Science6Social

Student’s book

Contents

LESSON

1. The land and climate of Spain

2. Europe

3. The environment

4. The economy

5. The Contemporary Age: the 19th century

6. The Contemporary Age: the 20th and 21st centuries

VALUES

Learning strategiesto save water.

Understanding andrespecting the differences between the peoples of Europe.

Understanding theimportance of recycling.

Learning to be a responsible consumer.

Appreciating the artsand the culture ofthe 19th century.

Understanding globalisation and its consequences.

COMUNICATION AND CRITICAL SPIRIT

Explaining why rivers are important for human activities.

Explaining what types of relief and climate are most appealing to us.

Explaining why pollutionis harmful.

Learning which are my strongest skills.

Explaining thechanges in society.

Explaining how myhometown has changed through history.

COMPETENCES AND MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES

Mathematical competenceand basic competence in science and technology/ Logical-mathematical

Mathematical competenceand basic competence in science and technology/ Visual-spatial

Learning to learn /Naturalistic

Sense of initiativeand entrepreneurship/ Interpersonal

Cultural awarenessand expression / Intrapersonal

Cultural awarenessand expression /Verbal linguistic

PAGE

4 to 27

28 to 45

46 to 61

62 to 91

92 to 109

110 to 133

Read

I can read and interpret physical maps

I can read about the countries in Europe, the E.U. and the relief of Europe.

I can read about theeffects of pollution in the atmosphere.

I can read about active and inactivepopulation.

I can read about the French Revolution.

I can read about thepolitics of Spain during the 20th century.

Talk

I can describe thecharacteristics of the rivers and mountains of Spain.

I can describe the cultural characteristics of an European country of my choice.

I can talk about asustainable life style.

I can explain the different types of industries and the products they make.

I can talk about the1812 Constitution.

I can talk about howthe technological development has changed our lives.

Speak

I can name the characteristics of the climate zone that I live in.

I can name the countries in Europe and the main features of Europe’s relief.

I can name the different types of pollution.

I can name the main economic activities in the primary sector.

I can name the maintechnologicalchanges of the Industrial Revolution.

I can name the maincharacteristics of the1978 Constitution.

Write

I can write aboutwhat I have learntabout the relief.

I can write about the main Europeanrivers.

I can write aboutbiodegradable products.

I can write about theimportance f the tertiary sector.

I can write about the politics of Spain during the 19th century.

I can write about the art movements of the 20th century.

Listen

I can listen and understand vocabulary about the relief.

I can listen and understand vocabulary about the European rivers.

I can listen to myteacher talking about National Parks.

I can listen to myclassmates explaining their ideas for a new company.

I can listen to a CDtrack about the artistic movements.

I can listen to myteacher talking about the democracy in Spain.

I HAVE LEARNT

Lesson 1The land and climate

of Spain

4 four

Look and think:

Landforms are natural solid things on the Earth’s surface such as continents, mountains, valleys and plains. A coast is the area dividing land and sea. Rivers often flow in depressions on the Earth’s surface, and into the sea.

The landforms, coasts and rivers of Spain are very varied.

What landforms or coasts can you see in the pictures?

What parts of Spain do you think these pictures might show?

The land and climate

of Spain

five 5

1. Research and explain what water transfers between rivers there are in Spain.2. Is there a water treatment plant close to where you live? Find out about the different uses of that water.

Water is essential to life. We use it at home for drinking, cooking or washing. It’s also used in agriculture to water the crops. Farms and factories also use a lot of water.

Because of droughts, some areas in Spain do not get all the water they need. There are different ways to minimise this problem:

Our heritage

Building canals to transfer water

from a river that carries more

water to another that carries less.

Desalination plants take away the

salt from seawater so it can be used.

Water treatment plants filter the

water from the sewers and separate

the pure water from the waste.

But we still need to be aware that we must save water and try our best to keep it pure and clean. We use plenty of water and we can make a difference if we all play our part!

On average, each one of us uses

150 litres of water a day!

Fact!How is it possible that we use that much water a day? Find out here! http://links.edebe.com/nex2

1. How do you think they separate salt from water at desalination plants?2. Do you try to save water every day? How?

6 six

Inland and coastal landformsThe Earth is not flat. There are many areas with different elevations (heights) and shapes.The elevation of landforms is always measured from sea level. We use the word relief to refer to all these features of the landscape. These are some of the main relief features:

Mountains are areas in which the land rises steeply high above sea level.

An island is a piece of land entirely surrounded by sea.

An archipelago is a group of islands.

A peninsula is an island connected to the mainland by a narrow strip of land called an isthmus.

Bays are areas of water partly surrounded by land.

A gulf is a very large bay.

A river basin is the area over which a river and its tributaries flow.

Capes are areas of land that extend into the sea.

Plateaus are plains high above sea level.

Plains are large flat areas of land.

Mountain ranges are groups of mountains.

A valley is a depression between mountains.

1. What is the difference between a plateau and a plain?2. And between a cape and a peninsula?3. What relief features do you know in Spain?

Read more about relief features!http://links.edebe.com/wa

1. Draw a picture of the area in which you live and label the landforms.2. What do we call a low area of land between mountains?

Mapping the Earth’s landformsAs you know, we use relief maps to represent the terrain. Relief maps are also called physical maps, and show the elevation of an area above sea level. If we need to know the exact altitude of a point on the map, topographic maps show more detailed information.

RELIEF MAPS

This is a relief map of Andalusia. At a glance, we can see that there are areas with similar elevations. We can easily distinguish the mountain ranges from the low areas.

The colour code gives us information about the high mountain ranges and the low areas, which we can easily distinguish.

Topographic maps are very accurate because they show the exact elevation of points in the map. Every point on the same line has the same elevation. These lines are called contour lines.

From relief and topographic maps, we can create topographic cross-sections.These show a profile of the relief. Imagine that we’re cutting through the Earth with a very big knife. It would look like this:

7seven

Do you know any other types of maps? What information do they show?

1. If you had to learn about the relief of a very large area, like a country, would you use a relief map or a topographic map? Why?

TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

8 eight

Spain’s inland landforms

BB

A

C

C

The Guadalquivir river flows through

the Guadalquivir river basin.

The Ebro river flows through

the Ebro river basin.

Galician Massif

León Hills

Basque

Hills

Toledo Mountains

SIERRA MORENA

NORTH MESETA

SOUTH MESETA

The Meseta is a big plateau located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. There are two main areas:

The North Meseta is about 700 metres above sea level.

The South Meseta is about 670 metres above sea level.

THE INNER PLATEAU

Spain is on an area of land called the Iberian Peninsula. Most of it is quite high above sea level. On this relief map you can see the inner plateau (Meseta), several mountain ranges, and two larger river basins that are Spain’s main landform features.

1. Which mountain ranges are higher? How can you tell?2. Which mountain ranges are on the Meseta?3. Do you know the name of any of the mountains in your area?4. What areas in Spain are less than 200 metres above sea level?

RIVER BASINSThe Guadalquivir and Ebro river basins are low areas of fertile land.

The elevation

of a landform above sea level

is also called its altitude.

Fact!

CANTABRIAN RANGE

GUADALQUIVIR RIVER BASIN

BAETIC SYSTEM

P Y R E N E E SEBRO RIVER BASINIberian Range

CANARY ISLANDS

A

DTeide

3,718 m

Mulhacén

3,482 m

La Sagra

2,382 m

Penyagolosa

1,813 m

Moncayo

2,313 m

Bañuela

1,332 m

Monte Perdido

3,404 m

Pico Almanzor

2,592 m

Torre Cerredo

2,650 m

Peña Trevinca

2,127 m

Torre del Llambrión

2,642 m

Veleta

3,394 m

CENTRAL SYSTEM

9nine

Spain has three sets of mountain ranges.

Generally speaking, the Pyrenees, the Baetic System and the Cantabrian Range are rugged.

Other mountains in Spain are rounded.

D

Basque

Hills

SOUTH MESETA

MOUNTAIN RANGES

1. Can we say that generally, Spain’s land is high above sea level? Why?2. Make a chart with the external, internal and peripheral mountain ranges.3. What is the relief of the Canary and Balearic Islands like? How can you tell?

Watch a video about internal and peripheral ranges!

1

CANTABRIAN RANGE

GUADALQUIVIR RIVER BASIN

BAETIC SYSTEM

P Y R E N E E SEBRO RIVER BASIN

Catalan Coastal Range

Iberian Range BALEARIC ISLANDS

Meseta

Land height above sea level in metres:

Sea level (0m)

More than 2,000m

500 - 1,000m

1000 - 2,000m

200 - 500m

Less than 200m

These ranges are on the Meseta.

The Toledo Mountains are rounded.

INTERNAL RANGES

These ranges surround the Meseta.

The mountains of the Cantabrian

Range are rugged.

PERIPHERAL RANGES

These ranges are outside the Meseta.

The mountains of the Pyrenees are rugged.

EXTERNAL RANGES

Mulhacén

3,482 m

La Sagra

2,382 m

Aneto

3,404 m

Penyagolosa

1,813 m

Pico de la Maladeta

3,312 m

Moncayo

2,313 m

Monte Perdido

3,404 m

Puig Major

1,445 m

10 ten

Spain’s coasts

B

B

The northern Atlantic coast is rocky with cliffs and small beaches and many inlets.

The southern Atlantic coast is flatter, with long sandy beaches and sand dunes.

Spain’s coastline is long and varied. There are three main coasts and two archipelagos.

1. What areas have rocky coasts? And flat, sandy coasts?2. What separates Spain from Africa?3. Where are the Canary Islands?

THE CANARY ARCHIPELAGO

These islands are in the Atlantic Ocean, and have a volcanic origin.

Their coastlines range from rocky beaches with cliffs and dark sand in some areas to flat, sandy beaches in others.

Spain’s coastline is

almost 8,000 km long!

Fact!

CANARY ISLANDS

La PalmaTenerife

Strait of Gibraltar

Cape

Trafalgar

Gulf of

Cádiz

Cape Finisterre

ATLA

NTI

C O

CEAN

BAY OF BISCAY (CANTABRIAN SEA)Cape Estaca

de Bares Cape PeñasCape Machichaco

Cape

Gata

Fuerteventura

Lanzarote

Gran Canaria

La Gomera

El Hierro

Sand dune

A

A

THE ATLANTIC COAST

E

11eleven

C

D

These islands are in the Mediterranean Sea and have rocky coasts with small beaches.

THE BALEARIC ARCHIPELAGO

This coast is rocky with high cliffs and small beaches.

THE CANTABRIAN COAST

1. Make a chart with all the coasts in Spain. Write what coastal features we can find ineach one, and what type of coastal landscape there is in each case.2. Which archipelago do these islands belong to? Cabrera ––– Lanzarote ––– La Gomera ––– Ibiza ––– Formentera ––– Tenerife ––– La Palma ––– Menorca ––– Fuerteventura ––– Majorca ––– El Hierro ––– Gran Canaria

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

BAY OF BISCAY (CANTABRIAN SEA)

Cape Machichaco

Cape

Creus

Gulf of

Valencia

Menorca

CabreraIbiza

Formentera

Majorca (Mallorca)

Cape

La Nao

Cape

Palos

Cape

Gata

BALEARIC ISLANDS

The Cantabrian coast

Northern Atlantic coast

Southern Atlantic coast

Southern Mediterranean coast

Eastern Mediterranean coast

Archipelagos

The coast in the upper part of the eastern Mediterranean coast has many cliffs and rocky beaches.

The coast of the the lower part of the eastern Mediterranean coast is mainly flat with long, sandy beaches.

The coast of the southern Mediterranean coast is also mainly flat with long, sandy beaches.

D

E

E

THE MEDITERRANEAN COASTC

RiversRivers are streams of water flowing downhill over land towards the sea, a lake or another river. They start at the source, in the mountains, and flow through a depression called a channel. The sides of the channel are called the bank, and the bottom is called the bed.

FLOW REGIMES

Rivers don’t carry the same amount of water throughout the year. The flow regime of a river is the variation in the amount of water it carries throughout the year.

This means that the river has more or less the same amount of water throughout the year:

Rivers with an irregular flow regime have more water at some times and less water at others:

Rivers have an irregular flow regime in areas

where there is very little rain during the hotter

months, such as in the Mediterranean area.

Rivers are more abundant with a regular flow

regime in places where it rains a lot throughout

the year, such as in the mountains.

12 twelve

River channel

Bank

Bed

Downstream

Upstream

Upstream means towards the source of the river.

Downstream means away from the source of the river.

REGULAR FLOW REGIME IRREGULAR FLOW REGIME

Jan JanFeb FebMar MarApr AprMay MayJun JunJul JulAug AugSep SepOct OctNov NovDec Dec

WHERE DOES THE WATER COME FROM?

If the river water is flowing downhill, why doesn’t the river dry out? Where does all that water come from?

As you already know, due to the water cycle, water always goes back to the mountains as rain or snow.

The Earth also has bodies of water stored underground called aquifers. Sometimes, water gets to the Earth’s surface through springs, forming a river.

PEOPLE AND RIVERS

Throughout history people have always settled near rivers to have easy access to water. This is why many cities are built around rivers. The shape of landscape through which the river flows affects the shape and size of the settlements.

Settlements are usually smaller near the source of

the river, where the land is rugged and mountainous.

Settlements are usually larger downstream, where the

land is flatter and there is more room to build.

13thirteen

Is there a river in your city ortown? What part of the river’scourse is your town in?

1. Define in your own words the following:River bed ––– River bank ––– River channel ––– Flow regime2. Why do you think rivers are important for human activities?3. Where are aquifers located? How does this waterget to the rivers?

14 fourteen

The river’s courseRivers start in the mountains, many metres above sea level. Then they make their way to the sea. The journey of a river from its source to the sea is called the river’s course. The river changes along its course through different types of terrain:

What features do we find in a river as we go downstream?

Find out more about http://links.edebe.com/vf

UPPER COURSE MIDDLE COURSE

LOWER COURSE MOUTH

A B

C D

The upper course is the first part of the river, in the mountains. The rivers here flow faster, because the land is steep.

The lower course is usually on flatter ground. This makes the river flow more slowly here.

The middle course is usually on hilly ground. The river here flows slower than in the upper course.

The mouth is where the river ends, usually near the sea. Here the water flows at the slowest speed.

15fifteen

The source is where the river starts or rises.

Rivers are short when they rise close to the sea.

At the river mouth there is an estuary where the river water mixes with the sea water.

A waterfall is where the ground is so steep the water falls over the edge.

A river basin is the area over which a river and its tributaries flow.

1. Does the speed of water change along the course of a river? Why?2. Look for information about the closest river to where you live. Where does it rise?Does it have tributaries? Where does it end? Why is it important to people?3. Do rivers carry the same amount of water all the time? What does this depend on?

A

B

C

D

Meanders are the bends in a river.

Tributaries are smaller rivers that flow into the main river.

Deltas are landforms within the river mouth formed by materials carried downstream by the river.

16 sixteen

Spain’s rivers and watersheds

All the rivers in the Atlantic watershed flow into the Atlantic Ocean. It is the largest watershed.

All these rivers have an irregular flow and are short, except the Guadalquivir River which is quite long.

■ Rivers are short because they rise close to the sea.

■ They are abundant (they carry lots of water) and have a regular flow regime because it rains a lot.

■ Rivers are long because they rise far from the sea.

■ They have an irregular flow as they are quite dry in summer but carry lots of water in spring and autumn.

RIVERS IN THE ATLANTIC WATERSHED

Sil

EoN

avia

Nac

ea

Nalón

Jaló

n

Ebro

Ebro

PasBidasoa

Esla

Spain’s many rivers flow into three different seas. On the map you can see three different colours. Each colour represents an area in which all the rivers flow into the same sea. This area is called a watershed. Spain has three watersheds:

1. Name the main rivers in each basin. Which are their tributaries? Is any of them close to your town?2. Why do you think the Ebro River carries more water than other rivers?

There are no rivers in the

Canary or the Balearic

Islands. Instead, streams of

water form in the wetter

months.

Fact!

NORTH

CENTRE

SOUTH

Tambre

Ulla Miñ

o

Pisu

erga

Duero (Douro)Torm

es

Alag

ón

Tietar

Tajo (Tagus)

Guadiana

Guadalquivir

Genil

Gigu

ela

Jara

ma

Turia

Júcar

Segura

River Sil

River Douro (Duero)

Guadalquivir River

17seventeen

All the rivers in the Cantabrian watershed flow into the Cantabrian Sea. It is the smallest watershed.

All the rivers in the Mediterranean watershed flow into the Mediterranean Sea.

■ Rivers are short because they rise in the Cantabrian Range, close to the sea.

■ They are abundant and have a regular flow because it rains a lot throughout the year.

■ Most rivers are short.■ Generally they don’t carry much water because it does not rain much.

■ Their flow is irregular: they do not carry much water in summer, but the flow increases in the wetter months.

■ The Ebro River is the longest in Spain and the one that carries the most water.

RIVERS IN THE CANTABRIAN WATERSHED

RIVERS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN WATERSHED

Jaló

n

Segr

e

Ebro

Ebro

Atlantic watershed

Cantabrian watershed

Mediterranean watershed

PasBidasoa

1. Make a chart with the main rivers of Spain in order of their watersheds. Describe their characteristics and list their tributaries if they have any.

Help John solve a crossword puzzle!

2

Llob

rega

t Ter

Turia

Júcar

Segura

Pas River

Ebro River

Other bodies of water in SpainApart from coasts and rivers, water can be found in Spain in lakes, lagoons, reservoirs and marshes.

LAKES

A lake is a body of still (not flowing) water that sits in a basin and is surrounded by land. Spain does not have many lakes. Spain’s lakes are quite small if we compare them to those of other countries.

Lagoons are saltwater lakes very close to the sea. A strip of land separates them from it. In Spain we can find lagoons on the Mediterranean coast. They are called albuferas in Spanish.

Some lakes in Spain are very shallow. They are called lagunas in Spanish (not to be confused with the English word lagoons).

Most lakes in Spain are in mountain ranges or very close to them. Their water comes from the melting of the ice and snow of those mountains.

18 eighteen

Lake of Banyoles (Girona)

Laguna of Gallocanta (Zaragoza-Teruel).

Lake Enol (Asturias)

LAGOONS

Albufera of Valencia

19nineteen

1. What’s the difference between a lake and a lagoon?2. Do you know which reservoir the tap water in your household comes from?3. How do you think it gets from the reservoir to your town?

1. Work in pairs, research and make a chart with the different bodies of water in Spain. Writeif they are man-made or natural, and if they have freshwater or saltwater. Find at least twoexamples of each.2. What did you find difficult to learn in this lesson? What did you do to overcome those difficulties? Are you happy with the results?3. Design a campaign to protect our coasts/rivers/other bodies of water (choose one of thethree). Look for information, make a poster and write a text explaining why they are importantto us, what human actions could damage them and what we could do to preserve them.

RESERVOIRS MARSHES

A reservoir is a man-made lake used to store water. This water can then be used in different ways: for watering crops, for producing electric energy, or to use in our homes.

Marshes are low areas of land that get flooded by water from a river or from the ocean. They are usually home to many plant and animal species.

Dams are built in order to

store water and let it out

when needed.

Grass and reeds are often

found in marshes. Lots of

animals also live in these

areas.

Ulldecona Reservoir (Castellón) Santoña Marsh (Cantabria)

20 twenty

Climate

Month

Average temperature (ºC)

Average precipitation (mm)

■ Latitude is the distance of a point from the Earth’s equator, which is the warmest area on the planet. As we move away from the equator, temperatures decrease.

Based on latitude, we can divide the world into three main climate zones: the warm zone, the temperate zone and the cold zone.

But in each of these zones the climate also varies depending on the altitude and the distance from the sea.

Climate is the average weather conditions in an area over the years. While weather is the short-term state of the atmosphere, climate is the long-term state of the atmosphere. Climate is determined by three main factors:

CLIMATE GRAPHS

Weather stations are places where we record the temperature and the precipitations of an area.

Look at the data chart below and observe how it relates to the climate graph on the right:

TERUEL Altitude: 915Temperature Precipitations

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

3.5 4.2 7 9.4 13.6 18 21 21.5 17.6 12 7.2 4.5

18 22 34 37 60 51 20 22 46 40 31 35

FACTORS THAT DETERMINE CLIMATE

21twenty-one

■ Altitude is the elevation of a point above sea level. Temperatures are warmer at sea level. Generally speaking, for every 500 metres of altitude, the temperature drops by approximately 3ºC.

■ Distance from the sea affects the temperatures because water warms up and cools down more slowly than land. This is why the climate in coastal areas is mild. This means that temperatures do not vary much. Inland areas have a more extreme climate, with a greater variation of temperature.

Analyse the climate graph on the previous page. Which are the warmermonths? Which are the colder months? Which are the wetter and drier months?

1. Research: What’s the elevation of Cádiz? How far from the sea is it?What’s the elevation of Zamora? How far from the sea is it? Which do you think has a milder climate? Explain.2. If the bottom of a mountain is at 600 metres above sea level and the temperature is 22ºC, could you guess the temperature at the summit at 1,600m? Why?

There are nearly 3,000

weather stations in Spain!

Fact!Scroll down to the data, choose a cityand draw its climate graph. http://links.edebe.com/g5jy5

1500 m

21ºC

1000 m

24ºC

500 m

27ºC0 m30ºC

COLDER

WARMER

MILDER

MORE

EXTREMEDISTANCE FROM SEA

ALTITUDE

Climates and landscapes of SpainSpain’s relief landscapes are varied. There are five main climate zones, and each one has different vegetation that has adapted to their conditions.

Areas located above 1,000 metres have a mountain climate. Vegetation here needs to be very resistant to cold temperatures in order to survive. Above 2,500 metres there are alpine pastures.

Species: conifers such as spruces, cedars...

The oceanic climate zone is quite wet with mild temperatures. Vegetation is abundant. Pastures and deciduous forests make up the landscape of this area.

Species: oak, beech, chestnut...

22 twenty-two

OCEANIC CLIMATE

MOUNTAIN CLIMATE

■ Continental climate

■ Mediterranean climate

■ Subtropical climate

■ Mountain climate

■ Oceanic climate

23twenty-three

The continental climate zone is located in the central area of the Iberian Peninsula. Plants have adapted to resist the extreme temperatures (very hot in summer and very cold in winter) and are able to survive with little water.Species: holm oak, pine

CONTINENTAL CLIMATE

The Mediterranean climate zone has a mild climate. Temperatures are quite warm throughout the year. Plants here need to survive over long periods with very little water.Species: pine, bushes

MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE

The subtropical climate zone is located in the Canary Islands. In the wetter areas there are subtropical forests of laurel called laurisilva. The drier areas have little vegetation. Some of these plants can only be found in the Canary Islands.

Species: laurel, red tajinaste

SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE

Which climate zone do you live in? Do you know the name of any plant in your area?

1. Look at the climate graphs on the previous page. Explain the characteristics of each ofSpain’s climate zones. Are they mild or extreme? Which are the hotter and colder months? Which are the months with the most rainfall?2. Choose one of the five climates of Spain and find information about the animal and plantspecies that live in it.

Activities

24 twenty-four

1. Make a topographic profile online. Go to http://links.edebe.com/rirg and find Spain. Then select two points on the map. The programme will automatically generate a topographic cross-section. Can you identify any of the relief features on the profile?

2. Research and write the names of the highest peaks in all the Spanish mountain ranges that you know.

3. Write the names of the capes and gulfs of Spain.

4. Write the names of these features and explain what section of the river’s course they are in.

5. Which factors determine climate? In which way?

CANTABRIAN WATERSHED ATLANTIC WATERSHED MEDITERRANEAN WATERSHED

A

C

DE

B

25twenty-five

7. Which of these rivers do you think is more likely to have an irregular flow? Explain.

Bidasoa — Segura — Miño — Sil

8. Which of these are not entirely surrounded by land? Explain.

Lagoon — Reservoir — Marsh — Lake

9. How would you describe the climates of these places?

Toledo — Pontevedra — Candanchú — Almería — Santa Cruz de Tenerife

10. Draw a climate graph from these data and explain: what climate does it show? How can you tell?

11. Find the names of five rivers of the Mediterranean watershed.

E B R A P G O T E RO L S S R U Y T A KN L A E O A E R A IA O J G T D F A P OV B J U C A R W E DI M E R S M O B B IT U K A T E A S R EA E T I N T H L O GJ Z T U R I A A S TZ L S E G U R T E S

Month

Average temperature (ºC)

Average precipitation (mm)

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

12 13 14 12 19 22 25 25 23 19 15 13

83 75 59 83 23 13 2 3 15 55 115 98

Fill in the gapsComplete the following statements:

1. Mountain ranges that surround the Meseta are called _____________________ .2. On the Atlantic coast of Spain there are cliffs and small beaches in _____________ and long, sandy _______________ with dunes in _____________ .3. The Cantabrian coast is _____________ and has ________________ and _____________ beaches.4. The southern Mediterranean coast has _________________________ beaches.5. Rivers flow through a _________________ called a channel. The sides of the channel are called the ________________ .6. The _______________ watershed is the largest in the Iberian Peninsula.7. Rivers in the _____________________ watershed are shorter.8. ____________________ is the river that carries the most water in the Iberian Peninsula. It’s located in the ______________________ watershed.9. A reservoir is a _________________________ used to _____________________ .10. Lagoons are called _______________________ in Spanish.

26 twenty-six

Accurate (adjective): very precise; without error.

Basin (noun): an area of land that contains water.

Dune (noun): a hill of wind-blown sand.

Essential (adjective): absolutely necessary; fundamental.

Feature (noun): a characteristic part.

Flood (verb): to become inundated.

Inlet (noun): a stream from a bay leading inland.

Pasture (noun): land on which grass grows.

Rounded (adjective): round or curved.

Rugged (adjective): having a rough, irregular surface.

Shallow (adjective): having little depth; not deep.

Steep (adjective): having an almost vertical incline.

Spring (noun): a small stream of water flowing out of the earth.

Terrain (noun): an area of land; ground.

Glossary

Diagrams

27twenty-seven

Main rivers in the Iberian Peninsula ordered by length. Choose one of these rivers and look for some information:

- Where does it rise and where does it end?

- Does it have any tributaries?

- Is it navigable?

- Are there any cities or villages on its banks?

Ask yourself more questions and find complementary information!

TAGUS (TAJO)* 1,007 km

EBRO 910 km

DOURO (DUERO)

(*) The river Tajo is longer than the Ebro, but it goes through Spain and Portugal. The river Ebro is the longest river that rises and ends in Spanish territory.

ATLANTIC WATERSHED

MEDITERRANEAN WATERSHED

CANTABRIAN WATERSHED

895 km

GUADIANA 818 km

GUADALQUIVIR 657 km

JÚCAR 498 km

SEGURA 325 km

MIÑO 310 km

TURIA 280 km

TER 209 km

NAVIA 159 km

LLOBREGAT 157 km

ODIEL 129 km

NALÓN 121 km

EO 91 km

NERVIÓN

BIDASOA

72 km

69 km