN UNIVERSITY

H A

S

VOLUME 9, NUMBER 3 FALL, 1962

:1

N,

HIGHLIGHTS ofAgricultural Research

A Quarterly Report of ResearchServing All of Alabama

VOLUME 9, No. 3 FALL, 1962

SILAGES - Cost to Produce, Harvest, and Store in North-ern Alabama 3__

PERFORMANCE TESTED BULLS - Calves from High Gain-

ing Bulls Gain Faster and Bring More Money 4ROOT-ROT AND SPITTLEBUGS - May Be Cause of Damage

in Coastal Bermudagrass - 5IRRIGATION BY MEASURING LIGHT - Device Automatically

Turns. Water On and Off 6

BEAUTIFUL, FUNCTIONAL HEDGES - Many Plants Suitablefor Hedge Plantings 7

POULTRY DUST - Makeup and Causes of Excess PoultryHouse Dust _ ________-- 8

GULF - IMPROVED RYEGRASS VARIETY- Rust-ResistantVariety Promising for Alabama 9

SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF TIMBER STANDS- HardwoodControl Important in Stands Converted to Pines 10

VETCH MAKES HIGH CORN YIELDS - Vetch Turned An-nually Will Supply Nitrogen Needs of Corn 11

FARM REAL ESTATE VALUES - Continue Trend TowardHigher and Higher Prices .. - 12

BUYING PRACTICES - Pork Processors Turning to MoreDirect Buying from Farmers ---- 13

ULTRASOUND - SPACE-AGE NEMATODE KILLER - NewControl Method Described 14

RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY FOR ALABAMA - The RabbiteyeBlueberry is a Multiple-Use Plant for the Farm ...... 15

COMMERCIAL STRAWBERRIES IN ALABAMA? - Strawberriesare a Potential Money Crop in Areas of Alabama ..... 16

Oft de aCd' Here sweet sorghum at the Tennessee Valley Sub-station, Belke Mina, is being mechanically harvested preparatory tostoring in silo. The results of a 7-year study at that Substation ofthe comparative costs of producing, harvesting, and storing sorghumand corn silages are reported on page 3. Comparisons are made onthe bases of both cost per acre and cost per ton of silage.

~~:!

Published by

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT

STATION of

AUBURN UNIVERSITY

Auburn, Alabama

E. V. SMITH DirectorCOYT WILSON....... Associate DirectorCHAS. F. SIMMONS--- Assistant DirectorKENNETH B. RoY EditorE. L. McGRAw------- Associate EditorR. E. STEVENSON------ Associate Editor

Editorial Advisory Committee: COYTWILSON; J. H. BLACKSTONE, AgriculturalEconomist; H. J. AMLING, Associate Hor-ticulturist; K. M. AUTREY, Dairy Depart-ment Head; AND KENNETH B. Roy.

lNew and me4

PUBLICATIONS

Listed here are timely and new publicationsreporting research by the Agricultural Ex-periment Station.

Bul. 325. Rod Closets for Southern FarmHomes.

Bul. 327. Establishment and Maintenanceof White Clover-Grass Pastures in Alabama.

Bul. 329. Oats for Forage and Grain.

Bul. 335. Crimson Clover in Alabama.

Cir. 133. Cost of Clearing Land.

Leaf. 62. Warrior Vetch-A New Varietyfor Alabama.

Leaf. 64. Ball Clover.

Leaf. 66. Forage Production of Winter An-nuals Sod-Seeded on Dallisgrass-WhiteClover.

Prog. Rept. 72. Artificial Light for Grow-ing and Laying Birds.

Prog. Rept. 75. Grinding and MolassifyingHay for Dairy Cows.

Free copies may be obtained from yourCounty Agent or by writing the AuburnUniversity Agricultural Experiment Station,Auburn, Alabama.

SILAGES- Production andStoragje Costs inNorthern AlabamaW. B. ANTHONY, R k. HARRIS, J K. BOSECK, andJ. H. BLACKSTONE*

ISL(~ Is (;iIt(\\,i N more it) \idhalia tocda\ tili te tif~oire.

i gh qiilit\ lot agec is iccoittticicdcl as' titi baisis of dt suess-liftil eiiig proio fiior beeif andr clitrv eattit. (Qoialit.\ oflivesxtock ()it mainy fa ris riresoit S a tjiility foiwag.

If\ ittx iici dloes it cost peit dee ori per toil toi p idiice,I i~tt i's) 11( stoltil aign Ti is it aquestioin tacitig faitir

w5ho xxsl nto tinclel silage ill their fieditig pitigi attn. It isat diffictuilt tfiiestiooto ainiiswe r b'cauose of wide xai attoois illxihtgt' intkitig pra:ctices. txpc ~5of* ecftiiia't uised, I pe of'stol agre facilities lised. ad 1( ifieretit stlagc -. lops gtroxx 1t.()thei factor s re(latdtt to tilt p)ofitiilcittss tof silio-t' til agixen fatitt inttludei the kindc of lixestoek to he led andt( les elof' prtodlietioti: as vilthailitx atil cost of other feeds; axvail-:thilit\ of wxotrk lot-(cc' atnd iiiiitefotterN iitetded tuo itki' silat.oittici ott! tloi of acqi ill ttg these' items; dud kindc auth size ofsilii usic

Research Conducted

lieseatilt oit silige ciops hv~ the Aubiurint Agricuttrtal FLx-perloittilt St ,ttii tCi rtitc lt the Tenese 'ti CSCC\ tI Sutistatioi. l3etle \lia. inecledi xorghilio ittd Cotrn. AS too'

phiaxe of ti tis siliw riesea rch, special eimiph asis %\,its plae'doii seciti lug lboth plix sical antdt cost datd iu tilt' piroductioniMtidc fthix t'stilii of tltist' Crops. \X Ieit clit toi xihage. the ciiii

friti \\x-iis cleitteci, itit(I thle Sot-Ylll gititto ill afilte ioilk ttoCilthiutlt stagre. 'These eCrtps aie ioxxn it fii ophtt C'S siltlotiri sotil, that is tilidrlail hx at ehei t bedt. Oats xcieseedecdaf ter xiii gitolil n ii~sed foi- grazing tiid silatge dutr1itte 3 of'

te7 Yetars iii stoighiot silage' reseatect. lit ll] Y ears, oilts

t'specctix tb\

AxVEtRAxii (()ri iLit \t IlE AND) Pti-i ToN\ Vlt CoRN Amii Sowutiit \iStixi:t iBs SPEIICt OPERTxIOtNS

IttIti

I'rldficttiii coists

I illit', siltPackintgStiiragt

TOIAL COSTS

CZiiuii silige coists Sorgltuui silatge cost

Per tete

Doii.

36.061.13.481:3.174.91I1.92

1lit00

80t.57

-Per toil

3.) 0:31.1.31.11.42.16.9:3

6.78

Pet alri

Doi.

34.0)412.3212_.2,0

.4.2101. 139.43'

7:3.38

Pc'r toil

2.40)

.86*.:30 *.0)8,

.660

5.17

Ax. no.i uci i s stit-cdied itlt 'ciir 14.A 12.5

Ax\. x ii li tilsigrueil xx i~dlt 11.89 14. 19

0Duiii ut 4 yieirs oit ot titi. 7, sorghiitim xxits stirucd itt i tictel'jlt. xx ittic liixx ii it thet its 'rain ciost fiti iitloioi , filliti, paci it

xx c seeded .tltet hix t'xt of cot-1 ii ar wtid~ t\it s usxedi iitlxfor gfi ltotu. See jtriilitctiiiti anid coist dtta ill tabile.

Results

As tiiit axeritgi toverta 6-x , cal pei oc, cornt sila.e ciists xxetieS6.78 pei tiiti for all costs, cash Zitit riot cdli.h illiiw all

iipc'iatititis riiiii produiictioit thrugtich stor age. (itists Ix xNeairsfor corini silito' htave x ari'cl fionitit ato\\- oif $5.84 per til totaiilt itto $81:1.03. Y ilcds ofI c'oiri stlage Itixtc x aie itti il

at loxx tif 5.70) tius pet ii to at ltiii itt 16.15 toins. Yieldsexeecieci 12 tiils itt 4 stars ot ofi 6.

Ax itt) as etag e ia er fit i-a eiodl. soi giiii siliagce costsxx cit $5.17 pei toillfoi ill] costs, casit andc uoiloi'shtorii iii!opceiationis froiti ptiicctioiit thtigli stoiwgi. (itusts per tillIlidt(xvariedclo itii ltixx of S$4.36 foita higrh ofi S7.32. )~iticis

pit ac're itaxe t' iieci itiiit alosx of 9.07 tiis toit a Iigit of19.S1 tils. Thie ax erilgi cost per tiuit iii iiightiol silteof $5.17 ist pcilitaps liix hbya a a cii age tif .50C pcr toii doetoi its ltas ilTi iteeit stiored ilut atrentch sito 4 x tars out of 7xx,]teill ciomipared' tio eCl silage. C"orit silalgi xx as stortd ii t anii1)i iglit Siloi ill atll y ears.

I etatilecl chit av xe itot beeni cit'selopedi i the co st iof

feeichiti silivge. 'Ihlis ciist xx ciilcl \ilx ft ool fatrinl to farmilibtsed oit txe p of iii liailiig cqifpfmitnt iised, kind aticdi at-rti't"iue(it (if feecding eqipmilieit andc iitiut t ioi silagi fedper feeing. th'lese costs xx tulcilo' c'\expectcec to it lry ft too

a i xx\ iii 50)' per tollto i .t 1Il o f ii S2.00 It)ilpuilig utpiittiti. i'fheieitc iii theit(d i ~~i itigiiiiis

Summary and Conclusions

"Ikit st~I.~ s all c'xpciisixe oiit tititi. 1I iiix 5cr. it c'aillbe onic iof the checaper fin is of prit ilitig lixvistoick xxithit

Ai e'ffic'ieitt gii toi sti~lo wfoux ttld bic coist lioi coiirl siltgacliut tot excetei 86 pli tilt oi siirgliiii $5 pet toilttii allCoists e asl atit lionitsft ticlitig pirocdictiiii ttitoligh xtiii

excee'd 12-1 1 tiis of inait lahor andc 8-I1) hoiuis tof tractotr

t iime per tet c'.

lit ieiitg tcsts b\ tit(-i' utltt A \gticittiital ExpiilieotStatitti wxithi ctttlc' citi i silage Ihax lutei supior tio sortrltuisilag.e iilt tit('p udietitit ofi both itcf'an mii iilk. 'Flit' xiii gititsiltgl's fed ittxc iticitidid tite xxxwitt Solitiitis atntc tiit' highlgrant -icliitg llix ttts. (ii silatge. p)iipl'iki siilitittleitecixxwith 'ili ait ati priitcitl i. n ct it t o\\,i cost iittiic iot xxii tir-inig stocker steit'rs ir fe iitg ciai rx coiwxxs xxhet coi sts arie keptxxitiit the il.iigc fountd ill this stittis.

ile stage ofi iitatuitit\ tif planits xx Iell c'Iit fiti silatec itsxx iii its the iiethod~ tif storage, ioateia tillttiitec's silalgetptalitx. Livsxticktoeit iiitkig sil~ti' ior thec firist titli iretiiigil tio Scek tciiictlills ci- beftiti the crop is hlr xc'sttci.Thlis is l'spci'etlh triue tt soi liti silag~e.

PERFORMANCE TESTED BULLSSire 1-igh Quality Calves

TROY B. PATTERSON, Department of Animal Science

W. W. COTNEY, Superintendent,Upper Coastal Plain Substation

A LABAMA NEEDS heavier beef calvesat weaning with sufficient quality to de-mand top market prices.

Gross as well as net returns per calfare dependent upon a combination ofprice per cwt. and final market weight.In breeding research at the Auburn Uni-versity Agricultural Experiment Stationattention has been directed towards bullsthat will produce calves that meet theserequirements.

A need for further information on themerits of bulls with different perfor-mance records prompted a study at theUpper Coastal Plain Substation, Win-field.

Procedure

Brood cows used in this study weredeveloped on the Winfield Station froma group of grade Hereford and cull Jer-seys obtained in 1946. Purebred Here-ford and Angus bulls have been usedsince that time with replacement fe-males being retained from succeedingcalf crops. Some culling plus replace-ment females produced a herd of approx-imately /4 or better grade cows.

Bulls used in this study were furnishedby the Main Station at Auburn and wereselected each year at the end of theannual performance test. Only bulls thatindicated inherent ability to gain rapidlythroughout the entire test period weresaved as high gainers. These bulls wereheavier at weaning, gained faster on test,and had a higher weight per day of agethan average. Two Angus and two Here-ford bulls were retained with these quali-fications. The same number of bulls ofeach breed were retained as low gainers.These bulls represented the lowest oftheir breed with respect to gaining abilityeach year.

The cow herd was divided into fourgroups of about 20 cows each accordingto breed, age, and previous record. Ex-cept during breeding season the cowswere handled as a single unit in order toeliminate any unnecessary environmentaleffects. The calves were caught at birthand the sire, dam, birth weight, sex, and

4

birth date recorded. The calves wereweaned at approximately 10 months ofage and each calf was weighed, graded,and evaluated. All calves were placedon a permanent type pasture of Dallis-grass and white clover for an average of100 days. Because of poor gains the firstyear each calf received corn supplement

TABLE 1. PERFORMANCE OF ANGUS ANDHEREFORD SIRES (2-YEAR AVERAGE)

Daily wt.Breed gain Daily per Breed-and birth gain day er r-no. to on of grade*

bulls wean- testageing age

High ALow AHigh HLow HAv. HighAv. LowDifference

-2-2-2-2

-4-4

Lb. Lb.1.98 2.881.85 1.781.99 2.741.80 1.78

1.99 2.561.82 1.780.17 0.78

Lb.2.101.762.221.762.161.760.40

11.512.012.513.012.012.5-0.5

* 11-High Good, 12-Low Choice, 13-Med-ium Choice

at the rate of 1% of their body weightduring the second year. Little benefitwas realized from this practice. At theend of the grazing season, the calveswere weighed, graded, and re-evaluated.Replacement heifers were retained fromthe two high gaining groups and theremaining calves were full fed for anaverage of 143 days on a high roughage

ration. At the end of the feeding period,the calves were weighed, graded, eval-uated, and sold to packers in the areaon the basis of carcass weight and grade.

The performance of the eight siresused during the two years are given inTable 1. The difference of 0.40 lb. perday of age probably is a more accurateevaluation of the true difference in gain-ing ability between the two groups ofbulls. Since differences of as much as1.5 lb. per day of age have been notedamong tested bulls, the differences be-tween groups shown here are well withinthe expected range. Effort was made tokeep the two groups equal with respectto grade. This was not possible and adifference of 1/6 of a grade existed infavor of the low gaining bulls.

Summary

The results of the progeny test ofcalves produced by these two groups ofbulls are presented in Table 2. Calvesby high gaining sires out performedcalves by low gaining sires in all respectsexcept grade. The calves by the highsires graded 1/9 of a grade lower andbrought slightly less per cwt. than theother group. For the 2-year average thedifference in weight gain in favor of thehigh sire group amounted to 31 lb. atweaning, 35 lb. at the end of the grazingperiod, and 52 lb. at slaughter. As a re-sult of the heavier weight, the calves bythe high sires grossed $10.02 more percalf.

Projected to a bull unit of 30 cowswith a 90% calf crop, each high gainingbull would return the producer $270more per year than a low gaining bull.Or for the normal useful life expectancyof 6 years an increase of $1,420. Sincethe cost of maintenance and productionof the two groups are approximately thesame, this increase would be profit withthe exception of the difference in initialcost of each bull. A significant fact isthat over half of this increase is realizedby weaning time.

TABLE 2. PERFORMANCE OF CALVES BY SIRE GROUPS (2-YEAR AVERAGE)

Daily Daily Dailygain aily Daily Final Slaugh- Gross

Group Calves birth gain gain slaugh- ter returnstoweaning pasture feedlot ter grade calfweaning

High Angus**Low AngusHigh Hereford**Low HerefordAv. HighAv. LowDifference-

No.302829305958

Lb.

1.531.481.591.451.561.460.10

Lb.0.690.620.570.560.6830.590.04

Lb.1.931.811.881.741.911.770.14

Lb.857.9805.5829.4780.7844.7792.6

52.1

10.510.5

9.610.8310.110.4-0.3

Dollars

$212.17199.48199.85193.66

$206.48196.4610.02

* 9-Low Good, 10-Medium Good, 11-High Good** Only 22 calves by the high Angus and 18 by the high Hereford were fed out during

the two years.

uitzm 'J.l iitui ithc(' il \ih\ oiia. sml

s itt~ I ez IIi a, I 0 I is I w lI ols . \c I to)( -Im k

Iio hg illo~y oist Co staNl' \i tsfirset

hasepot, jed h'till th \no iii ofh 1958 ao

eitii 01 L'iilotc l Stied to i't hint

(theesi' ll-r thso (lics a \k i ll as,,

enire (lieids'X asc Jievotisiionkoositio

iloorn ('tttstililt iscti the\ ila

suf~cre it pittlefrbut

xx itsi a x iiitt'. tiiiit's o ril\ thc AIII' sit.i tt

seelt 1111 5 ,ii (tilli slit tiioto gili it.

that iiti it 'sI ls iii tll iiiec i l- 5 t'iitill

itttha t i pvlal oc u its.1-, ols ''i

Root-Rot and Spittlebugsin Coastal Bermudagrass

R. T. GUDAUSKAS, Asst. Plant Patholo~losi

is ittlt tiseti. 'lie iestiltiiigf dliise nlat of

iegast ti e i oi~ l, lae i t 1' c ond pi i ti onsI('t

toricti i i llit 1ei ii le ilt cilX I til' tIatf

it'~ r ant the t estt Xs, i ii it.2i1.idis

ei s t'iiil \illil. f11-lit. oil tt piltsl

htie ill snicXi g lciii to . iliit. a1iitd

a (11(' Hil I itst I" otl i 1 itil ti'. i t

iiii'Te it tiitll 1 t i s %it s i ltl. ill itll'

weu st a or liJttiv ill .\itl \lillt' silt"~ In

littioli points. 111tcrilill cXaloilliltioll dis-

Closed it 1)1-()\\ it to I)Iztc.k- rot till ow"llontthe stelli tissues. Wheo the clo"'llsilloculated, thc rot rapidl -N. ill\iLdcd allddcstrovcd t1w clitire crown iold root SN's-tell), fillalk filto the stelli's.

Thc importiloce, s c\ crit alld distri-blitioll of this discilse ill Coastal Bcr-Illoda fichis of Alabama ill-c (.1111-clitl \loidei io\csti(,iition. Factors iolhicocin",ill(. deNclopiliclit alld spreild of ill(' dis-casc ilool ill(. respollsible 11111'ros itl.(, I)(~iil(r studicd to (Ictcriniiie t1w most likckMethods for cootrol. The possibIc leli

tiollsllip of SI)ittl('l)ll(,S to cstahhsJIIIlcI t

itild SpIcild of tlic diseils(l is I(1(Vi\ ill"

speciid i1tWol ioll.

SNOW

FIG. 1. Adult and immature stages of spit-flebug that attack Coastal Bermuda.

/ 7

FIGURE 2. Left, Coastal Bermudlagrass infected with raat-rat fun-gus. Center. healthy plant of the same age. Right, lower portionof Coastal plant split lengthwise to show root-rot development

after fungus had been injected into plant crown. Note spread ofroot-rot (gray to black) color into stems and roots from the in-fected crown.

A 1 rlt icti thatttoeasires lit and

oilI a111( oft is nlot a1 dreaml but a rcalitV.

It is aI precise bult simple illstrullelt

til (t indlicates soil 1111) t iir ( deplet ionland1 irrigatiotn n1eeds, takes the guesXX orkoutt (of irrigationl and( call1 redhuce 1l1bo1

01111 otherl c'osts fby fl1'111i ni g s1o1la1 ene1 rgy

(light)liI gI'eelobolses oIf Aubhurin Agrii itlral

Experimnot Station, 11101v cut fl(-i-v,

been gi-t'OlIC e rilm 11 ta0lly l Iig silar121nergy in112151111)112 its to co0 . itrI I tile1 ti1101of water apptl~ication111. tIII cOfl~foprislll XXitl

such othe2r 0)12(111 as "by feel" or exper-ience atnd( telns iometers, irrigao c11(o1ntrol

l)V so1 lar12 l1rg\ resultedl ill highI crof)

Yilds(1, ifiualitX. .1 ('051 cas returns.

Equipment

s5' vStem, till' needied c(fplifilll t is an0 ill-

strum11121 t thaot measulIries slr en 11 ergy and1(

1ma(inItainl 1It accumula1 1ted( titltf. The1 ill

strinnout operaItes satisfactolrily 11ff hat-teries a5s XX ill as5 light curIllent. tt co~stsahout $30) tio bmild, hut its serv ice lifehas1 1nlit 1)een1 determined12(. Thle inlstrume1nt1uIses 0 pho~itolectr ic tIll ii ti i lleasurci

011tl total ill lIghit eolein g' \odifica-tillX Made(1 the ilIstrlluI1lit 0t conItro~llinlg

dev ice tio opferate2 roagultic XX ater vaIlves

ma~ticIllX irrigate' croips. 'f'll- counilter XX OX

mifi~iied to aIctivate the irrigationl sy stem

tiloll ill irrigatill perl('l.

Application

illistulre loss thrlugh the plilt ( trolis-fliratiotl) . There11 is at direct pos5 it iv2 eftilol beCtw en the amiot of solar cncrg\

fallng ool a crop and( tile dlepletion lot

sioil noistulre.

The alfloillt (fo f vial so)1 1il molisturIle

depends 011 the soil lfLtor anC 001oliomo

Sil~ m 11i xtures tis1'( foll greetnh11ouse crops

01)112 moithstuItre. Typfical examI ples ar:n '3Cla , 1(11111. I:; pealt 111055. 1:3 S,111(1 2 -1 4

fpillts pe(r cublic fioot (If rilixtutre: 1,2 pea2(t,

1,2 pic'l itlC0 inittr -- 211 ne \ 51 plints pe(r

cublic fiiot.

tf thle soil is aIlJXXed( tio 11122o)me tiio(It b efore lloist tr(' is app lied1, plantgr),xXthI is poo 1111 v1( /ills and1 (1 lialitv

gliiXX ti 111 a 'i fil oly af ftetd by' XX atcr

stress. 1' I' iii'.for, pIrecise con11trill (of planlgrllXX'thl is poslsible fbX X ((lying ilrrigation~

frie11(i ('. Use oi f sila l 0 (II(rgy no eosure-

11)21 ts perm~lit more alcicurate coilntroil ilfll1Itsturt1 stress tha l llil melthod)(s its AIv

feel." For i sttilcI', Iliilht (If Easter lilXplan1 ts XX (1 limited tilore by5 tilis 10(11115

tliiXX (rs aIl1( fli)XX ('I si/z'.

Conclusions

J('(tiltIl(' deilc' intio the Ir tri gatio s(1XXste120,

IRRIGATION 4 weoeaq c

'1,'V

~t

6W,5

Chrysanthemum plants in bench ore irrigated and fertilized by automatic light control unit.At left foreground is magnetic water valve; at upper right is phototube for light controlunit. Perforated plastic tube distributes the water along bench.

it ha~s 1)1(1 pos sile to l comle(te'l alltol-

As XX ith all inIstrumtsI1t, perIilodic chec21k

of, the (controll er has b)1212 Ile('e125.1rv ti

ensure1 goodl op('ratilo Less (liffitllltics~x112(cooollt'r(l Xx ithl thijS lighlt cool

telisioicitc'is. LiIlli(Ierablle sav inigs if)

laofr cost resulted XX ien com pa redi XXiti

hiand or scroi-alIto)lylatic loutliods of' ap-

p)lyig XXatet.

For ifach si l mIIixtulre, there is at isoi-

011101 arnoittlt of moisture that call 1)estored alIld avaoilihe for phlaIt gro'xthl

Irr~igat ionI restolres mo1 istuI re (1s it is (1e-pleted.f For prop If ( r11igatiol l) Isag' the'

is storeId (tile 1itlIlilit av ailablef1 1(11 plialt

gro)XXth ) , h11IXX fast soil rflli st IIe is b1ei1ng

dlepictedf, and1( IIliX (11-Y call thle sol ill

allo)\ 12( to become101 XX itillit I ilcilng

X t(l(s or (Ilialit y1Income01 ma\O be1 illcreaseli beas of1.111 I

hligher quaIlity and( greater vitlds, ollif

lab~or costs can b e reduled. Ooe experi-men tal c2ropfo) 1 4 X it Itt oot bench11

go ssell $528 XX hell irri gat ion \XXas based1(

oil e'xperiencee. WithI irrigationl hased oil1

so)1ar cilergv. it 1)12111 of' tile saiIe I s 1ie

made(11 1 (gllo1s return I of $536. InI the 1 la tter

case, cons15id erably less lbor \X 11 requfired 2(to1 irrigate the crop.

Coolplet ( au11 tomation) of1 cr1op irri go

tiool an d f ertil i/at1io by light It 10105(1 c-rocot is practicable. Ad\X ailtaogcs a1re: ( I )precise control of ploolt gr-olX'th by regoi-latiiig alioloit oft O tIll'r supplie11d, (2)XX oter 0 apf)licaIt ions t imed' to actua toiil)1

linlistuil 1 depiletion). (3) doll11age to plaitsao ided2, (4) soil 011(1 roots Iulldistti 1)2(1(lid (.5) suitale1 to groin p)XiI~flanlts iIIIlelilcs. bell(1 ori pots alnl othler ('olit(IiII

T0K FURUTA, FRED PERRYand W. C. MARTINDepartment of Horticulture

A5 ass 1 sl X'iiiit'1 istt 1)irjtlls. o

\clatN.Am llit'suai'c cal bct l1teiil Iia'tit'

ti 1 ldt~t i fleht'i1t prs es.lti 4051

Nitot flo i ll t i Vl.\\'Il it I i'rs call he~t

ti s i t o et r il it itl \Niii thei

to .11 ld i t1

t lsl tt' or ilit' a iti so Ithit

itillit'l lslitil ill tJ plls' chtp. )IltG o

as ti it (:li ll ll'i \it'iihtta Bit t lt

M it hot' Btl i ss itit s it ll Ia tI alI it I I t'a

(Itt altilt's. sit. as (s,s fitt'ii.I l is t-

Beautiful, Functional Hedgesfrom a Variety of Plants

HENRY P. ORR, Hor-ttculturit

Plnts \\ gi1t itoar (1s i br1)555c 111)55 ('Ilnrc

lcit~~~cs arie cti itsakgolldhd 1stti t't' i ill tt't'tutli14li ai' li l' is ill' I

stil s I lll N are lt 115 s'I itt forthilts 11111 it'-

can~ bied eaily maitind Iwth(sto-lossy Abl lela (oegoun pcvla l\\ il

Sibakru a nd wisece \ith udls \~e

leiabapee Ho lly right w lc-te). Pht 2:iThree deilre l-ile

hedges o'rel Olifier af Comellialtlt.''l

that rit), ato desrabe thCa dctprme hll~r toanua Phloto 3:ll toBur el o\(fordes Chines Holl (righ t i- on 1i

b- ie eail shapceito on excel

Poo1Exelent larg hedges arw

uprigh haaege, naow (ihn-r

hede are sOcdera 121 Cmi

Steps in Establishment

A (food \\iIN to prepare soil for plitilt-

in'T ll(,(I(Y(.s is to clllti\iItc thol-oll"111v it

strip 4 to 5 ft. \%i(l(, and iiworpoiatc nIto

it it llcil\ % applicatioll of N\dhottcd

IlKilitil"(1 M otlicl oro-'allit.. illitterial. Thesoil Illixtilre should bC it(Ijusted to thcoptillillill Jill (acidit.0 lot- tit(' Species

(.1losell. Alto.], plillitim, healtliv, volilla

plants, the ' v shoilld bc Clit back- to \vithill

5 to 6 ill. of the soil. lic(b2cs itre (,cii-

crallN, plailted ill it sill(de I-()%\- or it stil(r-

to\\ of trccs ol slirlibs.Spilcilla of plitilts \ilrics with species.

For it lo\%, compact hed(Ic, plants call bcplaced 6 to 12 iii. apill-t. sliell species

its ("leopiltra silsill)(Ilia (:itillellia and Bill-

ford Chillese lloll\. are spaced 18 to -24

in. Small tl-(,(, specics cilli bc \Xider

,qmced.

1AIM

POULTRY DUST-

What is it?

What causes it?

J. L. KOON and WATER GRUB, Dept. of Agricultual Engineeritng

JR. HOWES, Dept. of Poutrty Science

111111 t it.

It il bcili i ('i It aiiit l iii \iii lie lld th t itI IId ll tlittt arc

Two Dust Types

dustit'. i-iX XX IXl i ( i flat aIX X kv t X III. t ' il.\ I do IXt

\ iti it T] .iii \i1 a i~iti i~ as X Xki tI l ij "'I I t it I Il I t I I I t i

Ths \cemperturec Afts mounl ethrable.

The fla. t, fltat p i cls iog d ilsz rilI ltc lt

XXISitc it titIlic i te Xil ( I tite itii'ti5 XX sitI' Xlel kX Witti

FIGURE 1 (top): Crude protein was the major component ofdust from Leghorn hens in Auburn tests, as shown by the graph.FIGURE 2 (bottom): Temperature has a decided effect on quan-tity of dust produced by chickens. The graph shows differencesin amount produced by Leghorn hens at different temperatures.

8

Two types of dust porticles produced in poultry houses, identifiedin the study, are shown in these photographs mode through micro-scope. (Scale: 1 in. 50 microns.)

l. II)I -ll(li HI C Cl~th iit ICal \\ ilitcr Il1) ths ad (111diICttt'l rulst I C'istilli Cc.

Tihats thet stors ofi (4iii Ix (' 41(255 it (('XX % il c It()\\X i\ ill

B\ d ijt iltlislt ite pli Xtel SillS C' 0111'IX i I, idN lil)l(food

rcilsoiu Its ec\ic'lit t7oiraoc liilhit\ aniiiil C'i)lcitX toi tiii tush

A s'i ous bihandiap of 'ollilliolO. ill Itihiaiii IX ( 41a1 is its

Xslulcptlibilit to (2n(X Iost. Ndl10211 reli'(1c(' , 1(1(5 .11 itiqillit\of tiiil ('. JUnt il (((~x 1 (l ~imrovd IS( 4v XXSgl iti';11

New Variety Better

l)X rt'soits ofi 2 \(1(r (It tc'sil 4 at fh lu' \i's lrl It\ 1 )iriolic'lt

F ;ield. I1 ,imt Bi t'C'tlu~ Llift it Tai1 sc,t'' and the Gu.ilt Cout

Cine it IX .1n o'( Lai ('l'iit1it I284 (' 'T'C'\d5 \aic 4'(1 it dle.I

IX ( 11is. Lea',I iis lit. ('11(5 to the 1(2 4o(1(1 ill It ii Apt iil \hI

'411 t c l ll( 4ltllinlil116 ill upIrighlt gr\4lti. Seed IililllXs

aboullt 2 XX i'tks I'llliii tili ('(IinionI IXl'ci(XXas.

AhllIl0i( ];h tlits piriloducc frontm to~ iii (Is 0'i 1tt, h

\\-]tll Il1st coiliihitilolS(is (2er laiX l ii1C, Stich~ i(X at tilt GuIlt

Cadst Subistaitlin ill 1961-62. sce chitit.

XX Ill, Ii. idit XX l'tlit'r ill \Idl CII. Apil i d \la ,( vI. Lt' eS

ssere shairp]i Ir(i~ce( it flit' (illf (:oaslt Subs)taItioni b.\ t

Illetd of jlltltli\ iii CIliXX it ritost. , i)st'1it t'~hat 4 Il' 1111a

litth o (i 1(. Cr155 I ]list, XX1(1 ica collillill XXI', el 5( I i isteA'.

Early Seeding Important

Its (riasls i's ((itel st u~lt' to() Ldac fl si.tisitcl\ \\ XX 1(.]

l'.l/ie 4Cl of t ia ii toill'I u Xro~ t before4 Xtold \is tilriii 4 \ill4ilt

".\laill. ca uitll b ob il i ll 4. bv te~il 4 ils(tos t(Ii

5ll Ils tcst 11112.it~lX aido' dur'tigl StemberX( .15 il tli

Silit4C. lituICiI (It its ru1st ictsistdIc'e. (;iilf Jplilits hidIS Cstltlfor1 hiS\ hr silil 4t wsill bhil c lii 4bt' (111t11 it till co'i~lliolI.

II'still 4 oIf is u 4riss, is bl'-1 cilltilIlitl. SIX cil ]ito(XX\\ 'i 1

Growth of common (Italian)i and Gulf ryegrasses an March 21 atAuburn orc, shown. Plots were clipped 1 month earlier.

GULF-IMPROVEDRYEGRASSVARIETYC. S. HOVELAND, Associate Agronomist

18 GULF4,235 LB.

FEB. _COM~MONj 1,300 LB.

000 2000 3000 4000 5000OVEN-DRY FORAGE, LB. PER ACRE

Yield data show that Gulf ryegross produced more than commonduring winter and spring at Gulf Coast Substation in 1961 -62.

9

3 SURVIVAL andGROWTH of

;planted pines after

stand treatmentThe ab ove - -recated area shaws typicalproblIem of numerous low-grade hardwoods.

1k itAAIA xx xt ii xND SWii 1 t -1 titf(Iicilx titk ii xxo c \itlih ix gl\-(iidt hiot 1

xx iadx that itt lot (.italc (tt prtdieili5

\aiiiolis tItltilxs of coeilettilog hatritxx 111( standsl tio piuti stmidx etnopix ki t

xr ges~ itod \ll it re en.cir

i\c psti ti xx ax titt of-1.39 at ttei

Fax let cap lliei it expct ilt lt iid

4j(l, (txiitt o liiiittit ot xilivx ix al ait

tol\\il.. x \h h It io ll i tlitxs xx (it'ax ut

xixt xxi il lx iA s t rill titil titu tit 19 tt'iii th

xxi vt dix Iiti f xxx oltit tof ct Ai-

Sttio t t st 'liiil xiff l titix i s ofxxi

(olvei llior xi.co oi M \\i xxoxxi

Axi frill

Chili frillFoltiagei sprii\(I iick

N .

66:3 82.26T:.3 8sit59(0 7 .158 -172.04:18 54.A599 7.

Olii.il1 xtt it S117 pit aori

ofi ill lixc iIi .

10

I t ill lit's

1I 1 -1-4, 14

1,9171

SHERMAN WHIPPLE,Assoiaie Foresier

a tit at xx itti itixit excpt .

4io. airtt xx itpth a bt rcietu Stef tilI

itI -to- itliti xx ie o ti dl tI aTooitt

4.aitl (itdllt xx at ixitit ici iitix- tx cit s

ict iti~t. St m \ r: il. lbh \ce

il( titirdt ig tchiiing a u :3 itt/t,12I. widI ratit ) llbrkiildttatttx 611 r.xxie p

5.1 l hiii i r irdii a rit iibii - Sit ame lixxit iat Iix i x ltt x i ti li t itt o

(:. (lk.

xit t\ tiril ot it id, \\,i Iiittild I9al1-' c o lxtilb939 alldw iti hatei ilitl~c

to (1 1i it Z(5 R I I It xp titt 4TIll.ItI IeIic

xx oold coax i t ii I t\ ili tl lforll.ii h

Sor ix al att t :ood xl jaiosniti\ 1959i

Februtor t19a59eitl arct \\9% ltdto peli t 6 Xe t. A ttcis Triitx iiits2to ughx itt t er appiiit6ied afir t hiltd

o54ti/ac for rax it x itoit p89' for ticat.mxentt 1,eigtabe oA pu tlithe oit25',

tie ti t i xx i lix tha i i irec (llite

ttteiittiictx atir :3 xiir. Aftert 2 \,(il sax et age tiiight itt pitc tutlloX itig tiliagi.titattitet-it xxis Icix ttili tot- all] tiatt

xiti oftth Ili itt oi all lixve treix ( taxI

treattitetlits.

1 . Afti :3 x iti x greatest suix ji andtt'

grotxx tof itt4,iti(1 pixe xxere teeiii tie

2.At thc x(i-x litax x ttsaai Of o iclide appliedl toliaige xprai~igl hat (lxx tia

to) plitted piltix atat rtil-e (tt(1( rottxrates iot xtttx ix itig pitiex [i. 2 v i'it x.

cittzel ill thit a iti age liiltxs of plic tintlhe first .5 tiaiticltx.

4. Saitieatori sntirxi a it 1 groxx tt

Average height of planted pines by treatment at the end of 1,is shown in figure above.

2, and 3 growing seasons

1.4 3,6 6.7I.BULLDOZER

1.7 4.2 6.72.AXE FRILL

1.5 3.8 6.33. INJECTOR

1.6 3.6 6.64.GIRDLE ONLY

1.5 3.7 6.45.CHAIN FRILL

1.2 3.0 5.46.FOLIAGE SPRAYE

7.C E K1.2 2.1 -3.2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

AVERAGE HEIGHT (FEET)

tlit' firt 4 \ 'ill but grixc it - itititi' 11)

Six ital xel ta f ter it ist, it nled ill addi-

I ii u hlt1it ct wasi e mptin b\c t x-t

ttiott'tl t ilnte ittii af \oilk xatal

arllc ',li [)(tx,) ovth xp 1)ih.i f i

totit tted ta ttxt Aub 47n5.5. itofl is2nd%

Phaitsol xxer'o aniiged x that thr nutiet

0it~ tiinpiixo '0(ol i i lcrtitli' III 1201lic to

t I \11 Pl t itte i ll at 8o 11). Of P.c x((frtol mlpcrphitetitut 'a W) 11). of20 xeaix1

811uit of p'oit tcash 1947t-t55. at 120 ('h)

tit ii0c ctx661 tilici 10 11i ). 1 1i. oflltc

cxcx pltsu \\d x ii catw ttd t iltl

llxiit pii itx expet imt 6.5'ix iPlot I ahi I. A gitd o tt ttt logiirni

ax liit cmarisonsfu i clbciat x iutt' that

tI x (Nat itrtrxx tiit' l nouetaxci ags.

80 li1. oc cit tig thix xiii' p-citti. xii (3)8'0cat). o coliiici '( al i t iitit'(i xxu hCeti

81) -lied iii h N il x'x ii ithoi it aditionatl

' iti 1. 'Fll:) l i o Colo- ('tti]" I .: Ioui NvIc .- ,I)i iixiiix

No. Veitch N C'rip

I No xtthi2 \iloli ta

'3 Vetchi (it.2 \xcars

4 \Vi t t h ('i.

(5 No ctt'h

N cars ii

8 N ctii c.*3 \icars

01 Corn t

0I VetchCiort

01 'ctchCii i

I Vct'ICoi(

80 (Clin

80) VetchCorn

811 N ith('uui'i

810 N tti(Cornt

ki. A-4~ i

At left is field of corn without nitrogen orwinter legumes. At right is corn with winterlegumes annually.

i pt lot a at i xe ii( it icicaxi' ill x icidfrom 8011)i. itf N xx\its 4:3 hit.. frtom xecaihtii( 54 buo., atnd fto ct h phi tx 1) i.ofi N 55 hit.

The \r(1 ofi ('((Itt tiuttit tue( Ji(xtihttti

\th 1cl o ift'e l uii t t he ix ix c l l it liit

2.'Li' cIec(t of tlic \x tti igiicxxi

xx it'i 11ai i th i st aitttai a head1 t iii-it 52-55 i t i t 33 ccx~ir lii pim blle a gttri-

ii i\ x\ Exi'io tiii \i till VAItitt, i'i QUL,-,i i,tiiiti ( \ - o ittiw ii xxx AL B NA 1947-61

'47 '48 '19) '5(0 "5I '52 '53 '54 '5 '56 '57 '58 '594 '601 '61

17 1 445 611

161i1 57

I5 14iS 12719 61

15:38lit

15 12 7215 52 6 16 12 15S

5:1 57 S(O16

52 61 7 71 3

5: 57 84

13 175 22

54 :3.325

6( 1 S 3 1 (iT26

4 27 3 5(49

(61 '59 2(9 65S

101 -) 2( 12i5I 55 :31 8715 2555i' 55 :3: To 76

--- 2861 58 28 83

'3 4:3

!8 I78 '556 8

I I94 5 2

G 15 10I25 2:3 1656i1 W, 2.522 17-56 65 1201

194:39.( 118

:36 65 8125 25 1751 1 12 11621 17'51 10;3111

194194 901117

(4 6 2.3

6 1 (46 (42

165i 12:3 618

(8 29 88(69 7.3 6 617 16 5t6i2 1112 (41

186 11111 86

67 1118 941

2 ,-x r. atx'S-xr. ax.

I \iu 2. )[tt 'wi (u lltx' i'uiixitt xiiiA \i xii 1 01 \ 1,[ 11 I x xii

'I'l it ti tt'iit

o 1:3

811). Nkit vtr n. xiiiit'(2nud x car

V)t \

lix ii'tl N

But. 1311.

ct'tiiit1)~i'i'. )t'

591

(17 :3'3

66 521i1

8011)i. N_ - 5:1 122ttd x\(,ilr rc'ittu'' 27 i16

)I of catr ift('r tiroing

icgi itic .itiitliai\' 6 6 S55No N i1

gi ((xxtli of xci.\'(4(11 i cihi'tttti

tutu aiiid thtid xer xi f tci xchi \x.'as

o' tilil,:3 x tr xxill inorc thit i pay th(ec'ost oif Sc('i a;ii pliantinig the xxiiiter.

einii'. Te \ x rc -1 x\cals ( 1958 and

961 itt xxicth th(e x iclti xxere' icxtep-tiliailk gooid. Ilt tiiisc 2 x\catrs titie xx-iasatl i ii it e ' of ix Ct 1061 fll. friont thecxxii ter legitiit. in) 19610. tue titt iix',rafil' the xx iit heTgtiitit' the i xlii' pitt-(itit't'u anl ittit ase iii 2:3 h)it. of corin.Howexxvxe'r, if thc r esiduei ailonie hadit bleen

(1c)ii(hcl ii, a liss of tix ci 7(1 hit. oc-thurrid oxe w'hx tat xx\,itx p rioiducedi xxiti

adiihi'jttte Iittiou~i'i. ht rida i'\iho ii lli, (of

nxittog'n lt-i' xax iii Yieldtits, tni

VETCH makes high CORN YIELDSD. G. STURKIE, Agronomist

1930 '32

INDEX(1947- 49 = 100)

200

H IGHER AND HIGHER

That has been the trend in Alabamafarm real estate values for several years.And the spiral will likely continue be-cause many factors are exerting pres-sures to push prices higher.

Alabama Situation

Value of farm real estate in Alabamain 1961 was about 80% greater than in1950. During these 11 years, the in-crease averaged 7.3% per year. An Ala-bama farm worth $60 per acre in 1950was worth an average of $108 per acrein 1961. These estimates of market valueand changes are based on USDA figures.

The upward trend in farm real estatevalues (see chart) has shown indicationsof leveling out only twice since 1940:First in 1949-50 and again in 1958-54.These were periods immediately follow-ing declines in the general price level ofthe economy.

Trends in Alabama farm real estatevalues have closely followed the nationaltrend. Before 1947 the U.S. index ofvalues was above that of Alabama for allyears. Since 1947, however, there havebeen 6 years in which the U.S. indexwas below the Alabama index. In 1961,the Alabama index was 5 points abovethat for the Nation.

12

Will future farm real estate values in-crease faster in Alabama than the U.S.average? The situation during 1959-61,when Alabama's values were higher thanthe U.S. average, may be a clue for thefuture. Much will depend on economicdevelopment in the State.

County Values

In 1959, average value of farm landand buildings in Jefferson County was$309 per acre, highest in the State (seemap). Mobile County was second.

Counties in the Tennessee Valley andSand Mountain areas had the highestaverage farm real estate values. GulfCoast counties of Mobile and Baldwin,and Escambia, Montgomery, and El-more were the only counties in the south-ern half of the State that had averagefarm land and building values in excessof $100 per acre.

Lamar County had the lowest value,$33 per acre. Generally, counties in thePiedmont and parts of the Lower andUpper Coastal Plains areas had relativelylow per acre values.

Increases in farm real estate values inthe past 5 years were greater in countieswith low per acre values than in thosewith high values. Four counties had in-creases of more than 100% from 1954to 1959.

Average per acre valuesof Alabama and UnitedStates farm real estateduring 1930-61 areshown by the chart.

S Given are index values,with the 1947-49 periodassigned a value of 100.

u..

..-- ALA BAMA

'34 '36 '38 '40 '42 '44 '46 '48 '50 '52 '54 '56 '58 '60 '62

Farm Real Estate ValuesGo Higher and Higher

J. H. YEAGER, Agricultural Economist

M WINSTON

CILAN

MAR E WALKER

s. FAYETT5 6 LI

33EO 55NSTLAR 67

-.ENE I J WV COOSA A- 7

zo .. P ............... 6

PICKENS DALAG MCO

O557

WOLSCOXHAN 400

GRENBALE 58N 94 500 OSA 50

C L A R K E RR R C IL OT L E C E N PI E 6R O U

MOORE15971I ONOE 6ENRY 4 5

WA8IN53S00COFFEE KALE HINR

KYng o 9 Ce sCOVINGTON 57

1233STO

m MORE THAN9 $98

Thema. sow.avrae.eracr.vlu.ofar .lad. ad. bildngsin.labmaaccordng o 159. ensu.ofAgrculure

160 -

120 -

80 -

40 L

Why Values Increase

Population pressure on land and as-sociated variables seem to account fora major part of the value increase offarm land. In 1960, persons per squaremile numbered 568 for Jefferson, 253 forMobile, and 146 for Madison County.Average for the State was 64 persons.Increased demand for space for homes,work, and recreational activities natur-ally ups values.

Associated with population growth hasbeen an increase in number of automo-biles, which also require space for driv-ing and parking. It is estimated* that inthe year 2000 there will be 230 millionautos in use in the United States, ascompared with 58 million in 1959. Popu-lation is expected to grow from 180 mil-lion in 1959 to 330 million in 2000.Based on these figures, there will be anauto for each 1.4 persons in 2000, ascompared with one for each 3.1 in 1959.

Other variables, such as higher peracre yields on farm land, governmentprograms, and demand for farm or ruralland as an investment are pushing valueshigher. Most factors for higher realestate values seem likely to continue,causing the trend toward higher andhigher prices.

* A projection by Resources for the Fu-ture, a nonprofit corporation founded in 1952and financed by grants from the Ford Foun-dation.

I I

ALABAMA is an important commercialhog producing area even though porkconsumption has exceeded production inrecent years. The State's shortage wasestimated at about 16% in 1959.1

The amount of pork handled by Ala-bama slaughter plants is considered ameasure of the State's self sufficiencyin pork production. However, manyslaughter plants do not depend on Ala-bama-produced hogs for their only sourceof supply. On the other hand, Alabama-produced hogs are sold to out-of-statepork processors. In addition to the out-of-state movements of live hogs, pro-cessed pork is shipped out of state, whileat the same time pork is shipped intoAlabama. These movements are normalmarket adjustments, but they determineto a great extent purchasing practices ofpork processors.

Processors' Needs

Needs of pork processors in Alabamaare primarily for barrows and gilts. Theproportion of total hog slaughter for

* Extension livestock marketing specialist,former graduate student in agricultural eco-nomics; and agricultural economist.

' M. J. Danner and D. A. Linton. "WhereDoes Our Pork Come From?" Highlights ofAgricultural Research. Vol. 7, No. 4. Winter1960.

Season Per Cent

Winter 26

Spring 24

Summer 22

Fall 28

FIGURE 1

1959-69 by classes was: barrows andgilts, 96%; sows and boars, 3%; andbutcher pigs, 1%. Marketing of hogsother than barrows and gilts generallymust find slaughter outlets out of state.

Results shown in this report are basedon a survey currently in progress. Thestudy is an attempt to determine thepattern and seasonal distribution of themovement of livestock and meats in Ala-bama and the Southeast. The previouslycited report described the makeup ofthe pork slaughter industry in Alabama

and the origin of live hogs slaughteredby processors. About 60% of the hogscame from Alabama sources with Ten-nessee, Kentucky, and the Corn Beltfurnishing most of the remainder.

Seasonal patterns of commercial hogslaughter, and thus purchases, are shownin Figure 1. Fall and winter periods ac-counted for the heaviest amount ofslaughter. The lightest period was insummer, although the variation betweenseasons was not great.

Supply Sources

Processors in central Alabama reliedon out-of-state sources for hogs muchmore than did those in other Alabamaareas. Processors in all areas were heavyimporters of hogs during the fall, without-of-state sources accounting for abouthalf of all hogs purchased. Lack of hogsmarketed locally undoubtedly forces pro-cessors to seek out-of-state sources. Withmore care exercised in production andmarketing programs, hog producersshould be able to supply the fall needsof pork processors.

Only the larger wholesale plants buyhogs outside of Alabama. Local plants(those slaughtering 300,000 lb. live

BUYING PRACTICES

13

PORK PROCESSORS

D. A. LINTON and M. J. DANNER*

weight or less annually) relied on localsources within 75 miles of the plant.Reasons given by managers of wholesaleplants for buying hogs from other statesincluded: (1) not enough hogs availablelocally, (2) proper market classes notavailable locally, (3) shipped-in hogswere of higher quality and yielded higherpercentages of primal cuts, and (4)shipped-in hogs were cheaper.

More Direct Buying

Alabama pork processors have turnedmore to direct buying from farmers dur-ing the last 10 years, relying in 1959-60on direct sources for about half of theirpork slaughter. Agencies from whichAlabama processors obtained their h(gsin the 1959-60 period are shown in Fig-ure 2. More than half of their directpurchases were obtained from farmers atthe plant. A 1950 study of agencies sell-ing hogs to slaughter plants showed thatthese plants bought only 25% of theirhogs direct from farmers. 2

Agency Pct. total purchases

Direct at plant 31

Auction markets 28

Own buying stations 17away from plant

Order buyers I 7

Independent buying 4stations b .

Dealers 2 fDirect from farmersat form I

FIGURE 2

Direct buying increased remarkably.However, the proportion of hogs pur-chased from auctions remained about thesame. Apparently other sources are re-lied on much less now than during theearlier period.

The use of direct buying from farmersenables the processor to more nearlycontrol the quality of hogs purchased.This trend is likely to continue. Hoggrowers, as indicated by these studies,must become exceedingly quality con-scious both in producing and in market-ing. Auction markets must also be awareof the need for quality in their offeringsif they wish to continue as a major mar-ket outlet.

2 M. J. Danner. "Livestock MarketingAgencies in Alabama." Auburn UniversityAgricultural Experiment Station Bul. 284.1952.

W5

Methad af treating plantroots with ultrasaund todestray nematades isshown here. Roots af thetomato plant are sub-jected ta high-frequencysaund waves in watertank.

'V

A N\% A Nil CUNUSCA Xi XX til Clitl

pIllt -pl ax itic I ' ii'iiatiiClC is bl wi stil

Cdited at \ilhlH A~fi Cilttiral Expeimyeiit

CXcl Cif nolt YeCt 1 ilictiCal.

EssCitillX XX lwhat Ilas bl'i liii itt1isthat liiiilltlCx call bit killedt XX itl tieat-

xlett'Cox tit taiol ldit tiitl hii' the

Wlitpat hat islho U theaund? ~ cs

Cijrtiaxl l~i iatioiisi ilixk fill. tril il', Ft

seedsliht ca.1 il ll b t iCat ill tati k C oCf~ls'

wi~aer. t C~tC~li iix~~tX i

WhiXli) at sliii lt'asountd? iiau

Citl is 5iuluu i x a i iji tlccsilll~i s lits iilti

pau 17, testiiig fur flawXs ill the xiiitaCc or

Llld XX 'Iliii toigthetr lpracticaillX ;1i)Vxiiiai lir tixxiiilai uiictails. Med'tical Ilse s

iiitiits, Xiii t4Ci X, ailli ltxx paJlilll Clilitaltdiilling.

Agricultural Uses and Limitatians

XXiCi ii iii li cf ax('x. illil t l a.tiiit lili C

t'llt'r' ofi uitauidt'x aiuidigsii XX itod

cot'litixs t'l slis XX c ix still tiittl. I'iXXnc IX uc ofi~ so'iis'~l i'io CnistsX of

icscplicit Ipoxs tha arc lii lillX I v ill

p ktl l l' Iij~l i"il an haso li ttciii't oi ne itli's Sataing Soixxil ith

ULTRASOUND-Space-Age Nematode Killer

E. J. CAIRNS, Nemologist

liii I a] ic I o iL lic t ' itiit'tl is. it i t

stI(aI I i o ) ill ti it] I ) clircu ax i o pa tll

t' i r i ai o r i i ph e lilti ix o llitI l ii x i i t a l .(I ii M'i t'x iii o i the pri ca ix I i I li X u

IJU t I sCX ,1M t rl'i i Cit killi ao tli I'C

Al l i CX Cii alt Itfilixl thai til t hat

fiiii 'd at 1titt,(ttt l C lisc Y is Crtical.CX Ci X tiX 's Lii' l iitiiii'IX ii'C( oifxci

90,i' cvdcxX perC alit1

l klxile iiiitt'iitx

XXii) tlc',a i ut de i lliii i] 5 ii less C tC'i avi

inii. xp urit t t o 0.liiil' ii 'iii'iC'

frI- liti or~i C'ilitC'C thpatcl. ~ai to~l

1ihiiitx I \(It at iX i li tlit' iiiioi v rctui i

Iiiiiidatlx 9i0,000X a iCvcXIX Ye'rt, x ,

iii iivia tii Ii atiX itX tiilhiiX ts. iX L

17XX i ~thi i f C ti w iiiIS tiilliC iX~ iiiiiiii

liii i/ ilii, to \i oii liCli if rcii a i ii i i i

isI ilprta xi itoo i ll Ci iiX IC i X tl iii(c th ield

Ii ithoilw oaixi utl n caill 1wi Ciiitiiatl ( ih t ici ts'xa IY IXII'(xi 1 ijiiIil il

lihuua cotieto. Aitiiil poi Cisiil iii,

tAit tat ix lli l ilX i l i d~i n iii si

uiltiii ii d xto ii etacdepXitopai

be)t rN and niotl ti e tot sou th ern A lalbama.Geor gia an o rthern(ii i Floridit wxill gro\tx\\,,] ciii all pats of Alabamia if pi operix

Linprox iei t of thetailrbitcx e lltiltdrx, wxas state seve x ral xel' tat ao b\the USDA andt ill c'ooperatini withl si's('1 al -staite~ epcr iient't station Is. As dit'sutlt

attet isties. anic xYield. \x mcetiotis" idI aldntt e arc f sliperioni to older ittiat tectics anld atl- t\ xxeif adapted for lio'.1t

Ilse atid for loilo iW xhole'sale ' mat kttThe hlilcoss ier. xwhoi is meatrching for

exiotic plant oIitct jal for laid'scapiiig xxiilfinld the attractixvenetss andt colorfuilnessof the irliox ('1 rabihitcx v' luiticllt'ialaipttd hit tisi' inl itatiy places aitdthe homne xwhere a liuskx" eaime txpe platis preferried, keepit ig f i t lili thI t thef ni it produciiedt is del icious . The Itolneg ri det or orchiard i o iti iiincle sexveralplatits iot differeciit xvatrieties.

T ifh i e, [fioeell, Mn i'i itoo, at itIGartdetn Blue hiaxve lperfot nied xciv xxeliatl t he Auo ori Ui i trsitx A grictultu ralExperimen'tt Stattonit it 3- ' \catr-old planit-tug atnit shoultd he dlesirable fot' latoteitsxc. Wooditiard is anthert1ic pitomtis inig x atictx' iteiig tested at Atihi n. Mnlcicitois the hitrgest f roitedi xiii ietx' iii the ftrcs-coit pliantinig. It xxviii ax erage 1'2 ill. Itt

tiai a ctet if ptrioperly pruneid . Flatnts ofMNIcid itoo lt ( at t itas x igori is Lis othterx arieties at dc tend t ti p iridice lIoxw :3- to4-filtt plants h\v the thtirdt griixx iitg seatxli. Mncilitito has good quoalitx xxithi avei's atti alt ixc tdartk ciolioretd skitl

The x at ietx' Tifiti tt irtdues htighvieltis ofi gititt tjalitx berie is xxithi atattratetix tc lute skill. Frutits itt this x irietvaxveiage apfrtlxitltatelx 12 hi. inl diattterif ~pel rix'titlid

f-I ciln 11111 p r IIdii ces a lightt greeti

Abasket of Tifblue rabbiteye blueberries

is at left and samples ef varieties at right.

RABBITFYF BLUEBERRYfor AlabamaJ. L. TURNER oand H. J. AMLING, Deporfrment of H'orticulture

if nott prutned.1 Althiough Hlioiehell dti 's

of Catrdcin Bloe atid Ti'dhitic ill the thirtdfiroxxiltig Sisilt thii iptialit\ otf tis x arietx is iititstaiiditig. Fru it arc largec ititilt oloriedi.

Gardenci BInc proidicimes the highei stx ieldts of the i xcirit't iis testetd. Ft iii t sizetis satisfatit xantd pickinig preistents ino

tdetn Bituit plan ts groiwx ci t'tt antit spreai-itig itt itre desir abi'le i for cceges ari'it tthe hitiitt'

ill tih' ilsl si'iitol xx iteis Mnittiiandic 1-lict l Iairt'e ioitcxx im ltIate tIil

set ft itit ats iteax\ dl its the ither txxoix irietii's.

stepts to etnstirt' sucss gi il'in thetrltititeve hit i 'I rrt

Prepar e at hitle 2 X 2 X 2 ft. fotr proipt'r

half top1 soiil fori fill sil, Nit adidctttnalot gat i it'i att'm is olect'ssiiry v Ni h wiii xithxxeli-ri iatd taixxci it to it dIep th iot 8 ill.

Ott \ ear fteltd tfoiiix iiplants are 'des'ir-

tbl' fior trcttisplaiti ig ild tititalix gix 'sat isictiti t istlts. Sit th l iits thescittic depth ats thet'x \~ it c lii triti the ir'ts-ei\, pactkinig the sitil mlixtiure xx(,I'l arotitiliroots. W\itter tutuotigilx aftir stetting. fItl

These rabbitcye blueberries are growing onthe Auburn Station.

thet blase of thlt icxx i set ptiitt. N ittratetoitls itt N sholdtit noit he ist't liii fcitil-

iin b it lubrries. Acddit ionali N tao btesupplied ill hue xxithi '4 lit. ilf chalin

ltei. Apll 1 1ll. o it'ther the seittil

the ratt by 1 ih). ptet yea tuttp toit ci iaxi-nititti1 if :3 11). per planit. It is nott tites-sillt tt gyo abovei tils tate. stiltit call hieused tto ittxxcr thei p I)I xxe ittt ti''tssikrx

xxiiik itito toil.

toi ])ilost xYears slippieliti cir irri ga-

Proitittg is esset itiail if g(rtit N ils iof

itigh qi ait ' berries att i to be iolbtaitnedt.

stilts ill smlall. ptotl. iquality bett'tit's ititpiol shtoott atitl lealf dcxvelopmeintt. (Clt-i11 CIi'ild it Ileast '2 01 thei flttsx - h ldst

fritiitig shoots dfiii itig tltc xxititet. Mostall] txxig tx pt shoot grotih shtoultd itt it'

mttovedt. A tot it-pr-i i itg sxystem shoiuld

xxhlen thety ate- 5 to 7seats iold, lii adiidtioti, all xx eik gfoi x iii tut's shit]t(t hi'1etitx i'd.

Var

'I'tf itItt t

til

Cant

YIEL iiiND.i Dxii iii It~IVS FOxR-s t

ANTBtiNe, ALABAMA.ix 1962

'ixiiirs t'st .it first ic~kingil

pt s.ict 6/26/(62 612li' II 6/ 26 62 'dttu 6 /26/ 62 2 14](I[ t]( 6/26/(12 7 :

COMMERCIALSTRAWBERRI ESin Alabama?H. J. AMLING and J. L. TURNERr Oeportmenl of HiilAIAI

E.E KERN, Department of Agriultral Economics

S _\l M Afrk t X M 'iic i XtidXX i1tii C liiii

lop ill liX C fl.il Icililiit thul iiitll apoit

fill pctjllil ~ ull \ ii i ti1 perio o t heiiist

tdfli li di ~ s be ti c X X ic r\ eiit fiitw hcpst

51 1 tcirs X I i fo\ i e\ i to, it c it cut (. lii (filprodution ) itildCCX cl( ftiiiit ct I ic-i'slio

IClll( to F iLithiX iillc tC~ ii

E\iiis iit lI t corshud hci ciid Xii ob

i X ii i(XX l lliX XX ii ii ill\ ((XX ilit pos-li

silf i c \jilrl pi liIr to ilIl .du1

liXX tol-

I\ hisi Xiilil pi aiticl hii reu t iC sti dXX

inli a theoX ii1 tills Iii iXrstit is AiiNiI

lti ill imen Sfiti in \Iifiiuii he fIi it

edto1 I til li tisi iii iltilli X ieii.

Vajiit 11ics iit of t ii (\ cl I \t~i iit-

Cllilti ill fiX 1 1(11 IN \ fell o fIX \ ti I ill(l i

lul ill jlli- il ", t of X 11 11 ititc andI X

ileI )i x i IX ili I c's I IX i t II i I o I I 11iioir

Ilia iX tiiiil l its.B rild tid jhlol

Ii ifs tut 1 li4I w cra i f c i b ii t I ("ii

it I I diiiidf Il i tit N i pior itif ph i~mc i

Blosso11 msli XX if it fiX fo lll.rs

cCXX. aliift i fli ilwto sl liIIl I ilili 1CI

l ic olf ti lt if d i/ l il k ic t a isliie ii

ol d Iiljl it plitlt s .iicilli il lel the 111

sf X fnxiloyle p iit 11111 ic esifthiicd f t he i

liit il the \\iuit111. i b S b\ f llf. S) 11

aDiuwli i X s its sthouXXlil tiIX Ipia noit

clse iifltili TX ifl tii ( i f ill th he . fxcedi X liTtt IX 1111111should till I ittl ed.

i I ciI c t (l i/s. ~ Su c Ifflic it]]()\\s o it-

il its \\11 ii fll l Ip ll th~is iti c il~l per

FREE ulle~adtinor\ Repourcl)'t s of or

flo\\el Ads brin Alabamail-insdaPermits Nnd c1132rtil-s 8ettl 621CM

tics ~ ~ H ill soiKEMNAllilo Alwp UdtN ~ ~ ~ ~ OT 2plctii pledillwfl mcill ~DEROT kALAtl ~viiiisl te1111w

40CI

300

200MAR APR MAR

5 25 5 5 25 5

JUNE

25 5

This chart shows the Birmingham marketquotations for strawberries from Marchthrough late May for Alabama, Florida, andLouisiana berries packed in both the pintflats and quart crates.

[ENALTY [OR PRIVAIF USE TO AVOIDPAYMENT Or PO TAGE, $ 00

~Rp (I.,-ill P

'I 1p

RI11 A..

P,,

Ic, *41l,.I,

1'(X "~'R

51111

'ii ~1' ~

Iini i f iti it A Il itba1( fiit It CCIN i~f 1.)

11). per idci of ctuatl N. It f pollit 111111

IiiC(. lof tihe stiiXX frrX )liit w ill Ill

(~xX (ili 111 tlic rti uu 14 X ll

At fll 1coldiof liii Xcst till, 1(1. shouldii

b c i i IJXX\c fi hhliliatliX to SX ill. diii

po 1011lo ttoi-l ~. flofhodti l

16 oi 24 irt. ri dt' iit hirlici piii li111

dul loiiidc ovIid tiiXlpi i rl~fdlio~lo i

1)et. fiIlilili i tlli dac fe hil l-jtitf XI

PRc Ilii PER2 T.FA