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- VOLUME I: AN INTRODUCTION TO ASTROLOGY -

An Annotated Lilly (iii) © D. Houlding; all rights reserved, 2013. This serialised document is made available for free personal study use. Nopart may be reproduced or redistributed in any form. The only authorised download is available at www.skyscript.co.uk/pdf/CA.html. 54

p.57oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo Chapter 8

Of the planet Saturn and his signification

* Names : He is called usually Saturn, but in some authors Chronos ,90 Phænon ,91 Falcifer .92 * Colour : He is the supremest or highest of all the planets; is placed betwixt Jupiter and the

firmament, he is not very bright or glorious, nor does he twinkle or sparkle, but is of a

pale, wan or leaden, ashy colour.* Motion : Slow in motion, finishing his course through the twelve signs of the zodiac in 29 years

157 days, or thereabouts;93 his middle motion is two minutes and one second; his diurnalmotion sometimes is three, four, five, or six minutes, or seldom more.94

* Latitude : His greatest north latitude from the ecliptic is two degrees 48 minutes; his southlatitude from the ecliptic is two degrees 49 minutes; and more than this he has not.95

* Houses : In the zodiac he has two of the twelve signs for his houses, viz ., Capricorn j his night-house; Aquarius k his day-house. He is exalted in Libra, he receives his fall in Aries; herejoices in the sign Aquarius.96

* Triplicity : He governs the airy triplicity by day, which is composed of these signs: c, g, k.* Terms : In all the twelve signs he has these degrees for his terms, allotted him by Ptolemy:

In a 27 28 29 30 In g 1 2 3 4 5 6In b 23 24 25 26 In h 28 29 30In c 22 23 24 25 In i 21 22 23 24 25In d 28 29 30 In j 26 27 28 29 30In e 1 2 3 4 5 6 In k 1 2 3 4 5 6In f 19 20 21 22 23 24 In l 27 28 29 30

The meaning whereof is that if Saturn in any question be in any …p.58 … of these degrees wherein he has a term, he cannot be said to be peregrine,97 or void of

essential dignities; or if he be in any of these degrees allotted him for his face or decanate,he cannot then be said to be peregrine: understand this in all the other planets.

* Face : He has also these for his face or decanate:In b 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30In e 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10In g 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20In i 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30In l 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

He continues retrograde 140 days. | He is five days in his first station beforeretrogradation, and so many in his second station before direction.

90 From the Greek Kronos ‘time’, from which such Saturnine words as ‘chronic’ and ‘chronology’ derive.91 Phainon : ‘revealer’, from the Greek phaino ‘to bring to light’ (the past participle generates the stellar term

phainomena , ‘to be made visible / to make manifest’). Phaino also originates Phaeton for Jupiter (alluding to itsbrightness) and is sometimes used as a reference to the Sun (possibly reflecting ancient Babylonian belief thatSaturn carries the ghost of the Sun-god at night); see footnotes 160 and 2894.92 Falcifer : ‘Scythe-bearer’, a Latin epithet for Saturn as the Grim Reaper; (from falx , sickle or scythe). Ovidrefers to Saturn as Senex Falcifer , ‘the Old Reaper’ in Fastorum V.627.93 This is its sidereal period, which is compiled with those of the other planets in the table in footnote 149.94 It goes up to 7′49″; see footnote 296 for the details of the motions for each of the planets.95 The table below shows the maximum latitude and declination for each planet:

Pl. Max. Latitude(from the ecliptic, using Lilly’s values)

Max. Declination(from the equator, approximate values)

North South North South

L 2° 48’ 2° 49’ 26° 26°

K 1° 38’ 1° 40’ 25° 25°

F 4° 31’ 6° 47’ 28° 30°

n/a n/a 23½° 23½°

C 9° 02’ 9° 02’ 32° 32°

B 3° 33’ 3° 35’ 27° 27°5 5° 17’ 5° 12’ 29° 29°

96 Lilly collates the data concerning planetary rulerships into the table of essential dignity on CA p.115.97 Lilly defines the term ‘peregrine’ at CA p.112.

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* Nature : He is a diurnal planet, cold and dry (being far removed from the heat of the Sun andmoist vapours);98 melancholic, earthly, masculine, the Greater Infortune, author ofsolitariness, malevolent, &c .

* Manners & actions when well dignified : Then he is profound in imagination, in his acts severe, in wordsreserved, in speaking and giving very spare, in labour patient, in arguing or disputing grave,in obtaining the goods of this life studious and solicitous, in all manner of actions austere.

* When ill : Then he is envious, covetous, jealous and mistrustful, timorous, sordid, outwardlydissembling,99 sluggish, suspicious, stubborn, a condemner of women, a close liar, 100 malicious, murmuring, never contented, ever repining.

* Corporature : Most part his body [is] more cold and dry, of a middle stature;101 his complexion pale,swartish102 or muddy, his eyes little and black, looking downward; a broad forehead, black orsad hair,103 and it hard or rugged; great ears, hanging; lowering eye-brows, thick lips andnose, a rare or thin beard; a lumpish, unpleasant countenance, either holding his head forwardor stooping; his shoulders broad and large, and many times crooked; his belly somewhatshort and lank; his thighs spare, lean and not long; his knees and feet indecent, many …

p.59 … times shovelling or hitting one against another, &c .* Saturn oriental : You must observe, if Saturn be oriental of the Sun, the stature is more short, but

decent and well composed.* Occidental : The man is more black and lean, and fewer hairs; and again, if he want latitude, the

body is more lean; if he have great latitude, the body is more fat or fleshy; if the latitude bemeridional or south, more fleshy, but quick in motion. | If the latitude be north, hairy andmuch flesh. | Saturn in his first station, a little fat. | In his second station, fat, ill favouredbodies, and weak; and this observe constantly in all the other planets.

* Quality of men : In general he signifies husbandmen,104 clowns,105 beggars, day-labourers, old-men,fathers, grand-fathers, monks, Jesuits, sectarists.106

* Profession : Curriers,107 night-farmers,108 miners under ground, tinners, potters, broom-men,plumbers, brick-makers, malsters, chimney-sweepers, sextons of churches, bearers of deadcorpses, scavengers, hostlers,109 colliers, carters, gardeners, ditchers, chandlers,110 dyers of

black cloth, an herdsman, shepherd or cow-keeper.* Sicknesses : All impediments in the right ear, teeth, all quartan 111 agues112 proceeding of cold, dry and

melancholy distempers, leprosies, rheums,113 consumptions, black jaundice,114 palsies, tremblings, vain fears, fantasies, dropsy,115 the hand and foot-gout, apoplexies,116 dog-hunger,117 too much

98 Moist vapours were believed to emanate from the Earth and its neighbour, the Moon.99 Dissembling : outwardly concealing (one’s real emotions, etc.) by pretence.100 Close liar : someone who keeps his opinions close to his chest or who only tells the truth reluctantly.101 Stature : height/standing (from L. stare , ‘to stand’).102 Swartish : a derivation of swarthy – dark-complexioned.103 The adjective ‘sad’ is often used as a description for hair which is dark or dull and lacking lustre.

104 Farmers.105 A peasant, a ‘country bumpkin’, or an unrefined foolish person.106 Member of a particular sect – sectarists are generally intolerant towards the views of other sects.107 From the Old English use of ‘curry’ – to finish and dress leather after it has been tanned.108 Emptier of cesspits.109 In Old English, a stableman, especially one at an inn.110 A person who makes or sells candles.111 (Of a fever), occurring every 4 days.112 Malarial-type fever with successive stages of fevers and chills.113 Discharge from the eyes or nose, or fluid discharges generally (from Gk. rheûma ‘to flow’).114

Wiel’s Disease : bacterial infection which was common near mines, farms and sewage works.115 In modern terms, congestive heart failure; caused by an accumulation of fluid around the heart.116 A stroke or sudden loss of consciousness caused by the restriction of a blood vessel in the brain.117 A literal translation of cynorexia , a gastric neurosis similar to bulimia (Latin for ‘ox-hunger’).









flux of the haemorrhoids. Ruptures if in Scorpio or Leo, in any ill aspect with Venus.* Savours : Sour, bitter, sharp; in man’s body he principally rules the spleen.

Bearsfoot( Hellebore )

Starwort( Unicorn Root )

Wolf-bane( Aconite )

Hemlock( Poison Parsley )

Henbane( Hebenon )

Ceterach( Finger Fern )

Burdock( Clotbur )

Mandrake( Satan’s Apple )

Nightshade( Petty Morel )

Bythwind( Bindweed )

Box( Buxus )

Shepherd’s Purse( Witches’ Pouches )

* Herbs : He governs Bearsfoot,118 Starwort,119 Wolf-bane,120 Hemlock,121 Fern, Hellebore the white and black, Henbane,122 Ceterach or Finger-fern,123 Clotbur or Burdock,124 Parsnip,125 Dragon,126 Pulse,127 Vervain,128 Mandrake,129 Poppy,130 Moss,131 Nightshade,132 Bythwind,133

118 The Black Hellebore, a small poisonous plant with black blooms, commonly known as the ChristmasRose or Christ Herb because it can flower in midwinter. Hippocrates mentions this and Peplium ( i.e., Spurge:see Devil’s Milk, CA p.68) as the two options for “opening up the belly” when there is a need to empty the

contents of the digestive tract before administering medicine. ( Hippocratic Writings , ‘Regimen in AcuteDiseases’; tr. F.Adams, Encyclopedia Britannica, 1952; hereafter HW).119 Unicorn root (botanical name: Chamaelirium Luteum ), emetic and diuretic; poisonous in large doses.120 Aconite, a dark-purple flowering, highly-toxic plant which is also known as Monkshood or ‘the Queen ofPoisons’. An ointment applied externally was used in the treatment of rheumatism.121 A member of the parsley family which is narcotic in its effects. Maud Grieve, in A Modern Herbal , (DoverPublications, 1931; hereafter GH) writes: “Every part of this plant, especially the fresh leaves and fruit,contains a volatile, oily alkaloid, which is so poisonous that a few drops prove fatal to a small animal”.122 Another poisonous plant, used to induce sleep and as a treatment for epilepsy, but referred to as anoxious herb (as Hebenon) in Shakespeare’s Hamlet (I.V): “thy uncle stole, with juice of cursed Hebenon in a

vial, and in the porches of mine ear did pour the leprous distilment”.123 Asplenium Ceterach , a.k.a. Common Spleenwort; reputed to cure spleen disorders and barrenness.

124 A bitter-tasting root, traditionally taken as a diuretic, diaphoretic, and blood purifier; used in the treatmentof inflammatory conditions affecting the skin and bones.125 Culpeper, in his Complete Herbal (London: Peter Cole, 1652; hereafter CH) places this under the rulershipof Venus (the plant is notable for the sweetness of its taste). Ancient and Medieval herbalists classified herbsby their degrees of hotness, coldness, moistness, and dryness, and by the signature of their shape and flavour;hence conversion into planetary rulership of these various qualities could lead to different attributionsaccording to various authorities, or even frequent attribution of more than one planetary-ruler. Lilly’s Saturnattribution may have been due to the plant being a common winter vegetable. Tournefort, in his CompleatHerbal (London: Walthoe, 1719), wrote of parsnips: “they are the sweetest, by reason the juice has beenconcocted during the winter, and are desired at that season especially, both for their agreeable taste and their

wholesomeness. For they are not so good in any respect, till they have been first nipt with Cold”.126 Probably Gum Tragacanth , or Gum Dragon, which is cooling and binding in nature, like Saturn.127

Possibly a common name for a plant like Green Hellebore, whose effect could lower the pulse.128 Used to cure bladder stones (the name derives from the Celtic ferfaen , from fer ‘to drive away’ + faen ‘astone’), migraines and piles, this plant had many other medicinal uses and is also listed under Venus andMercury. Culpeper says Venus which suits its other names: Herba Veneris and Herb of Grace.









Angelica,134 Sage,135 Box,136 Tutsan,137 Orache or Golden Herb,138 Spinach, Shepherd’sPurse,139 Cumin,140 Horsetail,141 Fumitory.142

* Plants and trees : Tamarisk,143 Savine,144 Senna,145 Capers, Rue or Herbgrace,146 Polypody,147 Willow or Sallow tree,148 Yew-tree,149 Cypress tree, Hemp,150 Pine-tree.

p.60 * Beasts, &c: The ass, cat, hare, mouse, mole, elephant, bear, dog, wolf, basilisk,151 crocodile,scorpion, toad, serpent, adder, hog, all manner of creeping creatures breeding of

petrifaction, either in the earth, water or ruins of houses.* Fishes, birds, &c : The eel, tortoise, shell-fishes, the bat or blude-black, crow, lapwing, owl, gnat,

crane, peacock, grasshopper, thrush, blackbird, ostrich, cuckoo.* Places : He delights in deserts, woods, obscure valleys, caves, dens, holes, mountains, or where

men have been buried, church-yards, &c , ruinous buildings, coal-mines, sinks, dirty orstinking muddy places, wells and houses of offices, &c .

* Minerals : He rules over lead, the lead-stone, the dross of all metals, as also the dust andrubbidge of every thing.

129 The root is emetic, purgative and sleep-inducing. In ancient times it used as an anaesthetic for operationsand for the treatment of melancholy, convulsions, rheumatic pains and scrofulous tumours.130 The White Poppy is more noted for medicinal effects (also listed under Moon, agreeing with Culpeper).131 An obvious Saturn plant, growing in cool, dark places. Its spores are used in the treatment of eczema. 132 Also known as the Petty Morel to distinguish it from the Deadly Nightshade: the Great Morel. Culpeppersays: “Do not mistake the Deadly Nightshade for this, if you know it not, you may then let them bothalone”. Whilst not as toxic as the deadly herb, this plant is also very poisonous. Amongst its traditionalmedicinal uses it was applied to cool burns and to abate inflammations and swellings.133 Lilly’s reference to ‘bythwind’ is recorded as the only reference to a herb of that name in Englishliterature. He most likely meant the Great Bindweed, a.k.a Old Man’s Night Cap. Juice from its roots is madeinto scammony, a gum resin used as a powerful (violent) purgative. Also listed under Mars. 134 Culpeper (CH) says Sun. Used as a traditional remedy for colds, coughs, pleurisy, colic and rheumatism.135 Culpeper (CH) says Jupiter. Its medicinal uses were many and varied.136 Its bitter oil, buxine, is its most important constituent; this is still given to horses to improve the quality oftheir coats. The ground-up leaves and bark was traditionally administered as a cure for rheumatism, syphilis,

venereal disease and leprosy. Another planet which is poisonous in large doses.137 Hypericum Androsaemum : It is closely related to St. John’s Wort. Modern herbals give it no medicinal value,but traditionally it was valued for healing wounds.138 Arrach – a spinach-type herb, given to the Moon by Culpeper. Said to be cooling, to induce vomiting, andto allay humours. The name Orache derives from a corruption of the word aurum , Latin for ‘gold’, because itsseeds, mixed with wine, were reputed to cure yellow jaundice.139 A member of the mustard family, reputed to be one of the best infusions for stopping bleeding and allsorts of haemorrhages. Culpepper (CH) writes of it: “The herb made into poultices, helps inflammation andSt. Anthony’s fire. The juice dropped into ears, heals the pains, noise and natterings thereof. A goodointment may be made of it for all wounds, especially wounds in the head.”140 According to Grieve (GH) “Formerly Cumin had considerable repute as a corrective for the flatulency oflanguid digestion and as a remedy for colic and dyspetic headache”.141

According to Grieve (GH) “Diuretic and astringent. Horsetail has been found beneficial in dropsy, graveland kidney affections generally, and a drachm of the dried herb, powdered, taken three or four times a day,has proved very effectual in spitting of blood”.142 A blood purifier, one of its traditional uses was external application as a remedy for freckles.143 Tamarix Anglica : introduced in the 16th century as a medicinal herb; recommended in John Gerard’sHerbal (revised and enlarged by Thomas Johnson. London: 1633) against disease of the spleen.144 In herbal medicine the fresh shoots are ground and applied as an ointment for blisters and warts.145 The dried ripe fruits are readily available as senna pods.146 Also listed under the Sun, to which Culpeper (CH) concurs ( c.f . n.314).147 The Common Polypody is the common fern which grows in sheltered, shady places.148 Culpeper says Moon. There are many varieties of the tree; the Sallow is also known as Goats Willow.149 Renowned for its great capacity for age, the Yew offers the final measure of time in the 15th century Irish

manuscript The Book of Lismore : “Three lifetimes of the yew for the world from its beginning to its end” (xli).150 Also known as Agrimony, a bitter tasting astringent herb, useful in the treatment of skin complaints.151 In classical legend, a serpent which can kill with its breath or stare. It is also the name of a small semi-aquatic lizard of tropical America.









* Stones : Sapphire, lapis lazuli, all black, ugly country stones not polishable, and of a sad ashy orblack colour.

* Weather : He causes cloudy, dark, obscure air, cold and hurtful, thick, black and cadence clouds:but of this more particularly in a treatise by itself.

* Winds : He delights in the east quarter of heaven, and causes eastern winds. At the time ofgathering any planet belonging to him, the ancients did observe to turn their faces towards

the east in his hour, and he, if possible, in an angle, either in the ascendant, or tenth, oreleventh house, the Moon applying by a trine or sextile to him.

* Orb : His orb is 9° before and after; that is, his influence begins to work when either he applies, orany planet applies to him, and is within nine degrees of his aspect, and from that aspect. 152

* Years : In generation he rules the first and eighth month after conception.153 The greatest years he signifies - 465154

152 The planetary orbs (before and after each planet) listed in this section are: Saturn 9° | Jupiter 9° | Mars7° | Sun 15° | Venus 7° | Mercury 7° | Moon 12°. For a variant list of wider orbs see CA p.107.153 The association of Saturn with the 8th month contributed to the belief that it is a critical month in thepregnancy. Ibn Ezra, in his 11th century Book of Nativities explains (Meira Epstein translation, p.11):

Astrologers have said that Saturn rules the 1st month of the term since the seed needs [some]one that

will steady it and form it. Jupiter rules the 2nd month for it indicates the vegetative soul. Mars rules the3rd month and then the fetus moves. The Sun rules the 4rth month and then the spirit of life enters it.

Venus rules the 5th month and it shapes all the limbs and beautifies the whole form. Mercury rules the6th month and it differentiates all the organs and completes their shaping. The Moon rules the 7thmonth and she will strengthen each organ, so if the child comes out in this month, it shall live becausethe Moon governs life. Then Saturn returns to be the ruler of the 8th month and the movement of thefetus slows down. So if there are circumstances, whether in the body of the woman … or because of themind such as a sudden fear or worry, and the fetus comes out in that month, [both] it and its mother

will die. Jupiter rules the 9th month and that is why most newborns come out in this month.

Ezra also believed it possible for births to occur in the 10th month (by caesarean section because of therulership by Mars) and the 11th month (with hopes of survival because of the rulership by the Sun).154 This number, (usually ‘465’ although Bonatti also says ‘464’) appears to be an oft-repeated transmissionerror which occurs in the text of Al-Qabīsī who writes ‘465’ instead of ‘265’. The correct values are moreconsistently reported by the older authorities, including Antiochus Thesaurus , I.51, Rhetorius, Compendium ,ch.51, and Al Biruni, Elements , v.436-437.

Most of the planetary years are based upon synodic returns: the cycles which move planets from onemeeting of the Sun to the next (Gk: sýnodos ‘meeting’). The ‘lesser years’ (below) show periods betweensynodic conjunctions which reoccur in the same area of the zodiac, whilst the ‘greatest years’ show arecurrence in the same area of the zodiac at a similar time of year. E.g., Saturn turned retrograde at 8°f inDec. 2007, and direct again at 2° f in May 2008; 265 years ago it displayed a similar synodic relationship

when it turned retrograde at 6° f in Dec. 1742, and direct at 29° e in May, 1743.

Calculation of the greatest years was made through the discovery of a numerical relationship betweeneach planet’s sidereal period (revolution through the zodiac) and its synodic period. Otto Neugebauerdiscusses the astronomical basis of these in his History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy , III; (Springer Verlag,New York, 1975); p.605ff (see also Ptolemy, Almagest IX.3). The greatest years of the superior† planets arefound by multiplying the sidereal period by the ‘period number’ shown in the table below – e.g., Saturncompletes a sidereal period in 29.46 years, or 10759 days. Its period number is 9, because in every 9thsidereal period it returns to a similar relationship with the Sun at a similar time of year ( i.e., 9 x 10759 days =96831 days, which divided by 365.25 gives 265.1 years). For the inferior planets Venus and Mercury, theSynodic period is multiplied by the period number instead of the sidereal period: e.g ., for Venus, 583.9 (days)x 720 (periods) = 420403 days, or 1151 years: at which time its synodic phases repeat in a nearby degree at asimilar time of year. ( † The ‘superior planets’ are those traditionally defined as being located above the sphereof the Sun: Saturn, Jupiter and Mars.)

The Sun’s greatest number, 1461, is the number of days in four years (based upon the ancient value of aday being 365.25), and so the first solar return period which moves the Sun to a new degree of the zodiac.Since the Egyptians did not use leap years, their calendar (set by the star Sirius) increasingly moved out ofsynch with the stars by 1° every 4 years. This 1461-day solar period was mirrored in a greater cycle, called the‘Sothic year’ which lasted 1461 years and represented the period between the successive heliacal risings ofSirius on the 1st day of Akhet, which brought the flooding of the Nile.

The Moon’s greatest year is the figure which has generated most confusion. Ancient authors such as Antiochus and Rhetorius made it 25; because 25 lunar months correspond to 2 solar years and because after309 lunations the Moon repeats its cycle of phases to within a few degrees of the zodiac, there being 309lunations in 25 solar years. So this seems to be the correct number based upon the logic which determines









His greater - 57155 His mean years - 43 and a half 156 His least - 30157

The meaning whereof is this; admit we frame a new building, …p.61 … erect a town or city, or a family or principality is begun when Saturn is essentially and

accidentally strong, the astrologer may probably conjecture the family, principality, &c , maycontinue 465 years in honour, &c , without any sensible alteration. Again, if in one’s nativitySaturn is well dignified, is lord of the geniture, &c , then according to nature he may live 57years; if he be meanly distinguished, then the native but 43; if he be lord of the nativity, andyet weak, the child may live 30 years, hardly any more; for the nature of Saturn is cold anddry, and those qualities are destructive to man, &c . | As to age, he relates to decrepit oldmen; fathers, grandfathers, the like in plants, trees, and all living creatures.

* Countries : Late authors say he rules over Bavaria [ Germany ], Saxony [ Germany ], Stiria [ Austria ],Romandiola [ Italy ], Ravenna [ Italy ], Constantia [ Romania ], Ingoldstad [ Germany ].

that of the other inferior planets; however, there is a problem in that it clashes with the value of the Moon’sleast year. Later authors, including Al-Qabīsī, Al Biruni, and Ezra, made it 520, a number which relates tothree eclipse periods and which is known to have been important in Mayan calendars and the traditionalcalendar of the Canary Islands. It was possibly uncertainty concerning its basis and simple transmissionerrors which led Bonatus to record it as 420, whilst Lilly records it as 320.

Pl. Sidereal

Period

Synodic

period

Sidereal

rotations

Greatest

year

Greater

year

Mean

year

Least

year

L 29.46 years 10759 days 378.1 days 9 265 57 43½ 30

K 11.86 years 4332 days 398.9 days 36 427 79 45½ 12

F 686.980 days 779.9 days 151 284 66 40½ 15

365.25 days n/a 1 1461 120 69½ 19

C 224.7 days 583.9 days 720 1151 82 45 8

B 87.969 days 115.88 days 1513 480 76 48 20

5 27.32 days 29.53 days 309 25 108 66½ 25

155 Also known as ‘final years’, ‘complete years’ or ‘great periods’, these show the total number of terms thateach planet rules throughout the signs (see Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos I.20); i.e ., Saturn 57 + Jupiter 79 + Mars 66 +

Venus 82 + Mercury 76 = 360. The figures demonstrate sensitivity to the speed and benefic qualities of theplanets, so that Venus, a quick-moving benefic, rules the most terms, whilst Saturn, a slow moving malefic,rules the least; appropriate because as Lilly explains the greater years set the expectancy of life when theplanet in question is lord of the geniture and well situated.

Paulus Alexandrinus ( Introductory Matters , I.3) explains that the luminaries are not attributed terms sincethey have general rulership over the whole, and so they signify the maximum number of years of life for dayand night births respectively. There are various theories to account for the attributed numbers: 120 and 108,some see importance in the fact that 120 is the sum of 12 x 10 whilst 108 is the sum of 12 x 9. According toPaulus translator, Robert Schmidt ( Introductory Matters , I.3), Pliny claimed these were the longest rising timesthat a quadrant of the ecliptic can have for a given longitude, converted to years. It is probably significant toothat the Sun’s number equates to 3 x 30, or 3 signs, whilst the Moon’s number equates to 3 x 36; 36 being aprominent number in ancient astrology, as seen in the 36 good stars and 72 evil stars of Chinese astrology(36+72=108) and the 36 decans (or 10-day ‘weeks’) which made up the ancient Egyptian year and set thefoundation for astrological faces. On the widespread attention given to the number 108 in ancient times, seeOn the Numbers 54 and 108 by Patten, and Spedicato, University of Bergamo, www.unibg.it/dati/persone/636/ 414.pdf (accessed 01/06/08).156 The ‘mean years’ are simply the average of the greater and the least years; e.g ., (Saturn’s greater year) 57 +(Saturn’s least year) 30 = 87 ÷ 2 = 43½. These are fairly consistently recorded, most authors making thefigures correct to the nearest half degree, which Lilly has failed to do for Jupiter, Mars, the Sun and theMoon, making his numbers for those planets half a degree less than they should be.157 The least years are based on the times that lapse between successive synodic conjunctions which occur inthe same zodiacal sign and in the same month of the year. Venus, for example, takes eight years to completefive synodic unions with the Sun, which traces out a near-perfect pentagram before beginning the cycle again

2° distant in the zodiac. The cycle of Mars however repeats over seven synodic unions which take 15 years tocomplete (within a couple of weeks) repeating again about 15° further in the zodiac. The Sun’s value reflectsthe Meton cycle, the period in which the Sun reunites with the Moon to form an eclipse in the same degreeas one that occurred 19 years beforehand.









* Angel : Is Cassiel, alias Captiel.158 | His friends are Jupiter, the Sun and Mercury; his enemiesMars and Venus.159 | We call Saturday his day, for then he begins to rule at Sun rise, andruleth the first hour and eighth of that day.

158 Shortly before his publication of Christian Astrology , at a time of great uncertainty for king Charles I, Lillypublished a collection of prophetical texts under the title The World’s Catastrophe, or the miraculous changes andalterations (probably to happen) in several Kingdoms until the Year of our Lord 1666 . It included two ancient texts

which were translated into English by Elias Ashmole: ‘The Prophecies of Ambrose Merlin’ (prophesising aperiod of ruin for the monarchy), and ‘John Trithemius, of the Heavenly Intelligences governing the Orbsunder God’ (concerning “Government of the World by the presiding Angels”).

John Trithemius (1416-1516) was a German Abbot and early associate of Cornelius Agrippa. His mostfamous work was Steganographia , ostensibly about magic but now known to be a coded textbook oncryptography. His lesser known work on heavenly intelligences appears to be genuinely concerned with theassociation between planets and angels, and is described as being the opinion of the ancient magi (Trithemiusprotected his position by describing himself as the deliverer of the information, not an assenter to it ). From thistext the planet-angel associations reproduced by Lilly derive; the only difference being that Trithemius usesthe alternate name Orifiel for Cassiel ( L ) and Zachariel for Zadkiel ( K ).

The text declares that God’s Will is administered by seven angelic forces, appointed to the seven planets,each of which governs for a specific period of 354 years and four months. The period relates to the ‘lunaryear’ since 12 synodic months are exactly 354.37 days long. Trithemius calculated the historical periods anddemonstrated how the scriptural expectation of a period of civil unrest/change accompanied eachtransference of angelic power. Hence, written in 1508, the text essentially presented a prophecy of anupcoming period of political mutation and disorder which was looming for 1525, the year in which theangelic influence was due to pass from Samuel ( F ) to Gabriel ( 5 ). Looking at the text with the benefit ofhindsight, Lilly no doubt realised how accurately the German prophecy presaged the German Peasant War of1525-1526, which impacted upon the religious controversy centering upon Martin Luther and the ProtestantReformation. Involving about 300,000 peasant rebels, this was Europe’s largest and most widespread popularuprising prior to the French Revolution of 1789.

According to the text, Gabriel handed power to Michael in the 8th month of 1879, after which angelicgovernance repeats in the order: Orifiel ( L ) 2234; Anael ( C ) 2588; Zachariel ( K ), Raphael ( B ), Samuel ( F ),Gabriel ( 5 ), Michael ( 0 ). This order, L >C>K>B>F>5>0, is a reversal of that shown by planetaryrulership over days of the week. These associations are used in ‘astrological magic’ where each operation isplaced under the rule of a particular planet ( e.g., Venus for love, Mercury for study, etc ). The angel is invoked

and the name used on talismans. The names all end in el , which is the Hebrew word for god or spirit. Cassiel means ‘throne of God’ and according to the website www.archangels-and-angels.com (accessed 05/04/2010)“… is known for simply watching the events of the cosmos unfold with little interference. He is the angel ofsolitude and tears, said to preside over the deaths of kings”. Lilly clearly took these associations seriously, andlater wrote in his autobiography:

I was once resolved to have continued Trithemius for some succeeding years, but multiplicity ofemployment impeded me. The study required in that kind of learning must be sedentary, of greatreading, sound judgment, which no man can accomplish except he wholly retire, use prayer, andaccompany himself with angelical consorts.

159 Lilly’s record is shown below, compared with records of older authorities which demonstrate a few areasof inconsistency. Bonatti declared Mercury a friend to Saturn “when joined to those loving Saturn” and ahater of Saturn “when joined to those planets hating Saturn”. Al-Qabīsī explains that the scheme is in

addition to the hostilities expected between planets whose signs of rulership or exaltation are in opposition,and he offers some rationale of the attributions (Burnett translation, 3.165-170):

… friendship is stronger if a planet agrees with [another] planet in nature, character, substance, andshares, such as the agreement of Mars with the Sun – for it (the Sun) agrees with it (Mars) in heat,dryness, sharpness and rashness, and it (Mars) is the lord of its (the Sun’s) exaltation, in which its (theSun’s) power is manifest – and such as the agreement of the Moon [and] Venus in their coldness andmoisture and it (Venus) is the lord of its (the Moon’s) exaltation. | If two planets agree in natures andsubstances, such as Jupiter and Venus, they are friendly [to each other].

Al-Qabīsī , Introduction 3.155 Bonatti, Liber Astronomiae, 3.22 Lilly

Friends Planet Enemies Friends Planet Enemies Friends Planet Enemies

K 5* L FC K 5[B] * L FC[B] * K B L FC

L CB5 K F L CB5 K F L CB5 K F

C F LK B5 C F LK B5 C F LK B5

L*

KC B5*

L*

KC B5*

KCFB5 LKF B5 C L KF B5 C L KF B5 C L

LKC B F 5 LKC B F 5 LKC B F 5

LKC 5 FB LKC 5 *FB LKC 5 FB




http://www.archangels-and-angels.com/

http://www.archangels-and-angels.com/






Chapter 9

Of the planet Jupiter and his signification

*[ Names &] Colour : Jupiter is placed next to Saturn; (amongst the ancients) you shall sometimesfind him called Zeus , or Phaeton.160 He is the greatest in appearance to our eyes of all theplanets (the Sun Moon and Venus exempted). In his colour he is bright, clear, and of an

azure161 colour.* Motion : In his motion he exceeds Saturn, finishing his course through the twelve signs in twelve

years: his middle motion is 4 min. 59 seconds: his diurnal motion is 8, 10, 12 or 14 min.,hardly any more.

* Latitude : His greatest north latitude is 1° 38′ | His greatest south latitude is 1° 40′.* Houses : He has two of the twelve signs of the zodiac for his houses, viz. i his day-house, and

l his night-house …p.62 … He receives detriment in c and f. He is exalted in d, has his fall in j.

* Triplicity : He rules the fiery triplicity by night, viz, a, e i.

* Terms : He has also these degrees allotted for his terms, viz .

In a 1 2 3 4 5 6 In g 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

In b 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 In h 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14In c 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 In i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8In d 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 In j 13 14 15 16 17 18 19In e 20 21 22 23 24 25 In k 21 22 23 24 25In f 14 15 16 17 18 In l 9 10 11 12 13 14

* [Face] : He has assigned him for his face or Decanate:Of c 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

Of e 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20Of g 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30Of j 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10Of l 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

He is retrograde about 120 days, is five days in his first station before retrogradation, and

four days stationary before direction.* Nature : He is a diurnal, masculine planet, temperately hot and moist, airy, sanguine, the Greater

Fortune, author of temperance, modesty, sobriety, justice.* Manners & actions when well placed : Then is he magnanimous, faithful, bashful, aspiring in an

honourable way at high matters, in all his actions a lover of fair dealing, desiring to benefitall men, doing glorious things, honourable and religious, of sweet and affable conversation,

wonderfully indulgent to his wife and children, reverencing aged men, a great reliever ofthe poor, full of charity and godliness, liberal, hating all sordid actions, just, wise, prudent,thankful, virtuous: so that when you find …

p.63 … Jupiter the significator of any man in a question, or lord of his ascendant in a nativity,and well dignified, you may judge him qualified as above-said.

* When ill : When Jupiter is unfortunate, then he wastes his patrimony,162

suffers every one tocozen him,163 is hypocritically religious, tenacious and stiff in maintaining false tenets inreligion; he is ignorant, careless, nothing delightful in the love of his friends; of a gross,dull capacity, schismatical,164 abasing 165 himself in all companies, crouching and stooping

where no necessity is.

160 Phaethon : ‘Shining’. In Greek myth Phaethon is the son of the Sun-god Helios. See n.91, p.54 and n.289, p.70.161 Azure is a vivid blue, similar to the colour of a clear blue sky.162 Ancestral wealth or inherited benefits.163 “…suffers every one to cozen him”: the phrase implies that Jupiter, when afflicted, signifies someone

who is easily cheated by those who pretend friendship. To ‘cozen’ means to mislead or deceive, or to

persuade or induce someone to do something by cajoling or persuasion. The word derives from the Frenchcousiner meaning ‘to cheat by pretext of being a cousin’.164 Causing divisions or separations, particularly in religious beliefs.165 Lowering.









* Corporature : He signifies an upright, straight and tall stature; brown, ruddy and lovelycomplexion; of an oval or long visage166 and it full or fleshy; high forehead; large grey eyes;his hair soft, and a kind of auburn brown; much beard; a large, deep belly: strongproportioned thighs and legs; his feet long, being the most indecent parts of his wholebody; in his speech he is sober, and of grave discourse.

* Oriental: The skin more clear, his complexion honey-colour, or betwixt a white and red, sanguine167

ruddy colour; great eyes, the body more fleshy, usually some mole or scar in the right foot.* Occidental : A pure and lovely complexion, the stature more short, the hair a light brown, or neara dark flaxen; smooth, bald about the temple or forehead.

* Men & their quality in general: He signifies judges, senators, councillors, ecclesiastical men,bishops, priests, ministers, cardinals, chancellors, doctors of the civil law, young scholarsand students in a university or college, lawyers, clothiers, woollen-drapers.

* Diseases: Pleurisy, all infirmities in the liver, left ear, apoplexies, inflammation of the lungs,palpitations and trembling of the heart, cramps, pain in the back-bone, all diseases lying inthe veins or ribs, and proceeding from corruption of blood, squinzies,168 windiness, allputrefaction in the blood, or fevers proceeding from too great abundance thereof.

* Savours | colours : He governs the sweet or well-scented odours; or that odour which in smell is no

way extreme or offensive. | Sea-green or blue, purple, ash-colour, a mixed yellow and green.p.64 0* Herbs and drugs: Cloves and Clove-sugar,169 Mace, Nutmeg,170 Gilly-flower,171 the Strawberry,172 theherb Balsam,173 Betony,174 Centaury,175 Flax,176 Arsesmart,177 Fumitory,178 Lungwort,179

166 Visage : usually the face, but more loosely the general appearance (from Latin visum ‘appearance’).167 Sanguine : a ruddy complexion which shows the flush of blood in the skin; see n.48, p.47.168 Or quinsy; tonsillitis or peritonsillar abscess ( i .e ., in the throat).169 Traditionally noted for its carminative effects ( i.e., prevents or relieves flatulence and excess gases).170 Mace and nutmeg come from the same plant. Their medicinal properties are similar to cloves, all of thesebeing stimulants which aid digestion. According to Grieve (GH) “if used to excess may cause over-excitement.

They increase circulation and animal heat”. Used as flavouring agents in cooking.171 Wallflower; a member of the cabbage family. Traditionally used as a nerve tonic (nervine), muscle relaxant,

sedative, and emmenagogue (a drug which induces, increases or hastens menstrual flow).172 Also listed under Venus. Culpepper noted it as “singularly good for the healing of many ills”. The root isastringent, used in the treatment of diarrhoea; the fruit is used cosmetically for dental and skin complaints.173 Costmary ( a.k.a. Alecost); a member of the daisy family, traditionally hung around the home for its mintyaroma. Culpeper (CH) described its medicinal properties as astringent and “strengthening to the liver and allother inward parts… Taken fasting in the morning it is very profitable for pains in the head that arecontinual, and to stay, dry up, and consume all thin rheums or distillations from the head into the stomach,… helps to digest raw humours that are gathered therein… an especial friend and help to evil, weak and coldlivers. The seed is familiarly given to children for the worms”.174 A species of Stachys which grows wild in woodland ( a.k.a . Bishopswort or Woundwort; the term ‘wort’ atthe end of a herb-name indicates that the root was of medicinal value: it derives from the Old English wryt ‘root’). Purple-flowering betony was widely used in ancient and medieval times for both medicinal andspiritual protection. Its leaves were used as a dressing for wounds, and because its healing properties were so

highly valued, it was worn as a charm against evil spirits and troubling dreams or visions. Betony’s propertiesas a nervine and tonic are still acknowledged, and the Medicina Britannica (1666) declares the most obstinateheadaches to have been cured by “daily breakfasting for a month or six weeks on a decoction of Betonymade with new milk and strained”.

Mace( Nutmeg )

Gilly flower( Wallflower )

Balsam( Costmary )

Betony( Bishopswort )

Centaury( Feverwort )

Flax( Linseed )









Pimpernel, 180 Wallwort,181 Oregano or wild Marjoram,182 Rhubarb,183 Selfheal,184 Borage,185 Bugloss,186 Wheat,187 Willow-herb,188 Thorough-leaf,189 Violets,190 Laskwort,191 Liverwort,192 Basil,193 Pomegranates,194 Peony,195 Liquorice,196 Mint,197 Mastic,198 the Daisy,199 Feversend,200 Saffron.201

175 A.k.a. Christ’s Ladder or Feverwort; Culpeper (CH) lists it under the Sun. Traditionally used as a

stomachic and tonic; said to purify the blood, and used for ailments of the liver and kidneys.176 Flax seed (linseed) is used in the treatment of colds and urinary infections. Its oil is applied to sootheabscesses, burns and scolds, and is added as a healing lubricant to cough medicines. Its crushed seeds are alsotraditionally used as a poultice to extract poisons from wounds.177 Presumably Persicaria, which Culpeper (CH) explains is the cooler, milder sort of Smartweed, which isalso listed under Mars (CA p.71). Salmon’s English Herbal (1710) says: “the essence causes a good digestion, itis admirable against all cold and moist diseases of the brain and nerves… and made into a syrup with honeyit is a good pectoral.† The oil dissolves and discusses all cold swellings, scrofulous and scirrhous [hardened]tumours, quinsies, congealed blood, pleurisies, &c .” ( †Pectoral herbs are those which have a healing effectupon the lungs and respiratory system).178 Also given to Saturn, to which Culpeper (CH) concurs (see CA p.59 and footnote).179 Or Lung Moss: a member of the borage family; so named for its curative action on pulmonarycomplaints. Also given to Mercury which shares rulership of the lungs.180 Pimpernel (it was used as an ointment for pimples and freckles) is also known as Shepherd’s Barometer orPoorman’s Weatherglass, because its leaves are always turned to the light and its petals are very sensitive,closing as soon as the sky threatens rain. Culpeper (CH) lists this as a solar herb. It was regarded as an aid toeyesight and used as a cure against witchcraft and evil spirits. The Greeks wrote of its value in livercomplaints and for its effects upon lifting depression.181 Comfrey ( a.k.a. Knitbone); an edible plant which has a very high concentration of nutrients and minerals.Its leaves are traditionally applied externally as a wound-healer; now known to be due to the presence ofallantoin, which stimulates cell growth. It is also valued as an astringent, anti-inflammatory and expectorant(an agent which dissolves thick mucus and so relieves respiratory difficulties).182 Also given to Mercury which shares rulership of the lungs (CA p.79). Culpeper (CH) says Mercury.183 Culpeper (CH) places the root of red Rhubarb under the rulership of Mars, appropriate for its purgativeand astringent action. Lilly probably means Monk’s Rhubarb, ( a.k.a. Garden Patience) which Culpeper

describes as “a Dock bearing the name of Rhubarb”. He explains that this “purges choler and phlegmdownwards very gently and safely without danger … The distilled water thereof is very profitably used toheal scabs; also foul ulcerous sores, and to allay the inflammation of them”.184 Prunella, a.k.a. All-heal. A small purple-flowered plant, common in Britain, of which Gerard’s Herbal reports “There is not a better wound herb in the world than Selfheal, the very name importing it to beadmirable upon this account … for this very herb without the mixture of any other ingredient, being onlybruised and wrought with the point of a knife upon a trencher or the like, will be brought into the form of asalve, which will heal any green wound even in the first intention, after a very wonderful manner. Thedecoction of Prunell made with wine and water doth join together and make whole and sound all wounds,both inward and outward, even as Bugle doth … in the world there are not two better wound herbs as hathbeen often proved”. Culpeper (CH) assigns this to Venus.185 A.k.a Starflower because of its small, vivid blue blooms; this is the annual relative of Comfrey (which haspurple flowers and lacks the hairy, prickly stem of this plant). Both are traditionally used as a jovial nervine,

to ‘uplift the spirits’ and treat melancholia. Salmon’s Herbal notes that Borage “purifies the blood, and is ofexcellent use in all putrid, malign, spotted and pestilential fevers, to defend the heart from their poison andmalignity, and to expel the same, as also the poison of other creatures”.186 Another name for Borage, a.k.a Bugle (see note 178 where it is compared with Selfheal).187 Wheatgerm is high in vitamin E (also see n.317, p.74, footnote to the listing of Barley under the Sun).188 A.k.a. Rose Bay or Blooming Sally (from salix : ‘willow’) – the name only refers to the willow-like shape ofits leaves. The roots and leaves have demulcent properties ( i.e ., they form a soothing film over mucusmembranes, and so help to relieve irritation and pain in the digestive tract).189 Thorow-wax or Hare’s Ear; Culpeper (CH) says Saturn. A little known plant, now very rare or extinct.190 Also listed under Venus (CA p.75) to which Culpeper concurs.191 This is probably what Culpeper (CH) refers to as ‘flix weed’; both lask and flux mean diarrhoea and theplant was given in cases of dysentery. It is also recommended for asthma.

192 Hepatica; a common ingredient in liver tonics. Traditionally taken as a tea to relieve bronchitis, liver,gallbladder, kidney and bladder problems. Reputed to stop gastric haemorrhage and vomiting of blood.193 Antispasmodic, carminative and mildly sedative. Traditionally used to treat gastric complaints, stomachcramps and nervous headaches. Culpeper (CH) says Mars.









* Plants, trees: Cherry-tree, Birch-tree, Mulberry-tree,202 Coral-tree,203 the Oak,204 Barberries,205 Olive,206 Gooseberries,207 Almond-tree, the Ivy,208 Manna,209 Mace, the Vine,210 the Fig-tree,211 the Ash,212 the Pear-tree, the Hazel,213 the Beech-tree, the Pine,214 Raisins.

* Beasts: The sheep, the hart or stag, the doe, the ox, elephant, dragon, tiger, unicorn; those beasts which are mild and gentle, and yet of great benefit to mankind are appropriate to him.

* Birds: The stork, the snipe, the lark, the eagle, the stock-dove, the partridge, bees, pheasant,peacock, the hen.

* Fishes: The dolphin, the whale, serpent, sheath-fish or river whale.215

* Places: He delights in or near altars of churches, in public conventions, synods, convocations,in places neat, sweet, in wardrobes, courts of justice, oratories.

* Mineral | Precious Stones: Tin |Amethyst, the sapphire, the smarage or emerald, hyacinth, topaz,crystal, bezoar,216 marble, and that which in England we call freestone.217

* Weather: He usually produces serenity, pleasant and healthful north winds, and by his gentle

194 Amongst its traditionally reported benefits, its fruit is demulcent, mildly astringent and refrigerant againstfevers (especially biliousness). The powdered bark was used to remove tapeworm.195 Peony root is an old remedy for jaundice, kidney and bladder problems (poisonous in large doses).196 The root has been prized since ancient times as a pectoral, used against coughs and chest complaints.197 Mint (especially Peppermint) is widely known for its stimulating, stomachic and carminative properties,popularly used in the treatment of flatulence, colic, stomach cramp and diarrhoea.

198 An aromatic resin obtained from the mastic tree and used as an astringent.199 Culpeper (CH) says Venus, though it was widely used against inflammatory disorders of the liver.200 Feverfew, which derives from feferfuge : L febris ‘fever’ + fugare ‘to put to flight’. Carminative and stimulant,it is traditionally used as a remedy against nervousness and depression. Culpeper (CH) says Venus.201 Carminative, emmenagogue, traditionally used in the treatment of haemorrhage of the uterus.202 Culpeper (CH) says Mercury.203 Erithina.204 In Greek mythology, the Oak-tree is sacred to Zeus/Jupiter.205 The powdered bark, or a liquid extract, was used as a stomachic and liver tonic, regulating the digestionand treating biliousness and jaundice.206 The oil is demulcent and laxative, and traditionally used to disperse acids, counter poisons, as an enema,

and to treat worms and gallstones. Applied externally to stings and burns (and as a lubricant).207 The juice was popularly taken for its anti-inflammatory properties. Culpeper (CH) says Venus.208 Culpeper (CH) says Saturn.209 Manna Ash, or Flowering Ash; used as a mild laxative.210 Also listed under Sun (CA p.71), to which Culpeper (CH) concurs.211 Widely known for their mild, laxative properties, figs are also demulcent and used in the treatment ofcatarrhal affections of the nose and throat.212 Also listed under Sun (CA p.71), to which Culpeper (CH) concurs.213 Culpeper (CH) says Mercury.214 Also listed under Saturn (CA p.59).215 Sheath-fish : Silurus glanis , found in the Danube and other rivers.216

Concretions found in the stomachs of animals: balls of indigestible substances which compact to form ahard, solid stone. They were believed to counteract poisons so were traditionally pulverized and given to thesick, or placed in drinks to protect against the actions of assassins.217 Fine-grained stone ( e.g ., sandstone or limestone) which is worked in any direction without breaking.

Lungwort( Lung Moss )

Pimpernel( Shepherd’s Barometer )

Comfrey( Knitbone )

Selfheal( Prunella )

Peony( Paeonia )

Feversend( Feverfew )









beams allays the ill weather of any former malignant planets.* Winds: He governs the north wind, that part which tends to the east.218 * Orb: His radiation or orb is nine degrees before and after any of his aspect.* Generation: He governs the second and tenth month;219 his proper seat in man is the liver; and in

the elements he rules the Air.220 * Years: His greatest years are 428, his greater 79, his mean 45, least 12.221

* Age: Men of middle age, or of a full judgement and discretion.p.65 * Climate: He governs the second climate.222

* Countries: Babylon, Persia, Hungary, Spain, Cologne.* Number: The number of three is attributed to him.* Angel: | Day of the week: Zadkiel. | Thursday, and [ he ] rules the 1st hour after sun rise, and the

8th; the length of the planetary hour you must know by the rising of the Sun, and a tablehereafter following.223 All planets except Mars are friends to Jupiter. In gathering any herbappropriated to Jupiter, see that he be very powerful either in essential or accidentaldignities, and the Moon in some manner in good aspect with him, and if possible let her bein some of his dignities &c .

218 The association between planets and winds has been a strong astrological consideration since ancienttimes. Lilly’s associations are shown in the table below ( c.f . Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos , I.18):

L K F C B 5

Eastern Northern (especially north-east) Western Eastern Southern Mixed winds Northern

219 This should say “the second and ninth month” (see n.153 p.58); the 10th month is ruled by Mars.220 Excluding the luminaries, the planets, elements, humours, and bodily seats are linked as follows:

PL. Element Humour Seat

L Earth Cold & dry Spleen

K Air Warm & moist Liver

B - Common to all -

F Fire Hot & dry Gall

C Water Cool & moist Lungs

221 The greatest year should be 427, and the mean year 45½ (see n.155 p.59).222 Lilly introduces the climates with Jupiter, having omitted the reference for Saturn. These are ancientdivisions of the ‘habitable regions’ of the world, which partition the territories between the equator andlatitude 66°N into seven parallel belts (called climates from the Greek word meaning inclination ). Thesegrouped localities share a similarity of daylight. The first climate, for example, is centred upon latitude16°39′N, where daylight on the summer solstice is 13½ hrs; the principle is then that the centre of eachsubsequent climate differs from the preceding one by an additional half hour of maximum daylight.

The ‘habitable region’ of the world extends only up to latitude 66°N, above which the inequality of theseasons, and the fact that the constellations could fail to rise, or rise and set instantaneously, led ancientastronomers and geographers to consider the environment unsuitable for the healthy sustenance of life.

Ancient maps (up until the 16th century) would usually concentrate detail on the land masses that fell withinthe seven climates, including only some of the territory that lay beneath the equator.

Despite the suggestion of weather association in our modern understanding of the word ‘climate’ the

planetary rulership of climes does not offer meteorological correspondences. Saturn, for example does notrule the seventh climate, where the weather is coldest, but the first, which extends from the equator. AlBiruni explains that the association is based upon Saturn being the first and highest planet with the widestorbit, and the first climate being the widest and longest of all; adding “its inhabitants resemble Saturn incolour and disposition” ( Elements , 236-238, and 392-393).

A detail from Martin Waldseemuller’s World Map, 1507, based upon Ptolemy’sGeographia and showing a portrait ofPtolemy and the seven clima markedalongside the left of the globe, from theequator up to latitude 66°N (the equator

has been picked out with a bold blackline for easy identification).

223 This is placed at the end of volume II (CA p.474-481).









Chapter 10

Of the planet Mars and his several significations

* [ Names & ] Colour in element : Mars does in order succeed Jupiter, whom the Ancients sometimescalled Mavors ,224 Ares ,225 Pyroeis ,226 Gradivus .227 He is less in body than Jupiter or Venus, andappears to our sight of a shining, fiery, sparkling colour.

* Latitude [&] motion: He finishes his course in the zodiac in 1 year 321 days, or thereabouts; hisgreatest latitude north is 4 31 min.; his south is 6 deg. and 47. | His mean motion is 31 min. 27secs.228|His diurnal motion is sometimes 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 min. a day, seldom more.

* [ Houses ] He has a for his day-house, and h for his night-house. He is exalted in 28 deg. of j,and is depressed in 28 d. He receives detriment in g and b. He is retrograde 80 days;stationary before he be retrograde, two or three days, &c ; he is stationary before directiontwo days; after, but one day.

* Triplicity & terms: He governs wholly the watery triplicity, viz , d, h , l. In the whole twelvesigns, Ptolemy assigns him these degrees for his terms, viz .

p.66 In a 22 23 24 25 26 In g 25 26 27 28 29 30 In b 27 28 29 30 In h 1 2 3 4 5 6In c 26 27 28 29 30 In i 26 27 28 29 30In d 1 2 3 4 5 6 In j 20 21 22 23 24 25In e 26 27 28 29 30 In k 26 27 28 29 30In f 25 26 27 28 29 30 In l 21 22 23 24 25 26

* Face : He has allotted him for his face these degrees:

In a 1 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10In c 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20In e 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30In h 1 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10In j 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20In l 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

* Nature : He is a masculine, nocturnal planet, in nature hot and dry, choleric and fiery; the LesserInfortune, author of quarrels, strifes, contentions.

* Manners when well dignified : In feats of war and courage invincible, scorning any should exceedhim, subject to no reason; bold, confident, immovable, contentious; challenging all honourto themselves; valiant, lovers of war and things pertaining thereto, hazarding himself to allperils, willingly will obey nobody or submit to any; a large reporter of his own acts, one thatslights all things in comparison of victory, and yet of prudent behaviour in his own affairs.

* When ill placed: Then he is prattler without modesty or honesty, a lover of slaughter andquarrels, murder, thievery, a promoter of sedition,229 frays and commotions; an highway-thief, as wavering as the wind, a traitor, of turbulent spirit, perjured, obscene, rash,inhumane; neither fearing God or caring for man; unthankful, treacherous, oppressors,ravenous, cheaters, furious, violent.

p.67 * Corporature : Generally martialists have this form: they are but of middle stature; their bodies

strong and their bones big, rather lean than fat; their complexion of a brown, ruddy colour,or of an high colour,230 their visage round, their hair red or sandy flaxen, and many timescrisping or curling; sharp hazel eyes, and they piercing; a bold confident countenance, andthe man active and fearless.

* Oriental: When Mars is oriental, he signifies valiant men, some white mixed with the redness, adecent tallness of body; hairy of his body.

* Occidental : Very ruddy complexioned, but mean in stature; little head, a smooth body, and not

224 Mavors : The archaic form of the Latin Mars, sometimes used in poetry.225 Ares : Greek for Mars.226 Pyroeis : ‘Fiery one’, the secular Greek planetary name.227 Gradivus : Latin epithet of Mars, perhaps meaning someone who marches in step ( gradus : ‘step/degree’).228 Correcting the original text which reads “31 degr. 27 min”.229 Public disorder.230 That is, flushed with colour, or a lot of red in the complexion.









hairy; yellow hair, stiff; the natural humours generally more dry.231 * Qualities of men and profession: Princes ruling by tyranny and oppression, or tyrants, usurpers, new

conquerors. | Generals of armies, colonels, captains, or any soldiers having command inarmies, all manner of soldiers, physicians, apothecaries,232 chirurgeons,233 alchemists,gunners, butchers, marshals, sergeants, bailiffs, hangmen, thieves, smiths, bakers,armourers, watch-makers, botchers,234 tailors, cutlers of swords and knives, barbers, dyers,

cooks, carpenters, gamesters,235 bear-wards, tanners, curriers.* Diseases: The gall, the left ear, tertian fevers, 236 pestilent burning fevers, migraines in the head,

carbuncles,237 the plague and all plague-sores, burnings, ringworm, blisters, frenzies,238 madsudden distempers in the head, yellow-jaundice, bloody-flux,239 fistulas,240 all wounds anddiseases in men’s genitals, the stone both in the reins 241 and bladder; scars or small pox inthe face, all hurts by iron, the shingles, and such other diseases as arise by abundance oftoo much choler, anger or passion.

* Colours & Savours: He delighteth in red colour, or yellow, fiery and shining like saffron; and inthose savours which are bitter, sharp and burn the tongue;242 of humours: choler.

* Herbs: The herbs which we attribute to Mars are such as come near to a redness, whose leavesare pointed and sharp, whose taste is caustic and burning, [who] love to grow on dry

places, are corrosive and penetrating the flesh and bones with a most subtle heat. They arep.68 as follows: the Nettle,243 all manner of Thistles|Restharrow or Cammock,244 Devils-milk or

Petty Spurge,245 the White and Red Brambles,246 the white called vulgarly by the herbalists

231 When the superior planets Saturn, Jupiter and Mars are oriental, there is more flesh and hair insignification because they are in the waxing phase of their synodic cycle. When they are occidental, their cycleis receding, so the hair is described as thinner and the body as ‘drier’ ( i.e ., less flesh on the bones).232 Archaic word for pharmacists.233 Archaic spelling for ‘surgeons’ (this word could also mean ‘first-aid givers’).234 Repairers of shoes and garments.235 Gamblers.236

A fever occurring every third day.237 Large boil-type abscesses.238 Bursts of violent mental extremes.239 Dysentery (which results in severe diarrhoea, carrying blood in the faeces).240 An abnormal opening between hollow organs, caused by ulceration or malformation.241 Kidneys.242 The savours of the planets according to Lilly are:

L Bitter: sour and sharp

K Sweet: with pleasant or non-offensive odours

F Sharp: bitter and caustic

Spicy: mixture of sour and sweet: aromatic flavours, astringent, warming and a little sharp

C Delectable: moist and sweet; creamy, with an ‘unctuous’ aroma

B Mixed: a combination of flavours and tastes which (overall) are quickening, subtle and penetrating

5 Watery: a watery or slightly sweet taste, but overall lacking strong flavour

243 The Stinging Nettle, which contains formic acid, phosphates and iron, belongs to the genus Urtica (fromthe Latin, uro, to burn or hurt). Its properties are astringent and stimulating, for which Culpeper (CH) says“you know Mars is hot and dry, and that winter is cold and moist; then you may know why Nettle-tops eatenin spring consume the phlegmatic superfluities in the body of man, that the coldness and moistness of winterhath left behind”. His Herbal lists many medicinal uses.244 A common waste-land shrub with short sharp thorns, which flowers in July and ripens seeds in August.Culpeper (CH) also lists under Mars and says that the powdered root is good for cleansing the urinarypassages, for breaking down and eliminating kidney stones, and for relieving toothache.245 A.k.a Peplium, the annual Euphorbia : a common weed which releases a milky sap when damaged; a severeirritant if applied to the skin but traditionally used to remove warts. The oil in the seeds is a violent purgative.

Modern herbalists avoid this planet because of its toxicity, but scientists have recently released news that itmay destroy cancer cells (www.llresearch.org.uk/en/1/21jun05.html).246 Red Bramble is the Blackberry Bush, which Culpeper (CH) says “is a plant of Venus in Aries”. Herecommends its lotion for sores, with the unripe fruits (being “very binding”) recommended for ‘bloody flux’.









Ramme,247 Lingwort,248 Onions, Scammony,249 Garlic,250 Mustard-seed, Pepper, Ginger,251 Leeks, Dittander,252 Hoarhound,253 Hemlock,254 Red Sanders,255 Tamarinds;256 all herbsattracting or drawing choler by sympathy: Radish, Castoreum, 257 Arsemart,258 Assarum,259 Carduus Benedictus,260 Cantharides.261

Rest Harrow( Cammock )

Petty Spurge( Devil’s Milk )

White Bramble( Ram/Buckthorne )

Garlic( Poor Man’s Treacle )

Dittander( Pepperwort )

Hoarhound( Marrubium )

Red Sandalwood( Sanders-wood )

Tamarind( Tamarindus Indica )

Horseradish( Wild Radish )

Arsesmart( Smartweed )

Assarum( Asarabacca )

Holy Thistle( Carduus Benedictus )

* Trees: All trees which are prickly, as the Thorn, Chestnut.* Beasts and animals: Panther, tiger, mastiff, vulture, fox; of living creatures, those that are warlike,

ravenous and bold,262 the castor,263 horse, mule, ostrich, the goat, the wolf, the leopard, the

247 Hartsthorne, also known as Buckthorn or Ramsthorne; used as a laxative and purgative.248 White hellebore (also under Saturn, CA p.59). Gerard wrote in his Herbal “We of England call it whiteHellebore, Neesewort, Lingwort, … The root is good against the falling sickness, phrensies, sciatica,dropsies, poison, and all cold diseases that be of hard curation, and will not yield to gentle medicine… strongmedicine made of white Hellebore ought not to be given inwardly to delicate bodies but it may be given unto

country people who feed grossly, and have hard tough and strong bodies.”249 A violent purgative resin made from bindweed (see n.133, p.57). In his Judgement of Disease ch.7 Culpeper(CH) gives an example decumbiture where he strongly criticises the administering doctor, whose treatmentfor what turned out to be smallpox was simply to administer increasingly violent purges using scammony.250 Anciently called ‘Poor Man’s Treacle’ because of its many useful properties (antiseptic, diaphoretic,diuretic, expectorant, stimulant and stomachic). Culpeper (CH) gives a long list of useful applications, but

warns “authors quote the many diseases this is good for, but conceal its vices. Its heat is very vehement, andall vehement hot things send up ill-favoured vapours to the brain. In choleric men it will add fuel to the fire;in men oppressed by melancholy it will attenuate [dilute] the humour, and send up strong fancies, and asmany strange visions to the head; therefore let it be taken inwardly with great moderation; outwardly youmay make more bold with it”.251 Ginger is used as a stimulant. It has been shown to reduce platelet aggregation and so it thins the bloodand increases circulation. Also listed under the Sun, see note 318, p.73.252 The broad-leaved pepperwort. A plant which grows in marshy ground with a hot, peppery taste(traditionally used as an alternative to pepper or horse-radish).253 Marrubium , mint-like plant: purgative, expectorant, and said to stimulate bile secretion to aid digestion.254 Also listed under Saturn, to which Culpeper (CH) concurs (see CA p.59, footnote 121).255 Red sandalwood: a small tree of which Culpeper (CH) says the chippings “stop defluxions from any part”.256 A spicy plant imported from tropical regions, used as a laxative and to correct bilious disorders.257 Aromatic secretion of a beaver, used in perfumery and medicine. Castor oil, secreted from a plant, wasintroduced in the 18th century as a more convenient replacement for its purgative effect.258 Hydropiper (literally Water-pepper), a.k.a . Smartarse, Smartweed: its name reflects a side-effect of its use inthe treatment of diarrhoea. Culpeper (CH) mentions its hot and dry quality by which it “consumes all coldswellings and blood congealed by bruises”. A milder variety is also listed under Jupiter (CA p.64).259 Asarabacca : purgative emetic (Culpeper (CH) says “not only provoketh vomiting but purgeth downward”).

260 Holy thistle: also purgative, the name comes from its reputation for curing plagues and poisons.261 A diuretic stimulant prepared from the dried bodies of Spanish fly; also listed under Sun (see n. 329, p.75).262 The word ‘ravening’ or ‘ravenous’ suggests fierceness, savagery, and violent acquisition of food.263 Beaver.








An Annotated Lilly (iii) © D. Houlding; all rights reserved 2013. This serialised document is made available for free personal study use. No

wild ass, the gnats, flies, lapwing,264 cockatrice,265 the griffon,266 bear.* Fishes: The pike, the shark, the barbel,267 the fork-fish, all stinking worms,268 scorpions.* Birds: The hawk, the vulture, the kite or glead (all ravenous fowl) the raven, cormorant, the owl,

(some say the eagle)269 the crow, the pye.270 * Places: Smiths shops, furnaces, slaughterhouses, places where bricks or charcoals are burned

or have been burnt; chimneys, forges.

* Minerals: Iron, antimony,271

arsenic, brimstone,272

ocre.273

* Stones: Adamant,274 loadstone,275 bloodstone, jasper,276 the many coloured amethyst,277 the

touchstone,278 red lead or vermilion.* Weather: Red clouds, thunder, lightning, fiery impressions, and pestilent airs, which usually

appear after a long time of dryness and fair weather by improper and unwholesome mists.* Winds: He stirs up the western winds.* Orb:His orb is only seven degrees before and after any of his aspects.* Years: In man he governs the flourishing time of youth, and from 41 to 56; 279 his greatest years

are 264, greater 66, mean 40, lesser 15.280 * Countries: Sarmatia,281 Lombardy [ Italy ], Batavia,282 Ferrara [ Italy ], Gotland [ Western Sweden ], and

the third Climate.283 * Day of the week: He governs Tuesday, and therein the first hour and eighth from sunrise, and in

conception the third month.* Angel: Samael.284 His friends are only Venus; enemies: all the other planets.

264 The peewit; this belongs to the birds section (we also have the curious listing of scorpions under ‘fishes’).265 Legendary monster: head of a cockerel and body of a dragon-type creature, whose stare could kill.266 Large vulture. In myth, a winged monster with an eagle’s head and lion’s body.267 The barbell is a fish with spines that hang from the jaws, such as the carp; the ‘fork-fish’ is the stingray,also known as the puffin fish, or pastinaca (its Latin name). Pliny the younger describes it ( Histories 9, c.20, 42and 48) and explains that its name derives from the lethal ‘pike’ which extends from its tail.268 Presumably meaning eels since this is the fish section; however, see footnote 264 above.269 The eagle is regarded as the bird of Zeus, but it is a ravenous bird and so associates with Mars too.270 Magpie, a carnivorous bird (as all in this list are).271 Like arsenic, antimony is a poison, but it was administered in small doses medicinally as a blood-thinner,used as an alternative to blood-letting or as a purgative which induces sweating and vomiting. Its name(especially in French, antimoine ) translates as ‘Monk-killer’ reflecting its poisonous history (and allowing a punfrom the fact that its alchemical symbol is an inverted Venus-symbol: p ).272 Sulphur: a mineral which is capable of being set to light.273 Chemically composed of hydrated iron oxide, it provides a natural source of bright red colour.274 The term was applied to diamonds, or stones of impenetrable hardness, but in Old English it could alsodescribe a magnet, which is probably intended here.275 A natural magnetite which attracts iron.276 Red jasper, and the bloodstone which is green jasper marked with red spots, owes its colour toconcentrations of iron oxide. In ancient times the bloodstone was honoured as the birthstone of March and

because of its suggestion of bloodshed it was often used in medieval carvings of the crucifixion and otheracts of martyrdom. Finely pulverised bloodstone was used as a medicine. It was believed to purify the bloodfrom poisons, to increase endurance and strength, and act as a male aphrodisiac.277 Perhaps ametrine, a naturally occurring combination of amethyst and yellow citrine; or tourmaline, amulticoloured crystal which has natural magnetic properties.278 Basanite ; used to test the purity of gold and silver by the streak it leaves when rubbed on the metal.279 Following the planetary governance of the ‘seven ages of man’ which attributes the planetary periods asfollows: 1st age 5 4 yrs | 2nd B 10 yrs (4-14) | 3rd C 8 yrs (14-22) | 4th 19 yrs (22-41) | 5th F 15 yrs (41-56) | 6th K 12 yrs (56-68) | 7th L 30 yrs or until death. These are the lesser years with the exception that theMoon is given 4 years (which brings a recurrence of phase: see n157, p.59), and Ptolemy tells us that Mercurygets ten years which is “half of 20 years”, its lesser year ( Tetrabiblos IV.10).280 The greater year should be 284 and the lesser year should be 40½ (see table n.145, p.59).281 Russian Steppes, north of the Black Sea, approximating to Modern Ukraine.

282 Roman name for the Netherlands. The Dutch also adopted the name for their chief fortification atmodern Jakarta, capital of Indonesia.283 Centred around latitude 30½°, where the longest day is 14 hours long (see footnote 217).284 Variant spellings: Zamael, Samuel. Regarded as a Patron to those who do battle on the battlefield.

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