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Transcript of C5 Updated)
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UIT-VNUHCM 20091
PHT TRIN VN HNH BO
TR PHN MM
ThS. NGUYN TH THANH TRC
TRNG I HC CNG NGH THNG TINKHOA CNG NGH PHN MM
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Chng 5:KH NNG S DNG LI V KiM TH
5.1 TNH DNG LI V KH NNG DNG LI
5.2 KiM TH
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KH NNG S DNG LI V KiM TH 5.1 TNH DNG LI V KH NNG DNG LI
o Gii thiuo nh nghao Mc ch ca vic s dng lio Mc tiu v li ch ca vic dng lio Hng tip cn ca dng lio Phn tch phm vio Cngngh cu phn
o M hnh qui trnh dng lio Cc yu t tc ng ln vic s dng li
5.2 KiM THo Gii thiuo nh nghao Ti sao kim th phn mmo Cng vic ca ngi kim th phn mm
o Kim th g v nh th noo Phn loi kim tho Thm nh v nh gio K hoch kim th
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5.1 TNH DNG LI V KH NNG DNG LI
Gii thiu nh ngha
Mc ch ca vic s dng li
Mc tiu v li ch ca vic dng li
Hng tip cn ca dng li
Phn tch phm vi
Cngngh cu phn
M hnh qui trnh dng li Cc yu t tc ng ln vic s dng li
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Mc ch ca vic s dng li
To increase productivity: To increase quality:
To facilitate code transportation:
Reduction in maintenance time and effort:
To improve maintainability:
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Bi tp
Exercise 8.3Give reasons why it is important toreuse programs instead ofwriting them fromscratch.
Exercise 8.4What benefits can be derived from
reusing software?
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Approaches to Reuse
Composition-Based Reuseo Black-box reuse:
o White-box reuse:
Generation-Based Reuseo Application GeneratorSystems
o Transformation-Based Systems
o Evaluation ofthe Generator-Based Systems
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Phn tch phm vi
Horizontally reusable and vertically reusablecomponents
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Cng ngh c u ph n (Componentsengineering)
Design for Reuseo Characteristics of ReusableComponents
o Problems with Reuse Libraries
Reverse Engineering
Components-BasedProcesses
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Characteristics of Reusable Components
Generality: Cohesion versus coupling:
Interaction:
Uniformity and standardisation: Data and control abstractions:
Interoperability:
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Problems with Reuse Libraries
The granularity and size dilemma: The search problem:
The classification problem:
The specification and flexibility problems:
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Exercise 8.5 Compare and contrast the differentapproaches to reuse, giving examples ofsystemsthat can be obtained from each oftheseapproaches.
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M hnh qui trnh dng li
This is a result ofseveral factors [133]: Software reuse is not inherently top-down, as are some of
the lifecycle models (for example, the waterfall model).
In software reuse, the developeror maintainer takes a view
that ex
tends beyond single projects or systems. Reuse involves the exploitationofcommonality at many
levels ofabstraction besides that easily captured in code.
Reuse depends, to a large extent, on the ability to analysespecific domains inorder to extract maximally reusable
components. Structured methodologies designed for top-down life-cycle models, however, rarely provide specifictechniques to analyse domains.
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generic reuse model/Reusability Model
Cc bc ca m hnh dng li tm tt nh sau: Bc1: Bc ny gm hiu vn c gii quyt v sau nhn
din cu trc gii php da trn thnh phn c nh nghatrc.
Bc2: Cu trc ca gii php c cu hnh li ti u tnhdng li thit yu cho hin ti v giai on sau.
Bc3: Tc v chnh giai onny l chun bnhng thnhphn dng li ngnht trong cu trc gii php sn sng cho tchhp.
Bc4: Mc ch chnh ti giai onny l tch hp thnh phnhon chnh trong sn phm c yu cu chogiai on tip theo
ca chu trnh sng phn mm. Bc5: Trong bc ny, kinh nghim t nhng bc trc cdng nh gi kha cnh kh dng ca nhng thnh phn mcn c pht trin cho vn con m khng c thnh phn khdng tn ti
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M hnh qui trnh dng li
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Tnh dung ha m hnh qui trnh ReUse
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Cc yu t tc ng ln vic s dng li
Yu t k thuto Ngnng lp trnho RepresentationofInformationo Reuse Library
o Reuse-Maintenance ViciousC
ycle Yu t Non-Technical
o InitialCapital Outlayo Not Invented Here Factoro Commercial Interesto Educationo ProjectCo-ordinationo Legal Issues
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Exercise 8.6You havejustjoined a team ofsoftwareengineers in which you are the only one who has studiedand practised software reuse and reusability. The companyyou work for has no reuse programme although they arewilling to start one. You are asked to implement the reuse
programme.o What is the first step you would take?
o Outline the technical, managerial and organisational steps you
o would go through. What tactics do you need to employ in
orderfor the programme to succeed?o What difficulties do you anticipate and how would youovercome them?
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Exercise8.7 A mechanical engineering contractorhas been using a large and complex Fortransoftware system forover 12 years. There is nodocumentationfor the system and themaintenance programmers have moved to adifferent company. Inorder to take advantage ofstate-of-the-art parallel machines, the contractorwants the software to be reimplemented on aparallel platform.
o Briefly describe the techniques that will be needed toaccomplish the task.
o How would you go about performing thejob, bearing inmind the merits ofsoftware reuse?
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5.2 KiM TH
Gii thiu nh ngha
Ti sao kim th phn mm
Cng vic ca ngi kim th phn mm Kim th g v nh th no
Phn loi kim th
Thm nh v nh gi
K hoch kim th Cng c
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Ti sao phi kim tra phn mm?
Mc d c t ng ho mt phnbi cc cng c CASE, rt nhiucng on trong qu trnh sn xut
phn mm vn c thc hin bicon ngi
vn c kh nng xy ra li. Li c th xy ra trong tt c cc
giai on: phn tch yu cu, thitk, m ho
Do phi kim th chng trnhtrc khi chnh thc s dng
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Ti sao kim th li cn thit?Ti sao kim th li cn thit?
Nhm tng tin cy cng nh cht lng ca
phn mm.
Gim chi ph trong qu trnh pht trin, nng cp,
bo tr phn mm
V d:o Website cng ty c nhiu li chnh t tr ong cu ch Khch
hng c th lng trnh cng ty vi l do cng ty trng c v
khng chuyn nghip.
o Mt phn mm tnh ton lng thuc tr su dng cho cy
trng, v l do tnh sai s lng ln gp 10 ln Nng dn phi
b nhiu tin mua, cy tr ng h hi, mi trng sng, ngun
nc b nh hng,
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Li tng ln khi no?Li tng ln khi no?
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Chi ph cho vic tm thy v sa li tng dn trongsut chu k sng ca phn mm. Li tm thy
cng sm th chi ph sa cng thp v ngc
li.
Li tng ln khi no?Li tng ln khi no?
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Cc nguyn l trong kim thPMCc nguyn l trong kim thPM
Lp trnh vin khng nn thc hin kim th trnphn mm m mnh vit
Cn phi kim tra cc chc nng m phn mm
khng thc hin Trnh vic kim th phn mm vi gi nh rng
s khng c li no c tm thy
Test case phi nh ngha kt qu u ra r rng Test case phi c lu tr v thc thi li mi khi
c s thay i xy ra tr ong h thng
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Cc nguyn l kim th phn mm
Vic kim th nn hng v yu cu ca khch hng Vn kim th nn c hoch nh trc mt thi
gian di.
p dng nguyn l Pareto (nguyn tc 80-20):o 80% li c nguynnhn t 20% cc module
o C lp v kim tra nhng module kh nghi nht.
Nn tin hnh t nh n ln: bt u t nhng modulering bit ri sau tch hp cc module li.
Khng th kim th trit mt phn mm.
Nn c thc hin bi nhng i tng KHNGtham gia vo qu trnh pht trin phn mm.
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Vai tr kim thVai tr kim th
Vai tr kim th tr ong sut quy trnh sng caphn mm
o Kim th khng tn ti c lp.
o Cc hot ng ca kim th lun gn lin vi cc hotng pht trin phn mm.
o Cc m hnh pht trin phn mm khc nhau cn cc
cch tip cn kim th khc nhau.
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Bi tp
Exercise 9.1Pick two software systems andconsider how you would go about designing testcases. Do the systems have formal specificationsthat you can use as a basis? Can you identify test
sets from which to extrapolate a whole series ofresults? Where are the boundary conditions?
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Cc mc kim th (Test levels)Cc mc kim th (Test levels)
Integration
Component
Acceptance
System
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Cc mc kim th (Test levels)Cc mc kim th (Test levels)
Component testing (unit testing):o Tm li tr ong cc component ca phn mm nh:
modules, objects, classes,
o Do c kch thc nh nn vic t chc, kim tra, ghi
nhn v phn tch kt qu trn Unit test c th thc hin
d dng
o Tit kim thi gian, chi ph trong vic d tm v sa li
trong cc mc kim tra sau
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Cc mc kim th (Test levels)Cc mc kim th (Test levels)
Integration testing:o Test s kt hp ca cc component, s tc ng ca
cc phn khc nhau trong mt h thng, s kt hp ca
cc h thng vi nhau,
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Cc mc kim th (Test levels)Cc mc kim th (Test levels)
System testing:o m bo rng h thng (sau khi tch hp) tha mn tt
c cc yu cu ca ngi s dng
o Tp trung vo vic pht hin cc li xy ra trn ton h
thng
Acceptance testing:
o Test phn mm ng di gc ngi dng xc
nh phn mm c c chp nhn hay khng.
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Cc k thut kim thCc k thut kim th
Test tnh (Static Verification)o Thc hin kim chng m khng cn thc thi chng
trnh
o Kim tra tnh ng n ca cc ti liu c lin quan
c to ra trong qu trnh xy dng ng dng
o t c s nht qun v hiu r hn v h thng
o Gim thi gian lp trnh, thi gian v chi ph test,
Test ng (Dynamic Testing)o Thc hin kim th da trn vic thc thi chng trnh
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Dynamic TestingDynamic Testing -- Kim th ngKim th ng
Structure-based
ErrorGuessing
Dynamic
Control-flow
Data-flow ExploratoryTesting
Basis Path
Experience-based
Cause-EffectGraphing
Decision Tables
Boundary ValueAnalysis
Equivalence
Partitioning
Specification-based
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Cc phng php kim th (1)Cc phng php kim th (1)
Funtional Testing (Black Box Testing):
o Test da trn m t, chng ta xem xt phn mm vi
cc d liu u vo v u ra m khng cn bit cu
trc ca phn mm ra sao. Ngha l tester s tp trungvo nhng g m phn mm lm, khng cn bit phn
mm lm nh th no.
o u im:
Khng ph thuc vo vic thc hin phn mmVic pht trin test case c th din ra song song vi qu
trnh thc hin phn mm Rt ngn thi gian thc hin d
n
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Cc k thut kim th hp enCc k thut kim th hp en
K thut phn lp tng ng (Equivalence
Class Testing)
K thut da trn gi tr bin (Boundary Value
Testing) K thut da trn bng quyt nh (Decision
Table-Based Testing)
K thut da trn th nguyn nhn kt qu(causes-effects)
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Structural Testing (White Box Testing):o Test da trn cu trc cn c gi l white-box hay
glass-box bi v n i hi s hiu bit v cu trc ca
phn mm, ngha l phn mm hot ng nh th no.
Cc phng php kim th (2)Cc phng php kim th (2)
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Cc k thut kim th hp trngCc k thut kim th hp trng
Basis Path Testing
Control-flow/Coverage Testing
Data-flow Testing
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Experience Testing (Test da trn kinh nghim)
o K thut ny i hi s hiu bit, k nng v kinh
nghim ca ngi test.
o Da vo nhng kinh nghim thu thp c t nhng hthng trc , tester c th d dng nhn thy c
nhng im sai trong chng trnh.
Cc phng php kim th (3)Cc phng php kim th (3)
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Verification and Validation
is key in building systems that can be trusted. Verification: cc hnh ng m bo cho phn mm
c hin thc ng theo mt chc nng c th no Are we building the product right ?
Validation: cc hnh ng m bo cho phn mm cxy dng theo ng yu cu ca khch hng Are webuilding the right product ?
are to achieve better systems i.e. systems with improvedreliability, performance, quality and cost effectiveness
the creationofquality software systems [279], and aremore effective when performed independently ofthe teambuildingor maintaining the system
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TestPlans
The IEEE standard defines a test plan aso "A document describing the scope, approach, resources,and schedule of intended testing activities. It identifiestest items, the features to be tested, the testing tasks,who will do each task, and any risks requiring
contingency planning."[ANSI/IEEE Standard 829-1983 for Software Test
Documentation]
A test plan can either be a tool or a product [149ch.12]o Kaner advises that a test plan whose purpose is to act
as a tool is "valuable ...to the extent that it helps youmanage your testing project and find bugs. Beyond that,it is a diversion of resources"[149 p.205].
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TestPlans
Good test plans facilitate testing in many waysincluding:o providing lists ofuseful test cases identifying such things
as boundary conditions and classes oftest data. This
improves efficiency and means important test cases areless likely to be missed.
o providing informationon what the scale ofthejob is likelyto be and what resources will be needed.
o providing information to identify and prioritise tasks, thus
aidingorganisationofthe testing team and identifyingroles and responsibilities
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Bi tp
Exercise 9.2Write a test planfor a program (ofareasonable size -at least 100 LOC) that was not developedby you. Ifyou are undertaking a course that has involved asubstantive piece ofsoftware development, swap your codewith a fellow student and write test plans for each otherscode. The originators ofthe code should study the testplans produced for their code and discuss the strengthsand weaknesses. In particular, look for anythingunexpected that has come to light about your code.
Exercise9.3 Look at the following case study. List all theproblems that concern error messages. Consider howthese might have been avoided and formulate somegeneral rules that would prevent these problems occurringinother systems.
9.9 Case Study Therac 25 (c trong ebook chnh)
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Exercise 9
.4
Reports and analyses ofthe Therac-25incidents are easily obtainable. The case study given earlieris a briefsummary. It does not cover, for example the trueextent to which the users were key in unearthing theproblems, nor does it go into any depth on the issue ofreuse ofsoftware subroutines from the earlier versions of
the software. Other well-documented events are thecrackingofthe enigma codes in the 2nd world war [286]and the failure ofthe Ariane 5 spacecraft, flight 501 in 1996[8]. Choose one ofthe following to investigate in depth:o Concentratingon the users ofthe systems, compare the roles
played by the users ofthe enigma machines (code creators
and code breakers) with the role played by the users oftheTherac machines.o Compare the reuse ofsoftware subroutines, and the problems
this caused, in the Therac-25 machine andthe Ariane 5spacecraft.
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Cc cng c h tr kim thCc cng c h tr kim th
Cc cng c h tr qun l qu trnh kim th
Cc cng c h tr thc hin cc k thut kim
tho Cng c kim th hiu nng (Performance)
o Cng c kim th chc nng (Functional)
o Cng c kim th bo mt (Security)
o Cng c kim th n v (UnitTesting)
o
C h t lC h t l
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Cc cng c h tr qun lCc cng c h tr qun lquy trnh kim th phn mm (1)quy trnh kim th phn mm (1)
Cc i tng cn qun l ca 1 cng c kim th PMo Projecto Usero User Roleo Requirement
o Release: Phin bn ca project.o Test Plan: K hoch test.o Test types: Cc loi test.o Test cases: Cc trng hp testo Teststep: Cc bc thc hin cho mi test case
o Result: Kt qu thc thi test.o Bug: Lio Reports: Cc thng bo v tnh trng ca tin trnh: Tnh
trng li, tin trin ca cng vic: o Cc ti liu hng dn s dng chng trnh (Help)
C h t lC h t l
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Cc chc nng cn phi co Qun l project.
o Qun l User.
o Phn quyn User.
o Qun l requirement theo phin bn.
o Qun l release.o Qun l cc thnh phn ca release: build, component,..
o Qun l testplan.
o Qun l testcase.
o Cp nht kt qu cho test case.o Cp nht tnh trng li.
o Thng k li cho mi release hoc mi thnh phn carelease.
o T ng cp nht kt qu kim th
Cc cng c h tr qun lCc cng c h tr qun lquy trnh kim th phn mm (2)quy trnh kim th phn mm (2)
Cc cng c h tr qun lCc cng c h tr qun l
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Cc cng c h tr qun lCc cng c h tr qun lquy trnh kim th phn mm (3)quy trnh kim th phn mm (3)
No Name Desc REq Download
1 TestLink Apache, MySQL, PHP 48797
2 Fitnesse Mac, Wnidows, POSIX 24475
3 QATraqWindows, BSD, Linux,SunOS/Solaris
21992
4Bugzilla Test
RunnerBugzilla2.16.3 orabove 17291
5 rth
All32-bit MS Windows(95/98/NT/2000/XP),All POSIX(Linux/BSD/UNIX-like OSes),IBM AIX
9563
6 TestMaster Linux,Apache, PostgreSQL 6728
7 TCW Any (PHP/SQL/Apache) 4488
8 Tesly OS Independent 3327
9 qaProjectManager Platform Independent 3133
10 Testitool Apache, PHP, MySQL 701
www.
opensourcetestingtools.
org
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Cng c kim th hiu nngCng c kim th hiu nng
L mt dng kim tra t ng nhm tm ra nhng im tht
c chai ca phn mm, gip cho ngi pht trin c nhngthay i thch hp tng kh nng thc thi, tc x l caphn mm
Gip ngi kim tra xc nh c nhng thng s ngng
ca phn mm, ra tiu chun cho nhng ln kim tra sau Thng c p dng i vi cc PM c trin khai trnmi trng nhiu ngi dng ( v d :ng dng web )
Kt qu mong i ca vic kim th hiu nng phi cnh ngha mt cch r rng
V d:o S kt ni (session) ng thi m server c th phc v
o Thi gian (bao nhiu pht/giy) m trnh duyt nhn c ktqu t server .
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Cng c kim th hiu nngCng c kim th hiu nng
No Name Requirements Download
1 OpenSTA Windows 2000, NT4and XP 251965
2 Grinder OS Independent 156458
3 TPTEST MacOS/Carbon and Win32 108036
4Database Opensource
Test SuiteLinux, POSIX 103484
5 Sipp Linux/Unix/Win32-Cygwin 102111
6 WebLOAD32-bit MS Windows (NT/2000/XP),Linux, Windows Server2003
39401
7 OpenWebLoad Linux, DOS 31204
8 Hammerhead2 - WebTesting Tool
Hammerheadhas been used withLinux, Solaris and FreeBSD.
24814
9 Dieseltest Windows 14618
10 DBMonster OS Independent 13710
www.opensourcetestingtools.org
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Cc cng c h tr kim th n vCc cng c h tr kim th n v
C rt nhiu cng c kim th n v c vit bng nhiungn ng khc nhauo ADA
o C++
o HTML
o Java
o .NET
o Pert
o PHP
o SQLo XML
o Ruby
o
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Cc cng c h tr kim th n vCc cng c h tr kim th n v
No Name Requirements Download
1 JUnit OS Independent 2151874
2 FindbugsJRE(orJDK) 1.4.0 orlater
379779
3 PMD JDK 1.3 orhigher 344688
4 Checkstyle OS Independent 2167805 EclEmma Eclipse 209153
6 Dbunit JUnit 129300
7StrutsTestCase forJUnitv1.9.5
OS Independent 106860
8 Emma Java 594359 MockObjects OS independent 55457
10 JUnitEE JUnit 54618www.opensourcetestingtools.org
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Cc cng c h tr kim th n vCc cng c h tr kim th n v
No Name Requirements Download
1 NUnit Windows NT/2000 1061875
2 NUnitAsp Windows NT/2000 72724
3NUnitAddin forVisual Studio.NET
Windows 58588
4 NUnitForms Windows NT/2000 46880
5 csUnitcsUnithas been testedusingthe Microsoft.NET framework 1.0 Service Pack 2runtimeon an Intel-compatibleplatform.
31483
6 NCover All32-bit MS Windows (95/98/NT/2000/XP) 14264
7 VSNUnit All32-bit MS Windows (95/98/NT/2000/XP) 8763
8 dotUnit All32-bit MS Windows (95/98/NT/2000/XP) 6230
9 .NETUnitOS Independent(Written in an interpretedlanguage)
5558
10 ASPUnitMicrosoft Internet Information Server5.0 or5.1
5197
www.opensourcetestingtools.org
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Cc cng c kim th thng miCc cng c kim th thng mi
ToolVendor Name oftesting suite orcompanion tools
TestPartnerCompuware QACenterEnterpriseEdition+
QuickTestProfessional
Mercury Quality Center
e-TesterEmpirix e-TEST suite
Functional TesterIBM RationalTest Manager, Manual Tester,
Performance Tester
WebFTRadView TestView Suite
SilkTestSegue SilkCentral, SilkPerformer
QA WizardSeapine TestTrack Pro
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Cc cng c kim th thng miCc cng c kim th thng mi
Technicalusers Nontechnicalusers
Technicaland nontechnicalusers
MercuryQuickTest Pro
CompuwareTestPartner
Empirix e-Tester
Seapine QA Wizard
IBM RationalFunctional Tester
Segue SilkTest
RadView WebFT
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8/6/2019 C5 Updated)
58/59
UIT-VNUHCM 200958
Ti liu tham khoTi liu tham kho
Software Testing, A Craftsmans Approach, Paul C.Jorgensen
Practical Software Testing, EleneBurnstein
Slides: Software Testing ISEB Foundation Certificate Course
Slides: Software Testing, Dr. Balla Katalin
Slide: Equivalence Class Testing, Prof. Schlingloff & Dr. MRoggenbach
Slide: Decision Table Based Testing, Neelam Gupta, The
University ofArizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
Object Oriented Testing, Ali Kamandi, Sharif University of
Technology
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8/6/2019 C5 Updated)
59/59
Yu cu thc hin tun tip theo
Vit li cc bo co cho cc tho lun trn lp v ccbi tp
c thm cc ti liu cung cp ReUse-1.ppt & ReUse-2.ppt
c thm ti liu v kim th Tip tc chun b cng vic chonhm
Mi nhm t chun b tm hiu v th nghim mttrong cc cng c h tr qui trnh bo tr hng dn
s dng v demo trc lp